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<span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_centres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_centres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Urban centres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_centres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carnation_Revolution_and_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carnation_Revolution_and_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Carnation Revolution and independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carnation_Revolution_and_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Famous_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Famous_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Famous people</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Famous_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Famous people subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Famous_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Association_football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Association_football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Association football</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Association_football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Gallery subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Society_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Colonial architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.3</span> <span>Postage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Portuguese Mozambique</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="موزمبيق البرتغالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موزمبيق البرتغالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81frica_Oriental_Portuguesa" title="África Oriental Portuguesa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="África Oriental Portuguesa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="پورتوقال موزامبیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پورتوقال موزامبیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80frica_Oriental_Portuguesa" title="Àfrica Oriental Portuguesa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àfrica Oriental Portuguesa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalsk%C3%A1_v%C3%BDchodn%C3%AD_Afrika" title="Portugalská východní Afrika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Portugalská východní Afrika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81frica_Oriental_Portuguesa" title="África Oriental Portuguesa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="África Oriental Portuguesa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugala_Mozambiko" title="Portugala Mozambiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Portugala Mozambiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekialdeko_Afrika_Portugesa" title="Ekialdeko Afrika Portugesa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ekialdeko Afrika Portugesa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="موزامبیک پرتغال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موزامبیک پرتغال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique_portugais" title="Mozambique portugais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mozambique portugais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81frica_Oriental_Portuguesa" title="África Oriental Portuguesa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="África Oriental Portuguesa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%A5%B4%ED%88%AC%EA%B0%88%EB%A0%B9_%EB%AA%A8%EC%9E%A0%EB%B9%84%ED%81%AC" title="포르투갈령 모잠비크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포르투갈령 모잠비크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambik_Portugis" title="Mozambik Portugis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mozambik Portugis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Orientale_Portoghese" title="Africa Orientale Portoghese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Africa Orientale Portoghese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A7_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%92%D7%96%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מוזמביק הפורטוגזית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוזמביק הפורטוגזית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="პორტუგალიის აღმოსავლეთი აფრიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პორტუგალიის აღმოსავლეთი აფრიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portug%C4%81les_Austrum%C4%81frika" title="Portugāles Austrumāfrika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Portugāles Austrumāfrika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalijos_Ryt%C5%B3_Afrika" title="Portugalijos Rytų Afrika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Portugalijos Rytų Afrika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_Timur_Portugis" title="Afrika Timur Portugis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Afrika Timur Portugis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugees-Oost-Afrika" title="Portugees-Oost-Afrika – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Portugees-Oost-Afrika" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%82%AC%E3%83%AB%E9%A0%98%E3%83%A2%E3%82%B6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF" title="ポルトガル領モザンビーク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポルトガル領モザンビーク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugisisk_%C3%98st-Afrika" title="Portugisisk Øst-Afrika – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Portugisisk Øst-Afrika" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugaliya_Sharqiy_Afrikasi" title="Portugaliya Sharqiy Afrikasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Portugaliya Sharqiy Afrikasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalska_Afryka_Wschodnia" title="Portugalska Afryka Wschodnia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Portugalska Afryka Wschodnia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81frica_Oriental_Portuguesa" title="África Oriental Portuguesa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="África Oriental Portuguesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Oriental%C4%83_Portughez%C4%83" title="Africa Orientală Portugheză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Africa Orientală Portugheză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Португальская Восточная Африка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Португальская Восточная Африка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Португалска источна Африка – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Португалска источна Африка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugalin_It%C3%A4-Afrikka" title="Portugalin Itä-Afrikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Portugalin Itä-Afrikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugisiska_%C3%96stafrika" title="Portugisiska Östafrika – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Portugisiska Östafrika" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA" title="โมซัมบิกของโปรตุเกส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โมซัมบิกของโปรตุเกส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Португальська Східна Африка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Португальська Східна Африка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%82" title="پرتگیزی موزمبیق – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پرتگیزی موزمبیق" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Portuguese_Mozambique&params=25.9153_S_32.5764_E_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°54′55″S</span> <span class="longitude">32°34′35″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25.9153°S 32.5764°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-25.9153; 32.5764</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1505–1975 Portuguese possession in East Africa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Portuguese+Mozambique%22">"Portuguese Mozambique"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Portuguese+Mozambique%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Portuguese+Mozambique%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Portuguese+Mozambique%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Portuguese+Mozambique%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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.ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Province of Mozambique</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Moçambique</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>)</span><br /><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Designation"><i>see list of names</i></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1505–1975</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Portugal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Mozambique"><img alt="Flag of Mozambique" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/125px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/188px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/250px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mozambique" title="Flag of Mozambique">Flag<br />(1910–1975)</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Mozambique_(1951%E2%80%931975).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms (1951–1975) of Mozambique"><img alt="Coat of arms (1951–1975) of Mozambique" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Coat_of_arms_of_Mozambique_%281951%E2%80%931975%29.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mozambique_%281951%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Coat_of_arms_of_Mozambique_%281951%E2%80%931975%29.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mozambique_%281951%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Coat_of_arms_of_Mozambique_%281951%E2%80%931975%29.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mozambique_%281951%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="871" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Mozambique" title="Emblem of Mozambique">Coat of arms<br />(1951–1975)</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> "<a href="/wiki/Hymno_Patri%C3%B3tico" title="Hymno Patriótico">Hymno Patriótico</a>" (1808–34)<br /><i>Patriotic Anthem</i><br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="80" data-mwtitle="Hymno_Patriotico.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Hymno_Patriotico.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b9/Hymno_Patriotico.ogg/Hymno_Patriotico.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHymno_Patriotico.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHymno_Patriotico.ogg&lang=mwl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="mwl" label="Mirandés ‪(mwl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHymno_Patriotico.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div><br />"<a href="/wiki/Hino_da_Carta" title="Hino da Carta">Hino da Carta</a>" (1834–1910)<br /><i>Hymn of the Charter</i><br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="172" data-mwtitle="Hino_da_Carta.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Hino_da_Carta.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/Hino_da_Carta.ogg/Hino_da_Carta.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_da_Carta.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_da_Carta.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_da_Carta.ogg&lang=fy&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fy" label="Frysk ‪(fy)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_da_Carta.ogg&lang=mwl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="mwl" label="Mirandés ‪(mwl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_da_Carta.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div><br />"<a href="/wiki/A_Portuguesa" title="A Portuguesa">A Portuguesa</a>" (1910–75)<br /><i>The Portuguese</i><br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="79" data-mwtitle="Hino_Nacional_da_Republica_Portuguesa.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Hino_Nacional_da_Republica_Portuguesa.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1a/Hino_Nacional_da_Republica_Portuguesa.ogg/Hino_Nacional_da_Republica_Portuguesa.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_Nacional_da_Republica_Portuguesa.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_Nacional_da_Republica_Portuguesa.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_Nacional_da_Republica_Portuguesa.ogg&lang=eu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eu" label="euskara ‪(eu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_Nacional_da_Republica_Portuguesa.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_Nacional_da_Republica_Portuguesa.ogg&lang=ms&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ms" label="Bahasa Melayu ‪(ms)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_Nacional_da_Republica_Portuguesa.ogg&lang=mwl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="mwl" label="Mirandés ‪(mwl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_Nacional_da_Republica_Portuguesa.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_Nacional_da_Republica_Portuguesa.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:LocationMozambique.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Mozambique in Africa"><img alt="Location of Mozambique in Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/LocationMozambique.svg/250px-LocationMozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/LocationMozambique.svg/375px-LocationMozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/LocationMozambique.svg/500px-LocationMozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Location of Mozambique in Africa</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">Territory</a> of the Portuguese Empire (1505–1951)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Overseas_administrative_territorial_entity" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas administrative territorial entity">Overseas province</a> of Portugal (1951–1972) <br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_of_the_Portuguese_Empire" title="List of states of the Portuguese Empire">State of the Portuguese Empire</a> (1972–1975)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stone_Town,_Mozambique" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone Town, Mozambique">Cidade de Pedra</a> (1507–1898)<br /><a href="/wiki/Maputo" title="Maputo">Lourenço Marques</a> (1898–1975)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Mozambique" title="Catholic Church in Mozambique">Roman Catholicism</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Head of state</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1505–1521 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">King Manuel I of Portugal and the Algarves</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1974–75 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Portugal" title="President of Portugal">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_da_Costa_Gomes" title="Francisco da Costa Gomes">Francisco da Costa Gomes</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Mozambique" title="List of colonial governors of Mozambique">Governor-General</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1505–1506 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/P%C3%AAro_de_Anaia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pêro de Anaia">Pêro de Anaia</a> (first)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1974–75 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Vítor Manuel Trigueiros Crespo (last)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1505</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Independence of <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 June 1975</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_real" title="Mozambican real">Mozambican real</a> (1852–1914)<br /><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_escudo" title="Mozambican escudo">Mozambican escudo</a> (1914–75)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:MZ" title="ISO 3166-2:MZ">MZ</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Kilwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Kilwa">Sultanate of Kilwa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mutapa" title="Kingdom of Mutapa">Kingdom of Mutapa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Maravi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Maravi">Kingdom of Maravi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Empire" title="Gaza Empire">Gaza Empire</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">People's Republic of Mozambique</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Mozambique_%281975%E2%80%931983%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Mozambique_%281975%E2%80%931983%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Mozambique_%281975%E2%80%931983%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Mozambique_%281975%E2%80%931983%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Mozambique_%281975%E2%80%931983%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Mozambique_%281975%E2%80%931983%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="614" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Portuguese Mozambique</b> (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">Moçambique Portuguesa</i>) or <b>Portuguese East Africa</b> (<span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">África Oriental Portuguesa</i></span>) were the common terms by which <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> was designated during the period in which it was a <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> <a href="/wiki/Overseas_province" title="Overseas province">overseas province</a>. Portuguese Mozambique originally constituted a string of Portuguese possessions along the south-east African coast, and later became a unified province, which now forms the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mozambique" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Mozambique">Republic of Mozambique</a>. </p><p>Portuguese trading settlements—and later, territories—were formed along the coast and into the <a href="/wiki/Zambezi_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambezi basin">Zambezi basin</a> from 1498 when <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> first reached the Mozambican coast. <a href="/wiki/Louren%C3%A7o_Marques_(explorer)" title="Lourenço Marques (explorer)">Lourenço Marques</a> explored the area that is now <a href="/wiki/Maputo_Bay" title="Maputo Bay">Maputo Bay</a> in 1544. The Portuguese increased efforts for occupying the interior of the colony after the <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a>, and secured political control over most of its territory in 1918, facing the resistance of some Africans during the process. </p><p>Some territories in Mozambique were handed over in the late 19th century for rule by <a href="/wiki/Chartered_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Chartered companies">chartered companies</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Mozambique_Company" title="Mozambique Company">Mozambique Company</a> (<i>Companhia de Moçambique</i>), which had the concession of the lands corresponding to the present-day provinces of <a href="/wiki/Manica_Province" title="Manica Province">Manica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sofala_Province" title="Sofala Province">Sofala</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Niassa_Company" title="Niassa Company">Niassa Company</a> (<i>Companhia do Niassa</i>), which had controlled the lands of the modern provinces of <a href="/wiki/Cabo_Delgado_Province" title="Cabo Delgado Province">Cabo Delgado</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niassa_Province" title="Niassa Province">Niassa</a>. The Mozambique Company relinquished its territories back to Portuguese control in 1942, unifying Mozambique under control of the Portuguese government. </p><p>The region as a whole was long officially termed <b>Portuguese East Africa</b>, and was subdivided into a series of colonies extending from <a href="/wiki/Maputo_Province" title="Maputo Province">Lourenço Marques</a> in the south to <a href="/wiki/Niassa" class="mw-redirect" title="Niassa">Niassa</a> in the north. Cabo Delgado was initially merely a strip of territory along the Rovuma River, including <a href="/wiki/Cape_Delgado" title="Cape Delgado">Cape Delgado</a> itself, which Portugal acquired out of <a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a> in 1919, but it was enlarged southward to the Lurio River to form what is now <a href="/wiki/Cabo_Delgado_Province" title="Cabo Delgado Province">Cabo Delgado Province</a>. In the Zambezi basin were the colonies of <a href="/wiki/Quelimane" title="Quelimane">Quelimane</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Zambezia_Province" title="Zambezia Province">Zambezia Province</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Tete_Province" title="Tete Province">Tete</a> (in the panhandle between <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>), which were for a time merged as Zambezia. The colony of Moçambique (now <a href="/wiki/Nampula_Province" title="Nampula Province">Nampula Province</a>) had the <a href="/wiki/Island_of_Mozambique" title="Island of Mozambique">Island of Mozambique</a> as its capital. The island was also the seat of the Governor-General of Portuguese East Africa until the late 1890s, when that official was officially moved to the city of <a href="/wiki/Maputo" title="Maputo">Lourenço Marques</a>. Also in the south was the colony of <a href="/wiki/Inhambane" title="Inhambane">Inhambane</a>, which lay north-east of Lourenço Marques. Once these colonies were merged, the region as a whole became known as <i>Moçambique</i>. </p><p>According to the official policy of the <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Salazar regime</a>, inspired on the concept of <a href="/wiki/Lusotropicalismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusotropicalismo">Lusotropicalismo</a>, Mozambique was claimed as an integral part of the "<a href="/wiki/Pluricontinental" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluricontinental">pluricontinental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multiracial" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial">multiracial</a> nation" of Portugal, as was done in all of its colonies to <a href="/wiki/Europeanisation" title="Europeanisation">Europeanise</a> the local population and assimilate them into <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese culture">Portuguese culture</a>. This policy was largely unsuccessful, however, and African opposition to colonisation led to a <a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">ten-year independence war</a> that culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a> at Lisbon in April 1974 and the independence from Portugal in June 1975. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Designation">Designation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Mozambique&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Designation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During its history as a Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colony</a>, the present-day territory of Mozambique had the following formal designations: </p> <ul><li>1505–1569: <b>Captaincy of Sofala</b> (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">Capitania de Sofala</i>); Dependency of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese State of India</a>.</li> <li>1569–1752: <b>Captaincy of Mozambique and Sofala</b> (<i>Capitania de Moçambique e Sofala</i>); Dependency of the Portuguese State of India.</li> <li>1752–1836: <b>Captaincy-General of Mozambique, Sofala and Rivers of Sena</b> (<i>Capitania-Geral de Moçambique, Sofala e Rios de Sena</i>); Separate government, independent from that of the Portuguese State of India.</li> <li>1836–1891: <b>Province of Mozambique</b> (<i>Província de Moçambique</i>)</li> <li>1891–1893: <b>State of Eastern Africa</b> (<i>Estado da África Oriental</i>)</li> <li>1893–1926: <b>Province of Mozambique</b> (<i>Província de Moçambique</i>)</li> <li>1926–1951: <b>Colony of Mozambique</b> (<i>Colónia de Moçambique</i>)</li> <li>1951–1972: <b>Province of Mozambique</b> (<i>Província de Moçambique</i>)</li> <li>1973–1975: <b>State of Mozambique</b> (<i>Estado de Moçambique</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Mozambique&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Portuguese_Mozambique" title="Special:EditPage/Portuguese Mozambique">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Fortress_of_Mozambique_with_New_Works_Projected_for_Better_Defense_WDL955.