Onco | An Open Access Journal from MDPI

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:fb="https://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> <meta content="mdpi" name="sso-service" /> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport" /> <title>Onco | An Open Access Journal from MDPI</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/font-awesome.min.css?eb190a3a77e5e1ee?1732286508"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/jquery.multiselect.css?f56c135cbf4d1483?1732286508"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/chosen.min.css?d7ca5ca9441ef9e1?1732286508"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/main2.css?69b39374e6b554b7?1732286508"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/mask-icon-128.svg?c1c7eca266cd7013?1732286508" color="#4f5671"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1732286508"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1732286508"> <link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <meta name="application-name" content=" "/> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/onco-logo-sq.png?bc79e3a255317213"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/onco-logo-sq.png?bc79e3a255317213"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/onco-logo-sq.png?bc79e3a255317213"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/onco-logo-sq.png?bc79e3a255317213"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="96x96" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/onco-logo-sq.png?bc79e3a255317213"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/onco-logo-sq.png?bc79e3a255317213"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/onco-logo-sq.png?bc79e3a255317213"> <meta name="title" content="Onco"> <meta name="description" content="Onco, an international, peer-reviewed Open Access journal." /> <link rel="image_src" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/onco-logo.png?bc79e3a255317213" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Onco" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/onco" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Onco, an international, peer-reviewed Open Access journal." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/onco-logo-social.png?bc79e3a255317213" /> <style> h2, #abstract .related_suggestion_title { } .batch_articles a { color: #000; } a, .batch_articles .authors a, a:focus, a:hover, a:active, .batch_articles a:focus, .batch_articles a:hover, li.side-menu-li a { } span.label a { color: #fff; } #main-content a.title-link:hover, #main-content a.title-link:focus, #main-content div.generic-item a.title-link:hover, #main-content div.generic-item a.title-link:focus { } #main-content #middle-column .generic-item.article-item a.title-link:hover, #main-content #middle-column .generic-item.article-item a.title-link:focus { } .art-authors a.toEncode { color: #333; font-weight: 700; } #main-content #middle-column ul li::before { } .accordion-navigation.active a.accordion__title, .accordion-navigation.active a.accordion__title::after { } .accordion-navigation li:hover::before, .accordion-navigation li:hover a, .accordion-navigation li:focus a { } .relative-size-container .relative-size-image .relative-size { } .middle-column__help__fixed a:hover i, } input[type="checkbox"]:checked:after { } input[type="checkbox"]:not(:disabled):hover:before { } #main-content .bolded-text { } #main-content .hypothesis-count-container { } #main-content .hypothesis-count-container:before { } .full-size-menu ul li.menu-item .dropdown-wrapper { } .full-size-menu ul li.menu-item > a.open::after { } #title-story .title-story-orbit .orbit-caption { #background: url('/img/design/000000_background.png') !important; background: url('/img/design/ffffff_background.png') !important; color: rgb(51, 51, 51) !important; } #main-content .content__container__orbit { background-color: #000 !important; } #main-content .content__container__journal { color: #fff; } .html-article-menu .row span { } .html-article-menu .row span.active { } .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li.active::before, .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li.active a { color: rgba(25,119,118,0.75) !important; font-weight: 700; } .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li:hover::before , .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li:hover a { color: rgba(25,119,118,0.75) !important; } .side-menu-ul li.active a, .side-menu-ul li.active, .side-menu-ul li.active::before { color: rgba(25,119,118,0.75) !important; } .side-menu-ul li.active a { } .result-selected, .active-result.highlighted, .active-result:hover, .result-selected, .active-result.highlighted, .active-result:focus { } .search-container.search-container__default-scheme { } nav.tab-bar .open-small-search.active:after { } .search-container.search-container__default-scheme .custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link::after { color: #fff; } @media only screen and (max-width: 50em) { #main-content .content__container.journal-info { color: #fff; } #main-content .content__container.journal-info a { color: #fff; } } .button.button--color { } .button.button--color:hover, .button.button--color:focus { } .button.button--color-journal { position: relative; background-color: rgba(25,119,118,0.75); border-color: #fff; color: #fff !important; } .button.button--color-journal:hover::before { content: ''; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; height: 100%; width: 100%; background-color: #ffffff; opacity: 0.2; } .button.button--color-journal:visited, .button.button--color-journal:hover, .button.button--color-journal:focus { background-color: rgba(25,119,118,0.75); border-color: #fff; color: #fff !important; } .button.button--color path { } .button.button--color:hover path { fill: #fff; } #main-content #search-refinements .ui-slider-horizontal .ui-slider-range { } .breadcrumb__element:last-of-type a { } #main-header { } #full-size-menu .top-bar, #full-size-menu li.menu-item span.user-email { } .top-bar-section li:not(.has-form) a:not(.button) { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item .dropdown-wrapper li a:hover { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item a:hover, #full-size-menu li.menu.item a:focus, nav.tab-bar a:hover { } #full-size-menu li.menu.item a:active, #full-size-menu li.menu.item a.active { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item a.open-mega-menu.active, #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu, a.open-mega-menu.active { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu li, #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu a { border-color: #9a9a9a; } div.type-section h2 { font-size: 20px; line-height: 26px; font-weight: 300; } div.type-section h3 { margin-left: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: 300; } .journal-tabs .tab-title.active a { } </style> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="MDPI Publishing - Latest articles" href="https://www.mdpi.com/rss"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="MDPI Publishing - Onco - Latest Articles" href="/rss/journal/onco"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="PxTlsg7z2S00aHroktQd57fxygEjMiNHydKn3txhvwY"> <meta name="facebook-domain-verification" content="mcoq8dtq6sb2hf7z29j8w515jjoof7" /> <script id="Cookiebot" data-cfasync="false" src="https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.js" data-cbid="51491ddd-fe7a-4425-ab39-69c78c55829f" type="text/javascript" async></script>  <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics"> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WPK7SW5'); </script> <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics"> _linkedin_partner_id = "2846186"; window._linkedin_data_partner_ids = window._linkedin_data_partner_ids || []; window._linkedin_data_partner_ids.push(_linkedin_partner_id); </script><script type="text/javascript"> (function(){var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; var b = document.createElement("script"); b.type = "text/javascript";b.async = true; b.src = "https://snap.licdn.com/li.lms-analytics/insight.min.js"; s.parentNode.insertBefore(b, s);})(); </script> <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics" data-cfasync="false" src="//script.crazyegg.com/pages/scripts/0116/4951.js" async="async" ></script> </head> <body> <div id="menuModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-menu" aria-hidden="true" data-reveal role="dialog"> <div class="menu-container"> <div class="UI_NavMenu"> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Journals</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="/about/journals">Active Journals</a> <a href="/about/journalfinder">Find a Journal</a> <a href="/about/journals/proposal">Journal Proposal</a> <a href="/about/proceedings">Proceedings Series</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="/topics"> <h2>Topics</h2> </a> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Information</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width: 200px; float: left;"> <a href="/authors">For Authors</a> <a href="/reviewers">For Reviewers</a> <a href="/editors">For Editors</a> <a href="/librarians">For Librarians</a> <a href="/publishing_services">For Publishers</a> <a href="/societies">For Societies</a> <a href="/conference_organizers">For Conference Organizers</a> </div> <div style="width: 100%; max-width: 250px; float: left;"> <a href="/openaccess">Open Access Policy</a> <a href="/ioap">Institutional Open Access Program</a> <a href="/special_issues_guidelines">Special Issues Guidelines</a> <a href="/editorial_process">Editorial Process</a> <a href="/ethics">Research and Publication Ethics</a> <a href="/apc">Article Processing Charges</a> <a href="/awards">Awards</a> <a href="/testimonials">Testimonials</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="/authors/english"> <h2>Editing Services</h2> </a> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Initiatives</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Sciforum</a> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">MDPI Books</a> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Preprints.org</a> <a href="https://www.scilit.