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<span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Christianity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Latria,_hyperdulia,_protodulia_and_dulia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latria,_hyperdulia,_protodulia_and_dulia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Latria, hyperdulia, protodulia and dulia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latria,_hyperdulia,_protodulia_and_dulia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Catholicism</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Bible</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Jainism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84" title="تبجيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تبجيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneraci%C3%B3n_de_santos" title="Veneración de santos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Veneración de santos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venerasiya" title="Venerasiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Venerasiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE" title="সাধুদের পূজা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাধুদের পূজা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneraci%C3%B3" title="Veneració – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Veneració" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kult_svat%C3%BDch" title="Kult svatých – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kult svatých" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiligenverehrung" title="Heiligenverehrung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Heiligenverehrung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Λατρεία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λατρεία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneraci%C3%B3n_de_santos" title="Veneración de santos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Veneración de santos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorado_de_sanktuloj" title="Honorado de sanktuloj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Honorado de sanktuloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benerazio" title="Benerazio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Benerazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85" title="تکریم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تکریم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EA%B2%BD%EC%A7%80%EB%A1%80" title="공경지례 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="공경지례" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0tovanje" title="Štovanje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Štovanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venerasi" title="Venerasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Venerasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneration_de_sanctos" title="Veneration de sanctos – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Veneration de sanctos" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venerazione" title="Venerazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Venerazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9D" title="פולחן קדושים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פולחן קדושים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneratio" title="Veneratio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Veneratio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%84" title="تبجيل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تبجيل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiligenverering" title="Heiligenverering – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Heiligenverering" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B4%87%E6%95%AC" title="崇敬 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="崇敬" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kult_%C5%9Bwi%C4%99tych" title="Kult świętych – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kult świętych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Veneração – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Veneração" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Почитание – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Почитание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneracija" title="Veneracija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Veneracija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6rdnad" title="Vördnad – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vördnad" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%B8%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%97" title="ᏗᏓᏂᎸᏍᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏗᏓᏂᎸᏍᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCrmet" title="Hürmet – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hürmet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Шанування святих – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шанування святих" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%88_%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85" title="تعظیم و تکریم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تعظیم و تکریم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%AC%E5%A5%89" title="敬奉 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="敬奉" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%AC%E5%A5%89" title="敬奉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="敬奉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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searchaux" style="display:none">Act of honoring a saint</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Veneration of saints" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Veneration_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Veneration (disambiguation)">Veneration (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heiligenverehrung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Heiligenverehrung.jpg/220px-Heiligenverehrung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Heiligenverehrung.jpg/330px-Heiligenverehrung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Heiligenverehrung.jpg/440px-Heiligenverehrung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Veneration in Noto <a href="/wiki/Conrad_of_Piacenza" title="Conrad of Piacenza">St Conrad of Piacenza</a> (San Corrado)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Veneration</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">veneratio</i>; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">τιμάω</span> <span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="el-Latn">timáō</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>veneration of saints</b>, is the act of honoring a <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a>, a person who has been identified as having a high degree of <a href="/wiki/Sanctity" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctity">sanctity</a> or <a href="/wiki/Holiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Holiness">holiness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomson_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a> are shown similar veneration in many religions. Veneration of saints is practiced, formally or informally, by adherents of some branches of all <a href="/wiki/Major_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Major religions">major religions</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ben-Ami1998_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ben-Ami1998-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Stark1966_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stark1966-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Pohl2010_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pohl2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Thomson_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stark1966_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stark1966-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>. </p><p>Within Christianity, veneration is practiced by groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a>, all of which have varying types of <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonization</a> or <a href="/wiki/Glorification" title="Glorification">glorification</a> procedures. In the Catholic and Orthodox Churches, veneration is shown outwardly by respectfully bowing or making the <a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">sign of the cross</a> before a saint's <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relics</a>, or statue, or by going on <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> to sites associated with saints. In general, veneration is not practiced by <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, as many adherents of both groups believe the practice amounts to idolatry. Common <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicans</a> have a positive attitude toward the veneration of saints and practice the naming of churches after saints, as well as keeping certain feasts.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanson_p._308_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanson_p._308-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Farmer_2011_p._17_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farmer_2011_p._17-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hinduism has a long tradition of veneration of saints, expressed toward various <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">gurus</a> and teachers of sanctity, both living and dead. Branches of Buddhism include formal liturgical worship of saints, with <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a> classifying degrees of sainthood.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomson_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stark1966_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stark1966-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Islam, veneration of saints is practiced by some of the adherents of traditional <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufis</a>, for example), and in many parts of places like Turkey, Egypt, South Asia, and Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sects, such as <a href="/wiki/Wahhabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahhabi">Wahhabists</a> etc., abhor the practice.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Judaism, there is no classical or formal recognition of saints, but there is a long history of reverence shown toward biblical heroes and martyrs. Jews in some regions, for example in Morocco, have a long and widespread tradition of saint veneration.