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aria-controls="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religious views subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Near_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Near_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ancient Near East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Near_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baháʼí_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Baháʼí Faith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin_of_the_soul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_the_soul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Origin of the soul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_the_soul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trichotomy_of_the_soul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trichotomy_of_the_soul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Trichotomy of the soul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trichotomy_of_the_soul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tota_in_toto_corpore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tota_in_toto_corpore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span><i>Tota in toto corpore</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tota_in_toto_corpore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_of_various_denominations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_of_various_denominations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.4</span> <span>Views of various denominations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_of_various_denominations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confucianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confucianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Confucianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confucianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Jainism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Scientology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shamanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shamanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Shamanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shamanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shinto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shinto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Shinto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shinto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13</span> <span>Sikhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taoism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taoism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.14</span> <span>Taoism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taoism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zoroastrianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zoroastrianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.15</span> <span>Zoroastrianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zoroastrianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_religious_beliefs_and_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_religious_beliefs_and_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.16</span> <span>Other religious beliefs and views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_religious_beliefs_and_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spirituality,_New_Age,_and_new_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spirituality,_New_Age,_and_new_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.17</span> <span>Spirituality, New Age, and new religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spirituality,_New_Age,_and_new_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brahma_Kumaris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brahma_Kumaris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.17.1</span> <span>Brahma Kumaris</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brahma_Kumaris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.17.2</span> <span>Theosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anthroposophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthroposophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.17.3</span> <span>Anthroposophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthroposophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellaneous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellaneous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.17.4</span> <span>Miscellaneous</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellaneous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophical_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophical_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Philosophical views</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Philosophical_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Philosophical views subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Philosophical_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Socrates_and_Plato" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socrates_and_Plato"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Socrates and Plato</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socrates_and_Plato-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aristotle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aristotle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Aristotle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aristotle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Avicenna_and_Ibn_al-Nafis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avicenna_and_Ibn_al-Nafis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Avicenna and Ibn al-Nafis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avicenna_and_Ibn_al-Nafis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thomas_Aquinas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thomas_Aquinas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Thomas Aquinas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thomas_Aquinas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immanuel_Kant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immanuel_Kant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Immanuel Kant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immanuel_Kant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy_of_mind" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy_of_mind"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Philosophy of mind</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy_of_mind-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Psychology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Science</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Science-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Science subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neuroscience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neuroscience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Neuroscience</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neuroscience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Near-death_experience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Near-death_experience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Near-death experience</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Near-death_experience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Physics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parapsychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parapsychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Parapsychology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Parapsychology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Parapsychology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Parapsychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Weight_of_the_soul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weight_of_the_soul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Weight of the soul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weight_of_the_soul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Soul</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 144 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-144" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">144 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyaw%27ong" title="Nyaw'ong – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Nyaw'ong" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siel" title="Siel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Siel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seele" title="Seele – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Seele" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%90%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%B5" title="ነፍስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ነፍስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="आत्मा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="आत्मा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3" title="نفس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نفس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma" title="Alma – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alma" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suflitu" title="Suflitu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Suflitu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="আত্মা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আত্মা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma" title="Alma – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alma" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81nga" title="Ánga – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ánga" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajayu" title="Ajayu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Ajayu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruh" title="Ruh – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ruh" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="অন্তরাত্মা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অন্তরাত্মা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AAng-h%C3%BBn" title="Lêng-hûn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lêng-hûn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D3%99%D0%BD" title="Йән – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Йән" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Душа – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Душа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Душа – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Душа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="आत्मा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="आत्मा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalag" title="Kalag – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kalag" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Душа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Душа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seej" title="Seej – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Seej" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1a" title="Duša – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Duša" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ene" title="Ene – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ene" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D2%AF%D0%BD%D1%8D%D2%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Һүнэһэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Һүнэһэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80nima" title="Ànima – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ànima" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Чун – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чун" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalag_(relihiyon)" title="Kalag (relihiyon) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kalag (relihiyon)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1e" title="Duše – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Duše" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enaid" title="Enaid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Enaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%A6l" title="Sjæl – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sjæl" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seele" title="Seele – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Seele" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="आत्मा – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="आत्मा" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hing" title="Hing – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hing" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A8%CF%85%CF%87%CE%AE" title="Ψυχή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ψυχή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma" title="Alma – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alma" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animo" title="Animo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Animo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma" title="Alma – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Alma" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arima" title="Arima – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arima" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atma" title="Atma – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Atma" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82me" title="Âme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Âme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siel" title="Siel – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Siel" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anam" title="Anam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Anam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anam" title="Anam – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Anam" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma" title="Alma – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alma" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0" title="Са – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Са" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE" title="આત્મા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="આત્મા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%81%ED%98%BC" title="영혼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="영혼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%AB" title="Հոգի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հոգի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="आत्मा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आत्मा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1a" title="Duša – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Duša" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anmo" title="Anmo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Anmo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kararua" title="Kararua – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kararua" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiwa" title="Jiwa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jiwa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anima" title="Anima – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Anima" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1l" title="Sál – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anima" title="Anima – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anima" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%94" title="נשמה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נשמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiwa" title="Jiwa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jiwa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE" title="ಆತ್ಮ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆತ್ಮ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaladua" title="Kaladua – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Kaladua" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="სული – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სული" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ABsza" title="Dësza – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Dësza" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Жан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizimu" title="Mizimu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mizimu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanm" title="Nanm – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Nanm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamm_(spiritchwalit%C3%A9)" title="Lamm (spiritchwalité) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lamm (spiritchwalité)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rih" title="Rih – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rih" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Жан – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ວິນຍານ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ວິນຍານ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anima" title="Anima – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Anima" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dv%C4%93sele" title="Dvēsele – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dvēsele" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siela" title="Siela – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Siela" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zie%C3%ABl" title="Zieël – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zieël" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol%C3%ADmo" title="Molímo – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Molímo" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anema" title="Anema – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Anema" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9lek" title="Lélek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lélek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Душа – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Душа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanahin%27_ny_vatana" title="Fanahin' ny vatana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fanahin' ny vatana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D" title="ആത്മാവ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആത്മാവ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="आत्मा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आत्मा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="შური – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="შური" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiwa" title="Jiwa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jiwa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ACng-h%C3%B9ng" title="Lìng-hùng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Lìng-hùng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma" title="Alma – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Alma" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC_(%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AD%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA)" title="လိပ်ပြာ (ဝိညာဉ်) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လိပ်ပြာ (ဝိညာဉ်)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziel_(filosofie)" title="Ziel (filosofie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ziel (filosofie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="आत्मा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="आत्मा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%8A%E9%AD%82" title="霊魂 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="霊魂" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lema" title="Álema – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Álema" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0" title="Са – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Са" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sial" title="Sial – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sial" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjel" title="Sjel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sjel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjel" title="Sjel – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sjel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arma" title="Arma – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Arma" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_(tushuncha)" title="Jon (tushuncha) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jon (tushuncha)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE" title="ਆਤਮਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਤਮਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD" title="روح – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="روح" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suol" title="Suol – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Suol" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80nima" title="Ànima – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ànima" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sele" title="Sele – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Sele" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusza_(religia)" title="Dusza (religia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dusza (religia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma" title="Alma – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alma" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suflet" title="Suflet – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Suflet" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olma" title="Olma – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Olma" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuna" title="Nuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Nuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Душа – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Душа" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Душа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Душа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%82" title="Кут – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кут" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱟᱛᱢᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱛᱢᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul" title="Soul – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Soul" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shpirti" title="Shpirti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shpirti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arma" title="Arma – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Arma" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul" title="Soul – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Soul" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1a" title="Duša – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Duša" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1a" title="Duša – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Duša" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naf" title="Naf – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Naf" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%86%D8%AD" title="ڕۆح – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕۆح" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Душа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Душа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1a" title="Duša – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Duša" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sielu" title="Sielu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sielu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%A4l" title="Själ – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Själ" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluluwa" title="Kaluluwa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kaluluwa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE" title="ஆன்மா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆன்மா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izi%C9%A3er" title="Iziɣer – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Iziɣer" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Җан – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93" title="วิญญาณ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิญญาณ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruh" title="Ruh – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ruh" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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</div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>.</span> <span>For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Soul_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Soul (disambiguation)">Soul (disambiguation)</a>.</span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schiavonetti_Soul_leaving_body_1808.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Schiavonetti_Soul_leaving_body_1808.jpg/220px-Schiavonetti_Soul_leaving_body_1808.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Schiavonetti_Soul_leaving_body_1808.jpg/330px-Schiavonetti_Soul_leaving_body_1808.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Schiavonetti_Soul_leaving_body_1808.jpg/440px-Schiavonetti_Soul_leaving_body_1808.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1409" data-file-height="1182" /></a><figcaption>Artist's depiction of a human soul leaving the body, 1808</figcaption></figure> <p>In many <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophical</a> traditions, the <b>soul</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(vital_essence)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirit (vital essence)">non-material essence</a> of a person, which includes one's <a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">identity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personality" title="Personality">personality</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memories</a>, an immaterial aspect or essence of a <a href="/wiki/Living_being" class="mw-redirect" title="Living being">living being</a> that is believed to be able to survive <a href="/wiki/Physical_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical death">physical death</a>. The concept of the soul is generally applied to humans, although it can also be applied to other living or even non-living entities, as in <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> noun <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/soul" class="extiw" title="wikt:soul">soul</a></i> is derived from <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <i>sāwol, sāwel</i>. The earliest attestations reported in the <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> are from the 8th century. In <a href="/wiki/King_Alfred" class="mw-redirect" title="King Alfred">King Alfred</a>'s translation of <i><a href="/wiki/De_Consolatione_Philosophiae" class="mw-redirect" title="De Consolatione Philosophiae">De Consolatione Philosophiae</a></i>, it is used to refer to the immaterial, spiritual, or thinking aspect of a person, as contrasted with the person's physical body; in the <a href="/wiki/Vespasian_Psalter" title="Vespasian Psalter">Vespasian Psalter</a> 77.50, it means "life" or "animate existence". The Old English word is cognate with other historical <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> terms for the same idea, including <a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a> <i>sēle, sēl</i> (which could also mean "salvation", or "solemn oath"), <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> <i>saiwala</i>, <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> <i>sēula, sēla</i>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a> <i>sēola</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <i>sāla</i>. Present-day cognates include Dutch <i>ziel</i> and German <i>Seele</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-oed_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_views">Religious views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Religious views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> and in some <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> denominations, only human beings have immortal souls. <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">Immortality</a> is disputed within Judaism and the concept of <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">immortality</a> was most likely influenced by <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>, borrowing directly from <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Soul" title="On the Soul">On the Soul</a></i>, attributed "soul" (<i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anima" class="extiw" title="wikt:anima">anima</a></i>) to all organisms but argued that only human souls are immortal.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other religions (most notably <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>) believe that all living things from the smallest bacterium to the largest of mammals are the souls themselves (<a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jiva" title="Jiva">jiva</a>) and have their physical representative (the body) in the world. The actual <a href="/wiki/Self" title="Self">self</a> is the soul, while the body is only a mechanism to experience the <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a> of that life. Thus, if one sees a tiger then there is a self-conscious identity residing in it (the soul), and a physical representative (the whole body of the tiger, which is observable) in the world. Many people believe that non-biological things, such as rivers and mountains, also possess souls. This belief is called <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Near_East">Ancient Near East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient Near East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_concept_of_the_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian concept of the soul">Ancient Egyptian concept of the soul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">Religions of the ancient Near East</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Souls_of_Pe_and_Nekhen_towing_at_Ramses%27_Temple_in_Abydos_c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Souls_of_Pe_and_Nekhen_towing_at_Ramses%27_Temple_in_Abydos_c.jpg/220px-Souls_of_Pe_and_Nekhen_towing_at_Ramses%27_Temple_in_Abydos_c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Souls_of_Pe_and_Nekhen_towing_at_Ramses%27_Temple_in_Abydos_c.jpg/330px-Souls_of_Pe_and_Nekhen_towing_at_Ramses%27_Temple_in_Abydos_c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Souls_of_Pe_and_Nekhen_towing_at_Ramses%27_Temple_in_Abydos_c.jpg/440px-Souls_of_Pe_and_Nekhen_towing_at_Ramses%27_Temple_in_Abydos_c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="2944" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Souls_of_Pe_and_Nekhen" title="Souls of Pe and Nekhen">souls of Pe and Nekhen</a> towing the <a href="/wiki/Royal_barge" title="Royal barge">royal barge</a> on a relief of <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a>'s temple in Abydos</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">ancient Egyptian religion</a>, an individual was believed to be made up of various elements, some physical and some spiritual. Similar ideas are found in ancient Assyrian and Babylonian religion. The <a href="/wiki/Kuttamuwa_stele" title="Kuttamuwa stele">Kuttamuwa stele</a>, a funeral stele for an 8th-century BCE royal official from <a href="/wiki/Sam%27al" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam'al">Sam'al</a>, describes <a href="/wiki/Kuttamuwa" title="Kuttamuwa">Kuttamuwa</a> requesting that his mourners commemorate his life and his <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a> with feasts "for my soul that is in this stele". It is one of the earliest references to a soul as a separate entity from the body. The 800-pound (360 kg) <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> stele is 3 ft (0.91 m) tall and 2 ft (0.61 m) wide. It was uncovered in the third season of excavations by the Neubauer Expedition of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Oriental_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Chicago Oriental Institute">Oriental Institute</a> in Chicago, Illinois.