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Scilit</a> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">SciProfiles</a> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Encyclopedia</a> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">JAMS</a> <a href="/about/proceedings">Proceedings Series</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>About</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="/about">Overview</a> <a href="/about/contact">Contact</a> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Careers</a> <a href="/about/announcements">News</a> <a href="/about/press">Press</a> <a href="http://blog.mdpi.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Blog</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="menu-container__buttons"> <a class="button UA_SignInUpButton" href="/user/login">Sign In / Sign Up</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="captchaModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-new--small" data-reveal aria-label="Captcha" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"></div> <div id="actionDisabledModal" class="reveal-modal" data-reveal aria-labelledby="actionDisableModalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog" style="width: 300px;"> <h2 id="actionDisableModalTitle">Notice</h2> <form action="/email/captcha" method="post" id="emailCaptchaForm"> <div class="row"> <div id="js-action-disabled-modal-text" class="small-12 columns"> </div> <div id="js-action-disabled-modal-submit" class="small-12 columns" style="margin-top: 10px; display: none;"> You can make submissions to other journals <a href="https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload">here</a>. </div> </div> </form> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="rssNotificationModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="rssNotificationModalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 id="rssNotificationModalTitle">Notice</h2> <p> You are accessing a machine-readable page. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. </p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <a class="button button--color js-rss-notification-confirm">Continue</a> <a class="button button--grey" onclick="$(this).closest('.reveal-modal').find('.close-reveal-modal').click(); return false;">Cancel</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-openaccess" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess">https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess</a>. </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-feature" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications. </p> <p> Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive positive feedback from the reviewers. </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-choice" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal. <div style="margin-top: -10px;"> <div id="drop-article-label-choice-journal-link" style="display: none; margin-top: -10px; padding-top: 10px;"> </div> </div> </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-resubmission" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Original Submission Date Received: <span id="drop-article-label-resubmission-date"></span>. </p> </div> <div id="container"> <noscript> <div id="no-javascript"> You seem to have javascript disabled. Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled. </div> </noscript> <div class="fixed"> <nav class="tab-bar show-for-medium-down"> <div class="row full-width collapse"> <div class="medium-3 small-4 columns"> <a href="/"> <img class="full-size-menu__mdpi-logo" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-black-small1.svg?da3a8dcae975a41c?1732286508" style="width: 64px;" title="MDPI Open Access Journals"> </a> </div> <div class="medium-3 small-4 columns right-aligned"> <div class="show-for-medium-down"> <a href="#" style="display: none;"> <i class="material-icons" onclick="$('#menuModal').foundation('reveal', 'close'); return false;">clear</i> </a> <a class="js-toggle-desktop-layout-link" title="Toggle desktop layout" style="display: none;" href="/toggle_desktop_layout_cookie"> <i class="material-icons">zoom_out_map</i> </a> <a href="#" class="js-open-small-search open-small-search"> <i class="material-icons show-for-small only">search</i> </a> <a title="MDPI main page" class="js-open-menu" data-reveal-id="menuModal" href="#"> <i class="material-icons">menu</i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <section class="main-section"> <header> <div class="full-size-menu show-for-large-up"> <div class="row full-width"> <div class="large-1 columns"> <a href="/"> <img class="full-size-menu__mdpi-logo" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-black-small1.svg?da3a8dcae975a41c?1732286508" title="MDPI Open Access Journals"> </a> </div> <div class="large-8 columns text-right UI_NavMenu"> <ul> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about/journals" data-dropdown="journals-dropdown" aria-controls="journals-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">Journals</a> <ul id="journals-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/about/journals"> Active Journals </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/journalfinder"> Find a Journal </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/journals/proposal"> Journal Proposal </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/topics">Topics</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/authors" data-dropdown="information-dropdown" aria-controls="information-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover:true; hover_timeout:200">Information</a> <ul id="information-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-5 columns right-border"> <ul> <li> <a href="/authors">For Authors</a> </li> <li> <a href="/reviewers">For Reviewers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editors">For Editors</a> </li> <li> <a href="/librarians">For Librarians</a> </li> <li> <a href="/publishing_services">For Publishers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/societies">For Societies</a> </li> <li> <a href="/conference_organizers">For Conference Organizers</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="small-7 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/openaccess">Open Access Policy</a> </li> <li> <a href="/ioap">Institutional Open Access Program</a> </li> <li> <a href="/special_issues_guidelines">Special Issues Guidelines</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editorial_process">Editorial Process</a> </li> <li> <a href="/ethics">Research and Publication Ethics</a> </li> <li> <a href="/apc">Article Processing Charges</a> </li> <li> <a href="/awards">Awards</a> </li> <li> <a href="/testimonials">Testimonials</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/authors/english">Editing Services</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about/initiatives" data-dropdown="initiatives-dropdown" aria-controls="initiatives-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">Initiatives</a> <ul id="initiatives-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Sciforum </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> MDPI Books </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Preprints.org </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.scilit.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Scilit </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> SciProfiles </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Encyclopedia </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> JAMS </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about" data-dropdown="about-dropdown" aria-controls="about-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">About</a> <ul id="about-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/about"> Overview </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/contact"> Contact </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Careers </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/announcements"> News </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/press"> Press </a> </li> <li> <a href="http://blog.mdpi.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Blog </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="large-3 columns text-right full-size-menu__buttons"> <div> <a class="button button--default-inversed UA_SignInUpButton" href="/user/login">Sign In / Sign Up</a> <a class="button button--default js-journal-active-only-link js-journal-active-only-submit-link UC_NavSubmitButton" href=" https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload?journal=onco " data-disabledmessage="new submissions are not possible.">Submit</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-divider"> </div> <div class="search-container hide-for-small-down row search-container__homepage-scheme"> <form id="basic_search" style="background-color: inherit !important;" class="large-12 medium-12 columns " action="/search" method="get"> <div class="row search-container__main-elements"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-12 columns text-right1 small-only-text-left"> <div class="show-for-medium-up"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> </div> <span class="search-container__title">Search<span class="hide-for-medium"> for Articles</span><span class="hide-for-small">:</span></span> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Title / Keyword</div> </div> <input type="text" placeholder="Title / Keyword" id="q" tabindex="1" name="q" value="" /> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Author / Affiliation / Email</div> </div> <input type="text" id="authors" placeholder="Author / Affiliation / Email" tabindex="2" name="authors" value="" /> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Journal</div> </div> <select id="journal" tabindex="3" name="journal" class="chosen-select"> <option value="">All Journals</option> <option value="acoustics" > Acoustics </option> <option value="amh" > Acta Microbiologica Hellenica (AMH) </option> <option value="actuators" > Actuators </option> <option value="admsci" > Administrative Sciences </option> <option value="adolescents" > Adolescents </option> <option value="arm" > Advances in Respiratory Medicine (ARM) </option> <option value="aerobiology" > Aerobiology </option> <option value="aerospace" > Aerospace </option> <option