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Map_of_the_Fortress_of_Mozambique_with_New_Works_Projected_for_Better_Defense_WDL955.png/220px-Map_of_the_Fortress_of_Mozambique_with_New_Works_Projected_for_Better_Defense_WDL955.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Map_of_the_Fortress_of_Mozambique_with_New_Works_Projected_for_Better_Defense_WDL955.png/330px-Map_of_the_Fortress_of_Mozambique_with_New_Works_Projected_for_Better_Defense_WDL955.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Map_of_the_Fortress_of_Mozambique_with_New_Works_Projected_for_Better_Defense_WDL955.png/440px-Map_of_the_Fortress_of_Mozambique_with_New_Works_Projected_for_Better_Defense_WDL955.png 2x" data-file-width="1499" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The Portuguese fortress <i>São Sebastião</i> on Mozambique Island.</figcaption></figure> <p>Until the 20th century, the land and peoples of Mozambique were barely affected by the Europeans who came to its shores and entered its major rivers. As the <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> traders, mostly <a href="/wiki/Swahili_people" title="Swahili people">Swahili</a>, were displaced from their coastal centres and routes to the interior by the Portuguese, migrations of <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu peoples</a> continued and tribal federations formed and reformed as the relative power of local chiefs changed. For four centuries the Portuguese presence was meagre. Coastal and river trading posts were built, abandoned, and built again. Governors sought personal profits to take back to Portugal, and colonists were not attracted to the distant area with its relatively unattractive climate; those who stayed were traders who married local women and successfully maintained relations with local chiefs. </p><p>In Portugal, however, Mozambique was considered to be a vital part of a world empire. Periodic recognition of the relative insignificance of the revenues it could produce was tempered by the mystique which developed regarding the mission of the Portuguese to bring their civilisation to the African territory. It was believed that through missionary activity and other direct contact between Africans and Europeans, the Africans could be taught to appreciate and participate in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese culture">Portuguese culture</a>. </p><p>In the last decade of the 19th century and the first part of the 20th century, integration of Mozambique into the structure of the Portuguese nation was begun. After all of the area of the present province had been recognised by other European powers as belonging to Portugal, administrators waged wars against African polities to assert control over the territory. Civil administration was established throughout the area, the building of an infrastructure was begun, and agreements regarding the transit trade of Mozambique's land-locked neighbours to the west, such as <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a>, were made. </p><p>Colonial legislation discriminated against Africans on cultural grounds. Colonial legislation submitted Africans to <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">forced labour</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Pass_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Pass laws">pass laws</a> and to segregation in schools. That most Africans were perceived to engage in "uncivilised behaviour" by the Portuguese created a low opinion of Africans as a group among Europeans. The uneducated Portuguese immigrant peasants in urban areas were frequently in direct competition with Africans for jobs and demonstrated jealousies and racial prejudice. </p><p>Between the urban and rural sectors of the society lied a steadily increasing group of Africans who were loosening their ties with rural villages and starting to participate in the urban economy, to settle in suburbs, and to adopt European customs. Members of this group would later become active participants in the independence movement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Mozambique&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Portuguese explorers reached <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a> in 1498, <a href="/wiki/Swahili_people" title="Swahili people">Swahili</a> commercial settlements had existed along the <a href="/wiki/Swahili_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Swahili Coast">Swahili Coast</a> and outlying islands for several centuries. From about 1500, Portuguese trading posts and forts became regular ports of call on the new route to the east. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mozambique_n2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mozambique_n2.jpg/220px-Mozambique_n2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mozambique_n2.jpg/330px-Mozambique_n2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mozambique_n2.jpg/440px-Mozambique_n2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1472" data-file-height="962" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Island_of_Mozambique" title="Island of Mozambique">Island of Mozambique</a> was first occupied by Portuguese explorers in the late 15th century. They quickly established a fort there, and with time a community sprang up and achieved importance as port of call, missionary base and a trading centre. The island is now a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The voyage of <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> around the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> in 1498 marked the Portuguese entry into trade, politics, and society in the Indian Ocean world. The Portuguese gained control of the <a href="/wiki/Island_of_Mozambique" title="Island of Mozambique">Island of Mozambique</a> and the port city of <a href="/wiki/Sofala" title="Sofala">Sofala</a> in the early 16th century. Vasco da Gama having visited <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a> in 1498 was then successful in reaching India thereby permitting the Portuguese to trade with the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> directly by sea, thus challenging older trading networks of mixed land and sea routes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a> routes that used the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camel_train" title="Camel train">caravans</a> to reach the eastern Mediterranean. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> had gained control over much of the trade routes between Europe and Asia. After traditional land routes to India had been closed by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turk" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turk">Ottoman Turks</a>, Portugal hoped to use the sea route pioneered by da Gama to break the Venetian trading monopoly. Initially, Portuguese rule in East Africa focused mainly on a coastal strip centred in Mombasa. With voyages led by Vasco da Gama, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Almeida" title="Francisco de Almeida">Francisco de Almeida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a>, the Portuguese dominated much of southeast Africa's coast, including <a href="/wiki/Sofala" title="Sofala">Sofala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kilwa_Kisiwani" title="Kilwa Kisiwani">Kilwa</a>, by 1515.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their main goal was to dominate trade with India. As the Portuguese settled along the coast, they made their way into the hinterland as <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">sertanejos</i></span> (backwoodsmen). These <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">sertanejos</i></span> lived alongside <a href="/wiki/Swahili_people" title="Swahili people">Swahili</a> traders and even took up service among <a href="/wiki/Shona_people" title="Shona people">Shona</a> kings as interpreters and political advisors. One such <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">sertanejo</i></span> managed to travel through almost all the Shona kingdoms, including the <a href="/wiki/Mutapa_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutapa Empire">Mutapa Empire</a>'s (Mwenemutapa) metropolitan district, between 1512 and 1516.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1530s, small groups of Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Merchant" title="Merchant">traders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prospecting" title="Prospecting">prospectors</a> penetrated the interior regions seeking <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, where they set up garrisons and trading posts at <a href="/wiki/Sena,_Mozambique" class="mw-redirect" title="Sena, Mozambique">Sena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tete,_Mozambique" title="Tete, Mozambique">Tete</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Zambezi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambezi River">Zambezi River</a> and tried to gain exclusive control over the gold trade. The Portuguese finally entered into direct relations with the Mwenemutapa in the 1560s.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They recorded a wealth of information about the Mutapa kingdom as well as its predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Great_Zimbabwe" title="Great Zimbabwe">Great Zimbabwe</a>. According to Swahili traders whose accounts were recorded by the Portuguese historian <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Barros" title="João de Barros">João de Barros</a>, Great Zimbabwe was an ancient capital city built of stones of marvellous size without the use of mortar. And while the site was not within Mutapa's borders, the Mwenemutapa kept noblemen and some of his wives there.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AMH-6147-NA_View_of_Cefala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/AMH-6147-NA_View_of_Cefala.jpg/220px-AMH-6147-NA_View_of_Cefala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/AMH-6147-NA_View_of_Cefala.jpg/330px-AMH-6147-NA_View_of_Cefala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/AMH-6147-NA_View_of_Cefala.jpg/440px-AMH-6147-NA_View_of_Cefala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1785" /></a><figcaption>Painting by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Vingboons" title="Johannes Vingboons">Johannes Vingboons</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sofala" title="Sofala">Sofala</a>, c. 1665</figcaption></figure> <p>The Portuguese attempted to legitimate and consolidate their trade and settlement positions through the creation of <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Prazo" title="Prazo">prazos</a></i></span> (land grants) tied to Portuguese settlement and administration. While <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">prazos</i></span> were originally developed to be held by Portuguese, through intermarriage they became African Portuguese or African Indian centres defended by large African slave armies known as <i><a href="/wiki/Chikunda" title="Chikunda">Chikunda</a></i>. Historically, within Mozambique, there was slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human beings were bought and sold by African tribal chiefs, Arab traders, and the Portuguese. Many Mozambican slaves were supplied by tribal chiefs who raided warring tribes and sold their captives to the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">prazeiros</i></span>. </p><p>Although Portuguese influence gradually expanded, its power was limited and exercised through individual settlers and officials who were granted extensive autonomy. The Portuguese were able to wrest much of the coastal trade from Arabs between 1500 and 1700, but, with the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Fort Jesus">Arab seizure</a> of Portugal's key foothold at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Jesus" title="Fort Jesus">Fort Jesus</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mombasa_Island" title="Mombasa Island">Mombasa Island</a> (now in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>) in 1698, the pendulum began to swing in the other direction. As a result, investment lagged while <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> devoted itself to the more lucrative trade with India and the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> and to the colonisation of <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>. During the 18th and 19th centuries, the Mazrui and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Oman" title="History of Oman">Omani Arabs</a> reclaimed much of the Indian Ocean trade, forcing the Portuguese to retreat south. Many <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">prazos</i></span> had declined by the mid-19th century, but several of them survived. During the 19th century, other European powers, particularly the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a>, became increasingly involved in the trade and politics of the region. In the <a href="/wiki/Island_of_Mozambique" title="Island of Mozambique">Island of Mozambique</a>, the hospital, a majestic neo-classical building constructed in 1877 by the Portuguese, with a garden decorated with ponds and fountains, was for many years the biggest hospital south of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 20th century the Portuguese had shifted the administration of much of Mozambique to private chartered companies, including the <a href="/wiki/Mozambique_Company" title="Mozambique Company">Mozambique Company</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Zambezia_Company" title="Zambezia Company">Zambezia Company</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Niassa_Company" title="Niassa Company">Niassa Company</a>, which established several railroad lines to neighbouring countries. The companies, granted a charter by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Portugal" title="Government of Portugal">Portuguese government</a> to foster economic development and maintain Portuguese control in the territory's provinces, would lose their purpose when the territory was transferred to the control of the Portuguese colonial government between 1929 and 1942. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lourenco-Marques-pc-c1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Lourenco-Marques-pc-c1905.jpg/220px-Lourenco-Marques-pc-c1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Lourenco-Marques-pc-c1905.jpg/330px-Lourenco-Marques-pc-c1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Lourenco-Marques-pc-c1905.jpg/440px-Lourenco-Marques-pc-c1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>View of Lourenço Marques, ca. 1905</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Island_of_Mozambique_-_Former_Colonial_Government_Residence.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Island_of_Mozambique_-_Former_Colonial_Government_Residence.gif/220px-Island_of_Mozambique_-_Former_Colonial_Government_Residence.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Island_of_Mozambique_-_Former_Colonial_Government_Residence.gif/330px-Island_of_Mozambique_-_Former_Colonial_Government_Residence.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Island_of_Mozambique_-_Former_Colonial_Government_Residence.gif/440px-Island_of_Mozambique_-_Former_Colonial_Government_Residence.gif 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Former Portuguese administrative buildings and hospital, on Mozambique Island.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although slavery had been legally abolished in Mozambique by the Portuguese colonial authorities, at the end of the 19th century the Chartered companies enacted a forced labour policy and supplied cheap – often forced – African labour to the <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">plantations</a> of other <a href="/wiki/Colonisation_of_Africa" title="Colonisation of Africa">European colonies in Africa</a>. The Zambezia Company, the most profitable chartered company, took over a number of smaller <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">prazeiro</i></span> holdings and requested Portuguese military outposts to protect its property. The chartered companies and the Portuguese administration built roads and ports to bring their goods to market including a railway linking <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a> with the Mozambican port of <a href="/wiki/Beira,_Mozambique" title="Beira, Mozambique">Beira</a>. However, the development's administration gradually started to pass directly from the trading companies to the Portuguese government itself. </p><p>Because of their unsatisfactory performance and because of the shift, under the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo</a></i></span> regime of <a href="/wiki/Oliveira_Salazar" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliveira Salazar">Oliveira Salazar</a>, towards a stronger Portuguese control of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a>'s economy, the companies' concessions were not renewed when they ran out. This was what happened in 1942 with the Mozambique Company, which, however, continued to operate in the agricultural and commercial sectors as a corporation, and had already happened in 1929 with the termination of the Niassa Company's concession. </p><p>In the 1950s, the Portuguese overseas colony was rebranded an <a href="/wiki/Overseas_province" title="Overseas province">overseas province</a> of Portugal, and by the early 1970s, it was officially upgraded to the status of Portuguese non-sovereign state, by which it would remain a Portuguese territory but with a wider administrative autonomy. The <a href="/wiki/Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Mozambique" class="mw-redirect" title="Front for the Liberation of Mozambique">Front for the Liberation of Mozambique</a> (FRELIMO), initiated a guerrilla campaign against Portuguese rule in September 1964. This conflict, along with the two others already initiated in the other Portuguese colonies of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese West Africa">Angola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guinea" title="Portuguese Guinea">Guinea</a>, became part of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> (1961–74). From a military standpoint, the Portuguese regular army held the upper hand during all of the conflicts against the independentist guerrilla forces, which created favourable conditions for social development and economic growth until the end of the conflict in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After ten years of sporadic warfare and after Portugal's return to democracy through a leftist military coup in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> which replaced Portugal's <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo</a></i></span> regime in favour of a <a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Junta" title="National Salvation Junta">military junta</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a> of April 1974), FRELIMO took control of the territory. The talks that led to an agreement on Mozambique's independence, signed in <a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a>, were started. Within a year, almost the entire ethnic Portuguese population had left, many were killed or fleeing in fear of being killed (in mainland Portugal they were known as <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Retornados" class="mw-redirect" title="Retornados">retornados</a></i></span>); others were expelled by the ruling power of the newly independent territory. Mozambique became independent from Portugal on 25 June 1975. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Mozambique&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ponta_vermelha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Ponta_vermelha.jpg/220px-Ponta_vermelha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Ponta_vermelha.jpg/330px-Ponta_vermelha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Ponta_vermelha.jpg/440px-Ponta_vermelha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Ponta Vermelha Palace, former residence of the Portuguese governor and current presidential palace of Mozambique</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Portuguese_Colony_Governor_General.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_Portuguese_Colony_Governor_General.svg/220px-Flag_of_Portuguese_Colony_Governor_General.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_Portuguese_Colony_Governor_General.svg/330px-Flag_of_Portuguese_Colony_Governor_General.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_Portuguese_Colony_Governor_General.svg/440px-Flag_of_Portuguese_Colony_Governor_General.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the Portuguese governor of Mozambique.</figcaption></figure> <p>At least since the early 19th century, the legal status of Mozambique always considered it as much a part of Portugal as Lisbon, but as a <i>província ultramarina</i> (<a href="/wiki/Overseas_province" title="Overseas province">overseas province</a>) enjoyed special derogations to account for its distance from Europe. </p><p>From 1837, the highest government official in the province of Mozambique has always been the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Mozambique" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-General of Mozambique">Governor-General</a>, who reported directly to the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Portugal" title="Government of Portugal">Government</a> in Lisbon, usually through the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Overseas_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of the Overseas (Portugal)">Minister of the Overseas</a>. During some periods in the late 19th and the early 20th century, the governors-general of Mozambique received the status of royal commissioners or of high commissioners, which gave them extended executive and legislative powers, equivalent to those of a government minister. </p><p>In the 20th century, the province was also subject to the authoritarian <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo</a></i></span> regime that ruled Portugal from 1933 to 1974, until the military coup in Lisbon, known as the <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a>. Most members of the government of Mozambique were from Portugal, but a few were Africans. Nearly all members of the bureaucracy were from Portugal, as most Africans did not have the necessary qualifications to obtain positions. </p><p>The Government of Mozambique, like the Portuguese Government itself, was highly centralised. Power was concentrated in the executive branch, and all elections, where they occurred, were carried out using indirect methods. From the Prime Minister's office in Lisbon, authority extended down to the remotest posts and <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">regedorias</i></span> of Mozambique through a rigid chain of command. The authority of the government of Mozambique was residual, primarily limited to implementing policies already decided in Europe. In 1967, Mozambique also sent seven delegates to the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_(Portugal)" title="Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)">National Assembly</a> in Lisbon. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goba_border_post_between_Portuguese_East_Africa_(Mozambique)_and_British-Swaziland_(AFDCM-04-098).