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baháʼí_Faith"><span id="Bah.C3.A1.CA.BC.C3.AD_Faith"></span>Baháʼí Faith</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Baháʼí Faith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> affirms that "the soul is a sign of God, a heavenly gem whose reality the most learned of men hath failed to grasp, and whose mystery no mind, however acute, can ever hope to unravel".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'u'lláh">Bahá'u'lláh</a> stated that the soul not only continues to live after the physical death of the human body but is in fact immortal.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heaven can be seen partly as the soul's state of nearness to God, and <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">hell</a> as a state of remoteness from God. Each state follows as a natural consequence of individual efforts, or the lack thereof, to develop spiritually.<sup id="cite_ref-rob1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rob1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bahá'u'lláh taught that individuals have no existence prior to their life here on earth and the soul's evolution is always towards God and away from the material world.<sup id="cite_ref-rob1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rob1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The traditional doctrine in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> regarding the soul, self, or ego is that it is non-existent as a separate, permanent entity. The non-existence of self (<a href="/wiki/Anatman" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatman">anatman</a>), the impermanence of all things (<a href="/wiki/Anitya" class="mw-redirect" title="Anitya">anitya</a>), and the suffering (<a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">dukkha</a>) experienced by living beings due to attachment to ideas of self and permanence are central concepts in almost all <a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Buddhist schools</a>. The doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a>, while sometimes misinterpreted as referring to a "true self" or "soul" of some kind, actually depends upon acceptance of the concept of <a href="/wiki/Anatman" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatman">anatman</a> to be properly understood.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christian_mortalism" title="Christian mortalism">Christian mortalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immortality_of_the_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Immortality of the soul">Immortality of the soul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible" title="Soul in the Bible">Soul in the Bible</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SoulCarriedtoHeaven.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/SoulCarriedtoHeaven.jpg/220px-SoulCarriedtoHeaven.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/SoulCarriedtoHeaven.jpg/330px-SoulCarriedtoHeaven.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/SoulCarriedtoHeaven.jpg/440px-SoulCarriedtoHeaven.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of a soul being carried to heaven by two angels by <a href="/wiki/William_Bouguereau" class="mw-redirect" title="William Bouguereau">William Bouguereau</a></figcaption></figure> <p>According to some <a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian eschatology</a>, when people die, their souls will be <a href="/wiki/Particular_judgment" title="Particular judgment">judged by God</a> and determined to go to <a href="/wiki/Heaven_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heaven (Christianity)">Heaven</a> or to <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_Hades" title="Christian views on Hades">Hades</a> awaiting a <a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">resurrection</a>. The oldest existing branches of Christianity, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental</a> Orthodox churches, adhere to this view, as well as many Protestant denominations. Some Protestant Christians understand the soul as life, and believe that the dead have no conscious existence until <a href="/wiki/General_judgment" title="General judgment">after the resurrection</a> (this is known as <a href="/wiki/Christian_conditionalism" title="Christian conditionalism">Christian conditionalism</a>). Some Protestant Christians believe that the souls and bodies of the unrighteous will be destroyed in <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_Hell" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian views on Hell">Hell</a> rather than suffering eternally (<a href="/wiki/Annihilationism" title="Annihilationism">annihilationism</a>). Believers will inherit <a href="/wiki/Eternal_life_(Christianity)" title="Eternal life (Christianity)">eternal life</a> either in Heaven, or in a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of God">Kingdom of God</a> on earth, and enjoy eternal fellowship with God. Other Christians reject the punishment of the soul.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> used <i>psychē</i> (<span class="texhtml">ψυχή</span>) and <i>pneuma</i> (<span class="texhtml">πνεῦμα</span>) specifically to distinguish between the Jewish notions of <i>nephesh</i> (נפש) and <i>ruah</i> (רוח), meaning spirit,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (also in the Septuagint, e.g. Genesis 1:2 רוּחַ אֱלֹהִים = <span class="texhtml">πνεῦμα θεοῦ</span> = <i>spiritus Dei</i> = "the Spirit of God"). Christians generally believe in the existence and eternal, infinite nature of the soul.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Origin_of_the_soul">Origin of the soul</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Origin of the soul"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "origin of the soul" has provided a vexing question in Christianity. The major theories put forward include <a href="/wiki/Creationism_(soul)" title="Creationism (soul)">soul creationism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traducianism" title="Traducianism">traducianism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pre-existence" title="Pre-existence">pre-existence</a>. According to soul creationism, God creates each individual soul directly, either at the moment of conception or at some later time. According to traducianism, the soul comes from the parents by natural generation. According to the preexistence theory, the soul exists before the moment of conception. There have been differing thoughts regarding whether human <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryos</a> have souls from conception, or whether there is a point between conception and birth where the <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a> <a href="/wiki/Ensoulment" title="Ensoulment">acquires a soul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a>, and / or <a href="/wiki/Personhood" title="Personhood">personhood</a>. Stances in this question play a role in judgments on the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_abortion" title="Christianity and abortion">morality of abortion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trichotomy_of_the_soul">Trichotomy of the soul</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Trichotomy of the soul"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some Christians espouse a <a href="/wiki/Trichotomy_(philosophy)" title="Trichotomy (philosophy)">trichotomic</a> view of humans, which characterizes humans as consisting of a body (<i>soma</i>), soul (<i>psyche</i>), and spirit (<i><a href="/wiki/Pneuma" title="Pneuma">pneuma</a></i>);<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, the majority of modern Bible scholars point out how the concepts of "spirit" and of "soul" are used interchangeably in many biblical passages, and so hold to dichotomy: the view that each human comprises a body and a soul. Paul said that the "body wars against" the soul, "For the word of God is living and active and sharper than any two-edged sword, and piercing as far as the division of soul and spirit" (Heb 4:12 NASB), and that "I buffet my body", to keep it under control. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tota_in_toto_corpore"><i>Tota in toto corpore</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tota in toto corpore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>, the soul is <i>tota in toto corpore</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that the soul is entirely contained in every single part of the human body, and therefore ubiquitous and cannot be placed in a single organ, such as heart or brain, nor it is separable from the body (except after the body's death). In the fourth book of <i><a href="/wiki/De_Trinitate" class="mw-redirect" title="De Trinitate">De Trinitate</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> states that the soul is all in the whole body and all in any part of it.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Views_of_various_denominations">Views of various denominations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Views of various denominations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Roman Catholicism</dt></dl><p> The present <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> states that "[The term 'soul'] refers to the innermost aspect of [persons], that which is of greatest value in [them], that by which [they are] most especially in God's image: 'soul' signifies the spiritual principle in [humanity]."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All souls living and dead will be judged by <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus Christ</a> when <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">he comes back to earth</a>. The Catholic Church teaches that the existence of each individual soul is dependent wholly upon God, stating: "The doctrine of the faith affirms that the spiritual and immortal soul is created immediately by God."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutch_Church_Sleepy_Hollow_24.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Dutch_Church_Sleepy_Hollow_24.JPG/220px-Dutch_Church_Sleepy_Hollow_24.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Dutch_Church_Sleepy_Hollow_24.JPG/330px-Dutch_Church_Sleepy_Hollow_24.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Dutch_Church_Sleepy_Hollow_24.JPG/440px-Dutch_Church_Sleepy_Hollow_24.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of the soul on a 17th century tombstone at the cemetery of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch_Church_of_Sleepy_Hollow" title="Old Dutch Church of Sleepy Hollow">Old Dutch Church of Sleepy Hollow</a> </figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Protestantism</dt></dl> <p>Protestants generally believe in the soul's existence and immortality, but fall into two major camps about what this means in terms of an <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a>. Some, following <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>, believe that the <a href="/wiki/Immortality_of_the_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Immortality of the soul">soul persists</a> as consciousness after death.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, following <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, believe that the <a href="/wiki/Mortality_of_the_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortality of the soul">soul dies with the body</a>, and is unconscious ("sleeps") until the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the dead">resurrection of the dead</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Adventism</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <p>Various <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movements</a> deriving from <a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a> including <a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventists</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> similarly believe that the dead do not possess a soul separate from the body and are unconscious until the resurrection. </p> <dl><dt>Latter-day Saints (Mormonism)</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> teaches that the spirit and body together constitute the Soul of Man (Mankind), stating: "The spirit and the body are the soul of man."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Latter-day Saints believe that the soul is the union of a pre-existing, God-made spirit,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a temporal body, which is formed by physical conception on earth. After death, the spirit continues to live and progress in the <a href="/wiki/Spirit_world_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Spirit world (Latter Day Saints)">spirit world</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">resurrection</a>, when it is reunited with the body that once housed it. This reuniting of body and spirit results in a perfect soul that is immortal, and eternal, and capable of receiving a fulness of joy.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Latter-day Saint cosmology also describes "intelligences" as the essence of consciousness or agency. These are co-eternal with God, and animate the spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The union of a newly-created spirit body with an eternally-existing intelligence constitutes a "spirit birth",<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and justifies God's title "Father of our spirits".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confucianism">Confucianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Confucianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hun_and_po" title="Hun and po">Hun and po</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Soul_dualism" title="Soul dualism">Soul dualism</a></div> <p>Some Confucian traditions contrast a spiritual soul with a corporeal soul.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (Hinduism)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jiva" title="Jiva">Jiva</a></div> <p><i>Ātman</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> word that means inner <a href="/wiki/Self" title="Self">self</a> or soul.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a>, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <i>ātman</i> is the <a href="/wiki/First_principle" title="First principle">first principle</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the true self of an individual beyond identification with phenomena, the essence of an individual. In order to attain <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">liberation (<i>moksha</i>)</a>, a human being must acquire self-knowledge (<i>atma <a href="/wiki/Jnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Jnana">jnana</a></i>), which is to realize that one's true self (<i>ātman</i>) is identical with the transcendent self <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> according to <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-davidlorenzenatman_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davidlorenzenatman-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">six orthodox schools of Hinduism</a> believe that there is <i>ātman</i> (self, essence) in every being.<sup id="cite_ref-Jayatilleke-2010_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jayatilleke-2010-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Collins-1994_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins-1994-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shankara-1908_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shankara-1908-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, a <i>jiva</i> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">जीव</span>, <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">jīva</i></span></i>, alternative spelling <i>jiwa</i>; <a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a>: <span lang="hi">जीव</span>, <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">jīv</i></span></i>, alternative spelling <i>jeev</i>) is a living being, or any entity imbued with a life force.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of <i>jiva</i> in Jainism is similar to <i>ātman</i> in Hinduism; however, some Hindu traditions differentiate between the two concepts, with <i>jiva</i> considered as individual self, while atman as that which is universal unchanging self that is present in all living beings and everything else as the metaphysical <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-varenne46_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-varenne46-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter is sometimes referred to as <i>jiva-ātman</i> (a soul in a living body).<sup id="cite_ref-varenne46_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-varenne46-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Nafs" title="Nafs">Nafs</a> and <a href="/wiki/R%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5" title="Rūḥ">Rūḥ</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, the holy book of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, uses two words to refer to the soul: <i>rūḥ</i> (translated as spirit, consciousness, pneuma, or soul) and <i>nafs</i> (translated as self, ego, psyche, or soul),<sup id="cite_ref-Talib_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talib-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brag_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brag-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cognates of the Hebrew <i>ruach</i> and <i>nefesh</i>. The two terms are frequently used interchangeably, although <i>rūḥ</i> is more often used to denote the divine spirit or "the breath of life", while <i>nafs</i> designates one's disposition or characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Islamic philosophy, the immortal rūḥ "drives" the mortal nafs, which comprises temporal desires and perceptions necessary for living.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several verses of the Quran that mention the rûh occur in chapters 17 ("The Night Journey") and 39 ("The Troops"). </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And they ask you, [O Muhammad], about the Rûh. Say, "The Rûh is of the affair of my Lord. And mankind has not been given of knowledge except a little.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Quran_17:85" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran 17:85">Quran 17:85</a></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And remember your Rabb inside your-self </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quran_7:205&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quran 7:205 (page does not exist)">Quran 7:205</a></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Allah takes the souls at the time of their death, and those that do not die [He takes] during their sleep. Then He keeps those for which He has decreed death and releases the others for a specified term. Indeed in that are signs for a people who give thought..</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Quran_39:42" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran 39:42">Quran 39:42</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jainism">Jainism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Jainism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/J%C4%ABva_(Jainism)" title="Jīva (Jainism)">Jīva (Jainism)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vitalism_(Jainism)" title="Vitalism (Jainism)">Vitalism (Jainism)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_non-creationism" title="Jainism and non-creationism">Jainism and non-creationism</a></div> <p>In Jainism, every living being, from plant or bacterium to human, has a soul and the concept forms the very basis of Jainism. According to Jainism, there is no beginning or end to the existence of soul. It is eternal in nature and changes its form until it attains liberation. In Jainism, <i>jiva</i> is the immortal essence or soul of a living organism, such as human, animal, fish, or plant, which survives physical death.<sup id="cite_ref-jajinixxii_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jajinixxii-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of <i>Ajiva</i> in Jainism means "not soul", and represents matter (including body), time, space, non-motion and motion.<sup id="cite_ref-jajinixxii_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jajinixxii-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Jainism, a <i>Jiva</i> is either <i>samsari</i> (mundane, caught in cycle of rebirths) or <i>mukta</i> (liberated).<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to this belief until the time the soul is liberated from the <i><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Jainism)" title="Saṃsāra (Jainism)">saṃsāra</a></i> (cycle of repeated birth and death), it gets attached to one of these bodies based on the <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">karma</a> (actions) of the individual soul. Irrespective of which state the soul is in, it has got the same attributes and qualities. The difference between the liberated and non-liberated souls is that the qualities and attributes are manifested completely in case of <i><a href="/wiki/Siddha" title="Siddha">siddha</a></i> (liberated soul) as they have overcome all the karmic bondages whereas in case of non-liberated souls they are partially exhibited. Souls who rise victorious over wicked emotions while still remaining within physical bodies are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Arihant_(Jainism)" title="Arihant (Jainism)">arihants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Concerning the Jain view of the soul, <a href="/wiki/Virchand_Gandhi" title="Virchand Gandhi">Virchand Gandhi</a> said that "the soul lives its own life, not for the purpose of the body, but the body lives for the purpose of the soul. If we believe that the soul is to be controlled by the body then soul misses its power."<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Primary_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies excessively on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">primary sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please improve this section by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary or tertiary sources</a>. <br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22soul%22+in+Judaism">"soul" in Judaism</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22soul%22+in+Judaism+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22soul%22+in+Judaism&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22soul%22+in+Judaism+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22soul%22+in+Judaism">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22soul%22+in+Judaism&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p> The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> terms <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">נפש</span>‎ <i><a href="/wiki/Nephesh" title="Nephesh">nefesh</a></i> (literally "living being"), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">רוח</span>‎ <i><a href="/wiki/Ruach" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruach">ruach</a></i> (literally "wind"), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">נשמה</span>‎ <i>neshamah</i> (literally "breath"), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">חיה</span>‎ <i>chayah</i> (literally "life") and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">יחידה</span>‎ <i>yechidah</i> (literally "singularity") are used to describe the soul or spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, there was originally little to no concept of a soul. As seen in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Genesis</a>, the divine breath simply animated bodies.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Then Yahweh God formed man of dust from the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and so the man became a living being. </p><dl><dd>—<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/lexicon/genesis/2-7.htm">Genesis 2:7</a></dd></dl></blockquote> <p>Judaism relates the quality of one's soul to one's performance of the commandments (<i><a href="/wiki/Mitzvot" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitzvot">mitzvot</a>)</i> and reaching higher levels of understanding, and thus closeness to God. A person with such closeness is called a <i><a href="/wiki/Tzadik" title="Tzadik">tzadik</a></i>. Therefore, Judaism embraces the commemoration of the day of one's death, <i><a href="/wiki/Yartzeit" class="mw-redirect" title="Yartzeit">nahala</a></i>/<i>Yahrtzeit</i>, and not the <a href="/wiki/Birthday" title="Birthday">birthday</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a festivity of remembrance, for only toward the end of life's struggles, tests and challenges could human souls be judged and credited for righteousness.<sup id="cite_ref-aish_birthday_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aish_birthday-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judaism places great importance on the study of the souls.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> and other mystic traditions go into greater detail into the nature of the soul. Kabbalah separates the soul into five elements, corresponding to the <a href="/wiki/Five_worlds" class="mw-redirect" title="Five worlds">five worlds</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Nephesh" title="Nephesh">Nefesh</a>, related to natural instinct.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruach" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruach">Ruach</a>, related to emotion.</li> <li>Neshamah, related to intellect.</li> <li>Chayah, which gazes at the transcendence of God.</li> <li>Yechidah, essence of the soul, which is bound to God.</li></ol> <p>Kabbalah proposed a concept of reincarnation, the <i><a href="/wiki/Gilgul" title="Gilgul">gilgul</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Nefesh_habehamit" class="mw-redirect" title="Nefesh habehamit">nefesh habehamit</a></i> – the "animal soul").<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Jewish traditions assert that the soul is housed in the <i><a href="/wiki/Luz_(bone)" title="Luz (bone)">luz</a></i> bone, though traditions disagree as to whether it is the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_(anatomy)" title="Atlas (anatomy)">atlas</a> at the top of the spine, or the <a href="/wiki/Sacrum" title="Sacrum">sacrum</a> at bottom of the spine.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientology">Scientology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Scientology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Soul##" title="Talk:Soul">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thetan" title="Thetan">Thetan</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a> view is that a person does not have a soul, it is a soul. It is the belief of the religion that they do not have the power to force adherents' conclusions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, a person is immortal, and may be reincarnated if they wish. Scientologists view that one's future happiness and immortality, as guided by their spirituality, is influenced by how they live and act during their time on earth.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientology's term for the soul is "thetan", derived from the Greek word <i>theta</i>, symbolizing thought. Scientologists practice a form of counselling (called <a href="/wiki/Auditing_(Scientology)" title="Auditing (Scientology)">auditing</a>) which aims to address the soul to improve abilities, both worldly and spiritual. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shamanism">Shamanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Shamanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Soul_dualism" title="Soul dualism">Soul dualism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manunggul_Jar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Manunggul_Jar.jpg/220px-Manunggul_Jar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Manunggul_Jar.jpg/330px-Manunggul_Jar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Manunggul_Jar.jpg/440px-Manunggul_Jar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1762" data-file-height="1980" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Manunggul_Jar" title="Manunggul Jar">Manunggul burial jar</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Tabon_Caves" title="Tabon Caves">Tabon Caves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, depicts a soul and a <a href="/wiki/Psychopomp" title="Psychopomp">psychopomp</a> journeying to the spirit world in a boat (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 890–710 <a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Soul dualism, also called "multiple souls" or "dualistic pluralism", is a common belief in <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Sumegi_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sumegi-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bock_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bock-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jackson_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jackson-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is essential in the universal and central concept of "soul flight" (also called "soul journey", "<a href="/wiki/Out-of-body_experience" title="Out-of-body experience">out-of-body experience</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Religious_ecstasy" title="Religious ecstasy">ecstasy</a>", or "<a href="/wiki/Astral_projection" title="Astral projection">astral projection</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-Hoppal2007_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoppal2007-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jackson_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jackson-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Winkelman2_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winkelman2-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Winkelman_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winkelman-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hop-Nat_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hop-Nat-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the belief that humans have two or more souls, generally termed the "body soul", or "life soul", and the "free soul". The former is linked to bodily functions and awareness when awake, while the latter can freely wander during sleep or trance states.<sup id="cite_ref-Bock_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bock-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Winkelman2_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winkelman2-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Winkelman_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winkelman-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hop-Nat_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hop-Nat-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EncBr-GrBas_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncBr-GrBas-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, there are a plethora of soul types with different functions.