value="agriculture" > Agriculture </option> <option value="agriengineering" > AgriEngineering </option> <option value="agrochemicals" > Agrochemicals </option> <option value="agronomy" > Agronomy </option> <option value="ai" > AI </option> <option value="air" > Air </option> <option value="algorithms" > Algorithms </option> <option value="allergies" > Allergies </option> <option value="alloys" > Alloys </option> <option value="analytica" > Analytica </option> <option value="analytics" > Analytics </option> <option value="anatomia" > Anatomia </option> <option value="anesthres" > Anesthesia Research </option> <option value="animals" > Animals </option> <option value="antibiotics" > Antibiotics </option> <option value="antibodies" > Antibodies </option> <option value="antioxidants" > Antioxidants </option> <option value="applbiosci" > Applied Biosciences </option> <option value="applmech" > Applied Mechanics </option> <option value="applmicrobiol" > Applied Microbiology </option> <option value="applnano" > Applied Nano </option> <option value="applsci" > Applied Sciences </option> <option value="asi" > Applied System Innovation (ASI) </option> <option value="appliedchem" > AppliedChem </option> <option value="appliedmath" > AppliedMath </option> <option value="aquacj" > Aquaculture Journal </option> <option value="architecture" > Architecture </option> <option value="arthropoda" > Arthropoda </option> <option value="arts" > Arts </option> <option value="astronomy" > Astronomy </option> <option value="atmosphere" > Atmosphere </option> <option value="atoms" > Atoms </option> <option value="audiolres" > Audiology Research </option> <option value="automation" > Automation </option> <option value="axioms" > Axioms </option> <option value="bacteria" > Bacteria </option> <option value="batteries" > Batteries </option> <option value="behavsci" > Behavioral Sciences </option> <option value="beverages" > Beverages </option> <option value="BDCC" > Big Data and Cognitive Computing (BDCC) </option> <option value="biochem" > BioChem </option> <option value="bioengineering" > Bioengineering </option> <option value="biologics" > Biologics </option> <option value="biology" > Biology </option> <option value="blsf" > Biology and Life Sciences Forum </option> <option value="biomass" > Biomass </option> <option value="biomechanics" > Biomechanics </option> <option value="biomed" > BioMed </option> <option value="biomedicines" > Biomedicines </option> <option value="biomedinformatics" > BioMedInformatics </option> <option value="biomimetics" > Biomimetics </option> <option value="biomolecules" > Biomolecules </option> <option value="biophysica" > Biophysica </option> <option value="biosensors" > Biosensors </option> <option value="biotech" > BioTech </option> <option value="birds" > Birds </option> <option value="blockchains" > Blockchains </option> <option value="brainsci" > Brain Sciences </option> <option value="buildings" > Buildings </option> <option value="businesses" > Businesses </option> <option value="carbon" > C </option> <option value="cancers" > Cancers </option> <option value="cardiogenetics" > Cardiogenetics </option> <option value="catalysts" > Catalysts </option> <option value="cells" > Cells </option> <option value="ceramics" > Ceramics </option> <option value="challenges" > Challenges </option> <option value="ChemEngineering" > ChemEngineering </option> <option value="chemistry" > Chemistry </option> <option value="chemproc" > Chemistry Proceedings </option> <option value="chemosensors" > Chemosensors </option> <option value="children" > Children </option> <option value="chips" > Chips </option> <option value="civileng" > CivilEng </option> <option value="cleantechnol" > Clean Technologies (Clean Technol.) </option> <option value="climate" > Climate </option> <option value="ctn" > Clinical and Translational Neuroscience (CTN) </option> <option value="clinbioenerg" > Clinical Bioenergetics </option> <option value="clinpract" > Clinics and Practice </option> <option value="clockssleep" > Clocks & Sleep </option> <option value="coasts" > Coasts </option> <option value="coatings" > Coatings </option> <option value="colloids" > Colloids and Interfaces </option> <option value="colorants" > Colorants </option> <option value="commodities" > Commodities </option> <option value="complications" > Complications </option> <option value="compounds" > Compounds </option> <option value="computation" > Computation </option> <option value="csmf" > Computer Sciences & Mathematics Forum </option> <option value="computers" > Computers </option> <option value="condensedmatter" > Condensed Matter </option> <option value="conservation" > Conservation </option> <option value="constrmater" > Construction Materials </option> <option value="cmd" > Corrosion and Materials Degradation (CMD) </option> <option value="cosmetics" > Cosmetics </option> <option value="covid" > COVID </option> <option value="crops" > Crops </option> <option value="cryo" > Cryo </option> <option value="cryptography" > Cryptography </option> <option value="crystals" > Crystals </option> <option value="cimb" > Current Issues in Molecular Biology (CIMB) </option> <option