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Goba_border_post_between_Portuguese_East_Africa_%28Mozambique%29_and_British-Swaziland_%28AFDCM-04-098%29.jpg/220px-Goba_border_post_between_Portuguese_East_Africa_%28Mozambique%29_and_British-Swaziland_%28AFDCM-04-098%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Goba_border_post_between_Portuguese_East_Africa_%28Mozambique%29_and_British-Swaziland_%28AFDCM-04-098%29.jpg/330px-Goba_border_post_between_Portuguese_East_Africa_%28Mozambique%29_and_British-Swaziland_%28AFDCM-04-098%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Goba_border_post_between_Portuguese_East_Africa_%28Mozambique%29_and_British-Swaziland_%28AFDCM-04-098%29.jpg/440px-Goba_border_post_between_Portuguese_East_Africa_%28Mozambique%29_and_British-Swaziland_%28AFDCM-04-098%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="359" /></a><figcaption>Goba border post between Portuguese East Africa (Mozambique) and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Eswatini" title="History of Eswatini">British Swaziland</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The highest official in the province was the Governor-General, appointed by the Portuguese Council of Ministers on recommendation of the Overseas Minister. The Governor-General had both executive and legislative authority. A Government Council advised the Governor-General in the running of the province. The functional cabinet consisted of five secretaries appointed by the Overseas Minister on the advice of the Governor-General. A Legislative Council had limited powers and its main activity was approving the provincial budget. Finally, an Economic and Social Council had to be consulted on all draft legislation, and the Governor-General had to justify his decision to Lisbon if he ignored its advice. </p><p>Mozambique was divided into nine districts, which were further subdivided into 61 municipalities (<span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">concelhos</i></span>) and 33 circumscriptions (<span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">circunscrições</i></span>). Each subdivision was then made up of three or four individual posts, 166 in all with an average of 40,000 Africans in each. Each district, except Lourenço Marques which was run by the Governor-General, was overseen by a governor. Most Africans only had contact with the Portuguese through the post administrator, who was required to visit each village in his domain at least once a year. </p><p>The lowest level of administration was the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">regedoria</i></span>, settlements inhabited by Africans living according to customary law. Each <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">regedoria</i></span> was run by a <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">regulo</i></span>, an African or Portuguese official chosen on the recommendation of local residents. Under the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">regulos</i></span>, each village had its own African headman. </p><p>Each level of government could also have an advisory board or council. They were established in municipalities with more than 500 electors, in smaller municipalities or circumscriptions with more than 300 electors, and in posts with more than 20 electors. Each district also had its own board as well. </p><p>Two legal systems were in force — Portuguese civil law and African customary law. Until 1961, Africans were considered to be Natives (<span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">indígenas</i></span>), rather than citizens. After 1961, the previous native laws were repealed and Africans gained <i>de facto</i> Portuguese citizenship. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Mozambique&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Combat_de_marracuene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Combat_de_marracuene.jpg/220px-Combat_de_marracuene.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Combat_de_marracuene.jpg/330px-Combat_de_marracuene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Combat_de_marracuene.jpg/440px-Combat_de_marracuene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marracuene" title="Marracuene">Marracuene</a> was the site of a decisive battle between Portuguese and King <a href="/wiki/Gungunhana" title="Gungunhana">Gungunhana</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Empire" title="Gaza Empire">Gaza</a> in 1895.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gurue_Mount_Murresse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gurue_Mount_Murresse.jpg/220px-Gurue_Mount_Murresse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gurue_Mount_Murresse.jpg/330px-Gurue_Mount_Murresse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gurue_Mount_Murresse.jpg/440px-Gurue_Mount_Murresse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1294" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Mount Murresse in Gurué (tea plantation).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_East_Africa._Military_Road_Map._South_Sheet._2_MS._compilations_for_3rd_Revision_(incomplete)._War_Office_ledger_(WOMAT-AFR-MOZ-7-2-1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Portuguese_East_Africa._Military_Road_Map._South_Sheet._2_MS._compilations_for_3rd_Revision_%28incomplete%29._War_Office_ledger_%28WOMAT-AFR-MOZ-7-2-1%29.jpg/220px-Portuguese_East_Africa._Military_Road_Map._South_Sheet._2_MS._compilations_for_3rd_Revision_%28incomplete%29._War_Office_ledger_%28WOMAT-AFR-MOZ-7-2-1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Portuguese_East_Africa._Military_Road_Map._South_Sheet._2_MS._compilations_for_3rd_Revision_%28incomplete%29._War_Office_ledger_%28WOMAT-AFR-MOZ-7-2-1%29.jpg/330px-Portuguese_East_Africa._Military_Road_Map._South_Sheet._2_MS._compilations_for_3rd_Revision_%28incomplete%29._War_Office_ledger_%28WOMAT-AFR-MOZ-7-2-1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Portuguese_East_Africa._Military_Road_Map._South_Sheet._2_MS._compilations_for_3rd_Revision_%28incomplete%29._War_Office_ledger_%28WOMAT-AFR-MOZ-7-2-1%29.jpg/440px-Portuguese_East_Africa._Military_Road_Map._South_Sheet._2_MS._compilations_for_3rd_Revision_%28incomplete%29._War_Office_ledger_%28WOMAT-AFR-MOZ-7-2-1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7372" data-file-height="5414" /></a><figcaption>Military road map of Portuguese Mozambique</figcaption></figure> <p>Portuguese East Africa was located in <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">south-eastern Africa</a>. It was a long coastal strip with Portuguese strongholds, from current day <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, to the south of current-day <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>. </p><p>In 1900, the part of modern Mozambique northwest of the Zambezi and Shire Rivers was called <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Moçambique</i></span>; the rest of it was <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Lourenço Marques</i></span>. Various districts existed, and even issued stamps, during the first part of the century, including Inhambane, <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Lourenço Marques</i></span>, Mozambique Colony, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique_Company" title="Mozambique Company">Mozambique Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nyassa_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyassa Company">Nyassa Company</a>, Quelimane, Tete, and <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Zambésia</i></span>. The Nyassa Company territory is now <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Cabo Delgado</i></span> and <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Niassa</i></span>. </p><p>In the early- and mid-20th century, a number of changes occurred. Firstly, on 28 June 1919, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> transferred the <a href="/wiki/Kionga_Triangle" title="Kionga Triangle">Kionga Triangle</a>, a 1,000 km<sup>2</sup> (390 sq mi) territory south of the <a href="/wiki/Rovuma_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Rovuma River">Rovuma River</a> from <a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a> to Mozambique. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the Charter of the Mozambique Company expired, on 19 July 1942; its territory, known as Manica and Sofala, became a district of Mozambique. Mozambique was constituted as four districts on 1 January 1943 — Manica and Sofala, <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Niassa</i></span>, <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Sul do Save</i></span> (South of the Save River), and <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Zambézia</i></span>. </p><p>On 20 October 1954, administrative reorganization caused <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Cabo Delgado</i></span> and Mozambique districts to be split from <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Niassa</i></span>. At the same time, the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Sul do Save</i></span> district was divided into Gaza, Inhambane and <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Lourenço Marques</i></span>, while the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Tete</i></span> district was split from Manica and Sofala. </p><p>By the early 1970s, Mozambique was bordering the Mozambique Channel, bordering the countries of <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="Swaziland">Swaziland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>. Covering a total area of 801,590 km<sup>2</sup> (309,500 square miles, slightly less than twice the size of California). With a tropical to subtropical climate, the <a href="/wiki/Zambezi" title="Zambezi">Zambezi</a> flows through the north-central and most fertile part of the country. Its coastline had 2,470 km (1,530 miles), with 4,571 km (2,840 miles) of land boundaries, its highest point at <a href="/wiki/Monte_Binga" title="Monte Binga">Monte Binga</a> (2,436 metres, 7,992 ft). The <a href="/wiki/Gorongosa_National_Park" title="Gorongosa National Park">Gorongosa National Park</a>, founded in 1920, was the main natural park in the territory. </p><p>The districts with their respective capitals were:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Lourenço Marques</i></span> — <a href="/wiki/Maputo" title="Maputo">Lourenço Marques</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gaza — <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Belo" class="mw-redirect" title="João Belo">João Belo</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Inhambane</i></span> — <a href="/wiki/Inhambane" title="Inhambane">Inhambane</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Beira</i></span> — <a href="/wiki/Beira,_Mozambique" title="Beira, Mozambique">Beira</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Vila Pery</i></span> — <a href="/wiki/Vila_Pery" class="mw-redirect" title="Vila Pery">Vila Pery</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Tete</i></span> — <a href="/wiki/Tete,_Mozambique" title="Tete, Mozambique">Tete</a></li> <li><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Zambézia</i></span> — <a href="/wiki/Quelimane" title="Quelimane">Quelimane</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Quelimane_&_Vila_Junqueiro_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quelimane_&_Vila_Junqueiro-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Moçambique</i></span> — <a href="/wiki/Nampula" title="Nampula">Nampula</a></li> <li><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Cabo Delgado</i></span> — <a href="/wiki/Porto_Am%C3%A9lia" class="mw-redirect" title="Porto Amélia">Porto Amélia</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Niassa</i></span> — <a href="/wiki/Vila_Cabral" class="mw-redirect" title="Vila Cabral">Vila Cabral</a></li></ul> <p>Other important urban centres included <a href="/wiki/Sofala" title="Sofala">Sofala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nacala" title="Nacala">Nacala</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Angoche" title="Angoche">António Enes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Island_of_Mozambique" title="Island of Mozambique">Island of Mozambique</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vila_Junqueiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Vila Junqueiro">Vila Junqueiro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Quelimane_&_Vila_Junqueiro_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quelimane_&_Vila_Junqueiro-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Mozambique&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mozambique-ethnic_groups_and_administrative_divisions._10-64._LOC_75690377.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Mozambique-ethnic_groups_and_administrative_divisions._10-64._LOC_75690377.jpg/220px-Mozambique-ethnic_groups_and_administrative_divisions._10-64._LOC_75690377.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Mozambique-ethnic_groups_and_administrative_divisions._10-64._LOC_75690377.jpg/330px-Mozambique-ethnic_groups_and_administrative_divisions._10-64._LOC_75690377.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Mozambique-ethnic_groups_and_administrative_divisions._10-64._LOC_75690377.jpg/440px-Mozambique-ethnic_groups_and_administrative_divisions._10-64._LOC_75690377.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7818" data-file-height="11690" /></a><figcaption>Administrative divisions and ethnic groups of Portuguese Mozambique, 1964</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1970, the Portuguese Overseas Province of Mozambique had about 8,168,933 inhabitants. Nearly 300,000 were white <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Portuguese" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Portuguese">ethnic Portuguese</a>. There was a number of <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulattoes</a>, from both European and African ancestry, living across the territory. However, the vast majority of the population belonged to local tribal groups which included the <a href="/wiki/Makua_people" title="Makua people">Makua</a>–<a href="/wiki/Lomwe_people" title="Lomwe people">Lomwe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Shona_people" title="Shona people">Shona</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tsonga_people" title="Tsonga people">Tsonga</a>. Other ethnic minorities included British, Greeks, Chinese and Indians. Most inhabitants were black indigenous Africans with a diversity of ethnic and cultural backgrounds, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Shangaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shangaan">Shangaan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Makonde_people" title="Makonde people">Makonde</a> to <a href="/wiki/Yao_people" title="Yao people">Yao</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shona_people" title="Shona people">Shona peoples</a>. The Makua were the largest ethnic group in the north. The <a href="/wiki/Sena_people" title="Sena people">Sena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shona_people" title="Shona people">Shona</a> (mostly <a href="/wiki/Ndau_people" title="Ndau people">Ndau</a>) were prominent in the Zambezi valley, and the <a href="/wiki/Shangaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shangaan">Shangaan (Tsonga)</a> dominated in the south. In addition, several other minority groups lived a tribal lifestyle across the territory. </p><p>Mozambique had around 250,000 Europeans in 1974 that made up around 3% of the population. Mozambique was cosmopolitan as it had Indian, Chinese, Greek and Anglophone communities (over 25,000 Indians and 5,000 Chinese by the early 1970s). The capital of Portuguese Mozambique, Lourenço Marques (<a href="/wiki/Maputo" title="Maputo">Maputo</a>), had a population of 355,000 in 1970 with around 100,000 Europeans. <a href="/wiki/Beira,_Mozambique" title="Beira, Mozambique">Beira</a> had around 115,000 inhabitants at the time with around 30,000 Europeans. Most of the other cities ranged from 10 to 15% in the number of Europeans, win contrast with <a href="/wiki/Angola_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Angola (Portugal)">Portuguese Angola</a>, where cities had European majorities ranging from 50% to 60%. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society">Society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Mozambique&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civilizing_mission" title="Civilizing mission">Civilizing mission</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lusotropicalism" title="Lusotropicalism">Lusotropicalism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Narrative_of_an_expedition_to_the_Zambesi_and_its_tributaries;_and_of_the_discovery_of_the_lakes_Shirwa_and_Nyassa._1858-1864_(1893)_(14793169003).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Narrative_of_an_expedition_to_the_Zambesi_and_its_tributaries%3B_and_of_the_discovery_of_the_lakes_Shirwa_and_Nyassa._1858-1864_%281893%29_%2814793169003%29.jpg/220px-Narrative_of_an_expedition_to_the_Zambesi_and_its_tributaries%3B_and_of_the_discovery_of_the_lakes_Shirwa_and_Nyassa._1858-1864_%281893%29_%2814793169003%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Narrative_of_an_expedition_to_the_Zambesi_and_its_tributaries%3B_and_of_the_discovery_of_the_lakes_Shirwa_and_Nyassa._1858-1864_%281893%29_%2814793169003%29.jpg/330px-Narrative_of_an_expedition_to_the_Zambesi_and_its_tributaries%3B_and_of_the_discovery_of_the_lakes_Shirwa_and_Nyassa._1858-1864_%281893%29_%2814793169003%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Narrative_of_an_expedition_to_the_Zambesi_and_its_tributaries%3B_and_of_the_discovery_of_the_lakes_Shirwa_and_Nyassa._1858-1864_%281893%29_%2814793169003%29.jpg/440px-Narrative_of_an_expedition_to_the_Zambesi_and_its_tributaries%3B_and_of_the_discovery_of_the_lakes_Shirwa_and_Nyassa._1858-1864_%281893%29_%2814793169003%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3280" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Wedding procession at <a href="/wiki/Tete,_Mozambique" title="Tete, Mozambique">Tete</a>, from <a href="/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone">David Livingstone</a>'s <i>Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambesi and its Tributaries</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Starting in 1926, Portugal's colonial authorities abandoned conceptions of an innate inferiority of Africans, and set as their goal the development of a <a href="/wiki/Multiethnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiethnic">multiethnic</a> society in its African colonies. The establishment of a dual, <a href="/wiki/Racialised" class="mw-redirect" title="Racialised">racialised</a> civil society was formally recognised in <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Estatuto do Indigenato</i></span> (The Statute of Indigenous Populations) adopted in 1929, which was based on the subjective concept of <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">tribalism</a>. In the administration's view, the goal of <a href="/wiki/Civilising_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilising mission">civilising mission</a> would only be achieved after a period of <a href="/wiki/Europeanisation" title="Europeanisation">Europeanisation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Enculturation" title="Enculturation">enculturation</a> of African communities. </p><p>The <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Estatuto</i></span> established a distinction between the colonial citizens, subject to the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese law">Portuguese laws</a> and entitled to all citizenship rights and duties effective in the <a href="/wiki/Metropole" title="Metropole">metropole</a>, and the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">indígenas</i></span> (natives), subjected to colonial legislation and customary African laws. Between the two groups there was a third small group, the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">assimilados</i></span>, comprising native blacks, mulatos, Asians, and mixed-race people, who had at least some formal education and not subjected to paid forced labour. They were entitled to some citizenship rights, and held a special identification card, used to control the movements of forced labour.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">indígenas</i></span> were subject to the traditional authorities, who were gradually integrated into the colonial administration and charged with solving disputes, managing the access to land, and guaranteeing the flows of workforce and the payment of taxes. As several authors have pointed out,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Indigenato</i></span> regime was the political system that subordinated the immense majority of Africans to local authorities entrusted with governing, in collaboration with the lowest echelon of the colonial administration, the native communities described as tribes and assumed to have a common ancestry, language, and culture. The colonial use of traditional law and structures of power was thus an integral part of the process of colonial domination.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1940s, the integration of traditional authorities into the colonial administration was deepened. The Portuguese colony was divided into <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Concelho" title="Concelho">concelhos</a></i></span> (municipalities), in urban areas, governed by colonial and metropolitan legislation, and <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">circunscrições</i></span> (localities), in rural areas. The <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">circunscrições</i></span> were led by a colonial administrator and divided into <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">regedorias</i></span> (subdivisions of circunscrições), headed by <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">régules</i></span> (tribal chieftains), the embodiment of traditional authorities. Provincial Portuguese Decree No. 5.639, of July 29, 1944, attributed to <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">régulos</i></span> and their assistants, the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">cabos de terra</i></span>, the status of <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">auxiliares da administração</i></span> (administrative assistants). Gradually, these traditional titles lost some of their content, and the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">régulos</i></span> and <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">cabos de terra</i></span> came to be viewed as an effective part of the colonial state, remunerated for their participation in the collection of taxes, recruitment of the labour force, and agricultural production in the area under their control. Within the areas of their jurisdiction, the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">régulos</i></span> and the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">cabos de terra</i></span> also controlled the distribution of land and settled conflicts according to customary norms.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To exercise their power, the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">régulos</i></span> and <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">cabos de terra</i></span> had their own police force. </p><p>The <i>indigenato</i> regime was abolished in 1960. From then on, all Africans were considered Portuguese citizens, and racial discrimination became a sociological rather than a legal feature of colonial society. In fact, the rule of traditional authorities became even more integrated than before in the colonial administration. Legally speaking, by the 1960s and 1970s segregation in Mozambique was minimal compared to that in neighbouring South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Urban_centres">Urban centres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Mozambique&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Urban centres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maputo_train_station_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Maputo_train_station_01.jpg/220px-Maputo_train_station_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Maputo_train_station_01.jpg/330px-Maputo_train_station_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Maputo_train_station_01.jpg/440px-Maputo_train_station_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="837" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption>Central train station of Lourenço Marques (renamed as Maputo after independence from Portugal)</figcaption></figure> <p>The largest coastal cities, the first founded or settled by <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese people</a> since the 16th century, like the capital <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Louren%C3%A7o_Marques" class="mw-redirect" title="Lourenço Marques">Lourenço Marques</a></i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Beira,_Mozambique" title="Beira, Mozambique">Beira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quelimane" title="Quelimane">Quelimane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nacala" title="Nacala">Nacala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inhambane" title="Inhambane">Inhambane</a>, were modern <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">cosmopolitan</a> ports and a melting pot of several cultures, with a strong South African influence.