<sup id="cite_ref-Merkur_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merkur-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kul-ConSl_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kul-ConSl-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soul dualism and multiple souls are prominent in the traditional animistic beliefs of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-tan_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tan-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sather2018_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sather2018-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Hun_and_po" title="Hun and po">Chinese</a> people (<a href="/wiki/Hun_and_po" title="Hun and po"><i>hún</i> and <i>pò</i></a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Harrell_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrell-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan people</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Sumegi_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sumegi-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of Africa">African</a> peoples,<sup id="cite_ref-McClelland_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McClelland-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas#North_America" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native North Americans</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-McClelland_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McClelland-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Merkur_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merkur-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ancient <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asian</a> peoples,<sup id="cite_ref-jackson_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jackson-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Northern <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasian</a> peoples,<sup id="cite_ref-Hop-Nat_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hop-Nat-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hoppál_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoppál-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptians">Ancient Egyptians</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_conception_of_the_soul" title="Ancient Egyptian conception of the soul"><i>ka</i> and <i>ba</i></a>).<sup id="cite_ref-McClelland_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McClelland-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The belief in soul dualism is found throughout most <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian people">Austronesian</a> <a href="/wiki/Shamanistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamanistic">shamanistic</a> traditions. The reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Austronesian">Proto-Austronesian</a> word for the "body soul" is <i>*nawa</i> ("breath", "life", or "vital spirit"). It is located somewhere in the <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_cavity" title="Abdominal cavity">abdominal cavity</a>, often in the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> (Proto-Austronesian <i>*qaCay</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-tan_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tan-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sather2018_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sather2018-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "free soul" is located in the head. Its names are usually derived from Proto-Austronesian <i>*qaNiCu</i> ("ghost", "spirit [of the dead]"), which also apply to other non-human nature spirits. The "free soul" is also referred to in names that literally mean "twin" or "double", from Proto-Austronesian <i>*duSa</i> ("two").<sup id="cite_ref-yu2000_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yu2000-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-duSa_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duSa-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A virtuous person is said to be one whose souls are in harmony with each other, while an evil person is one whose souls are in conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-mercado1991_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mercado1991-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "free soul" is said to leave the body and journey to the <a href="/wiki/Spirit_world_(spiritualism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirit world (spiritualism)">spirit world</a> during sleep, <a href="/wiki/Trance" title="Trance">trance-like states</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delirium" title="Delirium">delirium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insanity" title="Insanity">insanity</a>, and death. The duality is also seen in the healing traditions of Austronesian shamans, where illnesses are regarded as a "<a href="/wiki/Soul_loss" title="Soul loss">soul loss</a>" and thus to heal the sick, one must "return" the "free soul" (which may have been stolen by an evil spirit or got lost in the spirit world) into the body. If the "free soul" can not be returned, the afflicted person dies or goes permanently insane.<sup id="cite_ref-salazar_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salazar-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Shaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaman">shaman</a> heals within the spiritual dimension by returning 'lost' parts of the human soul from wherever they have gone. The shaman also cleanses excess negative energies, which confuse or pollute the soul. In some ethnic groups, there can also be more than two souls. Like among the <a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagbanwa people">Tagbanwa people</a>, where a person is said to have six souls – the "free soul" (which is regarded as the "true" soul) and five secondary souls with various functions.<sup id="cite_ref-tan_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tan-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> groups believe that a person has more than one type of soul. One is associated with respiration, the other can accompany the body as a shadow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleivanSonne198517–18_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleivanSonne198517–18-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, it is connected to <a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">shamanistic beliefs among the various Inuit groups</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Merkur_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merkur-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Caribou_Inuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribou Inuit">Caribou Inuit</a> groups also believed in several types of souls.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGabus1970211_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabus1970211-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shinto">Shinto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Shinto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soul&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> distinguishes between the souls of living persons (<i>tamashii</i>) and those of dead persons (<i><a href="/wiki/Mitama" title="Mitama">mitama</a></i>), each of which may have different aspects or sub-souls. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikhism">Sikhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sikhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> considers soul (<i>atma</i>) to be part of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">God</a> (<a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a>). Various hymns are cited from the holy book <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> (SGGS) that suggests this belief. "God is in the Soul and the Soul is in the God."<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same concept is repeated at various pages of the SGGS. Example include that "The soul is divine; divine is the soul. Worship Him with love",<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "The soul is the Lord, and the Lord is the soul; contemplating the Shabad, the Lord is found."<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>atma</i> or soul according to Sikhism is an entity or "spiritual spark" or "light" in the human body - because of which the body can sustain life. On the departure of this entity from the body, the body becomes lifeless – no amount of manipulations to the body can make the person make any physical actions. The soul is the "driver" in the body. It is the <i>roohu</i> or spirit or <i>atma</i>, the presence of which makes the physical body alive. </p><p>Many<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="This term requires quantification. (September 2021)">quantify</span></a></i>]</sup> religious and philosophical traditions support the view that the soul is the ethereal substance – a spirit; a non-material spark – particular to a unique living being. Such traditions often consider the soul both immortal and innately aware of its immortal nature, as well as the true basis for sentience in each living being. The concept of the soul has strong links with notions of an afterlife, but opinions may vary wildly even within a given religion as to what happens to the soul after death. Many within these religions and philosophies see the soul as immaterial, while others consider it possibly material. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taoism">Taoism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Taoism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Chinese traditions, every person has two types of soul called <a href="/wiki/Hun_and_po" title="Hun and po">hun and po</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">魂and 魄</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Hún and Pò</span></i>), which are respectively <a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">yang and yin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> believes in Ten souls, <i>Sanhunqipo</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">三魂七魄</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Sān hún qī pò</span></i>) (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E9%AD%82%E4%B8%83%E9%AD%84" class="extiw" title="zh:三魂七魄">三魂七魄</a>) "three <i>hun</i> and seven <i>po</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A living being that loses any of them is said to have mental illness or <a href="/wiki/Unconsciousness" title="Unconsciousness">unconsciousness</a>, while a dead soul may <a href="/wiki/Reincarnate" class="mw-redirect" title="Reincarnate">reincarnate</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disability</a>, lower <a href="/wiki/Desire_realm" title="Desire realm">desire realms</a>, or may even be unable to reincarnate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Zoroastrianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_religious_beliefs_and_views">Other religious beliefs and views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Other religious beliefs and views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charun_dead_souls_Cdm_Paris_2783.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Charun_dead_souls_Cdm_Paris_2783.jpg/220px-Charun_dead_souls_Cdm_Paris_2783.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Charun_dead_souls_Cdm_Paris_2783.jpg/330px-Charun_dead_souls_Cdm_Paris_2783.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Charun_dead_souls_Cdm_Paris_2783.jpg/440px-Charun_dead_souls_Cdm_Paris_2783.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1688" data-file-height="1722" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charon_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charon (mythology)">Charon</a> (Greek) who guides dead souls to the Underworld. 4th century BCE.</figcaption></figure> <p>In theological reference to the soul, the terms "life" and "death" are viewed as emphatically more definitive than the common concepts of "<a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">biological life</a>" and "biological death". Because the soul is said to be transcendent of the <i><a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">material</a> existence,</i> and is said to have (potentially) <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">eternal life</a>, the death of the soul is likewise said to be an <i>eternal death</i>. Thus, in the concept of <a href="/wiki/Divine_judgment" title="Divine judgment">divine judgment</a>, God is commonly said to have options with regard to the dispensation of souls, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">angels</a>) to <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">hell</a> (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demons</a>), with various concepts in between. Typically both Heaven and hell are said to be eternal, or at least far beyond a typical human concept of <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">lifespan</a> and time. According to <a href="/wiki/Louis_Ginzberg" title="Louis Ginzberg">Louis Ginzberg</a>, the soul of <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> is the image of <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every soul of human also escapes from the body every night, rises up to heaven, and fetches new life thence for the body of man.<sup id="cite_ref-Ginzberg-1909b_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ginzberg-1909b-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spirituality,_New_Age,_and_new_religions"><span id="Spirituality.2C_New_Age.2C_and_new_religions"></span>Spirituality, New Age, and new religions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Spirituality, New Age, and new religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brahma_Kumaris">Brahma Kumaris</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Brahma Kumaris"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Kumaris" title="Brahma Kumaris">Brahma Kumaris</a>, human souls are believed to be incorporeal and <a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">eternal</a>. God is considered to be the Supreme Soul, with maximum degrees of spiritual qualities, such as peace, love and purity.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramsay_Possession_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramsay_Possession-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Theosophy">Theosophy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Theosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a>, the soul is the field of our psychological activity (thinking, emotions, memory, desires, will, and so on) as well as of the paranormal or <a href="/wiki/Psychic" title="Psychic">psychic</a> phenomena, such as extrasensory perception or out-of-body experiences; however, the soul is not the highest, but a middle dimension of human beings. Higher than the soul is the spirit, which is considered to be the real self; the source of everything is called good—happiness, wisdom, love, compassion, harmony, peace, and so on. While the spirit is eternal and incorruptible, the soul is not. The soul acts as a link between the material body and the spiritual self, and therefore shares some characteristics of both. The soul can be attracted either towards the spiritual or towards the material realm, being thus the battlefield of good and evil. It is only when the soul is attracted towards the spiritual and merges with the Self that it becomes eternal and divine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Anthroposophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a> claimed classical <a href="/wiki/Trichotomy_(philosophy)" title="Trichotomy (philosophy)">trichotomic</a> stages of soul development, which interpenetrated one another in consciousness:<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The "sentient soul", centering on sensations, drives, and passions, with strong <a href="/wiki/Conatus" title="Conatus">conative</a> (will) and emotional components;</li> <li>The "intellectual" or "mind soul", internalizing and reflecting on outer experience, with strong affective (feeling) and cognitive (thinking) components; and</li> <li>The "consciousness soul", in search of universal, objective truths.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Miscellaneous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Surat_Shabd_Yoga" title="Surat Shabd Yoga">Surat Shabda Yoga</a>, the soul is considered to be an exact replica and spark of the Divine. The purpose of Surat Shabd Yoga is to realize one's True Self as soul (Self-Realisation), True Essence (Spirit-Realisation) and True Divinity (God-Realisation) while living in the physical body. Similarly, the spiritual teacher <a href="/wiki/Meher_Baba" title="Meher Baba">Meher Baba</a> held that "Atman, or the soul, is in reality identical with Paramatma the Oversoul – which is one, infinite, and eternal ... [and] [t]he sole purpose of creation is for the soul to enjoy the infinite state of the Oversoul consciously."<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Twitchell" title="Paul Twitchell">Paul Twitchell</a> in 1965, defines Soul as the true self; the inner, most sacred part of each person.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Gurdjieff" title="George Gurdjieff">George Gurdjieff</a> taught that humans are not born with immortal souls but could develop them through certain efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophical_views">Philosophical views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Philosophical views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Greek philosophers, such as <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, understood that the soul (ψυχή, <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%88%CF%85%CF%87%CE%AE#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ψυχή">psykhḗ</a></i>) must have a logical faculty, the exercise of which was the most divine of human actions.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At his defense trial, Socrates even summarized his teachings as nothing other than an exhortation for his fellow Athenians to excel in matters of the psyche since all bodily goods are dependent on such excellence (<i><a href="/wiki/Apology_(Plato)" title="Apology (Plato)">Apology</a></i> 30a–b). Aristotle reasoned that a man's body and soul were his matter and form respectively: the body is a collection of elements and the soul is the essence. Soul or <a href="/wiki/Psyche_(psychology)" title="Psyche (psychology)">psyche</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>: ψυχή <i>psykhḗ</i>, of ψύχειν <i>psýkhein</i>, "to breathe", cf. <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>anima</i>) comprises the mental abilities of a living being: reason, character, <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>, feeling, <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">qualia</a>, memory, perception, thinking, and so on. Depending on the philosophical system, a soul can either be <a href="/wiki/Mortality_of_the_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortality of the soul">mortal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Immortality_of_the_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Immortality of the soul">immortal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greeks</a> used the term "<a href="/wiki/Ensouled" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensouled">ensouled</a>" to represent the concept of being alive, indicating that the earliest surviving <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophical" class="mw-redirect" title="Western philosophical">Western philosophical</a> view believed that the soul was that which gave the body life.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The soul was considered the incorporeal or spiritual "breath" that animates (from the Latin <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anima" class="extiw" title="wikt:anima">anima</a></i>, cf. "animal") the living organism. <a href="/wiki/F._M._Cornford" title="F. M. Cornford">Francis M. Cornford</a> quotes <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a> by saying that the soul sleeps while the limbs are active, but when one is sleeping, the soul is active and reveals "an award of joy or sorrow drawing near" in dreams.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rohde" title="Erwin Rohde">Erwin Rohde</a> writes that an early pre-<a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagorean</a> belief presented the soul as lifeless when it departed the body, and that it retired into <a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a> with no hope of returning to a body.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plato was the first thinker in antiquity to combine the various functions of the soul into one coherent conception: the soul is that which moves things (i.e., that which gives life, on the view that life is self-motion) by means of its thoughts, requiring that it be both a mover and a thinker.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell,_Douglas_2021_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell,_Douglas_2021-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socrates_and_Plato">Socrates and Plato</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Socrates and Plato"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg/170px-Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg/255px-Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg/340px-Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="804" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (right), a detail of <i><a href="/wiki/The_School_of_Athens" title="The School of Athens">The School of Athens</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> by <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_tripartite_theory_of_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Plato's tripartite theory of soul">Plato's tripartite theory of soul</a></div> <p>Drawing on the words of his teacher Socrates, Plato considered the psyche to be the <a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">essence</a> of a person, being that which decides how humans behave. He considered this essence to be an incorporeal, eternal occupant of our being. Plato said that even after death, the soul exists and is able to think. He believed that as bodies die, the soul is continually reborn (<a href="/wiki/Metempsychosis" title="Metempsychosis">metempsychosis</a>) in subsequent bodies; however, Aristotle believed that only one part of the soul was immortal, namely the intellect (<i><a href="/wiki/Logos#Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Logos">logos</a></i>). The Platonic soul consists of three parts:<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>The <i>logos</i>, or <i>logistikon</i> (mind, <a href="/wiki/Nous" title="Nous">nous</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a>).</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Thumos" title="Thumos">thymos</a></i>, or <i>thumetikon</i> (<a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">emotion</a>, spiritedness, or masculine).</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Eros_(concept)" title="Eros (concept)">eros</a></i>, or <i>epithumetikon</i> (appetitive, <a href="/wiki/Motivation" title="Motivation">desire</a>, or feminine).</li></ol> <p>The parts are located in different regions of the body:<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><i>Logos</i> is located in the head, is related to reason and regulates the other part.</li> <li><i>Thymos</i> is located near the chest region and is related to anger.</li> <li><i>Eros</i> is located in the stomach and is related to one's desires.</li></ol> <p>Plato compares the three parts of the soul or psyche to a societal <a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_tripartite_theory_of_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Plato's tripartite theory of soul">caste system</a>. According to Plato's theory, the three-part soul is essentially the same thing as a state's class system because, to function well, each part must contribute so that the whole functions well. <i>Logos</i> keeps the other functions of the soul regulated. </p><p> The soul is at the heart of Plato's philosophy. Francis Cornford described the twin pillars of Platonism as being the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_forms" title="Theory of forms">theory of forms</a> on the one hand, the doctrine of the immortality of the soul on the other.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plato was the first person in the history of philosophy to believe that the soul was both the source of life and the mind. In Plato's dialogues, the soul plays many disparate roles.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among other things, Plato believes that the soul is what gives life to the body (which was articulated most of all in the <i>Laws</i> and <i>Phaedrus</i>) in terms of self-motion: to be alive is to be capable of moving yourself, and the soul is a self-mover. He also thinks that the soul is the bearer of moral properties (i.e., when one is virtuous, it is their soul that is virtuous as opposed to, say, their body). The soul is also the mind: it is that which thinks in them. This casual oscillation between different roles of the soul in observed many dialogues, including in the <i>Republic</i>.</p><blockquote><p>Is there any function of the soul that you could not accomplish with anything else, such as taking care of something (<i>epimeleisthai</i>), ruling, and deliberating, and other such things? Could we correctly assign these things to anything besides the soul, and say that they are characteristic (<i>idia</i>) of it? </p><p>No, to nothing else. </p><p>What about living? Will we deny that this is a function of the soul? </p><p> That absolutely is.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>The <i>Phaedo</i> most famously caused problems to scholars who were trying to make sense of this aspect of Plato's theory of the soul, such as Dorothea Frede and Sarah Broadie.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2020s scholarship overturned this accusation by arguing that part of the novelty of Plato's theory of the soul is that it was the first to unite the different features and powers of the soul that became commonplace in later ancient and medieval philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell,_Douglas_2021_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell,_Douglas_2021-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Plato, the soul moves things by means of its thoughts, as one scholar puts it, and accordingly the soul is both a mover (i.e., the principle of life, where life is conceived of as self-motion) and a thinker.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell,_Douglas_2021_120-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell,_Douglas_2021-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aristotle">Aristotle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Aristotle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aristotelian_Soul.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Aristotelian_Soul.png/330px-Aristotelian_Soul.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Aristotelian_Soul.png/495px-Aristotelian_Soul.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Aristotelian_Soul.png/660px-Aristotelian_Soul.png 2x" data-file-width="913" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>The structure of the souls of plants, animals, and humans, according to <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, with <i>Bios</i>, <i>Zoê</i>, and <i>Psūchê</i></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Aristotle%27s_biology" title="Aristotle's biology">Aristotle's biology</a></div> <p>Aristotle (384–322 BCE) defined the soul, or <i>Psūchê</i> (ψυχή), as the "<a href="/wiki/First_actuality" class="mw-redirect" title="First actuality">first actuality</a>" of a naturally organized body,<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and argued against its separate existence from the physical body. In Aristotle's view, the primary activity, or full actualization, of a living thing constitutes its soul. For example, the full actualization of an eye, as an independent organism, is to see (its purpose or <a href="/wiki/Final_cause" class="mw-redirect" title="Final cause">final cause</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example is that the full actualization of a human being would be living a fully functional human life in accordance with reason (which he considered to be a faculty unique to humanity).<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Aristotle, the soul is the organization of the form and matter of a natural being which allows it to strive for its full actualization. This organization between form and matter is necessary for any activity, or functionality, to be possible in a natural being. Using an artifact (non-natural being) as an example, a house is a building for human habituation but for a house to be actualized requires the material, such as wood, nails, or bricks necessary for its actuality (i.e., being a fully functional house); however, this does not imply that a house has a soul. In regards to artifacts, the source of motion that is required for their full actualization is outside of themselves (for example, a builder builds a house). In natural beings, this source of motion is contained within the being itself.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aristotle addressed the faculties of the soul. The various <a href="/wiki/Faculties_of_the_soul" title="Faculties of the soul">faculties of the soul</a>, such as nutrition, movement (peculiar to animals), reason (peculiar to humans), sensation (special, common, and incidental), and so forth, when exercised, constitute the "second actuality", or fulfillment, of the capacity to be alive. For example, someone who falls asleep, as opposed to someone who falls dead, can wake up and live their life, while the latter can no longer do so. Aristotle identified three hierarchical levels of natural beings: plants, animals, and people, having three different degrees of soul: <i>Bios</i> (life), <i>Zoë</i> (animate life), and <i>Psuchë</i> (self-conscious life). For these groups, he identified three corresponding levels of soul, or biological activity: the nutritive activity of growth, sustenance and reproduction which all life shares (<i>Bios</i>); the self-willed motive activity and sensory faculties, which only animals and people have in common (<i>Zoë</i>); and finally "reason", of which humans alone are capable (<i>Pseuchë</i>). Aristotle's discussion of the soul is in his work, <i>De Anima</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Soul" title="On the Soul">On the Soul</a></i>). Although mostly seen as opposing Plato in regard to the immortality of the soul, a controversy can be found in relation to the fifth chapter of the third book: in this text both interpretations can be argued for, soul as a whole can be deemed mortal, and a part called "active intellect" or "active mind" is immortal and eternal.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Advocates exist for both sides of the controversy; it is argued that there will be permanent disagreement about its final conclusions, as no other <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelian</a> text contains this specific point, and this part of <i>De Anima</i> is obscure.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Aristotle states that the soul helps humans find the truth, and understanding the true purpose or role of the soul is extremely difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Avicenna_and_Ibn_al-Nafis">Avicenna and Ibn al-Nafis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Avicenna and Ibn al-Nafis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following Aristotle, <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a> (Ibn Sina) and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nafis" title="Ibn al-Nafis">Ibn al-Nafis</a>, an Arab physician, further elaborated upon the Aristotelian understanding of the soul and developed their own theories on the soul. They both made a distinction between the soul and the spirit, and the <a href="/wiki/Avicennism" title="Avicennism">Avicennian</a> doctrine on the nature of the soul was influential among the <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholastics</a>. Some of Avicenna's views on the soul include the idea that the immortality of the soul is a consequence of its nature, and not a purpose for it to fulfill. In his theory of "The Ten Intellects", he viewed the human soul as the tenth and final <a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">intellect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While he was imprisoned, Avicenna wrote his famous "<a href="/wiki/Floating_man" title="Floating man">Floating man</a>" thought experiment to demonstrate human <a href="/wiki/Self-awareness" title="Self-awareness">self-awareness</a> and the substantial nature of the soul.