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomson_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ben-Ami1998_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ben-Ami1998-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stark1966_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stark1966-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In major Buddhist traditions, <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a>, those who have achieved a high degree of <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">enlightenment</a> are recognized as <a href="/wiki/Arhat_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arhat (Buddhism)">arhats</a>. Mahayana Buddhism particularly gives emphasis to the power of saints to aid ordinary people on the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vakay%C4%81na#In_Mahāyāna_traditions" title="Śrāvakayāna">path to enlightenment</a>. Those who have reached enlightenment, and have delayed their own complete enlightenment in order to help others, are called <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a>. Mahayana Buddhism has formal liturgical practices for venerating saints, along with very specific levels of sainthood. <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhists</a> venerate especially holy <a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">lamas</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a>, as saints.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomson_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stark1966_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stark1966-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christianity">Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Veneration towards those who were considered holy began in <a href="/wiki/History_of_early_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="History of early Christianity">early Christianity</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyrs</a> first being given special honor. Official commemoration of saints in churches began as early as the <a href="/wiki/First_Century" class="mw-redirect" title="First Century">first century</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">apostle Paul</a> mentioned saints by name in his writings.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Icons depicting saints were created in the catacombs. The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire">Orthodox Church of Byzantium</a> began official church commemoration very early and even in Rome, commemoration is documented in the third century. Over time, the honor also began to be given to those Christians who lived lives of holiness and sanctity. Various denominations venerate and determine saints in different ways, with some having a formal canonization or glorification process. It is also the first step to becoming a saint.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomson_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latria,_hyperdulia,_protodulia_and_dulia"><span id="Latria.2C_hyperdulia.2C_protodulia_and_dulia"></span>Latria, hyperdulia, protodulia and dulia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Latria, hyperdulia, protodulia and dulia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Christian theologians have long adopted the terms <i><a href="/wiki/Latria" title="Latria">latria</a></i> for the type of worship due to God alone, and <i>dulia</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Proskynesis" title="Proskynesis">proskynesis</a></i> for the veneration given to angels, saints, relics and icons.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Eastern Orthodox</a> theologies also include the terms <i>hyperdulia</i> and <i>protodulia</i> for the types of veneration, the former specifically paid to <a href="/wiki/Marian_veneration" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian veneration">Mary</a>, while the latter to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Saint Joseph</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-duliaODotCChurch_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duliaODotCChurch-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VenerationofSWDCT_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VenerationofSWDCT-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Catholic theologian <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> specifies that <i>hyperdulia</i> is the same type of veneration as <i>dulia</i>, only given in a greater degree; both remain distinct from <i>latria</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholicism">Catholicism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Catholicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arca_del_santo_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Arca_del_santo_03.jpg/220px-Arca_del_santo_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Arca_del_santo_03.jpg/330px-Arca_del_santo_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Arca_del_santo_03.jpg/440px-Arca_del_santo_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of <a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Saint Anthony</a> in <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>, Italy (veneration of the tomb of a saint).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_M%C3%A9dano_BW_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/El_M%C3%A9dano_BW_2.JPG/220px-El_M%C3%A9dano_BW_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/El_M%C3%A9dano_BW_2.JPG/330px-El_M%C3%A9dano_BW_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/El_M%C3%A9dano_BW_2.JPG/440px-El_M%C3%A9dano_BW_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Santo_Hermano_Pedro" title="Cave of Santo Hermano Pedro">Cave of Santo Hermano Pedro</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tenerife" title="Tenerife">Tenerife</a>, Spain (veneration of a place associated with a saint).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SJBS.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/SJBS.png/220px-SJBS.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/SJBS.png/330px-SJBS.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/SJBS.png/440px-SJBS.png 2x" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="697" /></a><figcaption>Relics of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_La_Salle" title="Jean-Baptiste de La Salle">Saint Jean-Baptiste de La Salle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Italy (veneration of the relic of a saint).</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholicism</a>, veneration is a type of honor distinct from the <a href="/wiki/Latria" title="Latria">true worship (veritable adoration)</a>, which is due to God alone. According to Mark Miravelle, of the <a href="/wiki/Franciscan_University_of_Steubenville" title="Franciscan University of Steubenville">Franciscan University of Steubenville</a>, the English word "worship" has been associated with both veneration and adoration: </p> <blockquote> <p>As <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> explained, adoration, which is known as <a href="/wiki/Latria" title="Latria">latria</a> in classical theology, is the worship and homage that is rightly offered to God alone. It is the manifestation of submission, and acknowledgement of dependence, appropriately shown towards the excellence of an uncreated divine person and to his absolute Lordship. It is the worship of the creator that God alone deserves. </p><p>Veneration, known as <a href="/wiki/Dulia_(Latin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulia (Latin)">dulia</a> in classical theology, is the honor and reverence appropriately due to the excellence of a created person. Excellence exhibited by created beings likewise deserves recognition and honor. </p><p>Historically, schools of theology have used the term "worship" as a general term which included both adoration and veneration. They would distinguish between "worship of adoration" and "worship of veneration". The word "worship" (in a similar way to how the liturgical term "cult" is traditionally used) was not synonymous with adoration, but could be used to introduce either adoration or veneration. Hence Catholic sources will sometimes use the term "worship" not to indicate adoration, but only the worship of veneration given to Mary and the saints.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a></i>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Christian veneration of images is not contrary to the first commandment which proscribes idols. Indeed, "the honor rendered to an image passes to its prototype", and "whoever venerates an image venerates the person portrayed in it". The honor paid to sacred images is a "respectful veneration", not the adoration due to God alone:</p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Religious worship is not directed to images in themselves, considered as mere things, but under their distinctive aspect as images leading us on to God incarnate. The movement toward the image does not terminate in it as image, but tends toward that whose image it is.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catechism" title="Roman Catechism">Roman Catechism</a>, a more lengthy statement on <a class="external text" href="https://en.m.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Catechism_of_the_Council_of_Trent/Part_3:_The_First_Commandment#246">The Honour and Invocation of the Saints</a> is available.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Roman Catholic tradition has a well established philosophy for the <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church</a> via the field of <a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> with Pontifical schools such as the <a href="/wiki/Marianum" title="Marianum">Marianum</a> specifically devoted to this task.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church, in addition to the dogma of her Divine Motherhood,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother of God">Mother of God</a> "<a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a>" was the subject of three other <a href="/wiki/Marian_dogmas#Dogmatic_teachings" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian dogmas">dogmas</a>: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a> (absence of the <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a>, by grace of God)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a> (before, during, and after the birth of Jesus, until her Assumption)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a> (in body and soul to Heaven).