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Africa" title="Southeast Africa">Southeast African</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese culture">Portuguese cultures</a> were dominant, but the influence of <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> cultures were also felt. The cuisine was diverse, owing especially to the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Portuguese cuisine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> heritage, and <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">seafood</a> was also quite abundant. </p><p>Lourenço Marques had always been a point of interest for artistic and architectural development since the first days of its urban expansion and this strong artistic spirit was responsible for attracting some of the world's most forward-thinking architects at the turn of the 20th century. The city was home to masterpieces of building work by, <a href="/wiki/Pancho_Guedes" title="Pancho Guedes">Pancho Guedes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Baker" title="Herbert Baker">Herbert Baker</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Honney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Honney (page does not exist)">Thomas Honney</a> amongst others. The earliest architectural efforts around the city focused on classical European designs such as the Central Train Station (CFM) designed by architects <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfredo_Augusto_Lisboa_de_Lima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfredo Augusto Lisboa de Lima (page does not exist)">Alfredo Augusto Lisboa de Lima</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mario_Veiga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mario Veiga (page does not exist)">Mario Veiga</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferreira_da_Costa_(architect)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferreira da Costa (architect) (page does not exist)">Ferreira da Costa</a> and built between 1913 and 1916 (sometimes mistaken with the work of <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Eiffel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav Eiffel">Gustav Eiffel</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Hotel Polana designed by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Baker" title="Herbert Baker">Herbert Baker</a>. </p><p>Throughout the 1960s and early 1970s, Lourenço Marques was yet again at the centre of a new wave of architectural influences made most popular by Pancho Guedes. The designs of the 1960s and 1970s were characterised by <a href="/wiki/Modernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist">modernist</a> movements of clean, straight and functional structures. However, prominent architects such as Pancho Guedes fused this with local art schemes giving the city's buildings a unique Mozambican theme. As a result, most of the properties erected during the second construction boom take on these styling cues. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Mozambique&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_9_82_-_Manga._F%C3%A1brica_de_Tabacos_de_Caeiro_Lda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_9_82_-_Manga._F%C3%A1brica_de_Tabacos_de_Caeiro_Lda.jpg/220px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_9_82_-_Manga._F%C3%A1brica_de_Tabacos_de_Caeiro_Lda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_9_82_-_Manga._F%C3%A1brica_de_Tabacos_de_Caeiro_Lda.jpg/330px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_9_82_-_Manga._F%C3%A1brica_de_Tabacos_de_Caeiro_Lda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_9_82_-_Manga._F%C3%A1brica_de_Tabacos_de_Caeiro_Lda.jpg/440px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_9_82_-_Manga._F%C3%A1brica_de_Tabacos_de_Caeiro_Lda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Caeiro Lda. Tobacco Factory.</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the 15th century, Portugal founded settlements, trading posts, forts, and ports on the <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>'s coast. Cities, towns, and villages were founded all over East African territories by the Portuguese, especially since the 19th century, like <a href="/wiki/Maputo" title="Maputo">Lourenço Marques</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beira,_Mozambique" title="Beira, Mozambique">Beira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vila_Pery" class="mw-redirect" title="Vila Pery">Vila Pery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vila_Junqueiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Vila Junqueiro">Vila Junqueiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vila_Cabral" class="mw-redirect" title="Vila Cabral">Vila Cabral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porto_Am%C3%A9lia" class="mw-redirect" title="Porto Amélia">Porto Amélia</a>. Others were expanded and developed greatly under Portuguese rule, like <a href="/wiki/Quelimane" title="Quelimane">Quelimane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nampula" title="Nampula">Nampula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sofala" title="Sofala">Sofala</a>. By this time, Mozambique had become a Portuguese colony, but the administration was left to the trading companies (like <a href="/wiki/Mozambique_Company" title="Mozambique Company">Mozambique Company</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niassa_Company" title="Niassa Company">Niassa Company</a>) who had received long-term leases from <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Portuguese_East_Africa,_published_and_presented_by_The_Louren%C3%A7o_Marques_Port_and_Railways_Administration_-_btv1b53213371k.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Map_of_Portuguese_East_Africa%2C_published_and_presented_by_The_Louren%C3%A7o_Marques_Port_and_Railways_Administration_-_btv1b53213371k.jpg/220px-Map_of_Portuguese_East_Africa%2C_published_and_presented_by_The_Louren%C3%A7o_Marques_Port_and_Railways_Administration_-_btv1b53213371k.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Map_of_Portuguese_East_Africa%2C_published_and_presented_by_The_Louren%C3%A7o_Marques_Port_and_Railways_Administration_-_btv1b53213371k.jpg/330px-Map_of_Portuguese_East_Africa%2C_published_and_presented_by_The_Louren%C3%A7o_Marques_Port_and_Railways_Administration_-_btv1b53213371k.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Map_of_Portuguese_East_Africa%2C_published_and_presented_by_The_Louren%C3%A7o_Marques_Port_and_Railways_Administration_-_btv1b53213371k.jpg/440px-Map_of_Portuguese_East_Africa%2C_published_and_presented_by_The_Louren%C3%A7o_Marques_Port_and_Railways_Administration_-_btv1b53213371k.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12436" data-file-height="18541" /></a><figcaption>Map of Portuguese East Africa, published and presented by The Lourenço Marques Port and Railways Administration, 1931.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the mid-1920s, the Portuguese succeeded in creating a highly exploitative and coercive settler economy, in which African natives were forced to work on the fertile lands taken over by Portuguese settlers. Indigenous African peasants mainly produced <a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">cash crops</a> designated for sale in the markets of the colonial <a href="/wiki/Metropole" title="Metropole">metropole</a> (the centre, i.e. Portugal). Major cash crops included <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cashews" class="mw-redirect" title="Cashews">cashews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>. This arrangement ended in 1932 after the takeover in Portugal by the new <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">António de Oliveira Salazar</a>'s government — the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo</a></i></span>. Thereafter, Mozambique, along with other Portuguese colonies, was put under the direct control of Lisbon. In 1951, it became an <a href="/wiki/Overseas_province" title="Overseas province">overseas province</a>. The economy expanded rapidly during the 1950s and 1960s, attracting thousands of Portuguese settlers to the country. It was around this time that the first nationalist guerrilla groups began to form in <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> and other African countries. The strong industrial and agricultural development that did occur throughout the 1950s, 1960s and early 1970s was based on Portuguese development plans, and also included British and South African investment. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STS51B-51-14-_Lake_Cahora_Bassa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/STS51B-51-14-_Lake_Cahora_Bassa.jpg/220px-STS51B-51-14-_Lake_Cahora_Bassa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/STS51B-51-14-_Lake_Cahora_Bassa.jpg/330px-STS51B-51-14-_Lake_Cahora_Bassa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/STS51B-51-14-_Lake_Cahora_Bassa.jpg/440px-STS51B-51-14-_Lake_Cahora_Bassa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cahora_Bassa_Dam" title="Cahora Bassa Dam">Cahora Bassa Dam</a> reservoir — the dam began construction in 1969 and was at the time one of the biggest in all of Africa.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1959–60, Mozambique's major exports included <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cashew_nut" class="mw-redirect" title="Cashew nut">cashew nuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copra" title="Copra">copra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sisal" title="Sisal">sisal</a>. Other major agricultural productions included <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a>. The expanding economy of the Portuguese overseas province was fuelled by <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a>, and public investment which included ambitious state-managed development plans. British capital owned two of the large sugar concessions (the third was Portuguese), including the famous Sena states. The Matola Oil Refinery, Procon, was controlled by Britain and the United States. In 1948 the petroleum concession was given to the Mozambique Gulf Oil Company. At Maotize, <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> was mined; the industry was chiefly financed by Belgian capital. 60% of the capital of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Compagnie de Charbons de Mozambique</i></span> was held by the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Société Minière et Géologique Belge</i></span>, 30% by the <a href="/wiki/Mozambique_Company" title="Mozambique Company">Mozambique Company</a>, and the remaining 10% by the Government of the territory. Three banks were in operation, the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Banco_Nacional_Ultramarino" title="Banco Nacional Ultramarino">Banco Nacional Ultramarino</a></i></span>, Portuguese, <a href="/wiki/Barclays_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Barclays Bank">Barclays Bank</a>, D.C.O., British, and the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Banco Totta e Standard de Moçambique</i></span> (a partnership between <a href="/wiki/Standard_Bank" title="Standard Bank">Standard Bank</a> of South Africa and mainland's <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Banco_Totta_%26_A%C3%A7ores" class="mw-redirect" title="Banco Totta & Açores">Banco Totta & Açores</a></i></span>). Nine out of the twenty-three insurance companies were Portuguese, which included insurance companies related to <a href="/wiki/Fidelidade" title="Fidelidade">Fidelidade</a> throughout its history. 80% of <a href="/wiki/Life_assurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Life assurance">life assurance</a> was in the hands of foreign companies which testifies to the <a href="/wiki/Open_economy" title="Open economy">openness of the economy</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pra%C3%A7a_Mouzinho_de_Albuquerque_Louren%C3%A7o_Marques_1971_(2318204703).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Pra%C3%A7a_Mouzinho_de_Albuquerque_Louren%C3%A7o_Marques_1971_%282318204703%29.jpg/220px-Pra%C3%A7a_Mouzinho_de_Albuquerque_Louren%C3%A7o_Marques_1971_%282318204703%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Pra%C3%A7a_Mouzinho_de_Albuquerque_Louren%C3%A7o_Marques_1971_%282318204703%29.jpg/330px-Pra%C3%A7a_Mouzinho_de_Albuquerque_Louren%C3%A7o_Marques_1971_%282318204703%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Pra%C3%A7a_Mouzinho_de_Albuquerque_Louren%C3%A7o_Marques_1971_%282318204703%29.jpg/440px-Pra%C3%A7a_Mouzinho_de_Albuquerque_Louren%C3%A7o_Marques_1971_%282318204703%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7199" data-file-height="4799" /></a><figcaption>Mouzinho de Albuquerque Square (today Independence Square), Lourenço Marques (today Maputo), Portuguese Mozambique, 1971. The City Hall is in the background, and in front of it is the statue of <a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Augusto_Mouzinho_de_Albuquerque" title="Joaquim Augusto Mouzinho de Albuquerque">Mouzinho de Albuquerque</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Portuguese overseas province of Mozambique was the first territory of Portugal, including the European <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainland Portugal">mainland</a>, to distribute <a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola" title="Coca-Cola">Coca-Cola</a>. Lately the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Lourenço Marques</i></span> Oil Refinery was established by the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Sociedade Nacional de Refinação de Petróleo</i></span> (SONAREP) — a Franco-Portuguese syndicate. In the sisal plantations Swiss capital was invested, and in copra concerns, a combination of Portuguese, Swiss and French capital was invested. The large availability of capital from both Portuguese and international origin, allied to the wide range of natural resources and the growing urban population, lead to an impressive growth and development of the economy. </p><p>From the late stages of this notable period of high growth and huge development effort started in the 1950s, was the construction of <a href="/wiki/Cahora_Bassa" title="Cahora Bassa">Cahora Bassa</a> dam by the Portuguese, which started to fill in December 1974 after construction was commenced in 1969. In 1971 construction work of the <a href="/wiki/Massingir_Dam" title="Massingir Dam">Massingir Dam</a> began. At independence, Mozambique's industrial base was well-developed by Sub-Saharan Africa standards, thanks to a boom in investment in the 1960s and early 1970s. Indeed, in 1973, <a href="/wiki/Value_added" title="Value added">value added</a> in manufacturing was the sixth highest in Sub-Saharan Africa. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Principe_Perfeito%22_-_Lourenco_Marques,_1967.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/%22Principe_Perfeito%22_-_Lourenco_Marques%2C_1967.jpg/220px-%22Principe_Perfeito%22_-_Lourenco_Marques%2C_1967.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/%22Principe_Perfeito%22_-_Lourenco_Marques%2C_1967.jpg/330px-%22Principe_Perfeito%22_-_Lourenco_Marques%2C_1967.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/%22Principe_Perfeito%22_-_Lourenco_Marques%2C_1967.jpg/440px-%22Principe_Perfeito%22_-_Lourenco_Marques%2C_1967.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption>The Portuguese liner <i>Príncipe Perfeito</i> moored at Lourenço Marques, Portuguese Mozambique on December 25, 1967.</figcaption></figure> <p>Economically, Mozambique was a source of agricultural raw materials and an earner of foreign exchange. It also provided a market for Portuguese manufacturers which were protected from local competition. Transportation facilities had been developed to exploit the transit trade of South Africa, <a href="/wiki/Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="Swaziland">Swaziland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a> (which became <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> in November 1965), <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>, agricultural production for export purposes had been encouraged, and profitable arrangements for the export of labour had been made with neighbouring countries. Industrial production had been relatively insignificant but did begin to increase in the 1960s. The economic structure generally favoured the taking of some profits to Portugal rather than their total reinvestment in Mozambique because <a href="/wiki/Counterterrorism" title="Counterterrorism">counterterrorism</a> campaigns were expensive. The Portuguese economic interests in its overseas province, which dominated in banking, industry, and agriculture, exerted a powerful influence on policy and by early 1974 were fostering good levels of economic growth and development.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Mozambique&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_81_-_Oficina_de_Tipografia_da_Escola_de_Artes_e_Of%C3%ADcios.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_81_-_Oficina_de_Tipografia_da_Escola_de_Artes_e_Of%C3%ADcios.jpg/220px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_81_-_Oficina_de_Tipografia_da_Escola_de_Artes_e_Of%C3%ADcios.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_81_-_Oficina_de_Tipografia_da_Escola_de_Artes_e_Of%C3%ADcios.jpg/330px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_81_-_Oficina_de_Tipografia_da_Escola_de_Artes_e_Of%C3%ADcios.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_81_-_Oficina_de_Tipografia_da_Escola_de_Artes_e_Of%C3%ADcios.jpg/440px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_81_-_Oficina_de_Tipografia_da_Escola_de_Artes_e_Of%C3%ADcios.jpg 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Portuguese language printing and typesetting class, 1930</figcaption></figure> <p>Mozambique's rural population was largely illiterate. However, some thousands of Africans were educated in religion, the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese language</a>, and Portuguese history by Catholic and Protestant <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> schools established in cities and in the countryside. </p><p>In 1930, primary schooling became racially segregated.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Africans who did not hold assimilated status had to enroll in "rudimentary schools," whereas whites and the few thousand assimilated Africans had access to "primary schools" of better quality. </p><p>Starting in the early 1940s, access to education was expanded in all levels. Nevertheless, "rudimentary schools" retained their poor quality. In 1956, there were 292,199 African students enrolled in first grade. Of these, only 9,486 had successfully passed third grade in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1970, only 7.7% of Mozambique's population was literate.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A comprehensive network of <a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">secondary schools</a> (the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Liceus</i></span>) and technical or <a href="/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">vocational education</a> schools were implemented across the cities and main towns of the territory. However, access to these institutions was largely limited to whites. In 1960, only 30 out of 1,000 students of the <i>Liceu Salazar</i> were Africans, in spite of whites making up only 2% of the Mozambican population.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1962, the first Mozambican <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">university</a> was founded by the Portuguese authorities: the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Louren%C3%A7o_Marques" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidade de Lourenço Marques">Universidade de Lourenço Marques</a></i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Mozambique&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_6_60_-_Clube_Sport_da_Beira.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_6_60_-_Clube_Sport_da_Beira.jpg/220px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_6_60_-_Clube_Sport_da_Beira.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_6_60_-_Clube_Sport_da_Beira.jpg/330px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_6_60_-_Clube_Sport_da_Beira.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_6_60_-_Clube_Sport_da_Beira.jpg/440px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_6_60_-_Clube_Sport_da_Beira.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Clube Sport da Beira</i> in the city of Beira.</figcaption></figure><p> The Portuguese-ruled territory was introduced to several popular European and North American sports disciplines since the early urbanistic and economic booms of the 1920s and 1940s. This period was a time of city and town expansion and modernization that included the construction of several sports facilities for <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rink_hockey" class="mw-redirect" title="Rink hockey">rink hockey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Handball" title="Handball">handball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sport_of_athletics" title="Sport of athletics">athletics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">gymnastics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">swimming</a>. Several <a href="/wiki/Sports_clubs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports clubs">sports clubs</a> were founded across the entire territory, among them were some of the largest and oldest sports organizations of Mozambique like <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Sporting_Clube_de_Louren%C3%A7o_Marques" class="mw-redirect" title="Sporting Clube de Lourenço Marques">Sporting Clube de Lourenço Marques</a></i></span>, that was established in 1920 and became the branch number 6 of <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Sporting_Clube_de_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sporting Clube de Portugal">Sporting Clube de Portugal</a> (Sporting CP).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other major sports clubs were founded in the following years like <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Grupo_Desportivo_de_Louren%C3%A7o_Marques" class="mw-redirect" title="Grupo Desportivo de Lourenço Marques">Grupo Desportivo de Lourenço Marques</a></i></span> (1921), <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Clube_Ferrovi%C3%A1rio_de_Louren%C3%A7o_Marques" class="mw-redirect" title="Clube Ferroviário de Lourenço Marques">Clube Ferroviário de Lourenço Marques</a></i></span> (1924), <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Sport_Club_de_Vila_Pery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport Club de Vila Pery">Sport Club de Vila Pery</a></i></span> (1928), <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Clube_Ferrovi%C3%A1rio_da_Beira_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Clube Ferroviário da Beira (disambiguation)">Clube Ferroviário da Beira</a></i></span> (1943), <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Grupo_Desportivo_da_Companhia_T%C3%AAxtil_do_Pungu%C3%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Grupo Desportivo da Companhia Têxtil do Punguè">Grupo Desportivo da Companhia Têxtil do Punguè</a></i></span> (1943), <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sport_Louren%C3%A7o_Marques_e_Benfica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sport Lourenço Marques e Benfica (page does not exist)">Sport Lourenço Marques e Benfica</a></i></span> (1955) and <a href="/wiki/GDR_Text%C3%A1frica" title="GDR Textáfrica">Grupo Desportivo e Recreativo Textáfrica</a> (1957).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several sportsmen, especially football players, that achieved wide notability in Portuguese sports were from Mozambique and excelled in the <a href="/wiki/Portugal_national_football_team" title="Portugal national football team">Portugal national football team</a>. </p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eusebio_(1963_version2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Eusebio_%281963_version2%29.jpg/200px-Eusebio_%281963_version2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Eusebio_%281963_version2%29.jpg/300px-Eusebio_%281963_version2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Eusebio_%281963_version2%29.jpg/400px-Eusebio_%281963_version2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1822" data-file-height="2492" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eus%C3%A9bio_da_Silva_Ferreira" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusébio da Silva Ferreira">Eusébio da Silva Ferreira</a>, a man born in Portuguese Mozambique who graduated as a footballer and played for <a href="/wiki/CD_Maxaquene" title="CD Maxaquene">Sporting Clube de Lourenço Marques</a> at both youth level and the main squad between the ages of 15 and 18, became the most famous Portuguese sports star during the <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo</a>.</figcaption></figure><p>Football was a very popular sport in Portuguese Mozambique.