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He told his readers to imagine themselves suspended in the air, isolated from all sensations, which includes no <a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">sensory</a> contact with even their own bodies. He argues that in this scenario one would still have <a href="/wiki/Self-consciousness" title="Self-consciousness">self-consciousness</a>. He thus concludes that the idea of the <a href="/wiki/Self_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Self (philosophy)">self</a> is not logically dependent on any physical <a href="/wiki/Object_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Object (philosophy)">thing</a>, and that the soul should not be seen in relative terms but as a primary given, a <a href="/wiki/Substance_theory" title="Substance theory">substance</a>. This argument was later refined and simplified by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemic</a> terms, when he stated: "I can abstract from the supposition of all external things, but not from the supposition of my own consciousness."<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Avicenna generally supported Aristotle's idea of the soul originating from the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>, whereas Ibn al-Nafis rejected this idea and instead argued that the soul "is related to the entirety and not to one or a few <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organs</a>". He further criticized Aristotle's idea whereby every unique soul requires the existence of a unique source, in this case the heart. Al-Nafis concluded that "the soul is related primarily neither to the spirit nor to any organ, but rather to the entire matter whose temperament is prepared to receive that soul," and he defined the soul as nothing other than "what a human indicates by saying "<a href="/wiki/I_(pronoun)" title="I (pronoun)">I</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thomas_Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Thomas Aquinas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following Aristotle (whom he referred to as "the Philosopher") and Avicenna, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> (1225–1274) understood the soul to be the first actuality of the living body. Consequent to this, he distinguished three orders of life: plants, which feed and grow; animals, which add sensation to the operations of plants; and humans, which add intellect to the operations of animals. Concerning the human soul, his epistemological theory required that, since <i>the knower becomes what he knows</i>, the soul is definitely not corporeal – if it is corporeal when it knows what some corporeal thing is, that thing would come to be within it.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the soul has an operation which does not rely on a body organ, and therefore the soul can exist without a body. Furthermore, since the rational soul of human beings is a subsistent form and not something made of matter and form, it cannot be destroyed in any natural process.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The full argument for the <a href="/wiki/Immortality_of_the_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Immortality of the soul">immortality of the soul</a> and Aquinas' elaboration of Aristotelian theory is found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">Summa Theologica</a></i>. Aquinas affirmed in the doctrine of the divine effusion of the soul, the <a href="/wiki/Particular_judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Particular judgement">particular judgement</a> of the soul after the separation from a dead body, and the final <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_flesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the flesh">resurrection of the flesh</a>. He recalled two canons of the 4th century, for which "the rational soul is not engendered by coition",<sup id="cite_ref-GennadiusM-c496_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GennadiusM-c496-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "is one and the same soul in man, that both gives life to the body by being united to it, and orders itself by its own reasoning."<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, he believed in a unique and tripartite soul, within which are distinctively present a nutritive, a sensitive, and intellectual soul. The latter is created by God and is taken solely by human beings, includes the other two types of soul and makes the sensitive soul incorruptible.<sup id="cite_ref-Aquinas-1920c_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aquinas-1920c-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immanuel_Kant">Immanuel Kant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Immanuel Kant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his discussions of rational psychology, <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> (1724–1804) identified the soul as the "I" in the strictest sense, and argued that the existence of inner experience can neither be proved nor disproved. He said: "We cannot prove a priori the immateriality of the soul, but rather only so much: that all properties and actions of the soul cannot be recognized from materiality." It is from the "I", or soul, that Kant proposes transcendental rationalization but cautions that such rationalization can only determine the limits of knowledge if it is to remain practical.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy_of_mind">Philosophy of mind</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Philosophy of mind"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Gilbert Ryle</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ghost_in_the_machine" title="Ghost in the machine">ghost in the machine</a> argument, which is a rejection of Descartes's <a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">mind–body dualism</a>, can provide<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (September 2024)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> a contemporary understanding of the soul/mind, and the problem concerning its connection to the brain/body.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychology">Psychology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Psychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soul belief prominently figures in <a href="/wiki/Otto_Rank" title="Otto Rank">Otto Rank</a>'s work recovering the importance of immortality in the psychology of primitive, classical and modern interest in life and death. Rank's work directly opposed the scientific psychology that concedes the possibility of the soul's existence and postulates it as an object of research without really admitting that it exists. He says: "Just as religion represents a psychological commentary on the social evolution of man, various psychologies represent our current attitudes toward spiritual belief. In the animistic era, psychologizing was a <i>creating</i> of the soul; in the religious era, it was a <i>representing</i> of the soul to one's self; in our era of natural science it is a <i>knowing</i> of the individual soul."<sup id="cite_ref-Psychology_and_the_Soul_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Psychology_and_the_Soul-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rank's "Seelenglaube" translates to "Soul Belief". Rank's work had a significant influence on <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Becker" title="Ernest Becker">Ernest Becker</a>'s understanding of a universal interest in immortality. In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Denial_of_Death" title="The Denial of Death">The Denial of Death</a></i>, Becker describes "soul" in terms of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a> use of "self" when he says that "what we call schizophrenia is an attempt by the symbolic self to deny the limitations of the finite body."<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>† Kierkegaard's use of "self" may be a bit confusing. He uses it to include<br /> the symbolic self and the physical body. It is a synonym really for "total<br /> personality" that goes beyond the person to include what we would now call<br /> the "soul" or the "ground of being" out of which the created person sprang. </p> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science">Science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The search for the soul is seen to have been instrumental in driving the understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the human body, particularly in the fields of cardiovascular and neurology.<sup id="cite_ref-Santoro_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santoro-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the two dominant conflicting concepts of the soul – one seeing it to be spiritual and immortal, and the other seeing it to be material and mortal, both have described the soul as being located in a particular organ or as pervading the whole body.<sup id="cite_ref-Santoro_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santoro-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Neuroscience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As an <a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdisciplinary">interdisciplinary</a> field and its branch of <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">cognitive neuroscience</a> particularly, <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a> operates under the <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontological</a> assumption of <a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">physicalism</a>. In other words, it assumes that only the fundamental phenomena studied by <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> exist. Thus, neuroscience seeks to understand mental phenomena within the framework according to which human <a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">thought</a> and <a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">behavior</a> are caused solely by physical processes taking place inside the brain, and it operates by the way of <a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">reductionism</a> by seeking an explanation for the mind in terms of brain activity.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To study the mind in terms of the brain, several methods of <a href="/wiki/Functional_neuroimaging" title="Functional neuroimaging">functional neuroimaging</a> are used to study the neuroanatomical correlates of various <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognitive processes</a> that constitute the mind. The evidence from brain-imaging indicates that all processes of the mind have physical correlates in brain function;<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, such correlational studies cannot determine whether neural activity plays a causal role in the occurrence of these cognitive processes (<a href="/wiki/Correlation_does_not_imply_causation" title="Correlation does not imply causation">correlation does not imply causation</a>) and they cannot determine if the neural activity is either <a href="/wiki/Necessity_and_sufficiency" title="Necessity and sufficiency">necessary or sufficient</a> for such processes to occur. Identification of <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">causation</a>, and of necessary and sufficient conditions, requires explicit experimental manipulation of that activity. If manipulation of brain activity changes consciousness, then a causal role for that brain activity can be inferred.<sup id="cite_ref-Murphy_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two of the most common types of manipulation experiments are loss-of-function and gain-of-function experiments. In a loss-of-function (also called "necessity") experiment, a part of the nervous system is diminished or removed in an attempt to determine if it is necessary for a certain process to occur, and in a gain-of-function (also called "sufficiency") experiment, an aspect of the nervous system is increased relative to normal.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manipulations of brain activity can be performed with direct <a href="/wiki/Electrical_brain_stimulation" title="Electrical brain stimulation">electrical brain stimulation</a>, magnetic brain stimulation using <a href="/wiki/Transcranial_magnetic_stimulation" title="Transcranial magnetic stimulation">transcranial magnetic stimulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychoactive_drug" title="Psychoactive drug">psychopharmacological</a> manipulation, <a href="/wiki/Optogenetics" title="Optogenetics">optogenetic</a> manipulation, and by studying the symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Brain_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain damage">brain damage</a> (case studies) and <a href="/wiki/Lesion" title="Lesion">lesions</a>. In addition, neuroscientists are also investigating how the mind develops with the development of the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Near-death_experience">Near-death experience</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Near-death experience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neuroscience research hypothesizes that a <a href="/wiki/Near-death_experience" title="Near-death experience">near-death experience</a> (NDE) is a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/subjective#Adjective" class="extiw" title="wikt:subjective">subjective</a> <a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">phenomenon</a> resulting from "disturbed bodily multisensory integration" that occurs during life-threatening events.<sup id="cite_ref-blanke2009_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blanke2009-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some researchers of near-death experiences consider such a phenomenon as a challenge to the <a href="/wiki/Materialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Materialist">materialist</a> assumptions about the relationship between mind and brain.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sam Parnia and others have suggested that a mind that is mediated by, but not produced by, the brain is a possible way to explain NDE.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Petre-2000-10-22_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petre-2000-10-22-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physics">Physics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Physics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Physicist <a href="/wiki/Sean_M._Carroll" title="Sean M. Carroll">Sean M. Carroll</a> has written that the idea of a soul is incompatible with <a href="/wiki/Quantum_field_theory" title="Quantum field theory">quantum field theory</a> (QFT). He writes that, for a soul to exist, </p> <dl><dd>"[n]ot only is new physics required, but dramatically new physics: Within QFT, there can't be a new collection of 'spirit particles' and 'spirit forces' that interact with our regular atoms, because we would have detected them in existing experiments."<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Quantum_indeterminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum indeterminism">Quantum indeterminism</a> has been invoked as an explanatory mechanism for possible soul / brain interaction. Neuroscientist Peter Clarke found errors with this viewpoint, observing there is no evidence that such processes play a role in brain function; Clarke concluded that a <a href="/wiki/Cartesian_dualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartesian dualism">Cartesian</a> soul has no basis from quantum physics.<sup id="cite_ref-ClarkePGH-2013_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClarkePGH-2013-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Parapsychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Parapsychologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Parapsychologists">parapsychologists</a> attempted to establish, by <a href="/wiki/Scientific" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific">scientific</a> experiment, whether a soul separate from the brain exists, as is more commonly defined in religion rather than as a synonym of psyche or mind. <a href="/wiki/Milbourne_Christopher" title="Milbourne Christopher">Milbourne Christopher</a> (1979) and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Roach" title="Mary Roach">Mary Roach</a> (2010) have argued that none of the attempts by parapsychologists have yet succeeded.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weight_of_the_soul">Weight of the soul</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Weight of the soul"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1901, <a href="/wiki/Duncan_MacDougall_(doctor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duncan MacDougall (doctor)">Duncan MacDougall</a> conducted an experiment ("<a href="/wiki/21_grams_experiment" title="21 grams experiment">21 grams experiment</a>") in which he made weight-measurements of patients as they died. He claimed that there was weight-loss of varying amounts at the time of death; he concluded the soul weighed 21 grams based on measurements of a single patient, discarding conflicting results.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The physicist <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Park" title="Robert L. Park">Robert L. Park</a> wrote that MacDougall's experiments "are not regarded today as having any scientific merit", and the psychologist <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Hood_(psychologist)" title="Bruce Hood (psychologist)">Bruce Hood</a> wrote that "because the weight loss was not reliable or replicable, his findings were unscientific."<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_concept_of_the_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian concept of the soul">Ancient Egyptian concept of the soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Buddhism)" title="Ātman (Buddhism)">Ātman (Buddhism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Being" class="mw-redirect" title="Being">Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_room" title="Chinese room">Chinese room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekam" title="Ekam">Ekam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_location_of_the_soul" title="History of the location of the soul">History of the location of the soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">Kami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_argument" title="Knowledge argument">Knowledge argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Metaphysical naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_problem" title="Mind–body problem">Mind–body problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafs" title="Nafs">Nafs</a> in Islam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishimta" title="Nishimta">Nishimta</a> in Mandaeism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_individualism" title="Open individualism">Open individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Over-Soul" title="The Over-Soul">The Over-Soul</a> (essay)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramatman</a> (or oversoul)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_zombie" title="Philosophical zombie">Philosophical zombie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_soul" title="Plant soul">Plant soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self" title="Self">Self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-awareness" title="Self-awareness">Self-awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shade_(mythology)" title="Shade (mythology)">Shade (mythology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_dualism" title="Soul dualism">Soul dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_flight" title="Soul flight">Soul flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(vital_essence)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirit (vital essence)">Spirit (vital essence)</a> (seen as a synonym of soul)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_dualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Substance dualism">Substance dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Vitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertiginous_question" title="Vertiginous question">Vertiginous question</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> In a mountainous kingdom in what is now southeastern Turkey, there lived in the <span class="nowrap">8th century <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">BCE</span></span></span> a royal official, <i>Kuttamuwa</i>, who oversaw the completion of an inscribed stone monument, or stele, to be erected upon his death. The words instructed mourners to commemorate his life and afterlife with feasts <i>"for my soul that is in this stele"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> In St. Paul we find a more technical phraseology employed with great consistency. Psyche is now appropriated to the purely natural life; pneuma to the life of supernatural religion, the principle of which is the Holy Spirit, dwelling and operating in the heart. The opposition of flesh and spirit is accentuated afresh (Romans 1:18, etc.). This Pauline system, presented to a world already prepossessed in favour of a quasi-Platonic Dualism, occasioned one of the earliest widespread forms of error among Christian writers – the doctrine of the Trichotomy. According to this, man, perfect man (teleios) consists of three parts: body, soul and spirit (soma, psyche, pneuma).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Confucius combines <i><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">qi</a></i> with the divine and the essential, and the corporeal soul with ghosts, opposes the two (as <a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang"><i>yang</i> against <i>yin</i></a><i>, spiritual soul against corporal soul) and explains that after death the first will rise up, and the second will return to the earth, while the flesh and bones will disintegrate.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <i>ātman</i>: 1. real self of the individual; 2. a person's soul"<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "<a href="/wiki/Advaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Advaita">Advaita</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nirguni" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguni">Nirguni</a> movements, on the other hand, stress an interior mysticism in which the devotee seeks to discover the identity of individual soul (<i>ātman</i>) with the universal ground of being (<i>brahman</i>) or to find god within himself." — <a href="#CITEREFLorenzen2004">Lorenzen (2004)</a><sup id="cite_ref-davidlorenzenatman_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davidlorenzenatman-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Even though Buddhism explicitly rejected the Hindu ideas of <i>ātman</i> ("soul") and <i>brahman</i>, Hinduism treats <a href="/wiki/Sakyamuni_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakyamuni Buddha">Sakyamuni Buddha</a> as one of the <a href="/wiki/Ten_avatars_of_Vishnu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten avatars of Vishnu">ten avatars of Vishnu</a>." — <a href="#CITEREFMeister2010">Meister (2010)</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "<i>Ātman</i> as the innermost essence or soul of man, and <i>brahman</i> as the innermost essence and support of the universe. (...) Thus we can see in the <a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishads</a>, a tendency towards a convergence of microcosm and macrocosm, culminating in the equating of <i>ātman</i> with <i>brahman</i>". — <a href="#CITEREFKing1995">King (1995)</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Central to Buddhist soteriology is the doctrine of not-self (Pali: <i>anattā</i>, Sanskrit: <i>anātman</i>, the opposed doctrine of <i>ātman</i> is central to Brahmanical thought). Put very briefly, this is the [Buddhist] doctrine that human beings have no soul, no self, no unchanging essence." — <a href="#CITEREFShankara1908">Shankara (1908)</a><sup id="cite_ref-Shankara-1908_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shankara-1908-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> God had fashioned his (Adam's) soul with particular care. She is the image of God, and as God fills the world, so the soul fills the human body; as God sees all things, and is seen by none, so the soul sees, but cannot be seen; as God guides the world, so the soul guides the body; as God in His holiness is pure, so is the soul; and as God dwells in secret, so doth <span class="nowrap">the soul. — <a href="#CITEREFGinzberg1909a">Ginzberg (1909a)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ginzberg-1909a_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ginzberg-1909a-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="#CITEREFGinzberg1909b">Ginzberg (1909b)</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ginzberg-1909b_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ginzberg-1909b-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">      <i>Full citation of the canon</i><br /> Nor do we say that there are two souls in one man, as James and other Syrians write; one, animal, by which the body is animated, and which is mingled with the blood; the other, spiritual, which obeys the reason; but we say that it is one and the same soul in man, that both gives life to the body by being united to it, and orders itself by its own reasoning. — <a href="#CITEREFGennadius">Gennadius</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvp error: no target: CITEREFGennadius (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-GennadiusM-c496_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GennadiusM-c496-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> via <a href="#CITEREFAquinas1920b">Aquinas (1920b)</a><sup id="cite_ref-Aquinas-1920b_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aquinas-1920b-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Immanuel Kant proposed the existence of certain mathematical truths <span class="nowrap">(e.g. <span class="texhtml">2 + 2 = 4 </span>)</span> that are not tied to matter, nor soul.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "These people were having these experiences when we wouldn't expect them to happen, when the brain shouldn't be able to sustain lucid processes, or allow them to form memories that would last. So it might hold an answer to the question of whether mind or consciousness is actually produced by the brain or whether the brain is a kind of intermediary for the mind, which exists independently. ..." <dl><dd></dd></dl> "I started off as a sceptic but, having weighed up all the evidence, I now think that there is something going on. Essentially, it comes back to the question of whether the mind or consciousness is produced from the brain. If we can prove that the mind is produced by the brain, I don't think there is anything after we die because essentially we are conscious beings. If, on the contrary, the brain is like an intermediary which manifests the mind – like a television will act as an intermediary to manifest waves in the air into a picture or a sound – we can show that the mind is still there after the brain is dead. And that is what I think these near-death experiences indicate." — <a href="#CITEREFPetre2000">Petre (2000)</a><sup id="cite_ref-Petre-2000-10-22_162-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petre-2000-10-22-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Quantum indeterminism is frequently invoked as a solution to the problem of how a disembodied soul might interact with the brain (as Descartes proposed), and is sometimes invoked in theories of libertarian free will even when they do not involve dualistic assumptions." ... <dl><dd></dd></dl> "I conclude that <a href="/wiki/Uncertainty_principle" title="Uncertainty principle">Heisenbergian uncertainty</a> is too small to affect synaptic function, and that amplification by chaos or by other means does not provide a solution to this problem. Furthermore, even if Heisenbergian effects did modify brain functioning, the changes would be swamped by those due to thermal noise." — <a href="#CITEREFClarke2013">Clarke (2013)</a><sup id="cite_ref-ClarkePGH-2013_165-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClarkePGH-2013-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/soul-religion-and-philosophy">"soul"</a>. <i>Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=soul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fsoul-religion-and-philosophy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oed-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oed_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/185083?rskey=HutjgX&result=1">"soul, n."</a> <i>OED Online</i>. Oxford University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OED+Online&rft.atitle=soul%2C+n.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F185083%3Frskey%3DHutjgX%26result%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8092-immortality-of-the-soul">"Immortality of the Soul"</a>. <i>jewishencyclopedia.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220130344/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8092-immortality-of-the-soul">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jewishencyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Immortality+of+the+Soul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F8092-immortality-of-the-soul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Eardley and Carl Still, <i>Aquinas: A Guide for the Perplexed</i> (London: Continuum, 2010), pp. 34–35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080709052029/http://www.bartleby.com/65/so/soul.html">"Soul"</a>, <i>The Columbia Encyclopedia</i>, Sixth Edition. 2001–07. Retrieved 12 November 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/18/science/18soul.html?8dpc=&_r=1&pagewanted=all">"Found: An ancient monument to the soul"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 17 November 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090424210754/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/18/science/18soul.html?8dpc=&_r=1&pagewanted=all">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Found%3A+An+ancient+monument+to+the+soul&rft.date=2008-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F11%2F18%2Fscience%2F18soul.html%3F8dpc%3D%26_r%3D1%26pagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahá'u'lláh1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'u'lláh">Bahá'u'lláh</a> (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gleaningsfromwri0000baha_w8j0/page/158"><i>Gleanings from the Writings of Bahá'u'lláh</i></a>. Wilmette, Illinois: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gleaningsfromwri0000baha_w8j0/page/158">158–63</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87743-187-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87743-187-9"><bdi>978-0-87743-187-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gleanings+from+the+Writings+of+Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h&rft.place=Wilmette%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=158-63&rft.pub=Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Publishing+Trust&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-87743-187-9&rft.au=Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgleaningsfromwri0000baha_w8j0%2Fpage%2F158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahá'u'lláh1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'u'lláh">Bahá'u'lláh</a> (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gleaningsfromwri0000baha_w8j0/page/155"><i>Gleanings from the Writings of Bahá'u'lláh</i></a>. Wilmette, Illinois: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gleaningsfromwri0000baha_w8j0/page/155">155–58</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87743-187-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87743-187-9"><bdi>978-0-87743-187-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gleanings+from+the+Writings+of+Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h&rft.place=Wilmette%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=155-58&rft.pub=Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Publishing+Trust&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-87743-187-9&rft.au=Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgleaningsfromwri0000baha_w8j0%2Fpage%2F155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rob1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rob1_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rob1_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaherzadeh,_Adib1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adib_Taherzadeh" title="Adib Taherzadeh">Taherzadeh, Adib</a> (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peyman.info/cl/Baha%27i/Others/ROB/V1/Contents.html"><i>The Revelation of Bahá'u'lláh, Volume 1</i></a>. Oxford: George Ronald. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85398-270-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85398-270-8"><bdi>978-0-85398-270-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191017/http://www.peyman.info/cl/Baha'i/Others/ROB/V1/Contents.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revelation+of+Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=George+Ronald&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-85398-270-8&rft.au=Taherzadeh%2C+Adib&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peyman.info%2Fcl%2FBaha%2527i%2FOthers%2FROB%2FV1%2FContents.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShih" class="citation web cs1">Shih, Heng-Ching. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.budsas.org/ebud/ebdha191.htm">"The Significance Of 'Tathagatagarbha'- A Positive Expression Of 'Sunyata'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Significance+Of+%27Tathagatagarbha%27-+A+Positive+Expression+Of+%27Sunyata%27&rft.aulast=Shih&rft.aufirst=Heng-Ching&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.budsas.org%2Febud%2Febdha191.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zdwj382/revision/7#:~:text=Some%20Christians%20have%20rejected%20the,Hell%20goes%20against%20God%27s%20omnibenevolent">"Life after death – heaven, hell, and purgatory"</a>. Salvation in Christianity. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> Bitesize Guides</i>. GCSE Religious Studies Revision - OCR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Bitesize+Guides&rft.atitle=Life+after+death+%E2%80%93+heaven%2C+hell%2C+and+purgatory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fbitesize%2Fguides%2Fzdwj382%2Frevision%2F7%23%3A~%3Atext%3DSome%2520Christians%2520have%2520rejected%2520the%2CHell%2520goes%2520against%2520God%2527s%2520omnibenevolent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFΑρχιμ._Βλάχος1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Αρχιμ. Βλάχος, Ιερόθεος (30 September 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eclass.uoa.gr/modules/document/file.php/THEOL160/%CE%9A%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B1%20%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1%20%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%89%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%20%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%20%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B7/%CE%9F%CE%A1%CE%98%CE%9F%CE%94%CE%9F%CE%9E%CE%97%20%CE%A8%CE%A5%CE%A7%CE%9F%CE%98%CE%95%CE%A1%CE%91%CE%A0%CE%95%CE%99%CE%91.pdf">"Κεφάλαιο Γ'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oodegr.com/oode/dogma/psyxi1.htm"><i>Ορθόδοξη Ψυχοθεραπεία</i></a> (in Greek). Εδεσσα: Ιερά Μονή Τιμίου Σταυρού. p. Τι είναι η ψυχή<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CE%9A%CE%B5%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF+%CE%93%27&rft.btitle=%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%B8%CF%8C%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%B7+%CE%A8%CF%85%CF%87%CE%BF%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1&rft.place=%CE%95%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1&rft.pages=%CE%A4%CE%B9+%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CE%B7+%CF%88%CF%85%CF%87%CE%AE&rft.pub=%CE%99%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AC+%CE%9C%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AE+%CE%A4%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D&rft.date=1985-09-30&rft.aulast=%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%BC.+%CE%92%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%BF%CF%82&rft.aufirst=%CE%99%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%BF%CF%82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feclass.uoa.gr%2Fmodules%2Fdocument%2Ffile.php%2FTHEOL160%2F%25CE%259A%25CE%25B5%25CE%25AF%25CE%25BC%25CE%25B5%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B1%2520%25CE%25B3%25CE%25B9%25CE%25B1%2520%25CF%2580%25CF%2581%25CE%25BF%25CF%2583%25CF%2589%25CF%2580%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BA%25CE%25AE%2520%25CE%25B8%25CE%25B5%25CE%25BF%25CE%25BB%25CE%25BF%25CE%25B3%25CE%25B9%25CE%25BA%25CE%25AE%2520%25CE%25BA%25CE%25B1%25CF%2584%25CE%25AC%25CF%2581%25CF%2584%25CE%25B9%25CF%2583%25CE%25B7%2F%25CE%259F%25CE%25A1%25CE%2598%25CE%259F%25CE%2594%25CE%259F%25CE%259E%25CE%2597%2520%25CE%25A8%25CE%25A5%25CE%25A7%25CE%259F%25CE%2598%25CE%2595%25CE%25A1%25CE%2591%25CE%25A0%25CE%2595%25CE%2599%25CE%2591.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarari2017" class="citation book cs1">Harari, Yuval N. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/951507538"><i>Homo Deus: A brief history of tomorrow</i></a> (1st US ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Harper_(publisher)" title="Harper (publisher)">Harper</a>. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-246431-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-246431-6"><bdi>978-0-06-246431-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/951507538">951507538</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homo+Deus%3A+A+brief+history+of+tomorrow&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=92&rft.edition=1st+US&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F951507538&rft.isbn=978-0-06-246431-6&rft.aulast=Harari&rft.aufirst=Yuval+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F951507538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPacholczyk" class="citation web cs1">Pacholczyk, Tadeusz, Father, PhD. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/medical_ethics/me0116.htm">"Do embryos have souls?"</a>. Catholic Education Resource Center. <i>Catholiceducation.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629203818/http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/medical_ethics/me0116.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholiceducation.org&rft.atitle=Do+embryos+have+souls%3F&rft.aulast=Pacholczyk&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz%2C+Father%2C+PhD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholiceducation.org%2Farticles%2Fmedical_ethics%2Fme0116.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyed2008" class="citation news cs1">Syed, Matthew (12 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110918113735/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article3912708.ece">"Embryos have souls? What nonsense"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>. London, UK. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article3912708.ece">the original</a> on 18 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Embryos+have+souls%3F+What+nonsense&rft.date=2008-05-12&rft.aulast=Syed&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fcomment%2Fcolumnists%2Fguest_contributors%2Farticle3912708.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2005" class="citation book cs1">Jones, David Albert (2005). <i>The Soul of the Embryo: An enquiry into the status of the human embryo in the Christian tradition</i>. Continuum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6296-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-6296-1"><bdi>978-0-8264-6296-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soul+of+the+Embryo%3A+An+enquiry+into+the+status+of+the+human+embryo+in+the+Christian+tradition&rft.pub=Continuum+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-6296-1&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=David+Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14153a.htm">"Soul"</a>. <i>newadvent.org</i>. 1 July 1912. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111128201145/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14153a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newadvent.org&rft.atitle=Soul&rft.date=1912-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F14153a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAquinas" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas, Thomas</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/ThomasAquinas/tho_an10.html">"Quaestio decima: Vtrum anima sit in toto corpore et in qualibet parte eius?"</a>. <i>Quaestiones Disputatae de Anima</i> [<i>Contested Issues Regarding the Soul</i>] (in Latin). §10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Quaestio+decima%3A+Vtrum+anima+sit+in+toto+corpore+et+in+qualibet+parte+eius%3F&rft.btitle=Quaestiones+Disputatae+de+Anima&rft.pages=%C2%A710&rft.aulast=Aquinas&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hs-augsburg.de%2F~harsch%2FChronologia%2FLspost13%2FThomasAquinas%2Ftho_an10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAquinas1274" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas, Thomas</a> (1274). <a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Summa Theologiae"><i>Summa Theologiae</i></a> [<i>All of Theology</i>] (in Latin). I-I quaestio 76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Summa+Theologiae&rft.pages=I-I+quaestio+76&rft.date=1274&rft.aulast=Aquinas&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span> <dl><dd>See also</dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein1655" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Klein" title="Christian Klein">Klein, C.</a> (1655). <i>An anima sit tota in toto corpore, et tota in qualibet parte, disquisitio philosophica</i> (in Latin). Goetschius. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/253546381">253546381</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+anima+sit+tota+in+toto+corpore%2C+et+tota+in+qualibet+parte%2C+disquisitio+philosophica&rft.pub=Goetschius&rft.date=1655&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F253546381&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPepe2023" class="citation journal cs1">Pepe, Giovanni (19 November 2023). "Recenti Studii Su la Metafisica dell'anima". <i>Rivista di Filosofia Neo-Scolastica</i>. <b>11</b> (2): 167–194. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43065579">43065579</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rivista+di+Filosofia+Neo-Scolastica&rft.atitle=Recenti+Studii+Su+la+Metafisica+dell%27anima&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=167-194&rft.date=2023-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43065579%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Pepe&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAquinas" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas, Thomas</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aquinas.cc/la/en/~QDeAn.Q10.Obj16">"quaestio 10"</a>. <i>Quaestiones Disputatae de Anima</i> [<i>Contested Issues Regarding the Soul</i>] (in Latin). <q>Augustinus dixit, in <i>VI <a href="/wiki/De_Trinitate" class="mw-redirect" title="De Trinitate">De Trinitate</a></i>, quod anima est tota in toto corpore, et tota in qualibet parte eius.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=quaestio+10&rft.btitle=Quaestiones+Disputatae+de+Anima&rft.aulast=Aquinas&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faquinas.cc%2Fla%2Fen%2F~QDeAn.Q10.Obj16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P1B.HTM">"paragraph 363"</a>. <i>Catechism of the Catholic Church</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2023</span> – via Vatican.va.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=paragraph+363&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG0015%2F__P1B.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p1s2c1p6.htm">"paragraph 382"</a>. <i>Catechism of the Catholic Church</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111116203545/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p1s2c1p6.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2011</span> – via Vatican.va.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=paragraph+382&rft.btitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fccc_css%2Farchive%2Fcatechism%2Fp1s2c1p6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelm2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Helm" title="Paul Helm">Helm, Paul</a> (2006). <i>John Calvin's Ideas</i>. p. 129. <q>The immortality of the soul: As we saw when discussing Calvin's Christology, Calvin is a substance dualist.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Calvin%27s+Ideas&rft.pages=129&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Helm&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraftonMostSettis2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Grafton" title="Anthony Grafton">Grafton, Anthony</a>; <a href="/wiki/Glenn_W._Most" title="Glenn W. Most">Most, Glenn W.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Settis" title="Salvatore Settis">Settis, Salvatore</a> (2010). <i>The Classical Tradition</i>. p. 480. <q>On several occasions, Luther mentioned contemptuously that the <i>Council Fathers</i> had decreed the soul immortal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Classical+Tradition&rft.pages=480&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Grafton&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Most%2C+Glenn+W.&rft.au=Settis%2C+Salvatore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarius1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Marius" title="Richard Marius">Marius, Richard</a> (1999). <i>Martin Luther: The Christian between God and death</i>. p. 429. <q>Luther, believing in soul sleep at death, held here that in the moment of resurrection ... the righteous will rise to meet Christ in the air, the ungodly will remain on earth for judgment, ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martin+Luther%3A+The+Christian+between+God+and+death&rft.pages=429&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Marius&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140216144622/http://www.christadelphia.org/basf.htm">"Birmingham Amended Statement of Faith"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christadelphia.org/basf.htm">the original</a> on 16 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Birmingham+Amended+Statement+of+Faith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christadelphia.org%2Fbasf.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adventistreview.org/magazine-article/2009-24/">"Soul Sleep | Adventist Review"</a>. <i>adventistreview.org</i>. 3 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=adventistreview.org&rft.atitle=Soul+Sleep+%7C+Adventist+Review&rft.date=2020-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadventistreview.org%2Fmagazine-article%2F2009-24%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFbeckettj" class="citation web cs1">beckettj. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adventist.org/death-and-resurrection/what-is-your-soul-according-to-the-bible/">"What Is Your Soul, According to the Bible?"</a>. <i>Adventist.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Adventist.org&rft.atitle=What+Is+Your+Soul%2C+According+to+the+Bible%3F&rft.au=beckettj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adventist.org%2Fdeath-and-resurrection%2Fwhat-is-your-soul-according-to-the-bible%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/2007520">"Do you have an immortal soul?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Watchtower" title="The Watchtower">The Watchtower</a></i>. 15 July 2007. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141231082848/http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/2007520">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Watchtower&rft.atitle=Do+you+have+an+immortal+soul%3F&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2007-07-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwol.jw.org%2Fen%2Fwol%2Fd%2Fr1%2Flp-e%2F2007520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>What Does the Bible Really Teach?</i>. p. 211.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Does+the+Bible+Really+Teach%3F&rft.pages=211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Err_Jdbuu84C">"88:15"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_and_Covenants" title="Doctrine and Covenants">Doctrine and Covenants</a></i>. Salt Lake City, UT: <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> – via Google Books. <q>And the spirit and the body is the soul of man.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=88%3A15&rft.btitle=Doctrine+and+Covenants&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City%2C+UT&rft.pub=The+Church+of+Jesus+Christ+of+Latter-day+Saints&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DErr_Jdbuu84C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/pgp/moses/6.51?lang=eng">"6:51"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Moses" title="Book of Moses">Moses</a></i>. Salt Lake City, UT: <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2016</span> – via churchofjesuschrist.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6%3A51&rft.btitle=Moses&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City%2C+UT&rft.pub=The+Church+of+Jesus+Christ+of+Latter-day+Saints&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fscriptures%2Fpgp%2Fmoses%2F6.51%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/nt/heb/12.9?lang=eng">"12:9"</a>. <i>Hebrews</i>. Salt Lake City, UT: <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2016</span> – via churchofjesuschrist.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=12%3A9&rft.btitle=Hebrews&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City%2C+UT&rft.pub=The+Church+of+Jesus+Christ+of+Latter-day+Saints&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fscriptures%2Fnt%2Fheb%2F12.9%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/131.7-8?lang=eng">"131:7–8"</a>. <i>Doctrine and Covenants</i>. Salt Lake City, UT: <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> – via churchofjesuschrist.org. <q>Joseph Smith goes so far as to say that these spirits are made of a finer matter that we cannot see in our current state</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=131%3A7%E2%80%938&rft.btitle=Doctrine+and+Covenants&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City%2C+UT&rft.pub=The+Church+of+Jesus+Christ+of+Latter-day+Saints&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fscriptures%2Fdc-testament%2Fdc%2F131.7-8%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Alma". <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a></i>. Salt Lake City, UT: <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a>. 5:15; 11:43–45; 40:23; 41:2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alma&rft.btitle=Book+of+Mormon&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City%2C+UT&rft.pages=5%3A15%3B+11%3A43-45%3B+40%3A23%3B+41%3A2&rft.pub=The+Church+of+Jesus+Christ+of+Latter-day+Saints&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/93.33-34?lang=eng">"93:33–34"</a>. <i>Doctrine and Covenants</i> – via churchofjesuschrist.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=93%3A33%E2%80%9334&rft.btitle=Doctrine+and+Covenants&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fscriptures%2Fdc-testament%2Fdc%2F93.33-34%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/93.29-30?lang=eng">"93:29–30"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_and_Covenants" title="Doctrine and Covenants">Doctrine and Covenants</a></i>. Salt Lake City, UT: <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> – via churchofjesuschrist.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=93%3A29%E2%80%9330&rft.btitle=Doctrine+and+Covenants&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City%2C+UT&rft.pub=The+Church+of+Jesus+Christ+of+Latter-day+Saints&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fscriptures%2Fdc-testament%2Fdc%2F93.29-30%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/teachings-joseph-f-smith/chapter-37?lang=eng">"Chapter 37: Joseph F. Smith"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Teachings_of_Presidents_of_the_Church" title="Teachings of Presidents of the Church">Teachings of Presidents of the Church</a></i>. Salt Lake City, UT: <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a>. 2011. pp. 331–338.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+37%3A+Joseph+F.+Smith&rft.btitle=Teachings+of+Presidents+of+the+Church&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City%2C+UT&rft.pages=331-338&rft.pub=The+Church+of+Jesus+Christ+of+Latter-day+Saints&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fmanual%2Fteachings-joseph-f-smith%2Fchapter-37%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/gs/spirit?lang=eng">"Spirit"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2024</span> – via philosophynow.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+Now&rft.atitle=Is+the+Buddhist+%27no-self%27+doctrine+compatible+with+pursuing+nirvana%3F&rft.issue=97&rft.date=2013-07%2F2013-08&rft.aulast=Javanaud&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilosophynow.org%2Fissues%2F97%2FIs_The_Buddhist_No-Self_Doctrine_Compatible_With_Pursuing_Nirvana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2011" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Matthew (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SqzkqnETEVYC"><i>Plants as Persons: A philosophical botany</i></a>. State University of New York Press. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-3430-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-3430-8"><bdi>978-1-4384-3430-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plants+as+Persons%3A+A+philosophical+botany&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-3430-8&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSqzkqnETEVYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-varenne46-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-varenne46_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-varenne46_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarenne1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Varenne" title="Jean Varenne">Varenne, Jean</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=meUWxDDqzuAC&pg=PA46"><i>Yoga and the Hindu Tradition</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. pp. 45–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0543-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0543-9"><bdi>978-81-208-0543-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga+and+the+Hindu+Tradition&rft.pages=45-47&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0543-9&rft.aulast=Varenne&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmeUWxDDqzuAC%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyers2013" class="citation book cs1">Myers, Michael (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xfvaAAAAQBAJ"><i>Brahman: A comparative theology</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 140–143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-83565-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-83565-0"><bdi>978-1-136-83565-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brahman%3A+A+comparative+theology&rft.pages=140-143&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-83565-0&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxfvaAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTymieniecka1994" class="citation book cs1">Tymieniecka, Anna Teresa (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Qo0gvD4AMcC&q=The+Philosophy+of+Person%3A+Solidarity+and+cultural+creativity">"Chapter III: The creative self and the other in search of the sacred"</a>. In Tischner, Józef; Życiński, Józef; McClean, George (eds.). <i>The Philosophy of Person: Solidarity and cultural creativity</i>. Polish Philosophical Studies. Vol. I. Washington, DC: Paideia Publishers / Council for Research in Values and Philosophy. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781565180499" title="Special:BookSources/9781565180499"><bdi>9781565180499</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+III%3A+The+creative+self+and+the+other+in+search+of+the+sacred&rft.btitle=The+Philosophy+of+Person%3A+Solidarity+and+cultural+creativity&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=Polish+Philosophical+Studies&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Paideia+Publishers+%2F+Council+for+Research+in+Values+and+Philosophy&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9781565180499&rft.aulast=Tymieniecka&rft.aufirst=Anna+Teresa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Qo0gvD4AMcC%26q%3DThe%2BPhilosophy%2Bof%2BPerson%253A%2BSolidarity%2Band%2Bcultural%2Bcreativity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLeanMeynell1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_F._McLean" title="George F. 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Washington, DC: Council for Research in Values and Philosophy. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780819169266" title="Special:BookSources/9780819169266"><bdi>9780819169266</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+Metaphysical+Knowledge&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Council+for+Research+in+Values+and+Philosophy&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780819169266&rft.aulast=McLean&rft.aufirst=George+F.&rft.au=Meynell%2C+Hugo+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkO8-980xGk8C%26dq%3Dhiranyagarba%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Talib-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Talib_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeurasehAbu_Talib2005" class="citation journal cs1">Deuraseh, Nurdeen; Abu Talib, Mansor (2005). "Mental health in Islamic medical tradition". <i>The International Medical Journal</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 76–79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Mental+health+in+Islamic+medical+tradition&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=76-79&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Deuraseh&rft.aufirst=Nurdeen&rft.au=Abu+Talib%2C+Mansor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brag-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brag_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBragazziKhabbache2018" class="citation journal cs1">Bragazzi, NL; Khabbache, H; et al. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cosmosandhistory.org/index.php/journal/article/viewFile/742/1296">"Neurotheology of Islam and Higher Consciousness States"</a>. <i>Cosmos and History: The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy</i>. <b>14</b> (2): 315–21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cosmos+and+History%3A+The+Journal+of+Natural+and+Social+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Neurotheology+of+Islam+and+Higher+Consciousness+States&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=315-21&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Bragazzi&rft.aufirst=NL&rft.au=Khabbache%2C+H&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcosmosandhistory.org%2Findex.php%2Fjournal%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F742%2F1296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTh._Emil_Homerin2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Th._Emil_Homerin" title="Th. Emil Homerin">Th. Emil Homerin</a> (2006). "Soul". In Jane Dammen McAuliffe (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_the_Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n" title="Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān">Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān</a></i>. Vol. 5. Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Soul&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Th.+Emil+Homerin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jajinixxii-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jajinixxii_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jajinixxii_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ_Jaini1940" class="citation book cs1">J Jaini (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=54A9AAAAIAAJ"><i>Outlines of Jainism</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. xxii–xxiii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlines+of+Jainism&rft.pages=xxii-xxiii&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1940&rft.au=J+Jaini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D54A9AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaini1927" class="citation cs2">Jaini, Jagmandar-lāl (1927), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qN82XwAACAAJ"><i>Gommatsara Jiva-kanda</i></a>, p. 54</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gommatsara+Jiva-kanda&rft.pages=54&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Jaini&rft.aufirst=Jagmandar-l%C4%81l&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqN82XwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/sacredbooksofthe029558mbp">Alt URL</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaraoLong2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/K._T._S._Sarao" title="K. T. S. Sarao">Sarao, K.T.S.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jeffery_D._Long" title="Jeffery D. Long">Long, Jeffery D.</a>, eds. (2017). "Jiva". <i>Buddhism and Jainism</i>. Encyclopedia of Indian Religions. Springer Netherlands. p. 594. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-024-0852-2_100397">10.1007/978-94-024-0852-2_100397</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-024-0851-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-024-0851-5"><bdi>978-94-024-0851-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jiva&rft.btitle=Buddhism+and+Jainism&rft.series=Encyclopedia+of+Indian+Religions&rft.pages=594&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-024-0852-2_100397&rft.isbn=978-94-024-0851-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSangave2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vilas_Adinath_Sangave" title="Vilas Adinath Sangave">Sangave, Vilas Adinath</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I8RUPwAACAAJ"><i>Aspects of Jaina religion</i></a> (3 ed.). Bharatiya Jnanpith. pp. 15–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-263-0626-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-263-0626-2"><bdi>81-263-0626-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Jaina+religion&rft.pages=15-16&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Jnanpith&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=81-263-0626-2&rft.aulast=Sangave&rft.aufirst=Vilas+Adinath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI8RUPwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921112719/http://www.all-famous-quotes.com/Virchand_Gandhi_quotes.html">"Forgotten Gandhi, Virchand Gandhi (1864–1901) – Advocate of Universal Brotherhood"</a>. All Famous Quotes. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.all-famous-quotes.com/Virchand_Gandhi_quotes.html">the original</a> on 21 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forgotten+Gandhi%2C+Virchand+Gandhi+%281864%E2%80%931901%29+%E2%80%93+Advocate+of+Universal+Brotherhood&rft.pub=All+Famous+Quotes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.all-famous-quotes.com%2FVirchand_Gandhi_quotes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zohar</i>, <i>Rayah Mehemna</i>, <i>Terumah</i> 158b. See Leibowitz, Aryeh (2018). <i>The Neshamah: A Study of the Human Soul</i>. Feldheim Publishers. pp. 27, 110. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-68025-338-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-68025-338-7">1-68025-338-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The only person mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> celebrating birthday (party) is the wicked <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a> of Egypt <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et0140.htm#20">Genesis 40:20–22</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aish_birthday-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aish_birthday_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aish.com/jl/l/ms/47139952.html">"About Jewish Birthdays"</a>. <i>Judaism 101</i>. Aish.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130822100333/http://www.aish.com/jl/l/ms/47139952.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Judaism+101&rft.atitle=About+Jewish+Birthdays&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aish.com%2Fjl%2Fl%2Fms%2F47139952.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13933-soul">"Soul"</a>. jewishencyclopedia.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308035611/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13933-soul">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soul&rft.pub=jewishencyclopedia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F13933-soul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chizukshaya.com/2013/01/the-five-levels-of-mans-soul.html">"Nurturing The Human Soul—From Cradle To Grave"</a>. <i>Chizuk Shaya: Dvar Torah Resource</i>. 6 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chizuk+Shaya%3A+Dvar+Torah+Resource&rft.atitle=Nurturing+The+Human+Soul%26mdash%3BFrom+Cradle+To+Grave&rft.date=2013-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chizukshaya.com%2F2013%2F01%2Fthe-five-levels-of-mans-soul.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/kabbalah/article_cdo/aid/380651/jewish/Neshamah-Levels-of-Soul-Consciousness.htm">"Neshamah: Levels of Soul Consciousness"</a>. <i>Chabad.org Kabbalah Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chabad.org+Kabbalah+Online&rft.atitle=Neshamah%3A+Levels+of+Soul+Consciousness&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Fkabbalah%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F380651%2Fjewish%2FNeshamah-Levels-of-Soul-Consciousness.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weiner, Rebecca <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/reincarnation-and-judaism">Reincarnation and Judaism</a>. <i>jewishvirtuallibrary.org.</i> Retrieved July 2 2024</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientology.org.au/faq/scientology-beliefs/does-scientology-have-doctrines.html">"Views on Heaven or Hell, Individuals as Eternal Spiritual Beings: Official Church of Scientology"</a>. 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SUNY Press. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791478264" title="Special:BookSources/9780791478264"><bdi>9780791478264</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dreamworlds+of+Shamanism+and+Tibetan+Buddhism%3A+The+Third+Place&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780791478264&rft.aulast=Sumegi&rft.aufirst=Angela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F20048672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bock-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bock_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bock_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBock2005" class="citation thesis cs1">Bock, Nona J.T. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.uwstout.edu/content/lib/thesis/2005/2005bockn.pdf"><i>Shamanic techniques: their use and effectiveness in the practice of psychotherapy</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (MSc). University of Wisconsin-Stout.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Shamanic+techniques%3A+their+use+and+effectiveness+in+the+practice+of+psychotherapy&rft.inst=University+of+Wisconsin-Stout&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Bock&rft.aufirst=Nona+J.T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.uwstout.edu%2Fcontent%2Flib%2Fthesis%2F2005%2F2005bockn.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jackson-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jackson_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jackson_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jackson_84-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrobin2016" class="citation book cs1">Drobin, Ulf (2016). "Introduction". 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Stockholm University Press. pp. xiv–xvii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7635-024-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7635-024-9"><bdi>978-91-7635-024-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Horizons+of+Shamanism&rft.pages=xiv-xvii&rft.pub=Stockholm+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-91-7635-024-9&rft.aulast=Drobin&rft.aufirst=Ulf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.oapen.org%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F20.500.12657%2F32054%2F619233.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoppal2007-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hoppal2007_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoppál2007" class="citation book cs1">Hoppál, Mihály (2007). <i>Shamans and Traditions</i>. 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ANU Press. pp. 57–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781760461928" title="Special:BookSources/9781760461928"><bdi>9781760461928</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+work+of+love%3A+Awareness+and+expressions+of+emotion+in+a+Borneo+healing+ritual&rft.btitle=Expressions+of+Austronesian+Thought+and+Emotions&rft.pages=57-63&rft.pub=ANU+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781760461928&rft.au=Clifford+Sather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwAxfDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harrell-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harrell_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrell1979" class="citation journal cs1">Harrell, Stevan (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2053785">"The Concept of Soul in Chinese Folk Religion"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Asian_Studies" title="The Journal of Asian Studies">The Journal of Asian Studies</a></i>. <b>38</b> (3): 519–528. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2053785">10.2307/2053785</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2053785">2053785</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162507447">162507447</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Concept+of+Soul+in+Chinese+Folk+Religion&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=519-528&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162507447%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2053785%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2053785&rft.aulast=Harrell&rft.aufirst=Stevan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F2053785&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McClelland-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McClelland_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McClelland_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McClelland_95-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClelland2010" class="citation book cs1">McClelland, Norman C. 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(1987). <i>Discourses</i>. Myrtle Beach, SC: Sheriar Press. p. 222. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-880619-09-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-880619-09-4">978-1-880619-09-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klemp, H. (2009). The call of soul. Minneapolis, MN: Eckankar</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurdjieff1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Gurdjieff" title="George Gurdjieff">Gurdjieff, George Ivanovitch</a> (25 February 1999). <i>Life is real only then, when 'I am'<span></span></i>. London: Arkana. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-019585-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-019585-9"><bdi>978-0-14-019585-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41073474">41073474</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+is+real+only+then%2C+when+%27I+am%27&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Arkana&rft.date=1999-02-25&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41073474&rft.isbn=978-0-14-019585-9&rft.aulast=Gurdjieff&rft.aufirst=George+Ivanovitch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For more on the basic meaning of the Greek word, see Claus 1981. Claus, David. 1981. <i>Toward the Soul: An Inquiry into the Meaning of Psyche Before Plato</i>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Soul_(noun)" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/185083">"Soul (noun)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Soul+%28noun%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F185083&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorenz2009" class="citation book cs1">Lorenz, Hendrik (2009). "Ancient Theories of Soul". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2009/entries/ancient-soul/"><i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i></a> (Summer 2009 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ancient+Theories+of+Soul&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=Summer+2009&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Lorenz&rft.aufirst=Hendrik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fsum2009%2Fentries%2Fancient-soul%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/F._M._Cornford" title="F. M. Cornford">Francis M. Cornford</a>, <i>Greek Religious Thought</i>, p. 64, referring to Pindar, Fragment 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rohde" title="Erwin Rohde">Erwin Rohde</a>, <i>Psyche</i>, 1928.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell,_Douglas_2021-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell,_Douglas_2021_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell,_Douglas_2021_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell,_Douglas_2021_120-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, Douglas (2021). "Self‐Motion and Cognition: Plato's Theory of the Soul". <i>The Southern Journal of Philosophy</i>. <b>59</b>: 523–544.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://philpapers.org/go.pl?aid=CAMSAC-13">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2009" class="citation book cs1">Jones, David (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1RgaBwAAQBAJ&q=plato+soul+logos&pg=PA34"><i>The Gift of Logos: Essays in Continental Philosophy</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 33–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-1825-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-1825-4"><bdi>978-1-4438-1825-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gift+of+Logos%3A+Essays+in+Continental+Philosophy&rft.pages=33-35&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-1825-4&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1RgaBwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dplato%2Bsoul%2Blogos%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Karfik 2005. Karfik, Filip. 2005. “What the Mortal Parts of the Soul Really Are.” <i>Rhizai: A Journal for Ancient Philosophy and Science</i> 2: 197–217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/F._M._Cornford" title="F. M. Cornford">Cornford, Francis</a> (1941). <i>The Republic of Plato</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. xxv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, Douglas (2021). "Self‐Motion and Cognition: Plato's Theory of the Soul". <i>The Southern Journal of Philosophy</i>. <b>59</b>: 523–544</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plato, <i>Republic,</i> Book 1, 353d. Translation found in Campbell 2021: 523.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://philpapers.org/go.pl?aid=CAMSAC-13">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frede, Dorothea. 1978. "The Final Proof of the Immortality of the Soul in Plato’s Phaedo 102a–107a". <i>Phronesis</i>, 23.1: 27–41.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://philpapers.org/archive/FRETFP.pdf">[3]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Broadie" title="Sarah Broadie">Broadie, Sarah</a>. 2001. “Soul and Body in Plato and Descartes.” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 101: 295–308.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://philpapers.org/archive/BROSAB-3.pdf">[4]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristotle" class="citation book cs1">Aristotle. <i>On The Soul</i>. p. 412b5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+The+Soul&rft.pages=412b5&rft.au=Aristotle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristotle" class="citation book cs1">Aristotle. <i>Physics</i>. Book VIII, Chapter 5, pp. 256a5–22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physics&rft.pages=Book+VIII%2C+Chapter+5%2C+pp.+256a5-22&rft.au=Aristotle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristotle" class="citation book cs1">Aristotle. <i>Nicomachean Ethics</i>. Book I, Chapter 7, pp. 1098a7–17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nicomachean+Ethics&rft.pages=Book+I%2C+Chapter+7%2C+pp.+1098a7-17&rft.au=Aristotle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristotle" class="citation book cs1">Aristotle. <i>Physics</i>. Book III, Chapter 1, pp. 201a10–25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physics&rft.pages=Book+III%2C+Chapter+1%2C+pp.+201a10-25&rft.au=Aristotle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristotle" class="citation book cs1">Aristotle. <i>On The Soul</i>. Book III, Chapter 5, pp. 430a24–25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+The+Soul&rft.pages=Book+III%2C+Chapter+5%2C+pp.+430a24-25&rft.au=Aristotle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShields2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Shields" title="Christopher Shields">Shields, Christopher</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-psychology/active-mind.html">"supplement: The Active Mind of De Anima iii 5)"</a>. <i>Aristotle's Psychology</i>. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=supplement%3A+The+Active+Mind+of+De+Anima+iii+5%29&rft.btitle=Aristotle%27s+Psychology&rft.pub=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Shields&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Faristotle-psychology%2Factive-mind.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1973" class="citation book cs1">Smith, J. S. (Trans) (1973). <i>Introduction to Aristotle</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 155–59.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Aristotle&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=155-59&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=J.+S.+%28Trans%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nahyan A.G. Fancy (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615">"Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d. 1288)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150404020329/http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615/">Archived</a> 4 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 209–10 (<i>Electronic Theses and Dissertations</i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">University of Notre Dame</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/arabic-islamic-mind/#Avi">"Arabic and Islamic Psychology and Philosophy of Mind"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>. 29 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arabic+and+Islamic+Psychology+and+Philosophy+of+Mind&rft.pub=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2012-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Farabic-islamic-mind%2F%23Avi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seyyed <a href="/wiki/Hossein_Nasr" class="mw-redirect" title="Hossein Nasr">Hossein Nasr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Leaman" title="Oliver Leaman">Oliver Leaman</a> (1996), <i>History of Islamic Philosophy</i>, p. 315, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-13159-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-13159-6">0-415-13159-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNahyan_A.G._Fancy2006" class="citation thesis cs1">Nahyan A.G. Fancy (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615"><i>Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (d. 1288)</i></a>. <i>Electronic Theses and Dissertations, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">University of Notre Dame</a></i> (Thesis). University of Notre Dame. pp. 209–210. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150404020329/http://etd.nd.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11292006-152615/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Pulmonary+Transit+and+Bodily+Resurrection%3A+The+Interaction+of+Medicine%2C+Philosophy+and+Religion+in+the+Works+of+Ibn+al-Naf%C4%ABs+%28d.+1288%29&rft.inst=University+of+Notre+Dame&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Nahyan+A.G.+Fancy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetd.nd.edu%2FETD-db%2Ftheses%2Favailable%2Fetd-11292006-152615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAquinas" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aquinas, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/qdv02.html#51826">"Quaestiones Disputatae de Veritate"</a> (in Latin). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023626/http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/qdv02.html#51826">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quaestiones+Disputatae+de+Veritate&rft.aulast=Aquinas&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.corpusthomisticum.org%2Fqdv02.html%2351826&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAquinas" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aquinas, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/cbt.html#84681">"Super Boetium de Trinitate"</a> (in Latin). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110654/http://www.corpusthomisticum.org/cbt.html#84681">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Super+Boetium+de+Trinitate&rft.aulast=Aquinas&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.corpusthomisticum.org%2Fcbt.html%2384681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GennadiusM-c496-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GennadiusM-c496_141-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GennadiusM-c496_141-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGennadius_of_Massilia" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gennadius_of_Massilia" title="Gennadius of Massilia">Gennadius of Massilia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gennadius_of_Massilia#De_Ecclesiasticis_Dogmatibus" title="Gennadius of Massilia"><i>De Ecclesiasticis Dogmatibus</i></a>. canon XIV.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Ecclesiasticis+Dogmatibus&rft.au=Gennadius+of+Massilia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span> <dl><dd><i>cited in</i></dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAquinas1920a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas, Thomas, St.</a> (1920a) [1274]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/summa/1076.htm#article2">"Objection 4"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica"><i>Summa Theologica</i></a>. Fathers of the English Dominican Province. Pars I, Quaestio 118, Article 2 – via newadvent.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Objection+4&rft.btitle=Summa+Theologica&rft.pages=Pars-I%2C+Quaestio-118%2C+Article-2&rft.pub=Fathers+of+the+English+Dominican+Province&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Aquinas&rft.aufirst=Thomas%2C+St.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F1076.htm%23article2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aquinas-1920b-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aquinas-1920b_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAquinas1920b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas, Thomas, St.</a> (1920b) [1274]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/summa/1076.htm#article2">"Whether besides the intellectual soul there are in man other souls essentially different from one another?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica"><i>Summa Theologica</i></a>. Fathers of the English Dominican Province. Pars I, Quaestio 76, Article 3 – via newadvent.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Whether+besides+the+intellectual+soul+there+are+in+man+other+souls+essentially+different+from+one+another%3F&rft.btitle=Summa+Theologica&rft.pages=Pars-I%2C+Quaestio-76%2C+Article-3&rft.pub=Fathers+of+the+English+Dominican+Province&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Aquinas&rft.aufirst=Thomas%2C+St.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F1076.htm%23article2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aquinas-1920c-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aquinas-1920c_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAquinas1920c" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas, Thomas, St.</a> (1920c) [1274]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/summa/1076.htm#article2">"Reply to objection 1"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica"><i>Summa Theologica</i></a>. Fathers of the English Dominican Province. Pars I, Quaestio 76, Article 3 – via newadvent.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reply+to+objection+1&rft.btitle=Summa+Theologica&rft.pages=Pars-I%2C+Quaestio-76%2C+Article-3&rft.pub=Fathers+of+the+English+Dominican+Province&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Aquinas&rft.aufirst=Thomas%2C+St.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fsumma%2F1076.htm%23article2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishop2000" class="citation book cs1">Bishop, Paul (2000). <i>Synchronicity and Intellectual Intuition in Kant, Swedenborg, and Jung</i>. Lewiston, NY: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>. pp. 262–267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7734-7593-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7734-7593-9"><bdi>978-0-7734-7593-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Synchronicity+and+Intellectual+Intuition+in+Kant%2C+Swedenborg%2C+and+Jung&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+NY&rft.pages=262-267&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7734-7593-9&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyle1949" class="citation book cs1">Ryle, Gilbert (1949). <i>The Concept of Mind</i>. University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concept+of+Mind&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Ryle&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Psychology_and_the_Soul-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Psychology_and_the_Soul_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRank1950" class="citation book cs1">Rank, Otto (1950). <i>Psychology and the Soul: Otto Rank's Seelenglaube und Psychologie</i>. Translated by Turner, William D. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/928087">928087</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychology+and+the+Soul%3A+Otto+Rank%27s+Seelenglaube+und+Psychologie&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F928087&rft.aulast=Rank&rft.aufirst=Otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker1973" class="citation book cs1">Becker, Ernest (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/denialofdeathbeckrich"><i>The Denial of Death</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-83240-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-83240-2"><bdi>0-684-83240-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Denial+of+Death&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-684-83240-2&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdenialofdeathbeckrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Santoro-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Santoro_150-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Santoro_150-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantoroWoodMerloAnastasi2009" class="citation journal cs1">Santoro, G; Wood, MD; Merlo, L; Anastasi, GP; Tomasello, F; Germanò, A (October 2009). 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"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s64z-LdAIsEC">Principles of Neural Science, Fifth Edition</a>" (2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrea Eugenio Cavanna, Andrea Nani, Hal Blumenfeld, Steven Laureys. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YQZomQEACAAJ">Neuroimaging of Consciousness</a>" (2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murphy-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Murphy_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarahMurphy,_Nancey2009" class="citation journal cs1">Farah, Martha J.; Murphy, Nancey (February 2009). "Neuroscience and the Soul". <i>Science</i>. <b>323</b> (5918): 1168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.323.5918.1168a">10.1126/science.323.5918.1168a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19251609">19251609</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6636610">6636610</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Neuroscience+and+the+Soul&rft.volume=323&rft.issue=5918&rft.pages=1168&rft.date=2009-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6636610%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19251609&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.323.5918.1168a&rft.aulast=Farah&rft.aufirst=Martha+J.&rft.au=Murphy%2C+Nancey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Velmans, Susan Schneider. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B1lRZmOzuJ0C">The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness</a>" (2008). p. 560.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matt Carter, Jennifer C. Shieh. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3rT4ngEACAAJ">Guide to Research Techniques in Neuroscience</a>" (2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Squire, L. et al. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AEmEn-_hD9IC">Fundamental Neuroscience, 4th edition</a>" (2012). Chapter 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blanke2009-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-blanke2009_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanke2009" class="citation book cs1">Blanke, Olaf (2009). <i>The Neurology of Consciousness</i>. London, UK: Academic Publishers. pp. 303–324. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-374168-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-374168-4"><bdi>978-0-12-374168-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Neurology+of+Consciousness&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=303-324&rft.pub=Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-12-374168-4&rft.aulast=Blanke&rft.aufirst=Olaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParnia2017" class="citation journal cs1">Parnia, Sam (February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/qjmed/article-abstract/110/2/67/2681812?redirectedFrom=fulltext">"Understanding the cognitive experience of death and the near-death experience"</a>. <i>QJM: An International Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>110</b> (2): 67–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fqjmed%2Fhcw185">10.1093/qjmed/hcw185</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28100825">28100825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=QJM%3A+An+International+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Understanding+the+cognitive+experience+of+death+and+the+near-death+experience&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=67-69&rft.date=2017-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fqjmed%2Fhcw185&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28100825&rft.aulast=Parnia&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fqjmed%2Farticle-abstract%2F110%2F2%2F67%2F2681812%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreyson2010" class="citation journal cs1">Greyson, Bruce (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://med.virginia.edu/perceptual-studies/wp-content/uploads/sites/360/2017/01/NDE62_postmaterialist-PRS.pdf">"Implications of near-death experiences for a post-materialist psychology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Psychology of Religion and Spirituality</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 37–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0018548">10.1037/a0018548</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychology+of+Religion+and+Spirituality&rft.atitle=Implications+of+near-death+experiences+for+a+post-materialist+psychology&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37-45&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fa0018548&rft.aulast=Greyson&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmed.virginia.edu%2Fperceptual-studies%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F360%2F2017%2F01%2FNDE62_postmaterialist-PRS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSleutjesMoreira-AlmeidaGreyson2014" class="citation journal cs1">Sleutjes A, Moreira-Almeida A, Greyson B (November 2014). 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Carroll">Carroll, Sean</a> (23 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.preposterousuniverse.com/blog/2011/05/23/physics-and-the-immortality-of-the-soul/">"Physics and the immortality of the soul"</a>. <i>preposterousuniverse.com</i> (blog)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=preposterousuniverse.com&rft.atitle=Physics+and+the+immortality+of+the+soul&rft.date=2011-05-23&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.preposterousuniverse.com%2Fblog%2F2011%2F05%2F23%2Fphysics-and-the-immortality-of-the-soul%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ClarkePGH-2013-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ClarkePGH-2013_165-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ClarkePGH-2013_165-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2013" class="citation journal cs1">Clarke, Peter G.H. (21 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278262613001711">"Neuroscience, quantum indeterminism and the Cartesian soul"</a>. <i>Brain and Cognition</i>. <b>84</b> (1): 109–117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bandc.2013.11.008">10.1016/j.bandc.2013.11.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0278-2626">0278-2626</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24355546">24355546</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain+and+Cognition&rft.atitle=Neuroscience%2C+quantum+indeterminism+and+the+Cartesian+soul&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=109-117&rft.date=2013-11-21&rft.issn=0278-2626&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24355546&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.bandc.2013.11.008&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Peter+G.