</li></ol> <p>Protodulia is the special veneration given to Saint Joseph, the foster father of Jesus, within <a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a>. This veneration of Saint Joseph is distinct from hyperdulia, which is reserved for Mary, and <a href="/wiki/Latria" title="Latria">latria</a>, the worship due to the God alone.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Saint Joseph is venerated for his role in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a>, the title of protodulia signifies that among the saints, he holds a unique and preeminent place, second only to Mary. The Church regards him as a powerful intercessor and protector of the Church, and his virtues—obedience, humility, and care for Jesus and Mary—are celebrated. </p><p>The theological grounding for protodulia is rooted in several papal documents and the long-standing tradition of the Church: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> proclaimed Saint Joseph the <b>Patron of the Universal Church</b> in 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a> emphasized special role of Saint Joseph in the Church in his encyclical <a href="/wiki/Quamquam_pluries" title="Quamquam pluries"><i>Quamquam pluries</i></a> (1889), where he called for greater devotion to him.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> further affirmed this devotion by instituting the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Saint_Joseph_the_Worker" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast of Saint Joseph the Worker">feast of Saint Joseph the Worker</a> in 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>In the Catholic Church, there are many different forms of veneration of saints, such as a pilgrimages (e.g. those of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_tomb" title="Saint Peter's tomb">Saint Peter's tomb</a> (Vatican), <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Anthony_of_Padua" title="Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua">Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua</a> (Italy), <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela_Cathedral" title="Santiago de Compostela Cathedral">Santiago de Compostela Cathedral</a> (Spain), or <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a> (Israel)). It is also usual to make a pilgrimage to places associated with the life of a saint, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Santo_Hermano_Pedro" title="Cave of Santo Hermano Pedro">Cave of Santo Hermano Pedro</a> (Spain), the <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Cave of the Apocalypse">Cave of the Apocalypse</a> (Greece) or the <a href="/wiki/Aya_Tekla_Church" title="Aya Tekla Church">Aya Tekla Church</a> (Turkey). Veneration of images and relics; <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Miracles" title="Lord of Miracles">Lord of Miracles</a> (Peru), the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_of_Guadalupe" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin of Guadalupe">Virgin of Guadalupe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Saint Jude Thaddaeu</a> (Mexico), <a href="/wiki/Stephen_I_of_Hungary" title="Stephen I of Hungary">Holy Dexter</a> (Hungary), <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Three_Kings" title="Shrine of the Three Kings">Reliquary of the Three Kings</a> (Germany), etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oriental_Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Oriental Orthodoxy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a> liturgical service, the <a href="/wiki/Hail_Mary" title="Hail Mary">Hail Mary</a> is pronounced as a prefatory prayer after the <a href="/wiki/Our_Father" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Father">Our Father</a>, and before the priest's entrance to the chancel.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name of the Blessed Virgin Mary has also been probably used for the <a href="/wiki/Consecrations_in_Eastern_Christianity#Consecration_of_a_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecrations in Eastern Christianity">sanctification of altars</a>, above the name of all other saints.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Eastern Orthodoxy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, veneration of the saints is important element of worship. Most services are closed with the words “Most holy Theotokos, save us!"<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and would use <a href="/wiki/Troparion" title="Troparion">Troparions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kontakion" title="Kontakion">Kontakions</a> to venerate the saint of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This practice of venerating saints both through praise and by means of their <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a> is defended in St <a href="/wiki/John_Damascene" class="mw-redirect" title="John Damascene">John Damascene</a>'s book <i>On Holy Images</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was the subject of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protestantism">Protestantism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Protestantism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Saints_in_Anglicanism" title="Saints in Anglicanism">Saints in Anglicanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saints_in_Methodism" title="Saints in Methodism">Saints in Methodism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Lutheran)" title="Calendar of saints (Lutheran)">Calendar of saints (Lutheran)</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> churches, veneration is sometimes considered to amount to the sin of <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a>, and the related practice of <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonization</a> amounts to the heresy of <a href="/wiki/Apotheosis" title="Apotheosis">apotheosis</a>. Protestant theology usually denies that any real distinction between veneration and <a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">worship</a> can be made, and claims that the practice of veneration distracts the Christian soul from its true object, the worship of God. In his <i><a href="/wiki/Institutes_of_the_Christian_Religion" title="Institutes of the Christian Religion">Institutes of the Christian Religion</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> writes that "(t)he distinction of what is called <i>dulia</i> and <i>latria</i> was invented for the very purpose of permitting divine honours to be paid to angels and dead men with apparent impunity".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Veneration is, therefore, considered a type of <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy" title="Blasphemy">blasphemy</a> by Luther and some Protestants.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some Protestant streams, particularly <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>, allow the veneration of saints in a manner similar to Catholicism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bible">Bible</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In terms of venerating <a href="/wiki/Relics" class="mw-redirect" title="Relics">relics</a> of saints, two verses are frequently mentioned: </p> <blockquote> <p>'Once while some Israelites were burying a man, suddenly they saw a band of raiders; so they threw the man’s body into Elisha’s tomb. When the body touched Elisha’s bones, the man came to life and stood up on his feet.' (2 Kings 13:21, <a href="/wiki/NIV" class="mw-redirect" title="NIV">NIV</a>). </p><p>'God did extraordinary miracles through Paul, so that even handkerchiefs and aprons that had touched him were taken to the sick, and their illnesses were cured and the evil spirits left them.' (Acts 19:11, 12, <a href="/wiki/NIV" class="mw-redirect" title="NIV">NIV</a>). </p> </blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterocanonical">deuterocanonical</a> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sirach" title="Book of Sirach">Book of Sirach</a> also briefly discusses venerating the memory of patriarchs and prophets: "Let us now praise men of renown, and our fathers in their generation" (44:1). "And their names continue for ever, the glory of the holy men remaining unto their children" (44:15)<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Support">Support</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>St. <a href="/wiki/Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine">Augustine</a>, St. <a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a>, and others, give accounts of miracles that occurred at the graves of St. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a>, St. <a href="/wiki/Felix_of_Nola" title="Felix of Nola">Felix of Nola</a>, St. <a href="/wiki/Gervasius_and_Protasius" title="Gervasius and Protasius">Gervasius</a>, and many others, in post-Biblical times. Such miraculous events are seen as divine favor for the veneration of relics.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hinduism has a longstanding and living tradition of reverence toward <a href="/wiki/Sant_(religion)" title="Sant (religion)">sants (saints)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahatma" title="Mahatma">mahatmas (ascended masters)</a>, with the line often blurring between humanity and divinity in the cases of <a href="/wiki/Godman_(India)" title="Godman (India)">godmen and godwomen</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movements</a> popularized devotion to saintly figures such as <a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">sadhus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baba_(honorific)" title="Baba (honorific)">babas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurus">gurus</a> as models showing the way to liberation.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomson_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stark1966_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stark1966-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islam">Islam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">Wali</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkey-2230_(2217021620)_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Turkey-2230_%282217021620%29_%282%29.jpg/220px-Turkey-2230_%282217021620%29_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Turkey-2230_%282217021620%29_%282%29.jpg/330px-Turkey-2230_%282217021620%29_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Turkey-2230_%282217021620%29_%282%29.jpg/440px-Turkey-2230_%282217021620%29_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of <a href="/wiki/Jalal_ad-Din_Muhammad_Rumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi">Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a>, Turkey.