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Portuguese enthusiasm for football led to the spread of the sport into its overseas territories. Eventually, Portugal would attempt to integrate their colonies, which would lead to them having many African players in the teams on the mainland. Introduced in the colonies as early as the 19th century, football became increasingly popular. Mozambique saw a sizable population of white Portuguese people immigrate there during the 20th century. This was a byproduct of the policies of the <i>Estado Novo</i> and how they saw their colonies. There was widespread infrastructure in Mozambique to prepare the players to play football professionally. This would allow many players from the colonies to easily play for the national teams. Starting in the 1950s, many black Africans from Portuguese Africa would sign for football teams on the mainland. The popularity of the game in the colonies also meant that there were many people who wanted to play it professionally. Many top players from Portuguese Mozambique represented Portugal at the international level, as well as playing for many clubs in the various tiers of the local, national and international leagues, most notably the likes of <a href="/wiki/Matateu" title="Matateu">Matateu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hil%C3%A1rio" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilário">Hilário</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costa_Pereira" title="Costa Pereira">Costa Pereira</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_Coluna" title="Mário Coluna">Coluna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eus%C3%A9bio" title="Eusébio">Eusébio</a> became highly regarded in the history of football in Portugal. But Eusébio's impact in Portuguese football stood out among them all to such an extent that when Eusébio arrived in Lisbon in December 1960 still as a player of Sporting Lourenço Marques, Lisbon-based <a href="/wiki/Sporting_CP" title="Sporting CP">Sporting CP</a> had won ten league titles, which was as many as its rival <a href="/wiki/S.L._Benfica" title="S.L. Benfica">SL Benfica</a>'s, and when, 15 years later, Eusébio, recognised as Benfica's best player of all time, left Benfica, Benfica had won 21 championships to just 14 for Sporting CP.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although being a black player from Mozambique, he is considered one of the greatest Portuguese football players ever.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eusébio's contribution to Portuguese football was tremendous, and his role in the <a href="/wiki/1966_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1966 FIFA World Cup">1966 FIFA World Cup</a> is still remembered today as a significant milestone in Portugal’s football history.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1960s, with the latest developments on <a href="/wiki/Commercial_aviation" title="Commercial aviation">commercial aviation</a>, the highest ranked football teams of Mozambique and the other African overseas provinces of Portugal, started to compete in the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%A7a_de_Portugal" title="Taça de Portugal">Taça de Portugal</a></i></span> (the Portuguese Cup) in football. This became also true for other sports, like basketball and rink hockey. Before the independence of Mozambique, Sporting Clube de Lourenço Marques won the <a href="/wiki/Liga_Portuguesa_de_Basquetebol" title="Liga Portuguesa de Basquetebol">Liga Portuguesa de Basquetebol</a> three times, in 1968, 1971 and 1973, and the Desportivo de Lourenço Marques won the 1969, 1971 and 1973 <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Roller_Hockey_First_Division" title="Portuguese Roller Hockey First Division">Portuguese Roller Hockey First Division</a>. </p><p>There were also several facilities and organizations for <a href="/wiki/Golf" title="Golf">golf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wild_hunting" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild hunting">wild hunting</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Nautical_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Nautical sports">nautical sports</a> were also well developed and popular, especially in <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Lourenço Marques</i></span>, home to the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clube_Naval_de_Louren%C3%A7o_Marques&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clube Naval de Lourenço Marques (page does not exist)">Clube Naval de Lourenço Marques</a></i></span>. The largest stadium was the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Est%C3%A1dio_da_Machava" title="Estádio da Machava">Estádio Salazar</a></i></span>, located near <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Lourenço Marques</i></span>. Opened in 1968, it was at the time the most advanced in Mozambique conforming to standards set by both <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Union_Cycliste_Internationale" title="Union Cycliste Internationale">Union Cycliste Internationale</a> (UCI). The <a href="/wiki/Cycling_track" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycling track">cycling track</a> could be adjusted to allow for 20,000 more seats.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in the 1950s, motorsport was introduced to Mozambique. At first race cars would compete in areas around the city, Polana and along the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">marginal</i></span> but as funding and interest increased, a dedicated race track was built in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Costa_Do_Sol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Costa Do Sol (page does not exist)">Costa Do Sol</a> area along and behind the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">marginal</i></span> with the ocean to the east with a length of 1.5 kilometres (0.93 miles). The initial surface of the new track, named <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aut%C3%B3dromo_de_Louren%C3%A7o_Marques&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Autódromo de Lourenço Marques (page does not exist)">Autódromo de Lourenço Marques</a></i></span> did not provide enough grip and an accident in the late 1960s killed 8 people and injured many more. Therefore, in 1970, the track was renovated and the surface changed to meet the highest international safety requirements that were needed at large events with many spectators. The length then increased to 3,909 kilometres (2,429 miles). The city became host to several international and local events beginning with the inauguration on 26 November 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Carnation_Revolution_and_independence">Carnation Revolution and independence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Mozambique&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Carnation Revolution and independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lusaka_Accord" title="Lusaka Accord">Lusaka Accord</a>, and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">People's Republic of Mozambique</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:23-1961-ReconquistaBeiraBaixa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/23-1961-ReconquistaBeiraBaixa.jpg/220px-23-1961-ReconquistaBeiraBaixa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/23-1961-ReconquistaBeiraBaixa.jpg/330px-23-1961-ReconquistaBeiraBaixa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/23-1961-ReconquistaBeiraBaixa.jpg/440px-23-1961-ReconquistaBeiraBaixa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>War in Mozambique, 1961</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Planta_de_Louren%C3%A7o_Marques_1925_Cc-180-r_0001_t24-C-R0150.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Planta_de_Louren%C3%A7o_Marques_1925_Cc-180-r_0001_t24-C-R0150.jpg/220px-Planta_de_Louren%C3%A7o_Marques_1925_Cc-180-r_0001_t24-C-R0150.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Planta_de_Louren%C3%A7o_Marques_1925_Cc-180-r_0001_t24-C-R0150.jpg/330px-Planta_de_Louren%C3%A7o_Marques_1925_Cc-180-r_0001_t24-C-R0150.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Planta_de_Louren%C3%A7o_Marques_1925_Cc-180-r_0001_t24-C-R0150.jpg/440px-Planta_de_Louren%C3%A7o_Marques_1925_Cc-180-r_0001_t24-C-R0150.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6299" data-file-height="4904" /></a><figcaption>Lourenço Marques (nowadays Maputo) in 1925.</figcaption></figure> <p>As <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-colonial" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-colonial">anti-colonial</a> ideologies spread out across Africa, many clandestine political movements were established in support of Mozambique's independence. These movements claimed that policies and development plans were primarily designed by the ruling authorities for the benefit of the ethnic Portuguese population, affecting a majority of the indigenous population who suffered both state-sponsored discrimination and enormous social pressure. Many felt they had received too little opportunity or resources to upgrade their skills and improve their economic and social situation to a degree comparable to that of the Europeans. Statistically, Portuguese Mozambique's whites were indeed wealthier and more skilled than the black indigenous majority, in spite of decreasing legal discrimination of Africans starting in the 1960s. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Mozambique" class="mw-redirect" title="Front for the Liberation of Mozambique">Front for the Liberation of Mozambique</a> (FRELIMO), headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, initiated a <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla">guerrilla</a> campaign against Portuguese rule in September 1964. This conflict, along with the two others already initiated in the other Portuguese overseas territories of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Angola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guinea" title="Portuguese Guinea">Portuguese Guinea</a>, became part of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> (1961–74). Several African territories under European rule had achieved independence in recent decades. <a href="/wiki/Oliveira_Salazar" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliveira Salazar">Oliveira Salazar</a> attempted to resist this tide and maintain the integrity of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese empire">Portuguese empire</a>. By 1970, the anti-guerrilla war in Africa was consuming an important part of the Portuguese budget and there was no sign of a final solution in sight. This year was marked by a large-scale military operation in northern Mozambique, the <a href="/wiki/Gordian_Knot_Operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordian Knot Operation">Gordian Knot Operation</a>, which displaced the FRELIMO's bases and destroyed much of the guerrillas' military capacity. At a military level, a part of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guinea" title="Portuguese Guinea">Portuguese Guinea</a> was <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> independent since 1973, but the capital and the major towns were still under Portuguese control. In Angola and Mozambique, independence movements were only active in a few remote countryside areas from where the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Army" title="Portuguese Army">Portuguese Army</a> had retreated. However, their impending presence and the fact that they wouldn't go away dominated public anxiety. Throughout the war period Portugal faced increasing dissent, arms embargoes and other punitive sanctions imposed by most of the international community. For the Portuguese society the war was becoming even more unpopular due to its length and financial costs, the worsening of diplomatic relations with other United Nations members, and the role it had always played as a factor of perpetuation of the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Estado Novo</i></span> regime. It was this escalation that would lead directly to the mutiny of members of the FAP in the <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a> in 1974 – an event that would lead to the independence of the former Portuguese colonies in Africa. A leftist <a href="/wiki/Military_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Military coup">military coup</a> in Lisbon on 24 April 1974 by the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Movimento_das_For%C3%A7as_Armadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Movimento das Forças Armadas">Movimento das Forças Armadas</a></i></span> (MFA), overthrew the <i><a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo</a></i> regime headed by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Caetano" title="Marcelo Caetano">Marcelo Caetano</a>. </p><p>As one of the objectives of the MFA, all the Portuguese overseas territories in Africa were offered independence. FRELIMO took complete control of the Mozambican territory after a transition period, as agreed in the <a href="/wiki/Lusaka_Accord" title="Lusaka Accord">Lusaka Accord</a> which recognized Mozambique's right to independence and the terms of the transfer of power. </p><p>Within a year of the Portuguese military coup at Lisbon, almost all of the Portuguese population had left the African territory as refugees (in mainland Portugal they were known as <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Retornados" class="mw-redirect" title="Retornados">retornados</a></i></span>) – some expelled by the new ruling power of Mozambique, some fleeing in fear. A parade and a state banquet completed the independence festivities in the capital, which was expected to be renamed Can Phumo, or "Place of Phumo", after a <a href="/wiki/Tsonga_people" title="Tsonga people">Tsonga</a> chief who lived in the area before the Portuguese navigator <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Louren%C3%A7o_Marques_(explorer)" title="Lourenço Marques (explorer)">Lourenço Marques</a></i></span> founded the city in 1545 and gave his name to it. Most city streets, named for Portuguese heroes or important dates in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal">Portuguese history</a>, had their names changed.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Famous_people">Famous people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Mozambique&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Famous people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Bowlly" title="Al Bowlly">Al Bowlly</a> (singer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Quintanilha" title="Alexandre Quintanilha">Alexandre Quintanilha</a> (science)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Almeida_Santos" title="António de Almeida Santos">António de Almeida Santos</a> (politics and law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Jos%C3%A9_Enes" title="António José Enes">António José Enes</a> (politics)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armando_Guebuza" title="Armando Guebuza">Armando Guebuza</a> (politics and business)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Ivens_Ferraz" title="Artur Ivens Ferraz">Artur Ivens Ferraz</a> (military and politics)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Cardoso_(journalist)" title="Carlos Cardoso (journalist)">Carlos Cardoso</a> (journalism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Mondlane" title="Eduardo Mondlane">Eduardo Mondlane</a> (politics)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Barreto" title="Francisco Barreto">Francisco Barreto</a> (exploration)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gra%C3%A7a_Machel" title="Graça Machel">Graça Machel</a> (politics)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilherme_de_Melo" title="Guilherme de Melo">Guilherme de Melo</a> (journalism and literature)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gungunhana" title="Gungunhana">Gungunhana</a> (military and politics)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrique_Mitchell_de_Paiva_Cabral_Couceiro" title="Henrique Mitchell de Paiva Cabral Couceiro">Henrique Mitchell de Paiva Cabral Couceiro</a> (military and politics)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Carqueijeiro" title="João Carqueijeiro">João Carqueijeiro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">visual arts</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Deus_Pinheiro" title="João de Deus Pinheiro">João de Deus Pinheiro</a> (university teaching, engineering, politics)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Maria_Tudela" title="João Maria Tudela">João Maria Tudela</a> (music)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Augusto_Mouzinho_de_Albuquerque" title="Joaquim Augusto Mouzinho de Albuquerque">Joaquim Augusto Mouzinho de Albuquerque</a> (military and politics)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Chissano" title="Joaquim Chissano">Joaquim Chissano</a> (politics)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Craveirinha" title="José Craveirinha">José Craveirinha</a> (poetry)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rodrigues_dos_Santos" title="José Rodrigues dos Santos">José Rodrigues dos Santos</a> (journalism and literature)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louren%C3%A7o_Marques_(explorer)" title="Lourenço Marques (explorer)">Lourenço Marques</a> (exploration and navigation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Matos" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis de Matos">Luis de Matos</a> (magic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malangatana_Ngwenya" title="Malangatana Ngwenya">Malangatana</a> (painting and poetry)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelino_dos_Santos" title="Marcelino dos Santos">Marcelino dos Santos</a> (poetry and politics)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_Crespo" title="Mário Crespo">Mário Crespo</a> (journalism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_Sim%C3%B5es_Dias" title="Mário Simões Dias">Mário Simões Dias</a> (music)</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariza" title="Mariza">Mariza</a> (music)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mia_Couto" title="Mia Couto">Mia Couto</a> (literature)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/No%C3%A9mia_de_Sousa" title="Noémia de Sousa">Noémia de Sousa</a> (poetry)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_da_Costa" title="Orlando da Costa">Orlando da Costa</a> (literature)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otelo_Saraiva_de_Carvalho" title="Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho">Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho</a> (military and politics)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancho_Guedes" title="Pancho Guedes">Pancho Guedes</a> (architecture)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Furtado" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulo Furtado">Paulo Furtado</a> (music)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Rangel" title="Ricardo Rangel">Ricardo Rangel</a> (photojournalism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samora_Machel" title="Samora Machel">Samora Machel</a> (politics)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sancho_de_Tovar" title="Sancho de Tovar">Sancho de Tovar</a> (exploration and navigation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soshangane" title="Soshangane">Soshangane</a> (military and politics)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasha_de_Vasconcelos" title="Tasha de Vasconcelos">Tasha de Vasconcelos</a>, (actress and model)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Heinz" title="Teresa Heinz">Teresa Heinz</a> (philanthropy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasuke" title="Yasuke">Yasuke</a> (samurai)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeca_Afonso" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeca Afonso">Zeca Afonso</a> (music)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Association_football">Association football</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Mozambique&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Association football"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_da_Costa_Pereira" class="mw-redirect" title="Alberto da Costa Pereira">Alberto da Costa Pereira</a> (association football)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Queiroz" title="Carlos Queiroz">Carlos Queiroz</a> (association football)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Xavier" title="Carlos Xavier">Carlos Xavier</a> (association football)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da%C3%BAto_Faquir%C3%A1" title="Daúto Faquirá">Daúto Faquirá</a> (association football)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eus%C3%A9bio_da_Silva_Ferreira" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusébio da Silva Ferreira">Eusébio da Silva Ferreira</a> (association football)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Cadete" title="Jorge Cadete">Jorge Cadete</a> (association football)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matateu" title="Matateu">Matateu</a> (association football)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_Coluna" title="Mário Coluna">Mário Coluna</a> (association football)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_Wilson" title="Mário Wilson">Mário Wilson</a> (association football)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Xavier" title="Pedro Xavier">Pedro Xavier</a> (association football)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C3%A9u" title="Shéu">Shéu</a> (association football)</li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Mozambique&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Society_2">Society</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Mozambique&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 159.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 157.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_1_55_-_Via%C3%A7%C3%A3o_na_Beira.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Narrow-gauge rail in Beira. 1897."><img alt="Narrow-gauge rail in Beira. 1897." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_1_55_-_Via%C3%A7%C3%A3o_na_Beira.jpg/236px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_1_55_-_Via%C3%A7%C3%A3o_na_Beira.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_1_55_-_Via%C3%A7%C3%A3o_na_Beira.jpg/355px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_1_55_-_Via%C3%A7%C3%A3o_na_Beira.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_1_55_-_Via%C3%A7%C3%A3o_na_Beira.jpg/473px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_1_55_-_Via%C3%A7%C3%A3o_na_Beira.jpg 2x" data-file-width="919" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Narrow-gauge rail in Beira. 1897.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 164.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 162.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_4_43_-_Inaugura%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Tr%C3%A2muei.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Inauguration of the "tramuei" (Tramway). Beira, 1901."><img alt="Inauguration of the "tramuei" (Tramway). Beira, 1901." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_4_43_-_Inaugura%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Tr%C3%A2muei.jpg/244px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_4_43_-_Inaugura%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Tr%C3%A2muei.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_4_43_-_Inaugura%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Tr%C3%A2muei.jpg/365px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_4_43_-_Inaugura%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Tr%C3%A2muei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_4_43_-_Inaugura%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Tr%C3%A2muei.jpg/487px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_4_43_-_Inaugura%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Tr%C3%A2muei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="913" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Inauguration of the "tramuei" (Tramway). Beira, 1901.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 171.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 169.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_6_12_-_Bombeiros_Volunt%C3%A1rios.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Volunteer firemen, 1903."><img alt="Volunteer firemen, 1903." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_6_12_-_Bombeiros_Volunt%C3%A1rios.jpg/254px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_6_12_-_Bombeiros_Volunt%C3%A1rios.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_6_12_-_Bombeiros_Volunt%C3%A1rios.jpg/381px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_6_12_-_Bombeiros_Volunt%C3%A1rios.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_6_12_-_Bombeiros_Volunt%C3%A1rios.jpg/508px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_6_12_-_Bombeiros_Volunt%C3%A1rios.jpg 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Volunteer firemen, 1903.