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0278262613001711&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Milbourne_Christopher" title="Milbourne Christopher">Milbourne Christopher</a>. (1979). <i>Search for the Soul: An Insider's Report on the Continuing Quest by Psychics and Scientists for Evidence of Life After Death</i>. Thomas Y. Crowell, Publishers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Roach" title="Mary Roach">Mary Roach</a>. (2010). <i><a href="/wiki/Spook:_Science_Tackles_the_Afterlife" title="Spook: Science Tackles the Afterlife">Spook: Science Tackles the Afterlife</a></i>. Canongate Books Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84767-080-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84767-080-9">978-1-84767-080-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDougall1907" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Duncan_MacDougall_(doctor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duncan MacDougall (doctor)">MacDougall, Duncan</a> (1907). "The Soul: Hypothesis Concerning Soul Substance Together with Experimental Evidence of the Existence of Such Substance". <i>American Medicine</i>. New Series. <b>2</b>: 240–43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+Soul%3A+Hypothesis+Concerning+Soul+Substance+Together+with+Experimental+Evidence+of+the+Existence+of+Such+Substance&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=240-43&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=MacDougall&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livescience.com/32327-how-much-does-the-soul-weigh.html">"How much does the soul weights?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Live_Science" title="Live Science">Live Science</a></i>. December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160428081819/http://www.livescience.com/32327-how-much-does-the-soul-weigh.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Live+Science&rft.atitle=How+much+does+the+soul+weights%3F&rft.date=2012-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F32327-how-much-does-the-soul-weigh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Park" title="Robert L. Park">Park, Robert L</a>. (2009). <i>Superstition: Belief in the Age of Science</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 90. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13355-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13355-3">978-0-691-13355-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Hood_(psychologist)" title="Bruce Hood (psychologist)">Hood, Bruce</a>. (2009). <i>Supersense: From Superstition to Religion – The Brain Science of Belief</i>. Constable. p. 165. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84901-030-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84901-030-6">978-1-84901-030-6</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Batchelor, Stephen. (1998). <i>Buddhism Without Beliefs</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellarmine1902" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Bellarmine, Robert</a> (1902). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Sermons from the Latins/Sermon 47"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sermons_from_the_Latins/Sermon_47">"Sermon 47: The Value of the Soul." </a></span>. <i>Sermons from the Latins</i>. Benziger Brothers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sermon+47%3A+The+Value+of+the+Soul.&rft.btitle=Sermons+from+the+Latins&rft.pub=Benziger+Brothers&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Bellarmine&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Bremmer, Jan (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irs.ub.rug.nl/ppn/287753204"><i>The Early Greek Concept of the Soul</i></a>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03131-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03131-6"><bdi>978-0-691-03131-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Greek+Concept+of+the+Soul&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-691-03131-6&rft.aulast=Bremmer&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firs.ub.rug.nl%2Fppn%2F287753204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Chalmers, David. J. (1996). <i>The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory</i>, New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milbourne_Christopher" title="Milbourne Christopher">Christopher, Milbourne</a>. (1979). <i>Search for the Soul: An Insider's Report on the Continuing Quest By Psychics & Scientists For Evidence of Life After Death</i>. Thomas Y. Crowell, Publishers.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Clarke, Peter (2014). "Neuroscience, Quantum Indeterminism and the Cartesian Soul". <i>Brain and Cognition</i>. <b>84</b> (1): 109–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bandc.2013.11.008">10.1016/j.bandc.2013.11.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24355546">24355546</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:895046">895046</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain+and+Cognition&rft.atitle=Neuroscience%2C+Quantum+Indeterminism+and+the+Cartesian+Soul&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=109-17&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A895046%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24355546&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.bandc.2013.11.008&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Claus, David. 1981. <i>Toward the Soul: An Inquiry into the Meaning of Psyche Before Plato</i>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Hood_(psychologist)" title="Bruce Hood (psychologist)">Hood, Bruce</a>. (2009). <i>Supersense: From Superstition to Religion – The Brain Science of Belief</i>. Constable. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84901-030-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84901-030-6">978-1-84901-030-6</a></li> <li>McGraw, John J. (2004). <i>Brain & Belief: An Exploration of the Human Soul</i>. Aegis Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Martin_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Martin (philosopher)">Martin, Michael</a>; Augustine, Keith. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dlRuBwAAQBAJ"><i>The Myth of an Afterlife: The Case against Life After Death</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8677-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-8677-3">978-0-8108-8677-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Park" title="Robert L. Park">Park, Robert L</a>. (2009). <i>Superstition: Belief in the Age of Science</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13355-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13355-3">978-0-691-13355-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Rohde" title="Erwin Rohde">Rohde, Erwin</a>. (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/psychecultofsoul00rohd/"><i>Psyche: The Cult of Souls and Belief in Immortality Among the Greeks</i></a>, London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., Ltd.</a></li> <li>Ryle, Gilbert. (1949) <i>The Concept of Mind</i>, London: Hutchinson.</li> <li>Spenard, Michael (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928230010/http://www.memeoid.net/books/Spenard/Dueling_with_Dualism-Spenard.pdf">"Dueling with Dualism: the forlorn quest for the immaterial soul"</a>, essay. An historical account of mind-body duality and a comprehensive conceptual and empirical critique on the position. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-578-08288-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-578-08288-2">978-0-578-08288-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Swinburne" title="Richard Swinburne">Swinburne, Richard</a>. (1997). <i>The Evolution of the Soul</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Leibowitz, Aryeh. (2018). The Neshama: A Study of the Human Soul. Feldheim Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-68025-338-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-68025-338-7">1-68025-338-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleivanSonne1985" class="citation book cs1">Kleivan, Inge; Sonne, B. (1985). "Arctic peoples". <i>Eskimos. Greenland and Canada</i>. Institute of Religious Iconography. Iconography of religions. Leiden, The Netherland): State University Groningen, via E.J. Brill. section VIII, fascicle 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-07160-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-07160-1"><bdi>90-04-07160-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arctic+peoples&rft.btitle=Eskimos.+Greenland+and+Canada&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherland%29&rft.series=Iconography+of+religions&rft.pages=section-VIII%2C+fascicle-2&rft.pub=State+University+Groningen%2C+via+E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=90-04-07160-1&rft.aulast=Kleivan&rft.aufirst=Inge&rft.au=Sonne%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabus1970" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gabus, Jean (1970). <i>A karibu eszkimók</i> (in Hungarian). Budapest: Gondolat Kiadó.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+karibu+eszkim%C3%B3k&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pub=Gondolat+Kiad%C3%B3&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Gabus&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span> Translation of the original: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabus1944" class="citation book cs1">Gabus, Jean (1944). <i>Vie et coutumes des Esquimaux Caribous</i>. Libraire Payot Lausanne.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vie+et+coutumes+des+Esquimaux+Caribous&rft.pub=Libraire+Payot+Lausanne&rft.date=1944&rft.aulast=Gabus&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soul&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Soul" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Soul">Soul</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Soul" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Soul">Soul</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/neuroskeptic/2013/12/22/quantum-theory-wont-save-soul/">Quantum Theory Won't Save The Soul</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150624080153/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/neuroskeptic/2013/12/22/quantum-theory-wont-save-soul/">Archived</a> 24 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/13-03-20/">What Science Really Says About the Soul</a> by Stephen Cave</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ancient-soul/">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Ancient Theories of the Soul</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/k1499">The soul in Judaism</a> at <a href="/wiki/Chabad.org" title="Chabad.org">Chabad.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150209043622/http://www.wlsessays.net/node/1182">The Old Testament Concept of the Soul</a> by Heinrich J. Vogel]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jba.gr/Articles/nkjv_jbamay96.htm">Body, Soul and Spirit</a> Article in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jba.gr/">Journal of Biblical Accuracy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/story/20150917-is-another-human-living-inside-you">Is Another Human Living Inside You?</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Soul"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Soul">"Soul" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Soul&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoul" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00548g4">"The Soul"</a>, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Richard Sorabji, Ruth Padel and Martin Palmer (<i>In Our Time</i>, 6 June 2002)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a>/<a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelder Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement#Associated_Bible_Students" title="Bible Student movement">Associated Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Bible_Students" title="Free Bible Students">Free Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Kitawala" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Kitawala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laymen%27s_Home_Missionary_Movement" title="Laymen's Home Missionary Movement">Laymen's Home Missionary Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">Swedenborgianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernist Salafism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Illahism" title="Ali-Illahism">Ali-Illahism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishikism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Alevism" title="Kurdish Alevism">Kurdish Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdawi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdawi movement">Mahdavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milah_Abraham" title="Milah Abraham">Milah Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azali" title="Azali">Azalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm-e-Khshnoom" title="Ilm-e-Khshnoom">Ilm-e-Khshnoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdaznan" title="Mazdaznan">Mazdaznan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kurdish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabakism">Shabakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism/Uatsdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshani_movement" title="Roshani movement">Roshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_teaching" title="Luo teaching">Luoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuo_folk_religion" title="Nuo folk religion">Nuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Salvationist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiantiandao" title="Xiantiandao">Xiantiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Folk Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao Taoism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools" title="Shinto sects and schools">list</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeung_San_Do" title="Jeung San Do">Jeungsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="Đạo Mẫu">Đạo Mẫu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_B%E1%BB%ADu_S%C6%A1n_K%E1%BB%B3_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương">Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumaram" title="Kaumaram">Kaumaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_(Hinduism)" title="Saura (Hinduism)">Sauraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Neo-Hinduism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Thiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Amidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Neo-Buddhism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_people#Religion" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kirat Mundhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda#Religion" title="Vedda">Vedda religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turko</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_creation_myth" title="Tungusic creation myth">Tungusic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenks#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarna_(place)" title="Sarna (place)">Sarnaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Batak Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people#Religion_and_festivals" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Sabahan_religions" title="Traditional Sabahan religions">Traditional Sabahan religions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Aliran Kepercayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapitayan" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemena" title="Pemena">Karo Pemena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine Dayawism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Sumbese Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sundanese Wiwitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native<br />American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_mythology" title="Abenaki mythology">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Anishinaabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe#Spiritual_beliefs" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabunowin" title="Wabunowin">Wabunowin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache#Religion" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_mythology" title="Blackfoot mythology">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_narratives_of_Indigenous_Californians" title="Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians">Californian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuksu_(religion)" title="Kuksu (religion)">Kuksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_mythology" title="Miwok mythology">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_mythology" title="Ohlone mythology">Ohlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_religion" title="Pomo religion">Pomo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_mythology" title="Chilote mythology">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_religion" title="Crow religion">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_mythology" title="Guarani mythology">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_mythology" title="Ho-Chunk mythology">Ho-Chunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_spiritual_beliefs" title="Cherokee spiritual beliefs">Cherokee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mothers_Society" title="Four Mothers Society">Four Mothers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse_Religion" title="Longhouse Religion">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people#Religion" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Muscogee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_mythology" title="Seneca mythology">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyandot religion">Wyandot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples#Religion" title="Jivaroan peoples">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw_mythology" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_mythology" title="Lenape mythology">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_religion" title="Purépecha religion">Purépecha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo#Spiritual_and_religious_beliefs" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_mythology" title="Nuu-chah-nulth mythology">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_mythology" title="Pawnee mythology">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_religion" title="Pueblo religion">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo#Religion" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_mythology" title="Hopi mythology">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_mythology" title="Zuni mythology">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux#Religion" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_religion" title="Lakota religion">Lakota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian_mythology" title="Tsimshian mythology">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_mythology" title="Ute mythology">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions#Washat_Dreamers_Religion" title="Native American religions">Washat Dreamers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui#Yaqui_cosmology_and_religion" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Hmongism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba" title="Dongba">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional <br /> African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Guanche church</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Sub-Saharan<br />African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Akamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluba mythology">Baluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon religion">Dogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_people" title="Ik people">Ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">Diasporic</a>:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jejé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espiritismo" title="Espiritismo">Espiritismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad Orisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New<br /> religious<br /> movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Religion" title="Coconut Religion">Coconut Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meivazhi" title="Meivazhi">Meivazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modekngei" title="Modekngei">Modekngei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roerichism" title="Roerichism">Roerichism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subud" title="Subud">Subud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensegrity_(Castaneda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensegrity (Castaneda)">Tensegrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">White Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern<br />paganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Xabze" title="Adyghe Xabze">Circassian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism (modern religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Authentism" title="Russian Authentism">Authentism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">De novo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jediism" title="Jediism">Jediism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_religions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">Historical religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people#Religion" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuegians#Spiritual_culture" title="Fuegians">Fuegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_mythology" title="Selk'nam mythology">Selk'nam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches#System_of_beliefs" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Religion" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Harappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederacy#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Confederacy">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion" title="Jamaican Maroon religion">Jamaican Maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_Indigenous_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauruan Indigenous religion">Nauruan Indigenous religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_religion" title="Olmec religion">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian mythology">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_III_Era#Culture_and_religion" title="Basketmaker III Era">Ancestral Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo II Period">Pueblo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_III_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo III Period">Pueblo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_IV_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo IV Period">Pueblo IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cult of Magna Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu#Religion" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization#Religion_and_Myth" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Religious_disaffiliation" title="Religious disaffiliation">Disaffiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_behaviour" title="Religious behaviour">Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">Beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_to_prayer" title="Call to prayer">Call to prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">Laicism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">Laity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">Denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice" title="Novice">Novice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">Purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">Sacred space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Bodies of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tree" title="Sacred tree">Trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_symbol" title="Religious symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" title="Religious views on truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_and_religion" title="Water and religion">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies" title="Worship of heavenly bodies">Astral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Place</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious<br />studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neurotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society" title="Category:Religion and society">Religion <br />and society</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture" title="Religion and agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business" title="Religion and business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_assimilation" title="Religious assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_religion" title="Growth of religion">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">National church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" title="Importance of religion by country">National religiosity levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_populations" title="List of religious populations">Populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religiocentrism" title="Religiocentrism">Religiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_video_games" title="Religion and video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> <br />and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deconstruction" title="Positive deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Overviews<br />and <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion-related_lists" title="Category:Religion-related lists">lists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities" title="List of people who have been considered deities">Deification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_religion-related_articles" title="Index of religion-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings" title="List of largest peaceful gatherings">Mass gatherings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_organizations" title="List of religious organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_religion" title="Outline of religion">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions and spiritual traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_East_Timor" title="Religion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives" title="Religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_San_Marino" title="Religion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_America" title="Religion in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Religion in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Religion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Barbados" title="Religion in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belize" title="Religion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Religion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cuba" title="Religion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Dominica" title="Religion in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Religion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_El_Salvador" title="Religion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guatemala" title="Religion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Honduras" title="Religion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jamaica" title="Religion in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nicaragua" title="Religion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Panama" title="Religion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Religion in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_America" title="Religion in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Argentina" title="Religion in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bolivia" title="Religion in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chile" title="Religion in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Colombia" title="Religion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ecuador" title="Religion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guyana" title="Religion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Paraguay" title="Religion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Suriname" title="Religion in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uruguay" title="Religion in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Venezuela" title="Religion in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion" title="Category:Religion">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philosophy_of_religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Template:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Template talk:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy_of_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philosophy of religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy_of_religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Concepts in religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a> <ul><li>or <a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">religious belief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_veto" title="Theological veto">Theological veto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_egoism" title="Ethical egoism">Egoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misotheism" title="Misotheism">Misotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">God in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_views_of_divinity" title="Wiccan views of divinity">Wicca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">Existence of God</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">For</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_beauty" title="Argument from beauty">Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christological_argument" title="Christological argument">Christological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_consciousness" title="Argument from consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument" title="Cosmological argument">Cosmological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalam_cosmological_argument" title="Kalam cosmological argument">Kalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmological_argument#Argument_from_contingency" title="Cosmological argument">Contingency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_degree" title="Argument from degree">Degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_desire" title="Argument from desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_religious_experience" title="Argument from religious experience">Experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-tuned_universe" title="Fine-tuned universe">Fine-tuning of the universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_love" title="Argument from love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_miracles" title="Argument from miracles">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_morality" title="Argument from morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_the_Truthful" title="Proof of the Truthful">Necessary existent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Proper basis and Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_reason" title="Argument from reason">Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleological_argument" title="Teleological argument">Teleological</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural-law_argument" title="Natural-law argument">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker_analogy" title="Watchmaker analogy">Watchmaker analogy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_argument_for_the_existence_of_God" title="Transcendental argument for the existence of God">Transcendental</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Against</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Boeing_747_gambit" title="Ultimate Boeing 747 gambit">747 gambit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheist%27s_Wager" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist's Wager">Atheist's Wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_free_will" title="Argument from free will">Free will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_inconsistent_revelations" class="mw-redirect" title="Argument from inconsistent revelations">Inconsistent revelations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_nonbelief" title="Argument from