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grobowiec_Marabuta-Maroko.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Grobowiec_Marabuta-Maroko.jpg/220px-Grobowiec_Marabuta-Maroko.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Grobowiec_Marabuta-Maroko.jpg/330px-Grobowiec_Marabuta-Maroko.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Grobowiec_Marabuta-Maroko.jpg/440px-Grobowiec_Marabuta-Maroko.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2568" data-file-height="1773" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of a <a href="/wiki/Marabout" title="Marabout">marabout</a>, southern Morocco.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> has had a rich history of veneration of saints (often called <i><a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">wali</a></i>, which literally means "Friend [of God]"),<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has declined in some parts of the Islamic world in the twentieth century due to the influence of the various streams of <a href="/wiki/Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafism</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, the veneration of saints became a very common form of religious celebration early on,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and saints came to be defined in the eighth-century as a group of "special people chosen by God and endowed with exceptional gifts, such as the ability to work miracles."<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The classical Sunni scholars came to recognize and honor these individuals as venerable people who were both "loved by God and developed a close relationship of love to Him."<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vast majority of saints venerated in the classical Sunni world were the <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufis</a>, who were all Sunni mystics who belonged to <a href="/wiki/Maddhab" class="mw-redirect" title="Maddhab">one of the four orthodox legal schools of Sunni law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Veneration of saints eventually became one of the most widespread Sunni practices for more than a millennium, before it was opposed in the twentieth century by the <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a>, whose various streams regard it as "being both un-Islamic and backwards ... rather than the integral part of Islam which they were for over a millennium."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a manner similar to the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the specific traditional practices which <a href="/wiki/Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafism</a> has tried to curtail in both <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> contexts include those of <a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">the veneration of saints</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ziyara" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziyara">visiting their graves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tawassul" title="Tawassul">seeking their intercession</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Relics" class="mw-redirect" title="Relics">honoring their relics</a>. As Christopher Taylor has remarked: "[Throughout Islamic history] a vital dimension of Islamic piety was the veneration of Muslim saints…. [due, however to] certain strains of thought within the Islamic tradition itself, particularly pronounced in the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries ... [some modern day] Muslims have either resisted acknowledging the existence of Muslim saints altogether or have viewed their presence and veneration as unacceptable deviations."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judaism">Judaism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patriarch_tomb.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Patriarch_tomb.JPG/220px-Patriarch_tomb.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Patriarch_tomb.JPG/330px-Patriarch_tomb.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Patriarch_tomb.JPG/440px-Patriarch_tomb.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3289" data-file-height="2257" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs" title="Cave of the Patriarchs">Cave of the Patriarchs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>While <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Organized Judaism</a> don't countenance the veneration of saints per se, veneration and pilgrimage to burial sites of holy <a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Jewish leaders</a> is an ancient part of the tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharot_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharot-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is common for some Jews to visit the graves of many righteous Jewish leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-De_Lange_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-De_Lange-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tradition is particularly strong among Moroccan Jews, and Jews of Sephardi descent, although also by some Ashkenazi Jews as well. This is particularly true in Israel, where many holy Jewish leaders are buried. The <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs" title="Cave of the Patriarchs">Cave of the Patriarchs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rachel%27s_Tomb" title="Rachel's Tomb">Rachel's Tomb</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a> and that of Maimonides in Tiberius are examples of burial sites that attract large pilgrimages in the Near East.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomson_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ben-Ami1998_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ben-Ami1998-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In America, the only such example is the grave site of Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem Mendel Schneerson</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Ohel_(Chabad-Lubavitch)" title="Ohel (Chabad-Lubavitch)">Ohel</a>, in the cemetery in Queens where he is buried alongside his father-in-law. During his lifetime, Schneerson himself would frequently visit the gravesite (Ohel) of his father-in-law, where he would read letters and written prayers, and then place them on the grave.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, visitors to the <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson#Illness_and_death" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">grave of Schneerson</a> include Jews of Orthodox, Reform and Conservative background, as well as non-Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Visitors typically recite prayers of psalms and bring with them petitions of prayers written on pieces of paper which are then torn and left on the grave.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-craig_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-craig-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YechiChabad_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YechiChabad-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jainism">Jainism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Jainism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Jainism, it recognizes the <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">tirthankaras</a>, which are beings who have achieved transcendence and liberation (<a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a>) and are, therefore, teachers who taught the Jain path. Away from the <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_universe" title="Chronology of the universe">evolution of the cosmos</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Category:Astronomical_events" title="Category:Astronomical events">cosmic event</a>, they do not intervene in any way in it; they serve only as examples to follow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlügel2010_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlügel2010-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter is manifested in the offering ceremonies (<a href="/wiki/Jain_rituals#Worship" title="Jain rituals"><i>devapuja</i></a>), which constitute more of a renunciation on the part of the believer than a surrender, since the tirthankaras are totally indifferent to the affairs of men and the Jains assume that they are indifferent to them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Veneration of the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_saints" title="Intercession of saints">Intercession of saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel%27s_Tomb" title="Rachel's Tomb">Rachel's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genuflection" title="Genuflection">Genuflection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">Patron saint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">Hagiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">Relic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzadik" title="Tzadik">Tzadik</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">Etymologically</a>, "to venerate" derives from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">venerare</i></span>, meaning 'to regard with <a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">reverence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Respect" title="Respect">respect</a>'.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-duliaODotCChurch_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duliaODotCChurch-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VenerationofSWDCT_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VenerationofSWDCT-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Thomson-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thomson_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomson_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomson_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomson_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomson_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomson_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomson_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomson_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLindsay_Jones2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lindsay Jones, ed. (2005). <i>Thomson Gale Encyclopedia of Religion</i> (in Tajik). Vol. Sainthood (Second ed.). Macmillan Reference USA. p. 8033.