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 158.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_4_55_-_Edificio_do_Almoxarifado.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beira, 1901."><img alt="Beira, 1901." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_4_55_-_Edificio_do_Almoxarifado.jpg/238px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_4_55_-_Edificio_do_Almoxarifado.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_4_55_-_Edificio_do_Almoxarifado.jpg/357px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_4_55_-_Edificio_do_Almoxarifado.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_4_55_-_Edificio_do_Almoxarifado.jpg/475px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_4_55_-_Edificio_do_Almoxarifado.jpg 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Beira, 1901.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 161.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 159.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_9_7_-_Guarda_Policial_saindo_do_quartel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portuguese police force in 1925."><img alt="Portuguese police force in 1925." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_9_7_-_Guarda_Policial_saindo_do_quartel.jpg/239px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_9_7_-_Guarda_Policial_saindo_do_quartel.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_9_7_-_Guarda_Policial_saindo_do_quartel.jpg/359px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_9_7_-_Guarda_Policial_saindo_do_quartel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_9_7_-_Guarda_Policial_saindo_do_quartel.jpg/478px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_9_7_-_Guarda_Policial_saindo_do_quartel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portuguese police force in 1925.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 159.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 157.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_43_-_Observat%C3%B3rio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Observatory. 1930."><img alt="Observatory. 1930." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_43_-_Observat%C3%B3rio.jpg/236px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_43_-_Observat%C3%B3rio.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_43_-_Observat%C3%B3rio.jpg/354px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_43_-_Observat%C3%B3rio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_43_-_Observat%C3%B3rio.jpg/472px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_43_-_Observat%C3%B3rio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Observatory. 1930.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 177.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_8_33_-_Agronomia._Gabinete_do_Agr%C3%B3nomo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Agronomist office."><img alt="Agronomist office." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_8_33_-_Agronomia._Gabinete_do_Agr%C3%B3nomo.jpg/263px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_8_33_-_Agronomia._Gabinete_do_Agr%C3%B3nomo.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_8_33_-_Agronomia._Gabinete_do_Agr%C3%B3nomo.jpg/394px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_8_33_-_Agronomia._Gabinete_do_Agr%C3%B3nomo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_8_33_-_Agronomia._Gabinete_do_Agr%C3%B3nomo.jpg/525px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_8_33_-_Agronomia._Gabinete_do_Agr%C3%B3nomo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1021" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Agronomist office.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 153.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 151.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_48_-_Uma_Cervejaria.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brewery. Beira, 1930."><img alt="Brewery. Beira, 1930." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_48_-_Uma_Cervejaria.jpg/227px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_48_-_Uma_Cervejaria.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_48_-_Uma_Cervejaria.jpg/340px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_48_-_Uma_Cervejaria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_48_-_Uma_Cervejaria.jpg/453px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_48_-_Uma_Cervejaria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="881" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Brewery. Beira, 1930.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 163.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 161.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_79_-_Professores_e_alunos_da_Escola_de_Artes_e_Of%C3%ADcios.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Teachers and students of the "School of Arts and Trades"."><img alt="Teachers and students of the "School of Arts and Trades"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_79_-_Professores_e_alunos_da_Escola_de_Artes_e_Of%C3%ADcios.jpg/242px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_79_-_Professores_e_alunos_da_Escola_de_Artes_e_Of%C3%ADcios.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_79_-_Professores_e_alunos_da_Escola_de_Artes_e_Of%C3%ADcios.jpg/364px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_79_-_Professores_e_alunos_da_Escola_de_Artes_e_Of%C3%ADcios.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_79_-_Professores_e_alunos_da_Escola_de_Artes_e_Of%C3%ADcios.jpg/485px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_79_-_Professores_e_alunos_da_Escola_de_Artes_e_Of%C3%ADcios.jpg 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Teachers and students of the "School of Arts and Trades".</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 194.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 192.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Goba_border_post_between_Portuguese_East_Africa_(Mozambique)_and_British-Swaziland_(AFDCM-04-098).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Border post between Portuguese Mozambique and British-Swaziland, 1929."><img alt="Border post between Portuguese Mozambique and British-Swaziland, 1929." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Goba_border_post_between_Portuguese_East_Africa_%28Mozambique%29_and_British-Swaziland_%28AFDCM-04-098%29.jpg/289px-Goba_border_post_between_Portuguese_East_Africa_%28Mozambique%29_and_British-Swaziland_%28AFDCM-04-098%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Goba_border_post_between_Portuguese_East_Africa_%28Mozambique%29_and_British-Swaziland_%28AFDCM-04-098%29.jpg/433px-Goba_border_post_between_Portuguese_East_Africa_%28Mozambique%29_and_British-Swaziland_%28AFDCM-04-098%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Goba_border_post_between_Portuguese_East_Africa_%28Mozambique%29_and_British-Swaziland_%28AFDCM-04-098%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="359" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Border post between Portuguese Mozambique and British-Swaziland, 1929.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_architecture">Colonial architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Mozambique&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Colonial architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_5_6_-_Edificio_para_duas_moradias_junto_%C3%A0_Praia_Nova._Beira.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beachfront double estate. Beira, 1939."><img alt="Beachfront double estate. Beira, 1939." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_5_6_-_Edificio_para_duas_moradias_junto_%C3%A0_Praia_Nova._Beira.jpg/316px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_5_6_-_Edificio_para_duas_moradias_junto_%C3%A0_Praia_Nova._Beira.jpg" decoding="async" width="211" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_5_6_-_Edificio_para_duas_moradias_junto_%C3%A0_Praia_Nova._Beira.jpg/474px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_5_6_-_Edificio_para_duas_moradias_junto_%C3%A0_Praia_Nova._Beira.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_5_6_-_Edificio_para_duas_moradias_junto_%C3%A0_Praia_Nova._Beira.jpg/632px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_5_6_-_Edificio_para_duas_moradias_junto_%C3%A0_Praia_Nova._Beira.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1228" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Beachfront double estate. Beira, 1939.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 213.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 211.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_5_4_-_Vista_de_moradia_junto_%C3%A0_Praia_Nova_da_Beira.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Large beachfront estate in Beira."><img alt="Large beachfront estate in Beira." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_5_4_-_Vista_de_moradia_junto_%C3%A0_Praia_Nova_da_Beira.jpg/317px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_5_4_-_Vista_de_moradia_junto_%C3%A0_Praia_Nova_da_Beira.jpg" decoding="async" width="212" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_5_4_-_Vista_de_moradia_junto_%C3%A0_Praia_Nova_da_Beira.jpg/476px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_5_4_-_Vista_de_moradia_junto_%C3%A0_Praia_Nova_da_Beira.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_5_4_-_Vista_de_moradia_junto_%C3%A0_Praia_Nova_da_Beira.jpg/634px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_5_4_-_Vista_de_moradia_junto_%C3%A0_Praia_Nova_da_Beira.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Large beachfront estate in Beira.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 214.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 212.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_5_5_-_Vista_de_moradia_junto_%C3%A0_Praia_Nova_da_Beira.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beachfront estate in Beira, 1939."><img alt="Beachfront estate in Beira, 1939." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_5_5_-_Vista_de_moradia_junto_%C3%A0_Praia_Nova_da_Beira.jpg/319px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_5_5_-_Vista_de_moradia_junto_%C3%A0_Praia_Nova_da_Beira.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_5_5_-_Vista_de_moradia_junto_%C3%A0_Praia_Nova_da_Beira.jpg/478px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_5_5_-_Vista_de_moradia_junto_%C3%A0_Praia_Nova_da_Beira.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_5_5_-_Vista_de_moradia_junto_%C3%A0_Praia_Nova_da_Beira.jpg/638px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_5_5_-_Vista_de_moradia_junto_%C3%A0_Praia_Nova_da_Beira.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1239" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Beachfront estate in Beira, 1939.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 176px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_65_-_Uma_resid%C3%AAncia_particular.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Private residence in Beira. 1930."><img alt="Private residence in Beira. 1930." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_65_-_Uma_resid%C3%AAncia_particular.jpg/264px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_65_-_Uma_resid%C3%AAncia_particular.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_65_-_Uma_resid%C3%AAncia_particular.jpg/396px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_65_-_Uma_resid%C3%AAncia_particular.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_65_-_Uma_resid%C3%AAncia_particular.jpg/528px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_65_-_Uma_resid%C3%AAncia_particular.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Private residence in Beira. 1930.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_9_40_-_Edif%C3%ADcio_do_Standard_Bank.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Standard Bank building, Beira. 1925."><img alt="Standard Bank building, Beira. 1925." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_9_40_-_Edif%C3%ADcio_do_Standard_Bank.jpg/241px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_9_40_-_Edif%C3%ADcio_do_Standard_Bank.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_9_40_-_Edif%C3%ADcio_do_Standard_Bank.jpg/361px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_9_40_-_Edif%C3%ADcio_do_Standard_Bank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_9_40_-_Edif%C3%ADcio_do_Standard_Bank.jpg/481px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_9_40_-_Edif%C3%ADcio_do_Standard_Bank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="935" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Standard Bank building, Beira. 1925.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 164.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 162.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_41_-_Edif%C3%ADcio_do_Beira_Clube.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beira Clube. Beira, 1930."><img alt="Beira Clube. Beira, 1930." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_41_-_Edif%C3%ADcio_do_Beira_Clube.jpg/244px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_41_-_Edif%C3%ADcio_do_Beira_Clube.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_41_-_Edif%C3%ADcio_do_Beira_Clube.jpg/365px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_41_-_Edif%C3%ADcio_do_Beira_Clube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_41_-_Edif%C3%ADcio_do_Beira_Clube.jpg/487px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_41_-_Edif%C3%ADcio_do_Beira_Clube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="947" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Beira Clube. Beira, 1930.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 161.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 159.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_37_-_Centro_Recreativo_Indo_Portugu%C3%AAs.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Indo-Portuguese recreational center". Beira."><img alt=""Indo-Portuguese recreational center". Beira." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_37_-_Centro_Recreativo_Indo_Portugu%C3%AAs.jpg/239px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_37_-_Centro_Recreativo_Indo_Portugu%C3%AAs.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_37_-_Centro_Recreativo_Indo_Portugu%C3%AAs.jpg/358px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_37_-_Centro_Recreativo_Indo_Portugu%C3%AAs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_37_-_Centro_Recreativo_Indo_Portugu%C3%AAs.jpg/477px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_10_37_-_Centro_Recreativo_Indo_Portugu%C3%AAs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Indo-Portuguese recreational center". Beira.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 158.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 156.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AFDCM-03-117.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hotel Polana 1929, once one of the largest and most luxurious in southern Africa."><img alt="Hotel Polana 1929, once one of the largest and most luxurious in southern Africa." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/AFDCM-03-117.jpg/235px-AFDCM-03-117.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/AFDCM-03-117.jpg/352px-AFDCM-03-117.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/AFDCM-03-117.jpg/470px-AFDCM-03-117.jpg 2x" data-file-width="991" data-file-height="760" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hotel Polana 1929, once one of the largest and most luxurious in southern Africa.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 167.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 165.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_9_22_-_Edif%C3%ADcio_do_Tribunal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Courtroom. Beira, 1925."><img alt="Courtroom. Beira, 1925." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_9_22_-_Edif%C3%ADcio_do_Tribunal.jpg/248px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_9_22_-_Edif%C3%ADcio_do_Tribunal.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_9_22_-_Edif%C3%ADcio_do_Tribunal.jpg/371px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_9_22_-_Edif%C3%ADcio_do_Tribunal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_9_22_-_Edif%C3%ADcio_do_Tribunal.jpg/495px-TT_CMZ-AF-GT_E_2-1_9_22_-_Edif%C3%ADcio_do_Tribunal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Courtroom. Beira, 1925.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cine_Teatro_Tofo_in_Inhambane_(Mozambique).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cine-Theater. Inhambane."><img alt="Cine-Theater. Inhambane." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Cine_Teatro_Tofo_in_Inhambane_%28Mozambique%29.jpg/240px-Cine_Teatro_Tofo_in_Inhambane_%28Mozambique%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Cine_Teatro_Tofo_in_Inhambane_%28Mozambique%29.jpg/360px-Cine_Teatro_Tofo_in_Inhambane_%28Mozambique%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Cine_Teatro_Tofo_in_Inhambane_%28Mozambique%29.jpg/480px-Cine_Teatro_Tofo_in_Inhambane_%28Mozambique%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cine-Theater. Inhambane.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_colonial_residence,_Maputo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Colonial residence, Maputo."><img alt="Colonial residence, Maputo." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Portuguese_colonial_residence%2C_Maputo.jpg/270px-Portuguese_colonial_residence%2C_Maputo.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Portuguese_colonial_residence%2C_Maputo.jpg/405px-Portuguese_colonial_residence%2C_Maputo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Portuguese_colonial_residence%2C_Maputo.jpg/540px-Portuguese_colonial_residence%2C_Maputo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Colonial residence, Maputo.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Escola_Primaria_7_de_Setembro,_Maputo,_Mozambique.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Primary school, Maputo."><img alt="Primary school, Maputo." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Escola_Primaria_7_de_Setembro%2C_Maputo%2C_Mozambique.jpg/270px-Escola_Primaria_7_de_Setembro%2C_Maputo%2C_Mozambique.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Escola_Primaria_7_de_Setembro%2C_Maputo%2C_Mozambique.jpg/405px-Escola_Primaria_7_de_Setembro%2C_Maputo%2C_Mozambique.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Escola_Primaria_7_de_Setembro%2C_Maputo%2C_Mozambique.jpg/540px-Escola_Primaria_7_de_Setembro%2C_Maputo%2C_Mozambique.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2976" data-file-height="1984" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Primary school, Maputo.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clube_Naval_de_Maputo_(4143149754).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maputo Naval Club"><img alt="Maputo Naval Club" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Clube_Naval_de_Maputo_%284143149754%29.jpg/271px-Clube_Naval_de_Maputo_%284143149754%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Clube_Naval_de_Maputo_%284143149754%29.jpg/406px-Clube_Naval_de_Maputo_%284143149754%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Clube_Naval_de_Maputo_%284143149754%29.jpg/541px-Clube_Naval_de_Maputo_%284143149754%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="682" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Maputo Naval Club</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Escola_Secundaria_Josina_Machel_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maputo High School"><img alt="Maputo High School" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Escola_Secundaria_Josina_Machel_1.jpg/240px-Escola_Secundaria_Josina_Machel_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Escola_Secundaria_Josina_Machel_1.jpg/360px-Escola_Secundaria_Josina_Machel_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Escola_Secundaria_Josina_Machel_1.jpg/480px-Escola_Secundaria_Josina_Machel_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Maputo High School</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postage">Postage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Mozambique&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Postage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 106.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 104.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_Mozambique_1877_25r.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="25 reis 1877"><img alt="25 reis 1877" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Stamp_Mozambique_1877_25r.jpg/157px-Stamp_Mozambique_1877_25r.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Stamp_Mozambique_1877_25r.jpg/236px-Stamp_Mozambique_1877_25r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Stamp_Mozambique_1877_25r.jpg/315px-Stamp_Mozambique_1877_25r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="686" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">25 reis 1877</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 106.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 104.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_Mozambique_1895_100r.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="100 reis 1895"><img alt="100 reis 1895" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Stamp_Mozambique_1895_100r.jpg/157px-Stamp_Mozambique_1895_100r.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Stamp_Mozambique_1895_100r.jpg/235px-Stamp_Mozambique_1895_100r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Stamp_Mozambique_1895_100r.jpg/313px-Stamp_Mozambique_1895_100r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="689" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">100 reis 1895 </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 110.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 108.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Laurenco_Marques_1898_100.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="100 reis 1898."><img alt="100 reis 1898." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Laurenco_Marques_1898_100.jpg/163px-Laurenco_Marques_1898_100.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Laurenco_Marques_1898_100.jpg/244px-Laurenco_Marques_1898_100.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Laurenco_Marques_1898_100.jpg/326px-Laurenco_Marques_1898_100.jpg 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="785" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">100 reis 1898.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 107.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 105.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_Mozambique_1915_115r_on_25r_republica.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="115 reis 1915"><img alt="115 reis 1915" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Stamp_Mozambique_1915_115r_on_25r_republica.jpg/158px-Stamp_Mozambique_1915_115r_on_25r_republica.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Stamp_Mozambique_1915_115r_on_25r_republica.jpg/237px-Stamp_Mozambique_1915_115r_on_25r_republica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Stamp_Mozambique_1915_115r_on_25r_republica.jpg/317px-Stamp_Mozambique_1915_115r_on_25r_republica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="682" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">115 reis 1915</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 91.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 89.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_Mozambique_1921_1e.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1 escudo 1921"><img alt="1 escudo 1921" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Stamp_Mozambique_1921_1e.jpg/134px-Stamp_Mozambique_1921_1e.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Stamp_Mozambique_1921_1e.jpg/200px-Stamp_Mozambique_1921_1e.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Stamp_Mozambique_1921_1e.jpg/267px-Stamp_Mozambique_1921_1e.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="673" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1 escudo 1921</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 100.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 98.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_Mozambique_1933_10c.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="10 centavos 1933"><img alt="10 centavos 1933" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Stamp_Mozambique_1933_10c.jpg/148px-Stamp_Mozambique_1933_10c.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Stamp_Mozambique_1933_10c.jpg/222px-Stamp_Mozambique_1933_10c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Stamp_Mozambique_1933_10c.jpg/296px-Stamp_Mozambique_1933_10c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="607" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">10 centavos 1933</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Mozambique&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Mozambique_(1932_proposal).