nonbelief">Nonbelief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" title="Theological noncognitivism">Noncognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence_paradox" title="Omnipotence paradox">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_poor_design" title="Argument from poor design">Poor design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_teapot" title="Russell's teapot">Russell's teapot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acosmism" title="Acosmism">Acosmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">Creationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharmism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheistic_existentialism" title="Atheistic existentialism">Atheistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">Fideism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusivism" title="Inclusivism">Inclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Theories about religions">Theories about religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">Naturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">Metaphysical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_naturalism" title="Religious naturalism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_naturalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanistic naturalism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondualism" title="Nondualism">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possibilianism" title="Possibilianism">Possibilianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_skepticism" title="Religious skepticism">Religious skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">Taoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophies" title="List of philosophies">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eschatological_verification" title="Eschatological verification">Eschatological verification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_game_(philosophy)" title="Language game (philosophy)">Language game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">Verificationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_theodicy" title="Augustinian theodicy">Augustinian theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best_of_all_possible_worlds" title="Best of all possible worlds">Best of all possible worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma" title="Euthyphro dilemma">Euthyphro dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inconsistent_triad" title="Inconsistent triad">Inconsistent triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaean_theodicy" title="Irenaean theodicy">Irenaean theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_evil" title="Natural evil">Natural evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_religion" title="Category:Philosophers of religion">Philosophers<br />of religion</a></div><br />(by date active)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaunilo_of_Marmoutiers" title="Gaunilo of Marmoutiers">Gaunilo of Marmoutiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">King James VI and I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcion_of_Sinope" title="Marcion of Sinope">Marcion of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_philosophy" title="Early modern philosophy">Early modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Calmet" title="Antoine Augustin Calmet">Augustin Calmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiderius_Erasmus" class="mw-redirect" title="Desiderius Erasmus">Desiderius Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried W Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wollaston" title="William Wollaston">William Wollaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chubb" title="Thomas Chubb">Thomas Chubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_d%27Holbach" title="Baron d'Holbach">Baron d'Holbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann G Herder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1800<br />1850</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Christian_Friedrich_Krause" title="Karl Christian Friedrich Krause">Karl C F Krause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg W F Hegel</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Ritschl" title="Albrecht Ritschl">Albrecht Ritschl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrikan_Spir" title="Afrikan Spir">Afrikan Spir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1880<br />1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kingdon_Clifford" title="William Kingdon Clifford">W K Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_H%C3%B8ffding" title="Harald Høffding">Harald Høffding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Troeltsch" title="Ernst Troeltsch">Ernst Troeltsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Otto" title="Rudolf Otto">Rudolf Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Shestov" title="Lev Shestov">Lev Shestov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov" title="Sergei Bulgakov">Sergei Bulgakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Florensky" title="Pavel Florensky">Pavel Florensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Ernst Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1920<br />postwar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">George Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Paul Tillich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Brunner" title="Emil Brunner">Emil Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Rudolf Bultmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hartshorne" title="Charles Hartshorne">Charles Hartshorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithjof_Schuon" title="Frithjof Schuon">Frithjof Schuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">J L Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Walter Kaufmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lings" title="Martin Lings">Martin Lings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Peter Geach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I._Mavrodes" title="George I. Mavrodes">George I Mavrodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alston" title="William Alston">William Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Flew" title="Antony Flew">Antony Flew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">1970<br />1990<br />2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Rowe" title="William L. Rowe">William L Rowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewi_Zephaniah_Phillips" title="Dewi Zephaniah Phillips">Dewi Z Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Plantinga" title="Alvin Plantinga">Alvin Plantinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kenny" title="Anthony Kenny">Anthony Kenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" title="Nicholas Wolterstorff">Nicholas Wolterstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Swinburne" title="Richard Swinburne">Richard Swinburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Merrihew_Adams" title="Robert Merrihew Adams">Robert Merrihew Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Zacharias" title="Ravi Zacharias">Ravi Zacharias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" title="Peter van Inwagen">Peter van Inwagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Rue" title="Loyal Rue">Loyal Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lane_Craig" title="William Lane Craig">William Lane Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Rashad" title="Ali Akbar Rashad">Ali Akbar Rashad</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pruss" title="Alexander Pruss">Alexander Pruss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desacralization_of_knowledge" title="Desacralization of knowledge">Desacralization of knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">Exegesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language" title="Problem of religious language">Religious language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_philosophy" title="Religious philosophy">Religious philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_religion_articles" title="Index of philosophy of religion articles">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spirituality-related_topics" title="Template:Spirituality-related topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spirituality-related_topics" title="Template talk:Spirituality-related topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spirituality-related_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spirituality-related topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modern_spirituality" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Modern spirituality</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_spirituality" title="Outline of spirituality">Outline of spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spirituality" title="Category:Spirituality">Category:Spirituality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akashic_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Akashic Records">Akashic Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">Chakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">Cosmogony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">Creation myths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekam" title="Ekam">Ekam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">Emanationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenesis_(creative_intelligences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigenesis (creative intelligences)">Epigenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_return" title="Eternal return">Eternal return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">Eternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethic_of_reciprocity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethic of reciprocity">Ethic of reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">Existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_peace" title="Inner peace">Inner peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involution_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Involution (philosophy)">Involution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevala_jnana" title="Kevala jnana">Kevala jnana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lataif-e-sitta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lataif-e-sitta">Lataif-e-sitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">Meaning of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%27s_eye" class="mw-redirect" title="Mind's eye">Mind's eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plane_(cosmology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plane (cosmology)">Planes of existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satguru" title="Satguru">Satguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satori" title="Satori">Satori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabd" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabd">Shabd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunyata" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunyata">Shunyata</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_evolution" title="Spiritual evolution">Spiritual evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual possession">Spiritual possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronicity" title="Synchronicity">Synchronicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao">Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatvas" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatvas">Tatvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yana_(Buddhism)" title="Yana (Buddhism)">Yana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yuga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_practice" title="Spiritual practice">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">Aikido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">Altruism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestor_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor worship">Ancestor worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony" title="Testimony">Bearing testimony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Born again (Christianity)">Being born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessing" title="Blessing">Blessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celibacy" title="Celibacy">Celibacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channelling_(mediumistic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Channelling (mediumistic)">Channelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chanting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemplation" title="Contemplation">Contemplation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">Epiphany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">Faith healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossolalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossolalia">Glossolalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconolatry" title="Iconolatry">Iconolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinomichi" title="Kinomichi">Kinomichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">Martyrdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of religion">Ministering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muraqaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Muraqaba">Muraqaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonresistance" title="Nonresistance">Nonresistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">Qawwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qigong" title="Qigong">Qigong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_ecstasy" title="Religious ecstasy">Religious ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_music" title="Religious music">Religious music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacrament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaj_marg" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahaj marg">Sahaj marg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Sainthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-realization" title="Self-realization">Self-realization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Simran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplication" title="Supplication">Supplication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_whirling" title="Sufi whirling">Sufi whirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_chi" title="Tai chi">Tai chi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">Tithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">Veneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipassana">Vipassana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabi-sabi" title="Wabi-sabi">Wabi-sabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestment" title="Vestment">Wearing vestments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belief systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darshana" class="mw-redirect" title="Darshana">Darshana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esotericism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutheism,_dystheism,_and_maltheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutheism, dystheism, and maltheism">Eutheism, dystheism, and maltheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(religious_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritualism (religious movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Course_in_Miracles" title="A Course in Miracles">A Course in Miracles</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akilattirattu_Ammanai" class="mw-redirect" title="Akilattirattu Ammanai">Akilattirattu Ammanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cloud_of_Unknowing" title="The Cloud of Unknowing">The Cloud of Unknowing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu scripture">Hindu scripture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">I Ching</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism#Literature" title="Sufism">Sufi texts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching" title="Tao Te Ching">Tao Te Ching</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Urantia_Book" title="The Urantia Book">The Urantia Book</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhuangzi_(book)" title="Zhuangzi (book)">Zhuangzi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virtues" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtues">Virtues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awareness" title="Awareness">Awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_(virtue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charity (virtue)">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honesty" title="Honesty">Honesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope" title="Hope">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intuition_(knowledge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intuition (knowledge)">Intuition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy" title="Mercy">Mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mett%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Mettā">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_courage" title="Moral courage">Moral courage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patience" title="Patience">Patience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Seven virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ghosts_and_ghostlore" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ghosts" title="Template:Ghosts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ghosts" title="Template talk:Ghosts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ghosts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ghosts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ghosts_and_ghostlore" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghostlore" title="Ghostlore">ghostlore</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghosts" title="List of ghosts">List of ghosts</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Ancestral spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_ghost_lights" title="Atmospheric ghost lights">Ghost lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations" title="List of reportedly haunted locations">Haunted locations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_highways" title="List of reportedly haunted highways">Haunted highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haunted_house" title="Haunted house">Haunted house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_train" title="Ghost train">Haunted trains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_ship" title="Ghost ship">Haunted ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungry_ghost" title="Hungry ghost">Hungry ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltergeist" title="Poltergeist">Poltergeist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Tape_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone Tape Theory">Residual haunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vengeful_ghost" title="Vengeful ghost">Vengeful ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procession_of_the_dead" title="Procession of the dead">Procession of the dead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By continent<br />and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madam_Koi_Koi" title="Madam Koi Koi">Madam Koi Koi</a></li> <li>South Africa (<a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_South_Africa" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in South Africa">locations</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nat_(deity)" title="Nat (deity)">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Chinese_culture" title="Ghosts in Chinese culture">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_China" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in China">locations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Tibetan_culture" title="Ghosts in Tibetan culture">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souls_in_Filipino_cultures" title="Souls in Filipino cultures">Filipino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_Philippines" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in the Philippines">locations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Festival" title="Ghost Festival">Ghost Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhoota_(ghost)" title="Bhoota (ghost)">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_India" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in India">locations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Bengali_culture" title="Ghosts in Bengali culture">Bengali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABrei" title="Yūrei">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_Japan" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in Japan">locations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onry%C5%8D" title="Onryō">Onryō</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwisin" title="Gwisin">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Malay_culture" title="Ghosts in Malay culture">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Thai_culture" title="Ghosts in Thai culture">Thai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_Thailand" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in Thailand">locations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Vietnamese_culture" title="Ghosts in Vietnamese culture">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_English-speaking_cultures" title="Ghosts in English-speaking cultures">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reportedly_haunted_locations_in_Scotland" title="Reportedly haunted locations in Scotland">locations in Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in the United Kingdom">locations in United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_France" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in France">locations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_beings_in_Slavic_religion" title="Supernatural beings in Slavic religion">Slavic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_Romania" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in Romania">Romania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_Canada" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li>Caribbean <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duppy" title="Duppy">Duppy</a></li></ul></li> <li>Navajo <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chindi" title="Chindi">Chindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_sickness" title="Ghost sickness">Ghost sickness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Mexican_culture" title="Ghosts in Mexican culture">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_Mexico" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in Mexico">locations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead" title="Day of the Dead">Day of the Dead</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_United_States" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reportedly_haunted_locations_in_California" title="Reportedly haunted locations in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Reportedly haunted locations in the District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_ghostlore" title="Indiana ghostlore">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reportedly_haunted_locations_in_Oregon" title="Reportedly haunted locations in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reportedly_haunted_locations_in_Pennsylvania" title="Reportedly haunted locations in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="Reportedly haunted locations in the San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_Colombia" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in Colombia">Colombia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Polynesian_culture" title="Ghosts in Polynesian culture">Polynesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_and_spirits_in_M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Ghosts and spirits in Māori culture">Maori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Mesopotamian_religions" title="Ghosts in Mesopotamian religions">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_conception_of_the_soul" title="Ancient Egyptian conception of the soul">Ancient Egyptian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shade_(mythology)" title="Shade (mythology)">Classical antiquity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apparitional_experience" title="Apparitional experience">Apparitional experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voice_phenomenon" title="Electronic voice phenomenon">Electronic voice phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_hunting" title="Ghost hunting">Ghost hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9ance" title="Séance">Séance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_photography" title="Spirit photography">Spirit photography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Films about ghosts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_ghost_movie" title="Indian ghost movie">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_horror" title="Indonesian horror">Indonesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_story" title="Ghost story">Stories about ghosts</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaidan" title="Kaidan">Kaidan</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_television" title="Paranormal television">Paranormal television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Court cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Booty_v_Barnaby" title="Booty v Barnaby">Booty v Barnaby</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammersmith_Ghost_murder_case" title="Hammersmith Ghost murder case">Hammersmith Ghost murder case</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_ghosts" title="Fear of ghosts">Fear of ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectrophilia" title="Spectrophilia">Spectrophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Kardecist spiritism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ghost_Club" title="The Ghost Club">The Ghost Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geist" title="Geist">Geist</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(animating_force)" title="Spirit (animating force)">Spirit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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1,\n [\"CITEREFDeurasehAbu_Talib2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeussenGeden2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrobin2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarahMurphy,_Nancey2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGabus1944\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGabus1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGennadius_of_Massilia\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGinzberg1909a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGinzberg1909b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraftonMostSettis2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreyson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGurdjieff1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarari2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrell1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelm2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoppál\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoppál1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoppál2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ_Jaini1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaini1927\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJavanaud2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJayatilleke2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlein1655\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleivanSonne1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulmar\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeonardo_N._Mercado1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLorenz2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLorenzen2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacDougall1907\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarius1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcClelland2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLeanMeynell1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeister2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerkur1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyers2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNahyan_A.G._Fancy2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPacholczyk\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParnia2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPepe2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetre2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamsay2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRank1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_BlustStephen_Trussel\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyle1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSangave2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSantoroWoodMerloAnastasi2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaraoLong2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShankara1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShields2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShih\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSleutjesMoreira-AlmeidaGreyson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteiner1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSumegi2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSyed2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaherzadeh,_Adib1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTh._Emil_Homerin2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTymieniecka1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVarenne1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinkelman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinkelman2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYu2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZeus_A._Salazar2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFbeckettj\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFΑρχιμ._Βλάχος1985\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"=\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 4,\n [\"CN\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite Catholic Encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite OED\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 79,\n [\"Cite dictionary\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite periodical\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 25,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 3,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 13,\n [\"Expand section\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Ghosts\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 10,\n [\"Hatnote group\"] = 1,\n [\"IAST\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 11,\n [\"Lang-zh\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 8,\n [\"Main articles\"] = 1,\n [\"Math\"] = 4,\n [\"Nobr\"] = 3,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"POV-section\"] = 1,\n [\"Philosophy of religion\"] = 1,\n [\"Poemquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Primary sources section\"] = 1,\n [\"Quantify\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Religion topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Sc\"] = 1,\n [\"Script/Hebrew\"] = 5,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Spirituality-related topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Vague\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 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