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomson+Gale+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.pages=8033&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ben-Ami1998-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ben-Ami1998_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ben-Ami1998_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ben-Ami1998_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Veneration of saints is a universal phenomenon. All monotheistic and polytheistic creeds contain something of its religious dimension... " <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIssachar_Ben-Ami1998" class="citation book cs1">Issachar Ben-Ami (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hk9wCuiT7bEC&pg=PA13"><i>Saint Veneration Among the Jews in Morocco</i></a>. Wayne State University Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-2198-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-2198-0"><bdi>978-0-8143-2198-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saint+Veneration+Among+the+Jews+in+Morocco&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8143-2198-0&rft.au=Issachar+Ben-Ami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHk9wCuiT7bEC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stark1966-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stark1966_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stark1966_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stark1966_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stark1966_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stark1966_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stark1966_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerner_Stark1966" class="citation book cs1">Werner Stark (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sUgVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA367"><i>Sociology of Religion</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 367. GGKEY:ZSKE259PDZ9<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociology+of+Religion&rft.pages=367&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1966&rft.au=Werner+Stark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsUgVAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pohl2010-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pohl2010_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlorian_Pohl2010" class="citation book cs1">Florian Pohl (1 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n4Eye4ilLVkC&pg=PA294"><i>Modern Muslim Societies</i></a>. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 294–295. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7927-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7927-7"><bdi>978-0-7614-7927-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Muslim+Societies&rft.pages=294-295&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2010-09-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7927-7&rft.au=Florian+Pohl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn4Eye4ilLVkC%26pg%3DPA294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanson_p._308-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hanson_p._308_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanson" class="citation book cs1">Hanson, B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jxxYJNe6cBwC&pg=PA308"><i>Introduction to Christian Theology</i></a>. Fortress Press. p. 308. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-0446-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-0446-3"><bdi>978-1-4514-0446-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Christian+Theology&rft.pages=308&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-0446-3&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjxxYJNe6cBwC%26pg%3DPA308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farmer_2011_p._17-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Farmer_2011_p._17_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarmer2011" class="citation book cs1">Farmer, D. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ry3TCQAAQBAJ&pg=PR17"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of Saints, Fifth Edition Revised</i></a>. Oxford Quick Reference. OUP Oxford. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-103673-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-103673-6"><bdi>978-0-19-103673-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Saints%2C+Fifth+Edition+Revised&rft.series=Oxford+Quick+Reference&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-103673-6&rft.aulast=Farmer&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRy3TCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/intro/islam-sufi.htm">"Sufi Islam"</a>. <q>Although frequently characterized as the mystical component of Islam, there are also "Folklorist" Sufis, and the "Traditional" Sufis...Sufism is characterized by the veneration of local saints and by brotherhoods that practice their own rituals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sufi+Islam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fmilitary%2Fintro%2Fislam-sufi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/12792544">"Of saints and sinners: The Islam of the Taliban is far removed from the popular Sufism practiced by most South Asian Muslims"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. December 18, 2008. <q>In its popular form, Sufism is expressed mainly through the veneration of saints...South Asia is littered with the tombs of those saints. They include great medieval monuments, like the 13th-century shrine of Khwaja <a href="/wiki/Moinuddin_Chishti" class="mw-redirect" title="Moinuddin Chishti">Moinuddin Chisti</a>, founder of South Asia's pre-eminent Sufi order, in <a href="/wiki/Ajmer" title="Ajmer">Ajmer</a>. But for every famous grave, there are thousands of roadside shrines, jutting into Delhi's streets, or sprinkled across the craggy deserts of southern Pakistan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Of+saints+and+sinners%3A+The+Islam+of+the+Taliban+is+far+removed+from+the+popular+Sufism+practiced+by+most+South+Asian+Muslims&rft.date=2008-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F12792544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim_Murphy2003" class="citation news cs1">Kim Murphy (2003-05-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-may-08-war-saudis8-story.html">"Saudi Shiites Take Hope From Changes Next Door"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <q>while most Sunnis view them as fellow, though possibly misguided, Muslims, Shiites are regarded as infidels by the Saudi religious establishment, which adheres to the ultraconservative and austere variation of Sunni faith known as Wahhabism. Saudi religious leaders see the Shiite veneration of saints and shrines, celebration of the prophet Muhammad's birthday and other rituals as sinful.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Saudi+Shiites+Take+Hope+From+Changes+Next+Door&rft.date=2003-05-08&rft.au=Kim+Murphy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2003-may-08-war-saudis8-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note: Paul does not actually use the title Saint with any name, but refers to all Christians in general as saints in Romans 15:25. And the New Testament refers to those martyred like Stephen and righteous ones like Simeon in Luke 2:25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-duliaODotCChurch-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-duliaODotCChurch_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duliaODotCChurch_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/S.v." class="mw-redirect" title="S.v.">s.v.</a> <i>dulia</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossLivingstone1997" class="citation book cs1">Cross, F.L.; Livingstone, E.A., eds. (1997). <i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church</i> (Third ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 513.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pages=513&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">s.v. <i>proskynesis</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_Devonshire_JonesLinda_MurrayPeter_Murray2013" class="citation book cs1">Tom Devonshire Jones; Linda Murray; Peter Murray, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Te2dAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA475"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of Christian Art and Architecture, Second Edition</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 475. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199680276" title="Special:BookSources/9780199680276"><bdi>9780199680276</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Christian+Art+and+Architecture%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pages=475&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780199680276&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTe2dAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA475&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasiday2012" class="citation book cs1">Casiday, Augustine, ed. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bkZITAQ4XbgC&pg=PA450"><i>The Orthodox Christian World</i></a>. Routledge. p. 450. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415455169" title="Special:BookSources/9780415455169"><bdi>9780415455169</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Christian+World&rft.pages=450&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780415455169&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbkZITAQ4XbgC%26pg%3DPA450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07664a.htm">"Veneration of Images"</a>. New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Veneration+of+Images&rft.pub=New+Advent+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F07664a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VenerationofSWDCT-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VenerationofSWDCT_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VenerationofSWDCT_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">s.v. <i>Communion of Saints</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_RichardsonJohn_Bowden1983" class="citation book cs1">Alan Richardson; John Bowden, eds. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PN7UMUTBBPAC&pg=PA114"><i>The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Theology</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664227487" title="Special:BookSources/9780664227487"><bdi>9780664227487</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Westminster+Dictionary+of+Christian+Theology&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780664227487&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPN7UMUTBBPAC%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">s.v. <i>Images, Veneration of</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElwell2001" class="citation book cs1">Elwell, Walter A., ed. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yu846j61u0wC&pg=PA594"><i>Evangelical Dictionary of Theology</i></a>. Baker Academic. p. 594. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801020759" title="Special:BookSources/9780801020759"><bdi>9780801020759</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evangelical+Dictionary+of+Theology&rft.pages=594&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780801020759&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyu846j61u0wC%26pg%3DPA594&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/summa/3103.htm">"The Summa Theologiae of Thomas Aquinas"</a>. Translated by Fathers of the English Dominican Province (2nd ed.). Second Part of the Second Part — Question 103: Dulia: New Advent (published 2017). 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Summa+Theologiae+of+Thomas+Aquinas&rft.place=Second+Part+of+the+Second+Part+%E2%80%94+Question+103%3A+Dulia&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=New+Advent&rft.date=1920&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F3103.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiravalle2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Miravalle" title="Mark Miravalle">Miravalle, Mark</a> (November 24, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180606103919/http://www.motherofallpeoples.com/2006/11/what-is-devotion-to-mary">"What Is Devotion to Mary?"</a>. Mother of all peoples. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.motherofallpeoples.com/2006/11/what-is-devotion-to-mary/">the original</a> on June 6, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 2,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Is+Devotion+to+Mary%3F&rft.pub=Mother+of+all+peoples&rft.date=2006-11-24&rft.aulast=Miravalle&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.motherofallpeoples.com%2F2006%2F11%2Fwhat-is-devotion-to-mary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scborromeo.org/ccc/para/2132.htm"><i>Catechism of the Catholic Church - Paragraph # 2132</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church+-+Paragraph+%23+2132&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scborromeo.org%2Fccc%2Fpara%2F2132.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://en.m.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Catechism_of_the_Council_of_Trent/Part_3:_The_First_Commandment">The catechism of the Council of Trent/Part 3: The First Commandment#245|The Honour and Invocation of the Saints</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mariologicalsocietyofamerica.us">"Mariological Society of America"</a>. 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Father Denis Vincent Wiseman, O.P., July 19, 2002. Accessed 6-3-2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/d/divine-maternity-dogma.php">https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/d/divine-maternity-dogma.php</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a>, paragraphs 956-957.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncregister.com/features/st-joseph-proclaimed-patron-of-the-universal-church-150-years-ago-is-needed-more-than-ever?amp">"St. Joseph, Proclaimed Patron of the Universal Church 150 Years Ago, Is Needed More Than Ever | National Catholic Register"</a>. <i>www.ncregister.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ncregister.com&rft.atitle=St.+Joseph%2C+Proclaimed+Patron+of+the+Universal+Church+150+Years+Ago%2C+Is+Needed+More+Than+Ever+%7C+National+Catholic+Register&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncregister.com%2Ffeatures%2Fst-joseph-proclaimed-patron-of-the-universal-church-150-years-ago-is-needed-more-than-ever%3Famp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/leo-xiii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_15081889_quamquam-pluries.html">"Quamquam Pluries (August 15, 1889) | LEO XIII"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Diaz Xavier. p. 275. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20190116140316/https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=Z_0-CgAAQBAJ&hl=it&printsec=frontcover&pg=GBS.PT276">Archived</a> from the original on January 16, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+Qurbana+Kramam%3A+Malankara+Orthodox+Church&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=Diaz+Xavier&rft.au=Jaison+Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ_0-CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3D100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stbaselios.org/about-us-2/our-lady-mary-mother-of-god/index.html">"Our Lady Mary, Mother of God, mediator for all grace and advocate for all the devotees before God"</a>. <i>St. Baselios Indian Orthodox Church</i>. Malankara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190116120331/http://www.stbaselios.org/about-us-2/our-lady-mary-mother-of-god/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 16, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">Jan 15,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St.+Baselios+Indian+Orthodox+Church&rft.atitle=Our+Lady+Mary%2C+Mother+of+God%2C+mediator+for+all+grace+and+advocate+for+all+the+devotees+before+God.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stbaselios.org%2Fabout-us-2%2Four-lady-mary-mother-of-god%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oca.org/reflections/fr.-john-breck/most-holy-theotokos-save-us">"MOST HOLY THEOTOKOS, SAVE US!"</a>. <i>oca.org</i>. 2 September 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oca.org&rft.atitle=MOST+HOLY+THEOTOKOS%2C+SAVE+US%21&rft.date=2003-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oca.org%2Freflections%2Ffr.-john-breck%2Fmost-holy-theotokos-save-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oca.org/saints/lives">"Lives of the Saints"</a>. <i>oca.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oca.org&rft.atitle=Lives+of+the+Saints&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oca.org%2Fsaints%2Flives&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamascene1898" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Damascene" class="mw-redirect" title="John Damascene">Damascene, John</a> (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/49917/49917-h/49917-h.html"><i>On Holy Images</i></a>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Holy+Images&rft.place=London&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Damascene&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F49917%2F49917-h%2F49917-h.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reformed.org/books/institutes/books/book1/bk1ch12.html">"Book I Chapter 12"</a>. Reformed.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+I+Chapter+12&rft.pub=Reformed.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reformed.org%2Fbooks%2Finstitutes%2Fbooks%2Fbook1%2Fbk1ch12.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFairbairn2002" class="citation book cs1">Fairbairn, Donald (January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eKYM6FVxYKIC&pg=PA97"><i>Eastern Orthodoxy Through Western Eyes</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780664224974" title="Special:BookSources/9780664224974"><bdi>9780664224974</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Orthodoxy+Through+Western+Eyes&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2002-01&rft.isbn=9780664224974&rft.aulast=Fairbairn&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeKYM6FVxYKIC%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash2010" class="citation book cs1">Nash, David (16 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BPYkhnY-3_cC&pg=PP71"><i>Blasphemy in the Christian World: A History</i></a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191614354" title="Special:BookSources/9780191614354"><bdi>9780191614354</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blasphemy+in+the+Christian+World%3A+A+History&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2010-09-16&rft.isbn=9780191614354&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBPYkhnY-3_cC%26pg%3DPP71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bible.oremus.org/?ql=29489716">Oremus: Ecclesiasticus 44:1-10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeharbe1912" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Deharbe" title="Joseph Deharbe">Deharbe, Joseph</a> (1912). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:A Complete Catechism of the Catholic Religion/Chap. II. The Ten Commandments of God#181"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Complete_Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Religion/Chap._II._The_Ten_Commandments_of_God#181">"Chap. II. The Ten Commandments of God" </a></span>. <i>A Complete Catechism of the Catholic Religion</i>. Translated by Rev. John Fander. Schwartz, Kirwin & Fauss.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chap.+II.+The+Ten+Commandments+of+God&rft.btitle=A+Complete+Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Religion&rft.pub=Schwartz%2C+Kirwin+%26+Fauss&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Deharbe&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cybelle Shattuck, Hinduism (London: Routledge, 1999), p. 61.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See John Renard, <i>Friends of God: Islamic Images of Piety, Commitment, and Servanthood</i> (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008); Idem., <i>Tales of God Friends: Islamic Hagiography in Translation</i> (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Radtke, B., “Saint”, in: Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān, General Editor: Jane Dammen McAuliffe, Georgetown University, Washington DC.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Renard, <i>Friends of God: Islamic Images of Piety, Commitment, and Servanthood</i> (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Juan Eduardo Campo, <i>Encyclopedia of Islam</i> (New York: Infobase Publishing, 2009), p. 600</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Jonathan A.C. Brown, <i>Misquoting Muhammad</i> (London: Oneworld Publications, 2015), p. 254</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Taylor, <i>In the Vicinity of the Righteous</i> (Leiden: Brill, 1999), pp. 5-6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharot-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sharot_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"....the veneration of, and pilgrimages to, saints were part of an ancient Jewish tradition." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharot1976" class="citation book cs1">Sharot, Stephen (1976). <i>Judaism: A Sociology</i>. New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers. p. 42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judaism%3A+A+Sociology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Holmes+%26+Meier+Publishers&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Sharot&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-De_Lange-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-De_Lange_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The life of these, mainly Sephardi and Oriental (Mizrahi) communities, is marked by an unself-conscious and unquestioning commitment to deeply rooted values, where legalism often yields to common sense, and mystical piety plays an integral part, visible in such practices as veneration of tombs of patriarchs and saints, often associated with pilgrimage." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Lange2000" class="citation book cs1">De Lange, Nicholas (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontoju00nich"><i>An Introduction to Judaism</i></a></span>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontoju00nich/page/69">69</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Judaism&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=De+Lange&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontoju00nich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_M._Gitlitz_&_Linda_Kay_Davidson2005" class="citation book cs1">David M. Gitlitz & Linda Kay Davidson (2005). <i>Pilgrimage and the Jews</i>. Praeger. pp. 118–120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275987633" title="Special:BookSources/978-0275987633"><bdi>978-0275987633</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pilgrimage+and+the+Jews&rft.pages=118-120&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0275987633&rft.au=David+M.+Gitlitz+%26+Linda+Kay+Davidson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a>, Editorial, 07/08/14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observer.com/2014/07/rebbe-to-the-city-and-the-world/">"Rebbe to the city and Rebbe to the world"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shmuley Boteach, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observer.com/2013/10/cory-booker-the-spiritual-senator/">"Cory Booker the Spiritual Senator"</a>, 10/18/13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilgannon2004" class="citation news cs1">Kilgannon, Corey (20 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/20/nyregion/lubavitchers-mark-10-years-since-death-of-revered-rabbi.html">"Lubavitchers Mark 10 Years Since Death of Revered Rabbi"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Lubavitchers+Mark+10+Years+Since+Death+of+Revered+Rabbi&rft.date=2004-06-20&rft.aulast=Kilgannon&rft.aufirst=Corey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F06%2F20%2Fnyregion%2Flubavitchers-mark-10-years-since-death-of-revered-rabbi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-craig-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-craig_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorowitz1995" class="citation journal cs1">Horowitz, Craig (19 June 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6eQCAAAAMBAJ&q=ohel+chabad&pg=PA42">"Beyond Belief"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_(magazine)" title="New York (magazine)">New York</a></i>: 42<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York&rft.atitle=Beyond+Belief&rft.pages=42&rft.date=1995-06-19&rft.aulast=Horowitz&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6eQCAAAAMBAJ%26q%3Dohel%2Bchabad%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YechiChabad-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YechiChabad_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-_4eAgAAQBAJ&q=yechi+prayer&pg=PA111"><i>Identifying Chabad: what they teach and how they influence the Torah world</i></a> (Revised [ed.]. ed.). [Illinois?]: Center for Torah Demographics. 2007. pp. 81, 103, 110, 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1411642416" title="Special:BookSources/978-1411642416"><bdi>978-1411642416</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identifying+Chabad%3A+what+they+teach+and+how+they+influence+the+Torah+world.&rft.place=%5BIllinois%3F%5D&rft.pages=81%2C+103%2C+110%2C+111&rft.edition=Revised+%5Bed.%5D.&rft.pub=Center+for+Torah+Demographics&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1411642416&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-_4eAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dyechi%2Bprayer%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVeneration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlügel2010-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlügel2010_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlügel2010">Flügel 2010</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFFlügel2010 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Veneration&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0432/_P2H.HTM">ON THE INVOCATION, VENERATION, AND RELICS, OF SAlNTS, AND ON SACRED IMAGES.</a> Roman Catholic teaching from the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> (1545–63)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05188b.htm">"Dulia"</a> from the <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i> (1911)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Topics_about_Saints" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar" title="General Roman Calendar">General Roman Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_calendar" title="Tridentine calendar">Tridentine calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_calendar" title="Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar">Eastern Orthodox calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglican_Church_calendars" title="List of Anglican Church calendars">Anglican calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Lutheran)" title="Calendar of saints (Lutheran)">Lutheran calendar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folk_saint" title="Folk saint">Folk saint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal-to-apostles" title="Equal-to-apostles">Equal-to-apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">Relic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_saints" title="Catacomb saints">Catacomb saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_(relic)" title="Translation (relic)">Translation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">Hagiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_saints" title="Lists of saints">Lists of saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_child_saints" title="List of child saints">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Orthodox_saints" title="List of Eastern Orthodox saints">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Orthodox_saint_titles" title="List of Eastern Orthodox saint titles">Titles</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_symbolism" title="Saint symbolism">Symbology of the Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_in_Protestantism" class="mw-redirect" title="Saints in Protestantism">Saints in Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levitation_of_saints" title="Levitation of saints">Levitation of saints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communion_of_saints" title="Communion of saints">Communion of saints</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Veneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_saints" title="Intercession of saints">Intercession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_for_the_dead" title="Prayer for the dead">Prayer for the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Confessors" title="List of Confessors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">Martyrs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_martyrs" title="Lists of martyrs">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_martyrs" title="List of Christian martyrs">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christians_martyred_during_the_reign_of_Diocletian" title="List of Christians martyred during the reign of Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_bearer" title="Passion bearer">Passion bearers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">Patron saint</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patron_saints_of_places" title="Patron saints of places">Places</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">Canonization</a> process</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Causes_of_Saints" title="Dicastery for the Causes of Saints">Dicastery for the Causes of Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidates_for_sainthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Candidates for sainthood">Candidates for sainthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servant_of_God" title="Servant of God">Servant of God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Servants_of_God" title="List of Servants of God">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Venerable" title="The Venerable">The Venerable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_venerated_Catholics" title="List of venerated Catholics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">Beatification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beatified_people" title="List of beatified people">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivalent_canonization" title="Equivalent canonization">Equivalent canonization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostle" title="Apostle">Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Companions" title="Saint Companions">Companions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Martyrology" title="Roman Martyrology">Roman Martyrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_in_Anglicanism" title="Saints in Anglicanism">Saints in Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_in_Methodism" title="Saints in Methodism">Saints in Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patristics" title="Patristics">Patristics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Christian_writers" title="List of early Christian writers">Early Christian writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Church_Fathers" title="List of Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_women_of_the_patristic_age" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Christian women of the patristic age">Women of the patristic age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">Prophet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modern_spirituality" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spirituality-related_topics" title="Template:Spirituality-related topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spirituality-related_topics" title="Template talk:Spirituality-related topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spirituality-related_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spirituality-related topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modern_spirituality" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Modern spirituality</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_spirituality" title="Outline of spirituality">Outline of spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spirituality" title="Category:Spirituality">Category:Spirituality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akashic_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Akashic Records">Akashic Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">Chakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">Cosmogony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">Creation myths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekam" title="Ekam">Ekam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">Emanationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenesis_(creative_intelligences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigenesis (creative intelligences)">Epigenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_return" title="Eternal return">Eternal return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">Eternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethic_of_reciprocity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethic of reciprocity">Ethic of reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">Existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_peace" title="Inner peace">Inner peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involution_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Involution (philosophy)">Involution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevala_jnana" title="Kevala jnana">Kevala jnana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lataif-e-sitta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lataif-e-sitta">Lataif-e-sitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">Meaning of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%27s_eye" class="mw-redirect" title="Mind's eye">Mind's eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plane_(cosmology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plane (cosmology)">Planes of existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satguru" title="Satguru">Satguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satori" title="Satori">Satori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabd" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabd">Shabd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunyata" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunyata">Shunyata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_evolution" title="Spiritual evolution">Spiritual evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual possession">Spiritual possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronicity" title="Synchronicity">Synchronicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao">Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatvas" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatvas">Tatvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yana_(Buddhism)" title="Yana (Buddhism)">Yana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yuga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_practice" title="Spiritual practice">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">Aikido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">Altruism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestor_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor worship">Ancestor worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony" title="Testimony">Bearing testimony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Born again (Christianity)">Being born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessing" title="Blessing">Blessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celibacy" title="Celibacy">Celibacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channelling_(mediumistic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Channelling (mediumistic)">Channelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chanting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemplation" title="Contemplation">Contemplation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">Epiphany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">Faith healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossolalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossolalia">Glossolalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconolatry" title="Iconolatry">Iconolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinomichi" title="Kinomichi">Kinomichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">Martyrdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of religion">Ministering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muraqaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Muraqaba">Muraqaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonresistance" title="Nonresistance">Nonresistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">Qawwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qigong" title="Qigong">Qigong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_ecstasy" title="Religious ecstasy">Religious ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_music" title="Religious music">Religious music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacrament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaj_marg" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahaj marg">Sahaj marg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Sainthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-realization" title="Self-realization">Self-realization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Simran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplication" title="Supplication">Supplication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_whirling" title="Sufi whirling">Sufi whirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_chi" title="Tai chi">Tai chi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">Tithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Veneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipassana">Vipassana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabi-sabi" title="Wabi-sabi">Wabi-sabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestment" title="Vestment">Wearing vestments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belief systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darshana" class="mw-redirect" title="Darshana">Darshana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esotericism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutheism,_dystheism,_and_maltheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutheism, dystheism, and maltheism">Eutheism, dystheism, and maltheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(religious_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritualism (religious movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Course_in_Miracles" title="A Course in Miracles">A Course in Miracles</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akilattirattu_Ammanai" class="mw-redirect" title="Akilattirattu Ammanai">Akilattirattu Ammanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cloud_of_Unknowing" title="The Cloud of Unknowing">The Cloud of Unknowing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu scripture">Hindu scripture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">I Ching</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism#Literature" title="Sufism">Sufi texts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching" title="Tao Te Ching">Tao Te Ching</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Urantia_Book" title="The Urantia Book">The Urantia Book</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhuangzi_(book)" title="Zhuangzi (book)">Zhuangzi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virtues" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtues">Virtues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awareness" title="Awareness">Awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_(virtue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charity (virtue)">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honesty" title="Honesty">Honesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope" title="Hope">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intuition_(knowledge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intuition (knowledge)">Intuition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy" title="Mercy">Mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mett%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Mettā">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_courage" title="Moral courage">Moral courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patience" title="Patience">Patience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Seven virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1579384#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1579384#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1579384#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4024052-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Saints--Cult"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85116633">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="kult svatých"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph138466&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007551170605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/011531">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veneration&oldid=1254958489">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veneration&oldid=1254958489</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_spirituality" title="Category:Catholic spirituality">Catholic spirituality</a></li><li><a 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