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Mozambique_%281932_proposal%29.svg/140px-Flag_of_Mozambique_%281932_proposal%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Mozambique_%281932_proposal%29.svg/210px-Flag_of_Mozambique_%281932_proposal%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Mozambique_%281932_proposal%29.svg/280px-Flag_of_Mozambique_%281932_proposal%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Proposed flag for Portuguese Mozambique (1932)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Mozambique_(1965_proposal).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Mozambique_%281965_proposal%29.svg/140px-Flag_of_Mozambique_%281965_proposal%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Mozambique_%281965_proposal%29.svg/210px-Flag_of_Mozambique_%281965_proposal%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Mozambique_%281965_proposal%29.svg/280px-Flag_of_Mozambique_%281965_proposal%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Proposed flag for Portuguese Mozambique (1965)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arquivo_Hist%C3%B3rico_Ultramarino" title="Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino">Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino</a> (archives in Lisbon documenting Portuguese Empire, including Mozambique)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo (Portugal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mozambique" title="History of Mozambique">History of Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Mozambique" title="List of colonial governors of Mozambique">List of colonial governors of Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Portuguese Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Cape_Verde" title="Portuguese Cape Verde">Portuguese Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guinea" title="Portuguese Guinea">Portuguese Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe">Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Mozambique&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oliver, page 206</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oliver, page 207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oliver, page 203</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oliver, page 204</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://open.lnu.se/index.php/hn/article/view/2951/2504%7Cda">Silva, Filipa Ribeiro da, "Forms of Slavery and Patterns of Slave Holding in Urban Mozambique in the 1820s", <i>HumaNetten</i> 47, 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick Lages, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091001094134/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_/ai_19557190">The island of Mozambique</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> Courier, May 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HegjL_5tD6o"><i>CD do Diário de Notícias – Parte 08</i></a>. <i>YouTube</i>. 8 July 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/HegjL_5tD6o">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CD+do+Di%C3%A1rio+de+Not%C3%ADcias+%E2%80%93+Parte+08&rft.date=2007-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DHegjL_5tD6o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Mozambique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=igQEvBShfu0"><i>Do outro lado do tempo: Moçambique antes de 1975 VERSÂO COMPLETA</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-08</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Do+outro+lado+do+tempo%3A+Mo%C3%A7ambique+antes+de+1975+VERS%C3%82O+COMPLETA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DigQEvBShfu0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Mozambique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUuUybBmqDc">Lourenço Marques "A cidade feitiço"</a>, a film of Lourenço Marques, Portuguese Mozambique in 1970.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0NkVCcZ_OH0">Lourenço Marques</a>, a film of Lourenço Marques, Portuguese Mozambique.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GfUfd-aItuY">João Belo — Xai-Xai</a>, a film of João Belo, Portuguese Mozambique, before 1975.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=myIc3V3V0vI">Inhambane – no outro lado do tempo</a>, short film of Inhambane, Portuguese Mozambique before independence in 1975.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wwNCk59J5Ig">Cidade da Beira</a> A short film of Beira, Portuguese Mozambique.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w9LR1FYj4m0">Beira — Centenário — O meu Tributo</a> A film about Beira, Portuguese Mozambique, its Grande Hotel, and the railway station. Post-independence images of the city are shown, the film uses images of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_e_Televis%C3%A3o_de_Portugal" title="Rádio e Televisão de Portugal">RTP 1</a>'s TV program <i>Grande Reportagem</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iFuqzi4skxo">Vila Pery — Chimoio</a>, a film of Vila Pery, Portuguese Mozambique.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quelimane_&_Vila_Junqueiro-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quelimane_&_Vila_Junqueiro_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quelimane_&_Vila_Junqueiro_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OfQqygbyuoE">Quelimane</a>, a film of the cosmopolitan port of Quelimane and tea centre of Vila Junqueiro, Portuguese Mozambique, before 1975.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sk4H6SQCGgY">Porto Amélia — Pemba</a>, a film of Porto Amélia, Portuguese Mozambique.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n5ytUJNY0kQ">Nacala — no outro lado do tempo</a>, short film of Nacala, Portuguese Mozambique before independence in 1975.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CEA 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mamdani 1996; Gentili 1999; O'Laughlin 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Young 1994; Penvenne 1995; O'Laughlin 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geffray 1990; Alexander 1994; Dinerman 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=igQEvBShfu0"><i>Do outro lado do tempo: Moçambique antes de 1975 VERSÂO COMPLETA</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-08</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Do+outro+lado+do+tempo%3A+Mo%C3%A7ambique+antes+de+1975+VERS%C3%82O+COMPLETA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DigQEvBShfu0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Mozambique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=igQEvBShfu0"><i>Do outro lado do tempo: Moçambique antes de 1975 VERSÂO COMPLETA</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-08</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Do+outro+lado+do+tempo%3A+Mo%C3%A7ambique+antes+de+1975+VERS%C3%82O+COMPLETA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DigQEvBShfu0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Mozambique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morais, João Sousa. <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Maputo, Património da Estrutura e Forma Urbana, Topologia do Lugar</i></span>. Livros Horizonte, 2001, p. 110. (in Portuguese)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Do outro lado do tempo: Moçambique antes de 1975 VERSÂO COMPLETA <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=igQEvBShfu0&t=0s">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=igQEvBShfu0&t=0s</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=igQEvBShfu0"><i>Do outro lado do tempo: Moçambique antes de 1975 VERSÂO COMPLETA</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-08</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Do+outro+lado+do+tempo%3A+Mo%C3%A7ambique+antes+de+1975+VERS%C3%82O+COMPLETA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DigQEvBShfu0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Mozambique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>O ensino indígena na colónia de Moçambique</i>. Lourenço Marques: Imprensa Nacional. 1930. pp. 5–9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=O+ensino+ind%C3%ADgena+na+col%C3%B3nia+de+Mo%C3%A7ambique&rft.place=Louren%C3%A7o+Marques&rft.pages=5-9&rft.pub=Imprensa+Nacional&rft.date=1930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Mozambique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy1961" class="citation journal cs1">Duffy, James (1961). "Portuguese Africa (Angola and Mozambique): Some Crucial Problems and the Role of Education in Their Resolution". <i>The Journal of Negro Education</i>. <b>30</b> (3): 301. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2294318">10.2307/2294318</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2984">0022-2984</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2294318">2294318</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Negro+Education&rft.atitle=Portuguese+Africa+%28Angola+and+Mozambique%29%3A+Some+Crucial+Problems+and+the+Role+of+Education+in+Their+Resolution&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=301&rft.date=1961&rft.issn=0022-2984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2294318%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2294318&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Mozambique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hbs.edu/businesshistory/courses/resources/historical-data-visualization/Pages/details.aspx?data_id=31">"Adult Literacy Rates – Historical Data Visualization – Business History – Harvard Business School"</a>. <i>www.hbs.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,913229-1,00.html">the original</a> on January 13, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Dismantling+the+Portuguese+Empire&rft.date=1975-07-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C913229-1%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Mozambique" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Mozambique&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Portuguese_Mozambique" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Portuguese Mozambique">Portuguese Mozambique</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerardo_Augusto_Pery1875" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gerardo Augusto Pery, ed. (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/geographiaeesta02perygoog#page/n382/mode/2up">"Mocambique"</a>. <i>Geographia e estatistica geral de Portugal e colonias</i> (in Portuguese). Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mocambique&rft.btitle=Geographia+e+estatistica+geral+de+Portugal+e+colonias&rft.place=Lisbon&rft.pub=Imprensa+Nacional&rft.date=1875&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fgeographiaeesta02perygoog%23page%2Fn382%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Mozambique" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Portuguese_East_Africa" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Portuguese East Africa">"Portuguese East Africa" in the Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCana1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Portuguese East Africa"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Portuguese_East_Africa">"Portuguese East Africa" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). pp. 163–168.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Portuguese+East+Africa&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=163-168&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Cana&rft.aufirst=Frank+Richardson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APortuguese+Mozambique" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Herrick, Allison and others (1969). "Area Handbook for Mozambique", US Government Printing Office.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Portuguese_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Portuguese_overseas_empire" title="Template:Portuguese overseas empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Portuguese_overseas_empire" title="Template talk:Portuguese overseas empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Portuguese_overseas_empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Portuguese overseas empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Portuguese_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="North_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>15th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1415–1640</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1458–1550</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ksar_es-Seghir" title="Ksar es-Seghir">Alcácer Ceguer <span style="font-size:85%;">(El Qsar es Seghir)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1471–1550</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Asilah" title="Portuguese Asilah">Arzila <span style="font-size:85%;">(Asilah)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1471–1662</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Tangier" title="Portuguese Tangier">Tangier</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1485–1550</td><td> <a href="/wiki/El_Jadida" title="El Jadida">Mazagan <span style="font-size:85%;">(El Jadida)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1487–16th century</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ouadane" title="Ouadane">Ouadane</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1488–1541</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Safi,_Morocco" title="Safi, Morocco">Safim <span style="font-size:85%;">(Safi)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1489</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Graciosa_fortress" title="Graciosa fortress">Graciosa</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1505–1541</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Agadir" title="Agadir">Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué <span style="font-size:85%;">(Agadir)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1525</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira">Mogador <span style="font-size:85%;">(Essaouira)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1525</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Souira_Guedima" title="Souira Guedima">Aguz <span style="font-size:85%;">(Souira Guedima)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1769</td><td> <a href="/wiki/El_Jadida" title="El Jadida">Mazagan <span style="font-size:85%;">(El Jadida)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1513–1541</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Azemmour" title="Azemmour">Azamor <span style="font-size:85%;">(Azemmour)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1541</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mehdya,_Morocco" title="Mehdya, Morocco">São João da Mamora <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mehdya)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1577–1589</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Asilah" title="Asilah">Arzila <span style="font-size:85%;">(Asilah)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Anachronous map of the Portuguese Empire (1415-1999)"><img alt="Anachronous map of the Portuguese Empire (1415-1999)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png/300px-Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png/450px-Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png/600px-Portugal_Imp%C3%A9rio_total.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="Sub-Saharan_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Sub-Saharan Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>15th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1455–1633</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Arguin" title="Arguin">Arguim</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1462–1975</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Cape_Verde" title="Portuguese Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1470–1975</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_Island" title="São Tomé Island">São Tomé</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1471–1975</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Príncipe">Príncipe</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1474–1778</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Annob%C3%B3n" title="Annobón">Annobón</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1478–1778</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Bioko" title="Bioko">Fernando Poo <span style="font-size:85%;">(Bioko)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1482–1637</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Elmina" title="Elmina">Elmina <span style="font-size:85%;">(São Jorge da Mina)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1482–1642</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Gold_Coast" title="Portuguese Gold Coast">Portuguese Gold Coast</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1498–1540</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mascarene_Islands" title="Mascarene Islands">Mascarene Islands</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1500–1630</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Malindi" title="Malindi">Malindi</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1501–1975</td><td> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Portuguese Mozambique</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1502–1659</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1503–1698</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1505–1512</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kilwa_Kisiwani" title="Kilwa Kisiwani">Quíloa <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kilwa)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1511</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1508–1547<sup><small>2</small></sup></td><td> <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1557–1578</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1575–1975</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Portuguese Angola</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1588–1974</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Cacheu" title="Cacheu">Cacheu</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1593–1698</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombassa <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mombasa)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1645–1888</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ziguinchor" title="Ziguinchor">Ziguinchor</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1680–1961</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Fort_of_S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_Baptista_de_Ajud%C3%A1" title="Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá">São João Baptista de Ajudá, Benin</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1687–1974</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Bissau" title="Bissau">Bissau</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>18th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1728–1729</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombassa <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mombasa)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1753–1975</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe">Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>19th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1879–1974</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guinea" title="Portuguese Guinea">Portuguese Guinea</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1885–1974</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Cabinda_Province" title="Cabinda Province">Portuguese Congo</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="plainlist" style="padding:0.5em 0 0.75em 0.25em;font-size:90%;line-height:1.2em;"><ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Part of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a> from 1753.</li><li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Or 1600.</li><li><sup><small>3</small></sup> A factory (<a href="/wiki/Anosy" title="Anosy">Anosy Region</a>) and small temporary coastal bases.</li><li><sup><small>4</small></sup> Part of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guinea" title="Portuguese Guinea">Portuguese Guinea</a> from 1879.</li><li><sup><small>5</small></sup> Part of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Portuguese Angola</a> from the 1920s.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="Middle_East_&#91;Persian_Gulf&#93;" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Middle East [Persian Gulf]</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1506–1615</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Abbas" title="Bandar Abbas">Gamru <span style="font-size:85%;">(Bandar Abbas)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1507–1643</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Sohar" title="Sohar">Sohar</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1622</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ormus" title="Ormus">Hormuz <span style="font-size:85%;">(Ormus)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1648</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qurayyat,_Oman" title="Qurayyat, Oman">Quriyat</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qalhat" title="Qalhat">Qalhat</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1650</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515?–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Barka,_Oman" title="Barka, Oman">Barka</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1633?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ras_Al_Khaimah" title="Ras Al Khaimah">Julfar (Ras al-Khaimah)</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1521–1602</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Muharraq" title="Muharraq">Muharraq</a> • <a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a>)</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1521–1529?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qatif" title="Qatif">Qatif</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1521?–1551?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Tarout_Island" title="Tarout Island">Tarut Island</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1550–1551</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qatif" title="Qatif">Qatif</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1588–1648</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Muttrah" title="Muttrah">Matrah</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1620–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Khor_Fakkan" title="Khor Fakkan">Khor Fakkan</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1621?–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Seeb" title="Seeb">As Sib</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1621–1622</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Qeshm_Island" title="Qeshm Island">Qeshm</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1623–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Khasab" title="Khasab">Khasab</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1623–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Al_Badiyah" title="Al Badiyah">Libedia</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1624–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kalba" title="Kalba">Kalba</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1624–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Madha" title="Madha">Madha</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1624–1648</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Dibba_Al-Hisn" title="Dibba Al-Hisn">Dibba Al-Hisn</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1624?–?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kong,_Iran" title="Kong, Iran">Bandar-e Kong</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="South_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>15th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1498–1545</td><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Laccadive Islands<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Lakshadweep)</span></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> <br /><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1500–1663</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Cochim <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kochi)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1501–1663</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Cannanore <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kannur)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> • 1502–1658<br /><span style="padding-left:0.65em;"> </span>1659–1661</div></td><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Quilon<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Coulão / Kollam)</span></a></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1502–1661</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Pallippuram,_Ernakulam" title="Pallippuram, Ernakulam">Pallipuram <span style="font-size:85%;">(Cochin de Cima)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1507–1657</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Negapatam" title="Portuguese Negapatam">Negapatam <span style="font-size:85%;">(Nagapatnam)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1510–1961</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"> • 1512–1525<br /><span style="padding-left:0.65em;"> </span>1750</div></td><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Calicut<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Kozhikode)</span></a></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1518–1619</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Pulicat" title="Pulicat">Portuguese Paliacate outpost <span style="font-size:85%;">(Pulicat)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1521–1740</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chaul" title="Chaul">Chaul</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  </td><td> (Portuguese India)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1523–1662</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mylapore" title="Mylapore">Mylapore</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1528–1666</td><td> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Chittagong<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Porto Grande De Bengala)</span></a></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1531–1571</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chaul" title="Chaul">Chaul</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1531–1571</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chaliyam" title="Chaliyam">Chalé</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1534–1601</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Salsette_Island" title="Salsette Island">Salsette Island</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1534–1661</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Bombay <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mumbai)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1535</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1535–1739</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Vasai-Virar" title="Vasai-Virar">Baçaím <span style="font-size:85%;">(Vasai-Virar)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1536–1662</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Cranganore <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kodungallur)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1540–1612</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1548–1658</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Thoothukudi" title="Thoothukudi">Tuticorin <span style="font-size:85%;">(Thoothukudi)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1559–1961</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Daman_and_Diu" title="Daman and Diu">Daman and Diu</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1568–1659</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  </td><td> (Portuguese India)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1579–1632</td><td><a href="/wiki/Hugli-Chuchura" title="Hugli-Chuchura">Hugli</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1598–1610</td><td><a href="/wiki/Machilipatnam" title="Machilipatnam">Masulipatnam <span style="font-size:85%;">(Machilipatnam)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1518–1521</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1518–1658</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Ceylon" title="Portuguese Ceylon">Portuguese Ceylon <span style="font-size:85%;">(Sri Lanka)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1558–1573</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> <br />Portuguese India </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1687–1749</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Mylapore" title="Mylapore">Mylapore</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>18th century</b></span> <br />Portuguese India </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1779–1954</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli">Dadra and Nagar Haveli</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="East_Asia_and_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">East Asia and Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1511–1641</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Malacca" title="Portuguese Malacca">Portuguese Malacca</a> [Malaysia]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1512–1621</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku</a> [Indonesia]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1522–1575</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Ternate" title="Ternate">Ternate</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1576–1605</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Ambon_Island" title="Ambon Island">Ambon</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1578–1650</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1512–1665</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a> [Indonesia]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1515–1859</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Larantuka" title="Kingdom of Larantuka">Larantuka</a> [Indonesia]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1557–1999</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Macau</a> [China]</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1580–1586</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Nagasaki" title="Portuguese Nagasaki">Nagasaki</a> [Japan]</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1642–1975</td><td> <span style="position:relative; bottom:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Timor" title="Portuguese Timor">Portuguese Timor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>)</span><sup><small>1</small></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>19th century</b></span> <br /><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Portuguese Macau</a> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1864–1999</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Coloane" title="Coloane">Coloane</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1851–1999</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Taipa" title="Taipa">Taipa</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1890–1999</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Ilha_Verde" title="Ilha Verde">Ilha Verde</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>20th century</b></span> <br />Portuguese Macau </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1938–1941</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Hengqin" title="Hengqin">Lapa and Montanha <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hengqin)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="plainlist" style="padding:0.5em 0 0.75em 0.25em;font-size:90%;line-height:1.2em;"><ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> 1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian invasion of East Timor">invasion by Indonesia</a>. In 2002, East Timor's independence was fully recognized.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="North_America_and_North_Atlantic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America and North Atlantic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>15th century</b> [Atlantic islands]</span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1420</td><td> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></b></i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1432</td><td> <i><b><a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a></b></i></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b> [Canada]</span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1500–1579?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Terra Nova <span style="font-size:85%;">(Newfoundland)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1500–1579?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1516–1579?</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div id="South_America_and_Caribbean" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America and Caribbean</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>16th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1500–1822</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1534–1549</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_Colonies_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy Colonies of Brazil">Captaincy Colonies of Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1549–1572</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Brazil" title="Governorate General of Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1572–1578</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Bahia" title="Governorate General of Bahia">Bahia</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1572–1578</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Governorate General of Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1578–1607</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Brazil" title="Governorate General of Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td>  • 1621–1815</td><td> <span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/State_of_Brazil" title="State of Brazil">Brazil</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1536–1620</td><td> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>17th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1621–1751</td><td> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Maranh%C3%A3o_(colonial)" title="State of Maranhão (colonial)">Maranhão</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1680–1777</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Colonia del Sacramento">Nova Colónia do Sacramento</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>18th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1751–1772</td><td> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Gr%C3%A3o-Par%C3%A1_and_Maranh%C3%A3o" title="State of Grão-Pará and Maranhão">Grão-Pará and Maranhão</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1772–1775</td><td> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Gr%C3%A3o-Par%C3%A1_and_Rio_Negro" title="State of Grão-Pará and Rio Negro">Grão-Pará and Rio Negro</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1772–1775</td><td> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Maranh%C3%A3o_and_Piau%C3%AD" title="State of Maranhão and Piauí">Maranhão and Piauí</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p><span style="font-size:120%"><b>19th century</b></span> </p> <table style="line-height: 1.5em; border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1808–1822</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Cisplatina" title="Cisplatina">Cisplatina <span style="font-size:85%;">(Uruguay)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1809–1817</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Amap%C3%A1" title="Amapá">Portuguese Guiana <span style="font-size:85%;">(Amapá)</span></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> 1822</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Upper_Peru" title="Upper Peru">Upper Peru <span style="font-size:85%;">(Bolivia)</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background:#efefef;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.2em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Portuguese_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Armorial of Portuguese colonies">Armorial of Portuguese colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_Portuguese_Empire" title="Evolution of the Portuguese Empire">Evolution of the Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonial_architecture" title="Portuguese colonial architecture">Portuguese colonial architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Portuguese colonization of the Americas">Portuguese colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire_in_the_Indonesian_Archipelago" title="Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago">Portuguese Empire in the Indonesian Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_the_Portuguese_discovery_of_Australia" title="Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia">Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Provinces_of_Portugal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_provinces_of_Portugal" title="Template:Historical provinces of Portugal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_provinces_of_Portugal" title="Template talk:Historical provinces of Portugal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_provinces_of_Portugal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical provinces of Portugal"><abbr title="Edit this 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provinces of 1832</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Açores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alentejo" title="Alentejo">Alentejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algarve" title="Algarve">Algarve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beira_Alta_Province" title="Beira Alta Province">Beira Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beira_Baixa_Province" title="Beira Baixa Province">Beira Baixa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douro_Province" title="Douro Province">Douro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estremadura_Province_(historical)" title="Estremadura Province (historical)">Estremadura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minho_Province" title="Minho Province">Minho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A1s-os-Montes_Province" title="Trás-os-Montes Province">Trás-os-Montes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provinces of 1936</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algarve" title="Algarve">Algarve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alto_Alentejo_Province" title="Alto Alentejo Province">Alto Alentejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baixo_Alentejo_Province" title="Baixo Alentejo Province">Baixo Alentejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beira_Alta_Province" title="Beira Alta Province">Beira Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beira_Baixa_Province" title="Beira Baixa Province">Beira Baixa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beira_Litoral_Province" title="Beira Litoral Province">Beira Litoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douro_Litoral_Province" title="Douro Litoral Province">Douro Litoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estremadura_Province_(1936%E2%80%931976)" title="Estremadura Province (1936–1976)">Estremadura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minho_Province" title="Minho Province">Minho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribatejo_Province" title="Ribatejo Province">Ribatejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A1s-os-Montes_e_Alto_Douro_Province" title="Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro Province">Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_province" title="Overseas province">Overseas provinces</a> added in 1951</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Cape_Verde" title="Portuguese Cape Verde">Cabo Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Guinea" title="Portuguese Guinea">Guiné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Estado da Índia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Macau" title="Portuguese Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Moçambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé e Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Timor" title="Portuguese Timor">Timor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Mozambique" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks vcard mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Mozambique" title="Template:History of Mozambique"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Mozambique" title="Template talk:History of Mozambique"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Mozambique" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Mozambique"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Mozambique" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mozambique" title="History of Mozambique">History of Mozambique</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Timeline</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mozambique#Pre-colonial_history" title="History of Mozambique">Pre-colonial Mozambique</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Portuguese Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_movements_in_Mozambique" title="Independence movements in Mozambique">Independence movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FRELIMO" title="FRELIMO">FRELIMO</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lusaka_Accord" title="Lusaka Accord">Lusaka Accord</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">People's Republic of Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RENAMO" title="RENAMO">RENAMO</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mozambique#Democratic_era_(1993–)" title="History of Mozambique">Recent history (1993–present)</a></li></ul> </div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Mozambique.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Mozambique"><img alt="Emblem of Mozambique" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Emblem_of_Mozambique.svg/75px-Emblem_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Emblem_of_Mozambique.svg/113px-Emblem_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Emblem_of_Mozambique.svg/150px-Emblem_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independence_movements_in_Mozambique" title="Independence movements in Mozambique">Independence movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mozambique" title="History of the Jews in Mozambique">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Mozambique" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Mozambique">Postal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Mozambique" title="History of rail transport in Mozambique">Rail transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mutapa" title="Kingdom of Mutapa">Kingdom of Mutapa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Tembi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Tembi (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Tembi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zulu Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Empire" title="Gaza Empire">Gaza Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angoche_Sultanate" title="Angoche Sultanate">Angoche Sultanate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Portuguese Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">People's Republic of Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mozambique" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Mozambique">Republic of Mozambique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Mozambique" title="Provinces of Mozambique">By province</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabo_Delgado_Province" title="Cabo Delgado Province">Cabo Delgado</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Gaza_Province&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Gaza Province (page does not exist)">Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Inhambane_Province&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Inhambane Province (page does not exist)">Inhambane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manica_Province#History" title="Manica Province">Manica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Maputo_Province&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Maputo Province (page does not exist)">Maputo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maputo" title="History of Maputo">Maputo City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nampula_Province#History" title="Nampula Province">Nampula</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Niassa_Province&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Niassa Province (page does not exist)">Niassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofala_Province#History" title="Sofala Province">Sofala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Tete&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Tete (page does not exist)">Tete</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Zambezia_Province&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Zambezia Province (page does not exist)">Zambezia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mozambique" title="List of cities in Mozambique">By city or town</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beira,_Mozambique#History" title="Beira, Mozambique">Beira</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Beira,_Mozambique" title="Timeline of Beira, Mozambique">timeline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicualacuala#History" title="Chicualacuala">Chicualacuala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimoio#History_and_landmarks" title="Chimoio">Chimoio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinde#History" title="Chinde">Chinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cuamba" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Cuamba">Cuamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gur%C3%BA%C3%A8#History" title="Gurúè">Gurúè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhambane#History" title="Inhambane">Inhambane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichinga#History" title="Lichinga">Lichinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maputo" title="History of Maputo">Maputo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Maputo" title="Timeline of Maputo">timeline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Matola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Matola (page does not exist)">Matola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Maxixe,_Mozambique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Maxixe, Mozambique (page does not exist)">Maxixe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moc%C3%ADmboa_da_Praia#History" title="Mocímboa da Praia">Mocímboa da Praia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_of_Mozambique#History" title="Island of Mozambique">Mozambique Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mueda#History" title="Mueda">Mueda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacala#History" title="Nacala">Nacala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nampula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Nampula (page does not exist)">Nampula</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Pemba,_Mozambique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of Pemba, Mozambique (page does not exist)">Pemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quelimane#History" title="Quelimane">Quelimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofala#History" title="Sofala">Sofala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tete,_Mozambique#History" title="Tete, Mozambique">Tete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xai-Xai#History" title="Xai-Xai">Xai-Xai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/16px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/24px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/32px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a> • <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/16px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/24px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q889394#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q889394#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q889394#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/125416713">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Portuguese East Africa"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n90652648">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007565135705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Portuguese_Mozambique&params=25.9153_S_32.5764_E_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°54′55″S</span> <span class="longitude">32°34′35″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25.9153°S 32.5764°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-25.9153; 32.5764</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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