value="curroncol" > Current Oncology </option> <option value="dairy" > Dairy </option> <option value="data" > Data </option> <option value="dentistry" > Dentistry Journal </option> <option value="dermato" > Dermato </option> <option value="dermatopathology" > Dermatopathology </option> <option value="designs" > Designs </option> <option value="diabetology" > Diabetology </option> <option value="diagnostics" > Diagnostics </option> <option value="dietetics" > Dietetics </option> <option value="digital" > Digital </option> <option value="disabilities" > Disabilities </option> <option value="diseases" > Diseases </option> <option value="diversity" > Diversity </option> <option value="dna" > DNA </option> <option value="drones" > Drones </option> <option value="ddc" > Drugs and Drug Candidates (DDC) </option> <option value="dynamics" > Dynamics </option> <option value="earth" > Earth </option> <option value="ecologies" > Ecologies </option> <option value="econometrics" > Econometrics </option> <option value="economies" > Economies </option> <option value="education" > Education Sciences </option> <option value="electricity" > Electricity </option> <option value="electrochem" > Electrochem </option> <option value="electronicmat" > Electronic Materials </option> <option value="electronics" > Electronics </option> <option value="ecm" > Emergency Care and Medicine </option> <option value="encyclopedia" > Encyclopedia </option> <option value="endocrines" > Endocrines </option> <option value="energies" > Energies </option> <option value="esa" > Energy Storage and Applications (ESA) </option> <option value="eng" > Eng </option> <option value="engproc" > Engineering Proceedings </option> <option value="entropy" > Entropy </option> <option value="environsciproc" > Environmental Sciences Proceedings </option> <option value="environments" > Environments </option> <option value="epidemiologia" > Epidemiologia </option> <option value="epigenomes" > Epigenomes </option> <option value="ebj" > European Burn Journal (EBJ) </option> <option value="ejihpe" > European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education (EJIHPE) </option> <option value="fermentation" > Fermentation </option> <option value="fibers" > Fibers </option> <option value="fintech" > FinTech </option> <option value="fire" > Fire </option> <option value="fishes" > Fishes </option> <option value="fluids" > Fluids </option> <option value="foods" > Foods </option> <option value="forecasting" > Forecasting </option> <option value="forensicsci" > Forensic Sciences </option> <option value="forests" > Forests </option> <option value="fossstud" > Fossil Studies </option> <option value="foundations" > Foundations </option> <option value="fractalfract" > Fractal and Fractional (Fractal Fract) </option> <option value="fuels" > Fuels </option> <option value="future" > Future </option> <option value="futureinternet" > Future Internet </option> <option value="futurepharmacol" > Future Pharmacology </option> <option value="futuretransp" > Future Transportation </option> <option value="galaxies" > Galaxies </option> <option value="games" > Games </option> <option value="gases" > Gases </option> <option value="gastroent" > Gastroenterology Insights </option> <option value="gastrointestdisord" > Gastrointestinal Disorders </option> <option value="gastronomy" > Gastronomy </option> <option value="gels" > Gels </option> <option value="genealogy" > Genealogy </option> <option value="genes" > Genes </option> <option value="geographies" > Geographies </option> <option value="geohazards" > GeoHazards </option> <option value="geomatics" > Geomatics </option> <option value="geometry" > Geometry </option> <option value="geosciences" > Geosciences </option> <option value="geotechnics" > Geotechnics </option> <option value="geriatrics" > Geriatrics </option> <option value="glacies" > Glacies </option> <option value="gucdd" > Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease (GUCDD) </option> <option value="grasses" > Grasses </option> <option value="hardware" > Hardware </option> <option value="healthcare" > Healthcare </option> <option value="hearts" > Hearts </option> <option value="hemato" > Hemato </option> <option value="hematolrep" > Hematology Reports </option> <option value="heritage" > Heritage </option> <option value="histories" > Histories </option> <option value="horticulturae" > Horticulturae </option> <option value="hospitals" > Hospitals </option> <option value="humanities" > Humanities </option> <option value="humans" > Humans </option> <option value="hydrobiology" > Hydrobiology </option> <option value="hydrogen" > Hydrogen </option> <option value="hydrology" > Hydrology </option> <option value="hygiene" > Hygiene </option> <option value="immuno" > Immuno </option> <option value="idr" > Infectious Disease Reports </option> <option value="informatics" > Informatics </option> <option value="information" > Information </option> <option value="infrastructures" > Infrastructures </option> <option value="inorganics" > Inorganics </option> <option value="insects" > Insects </option> <option value="instruments" > Instruments </option> <option value="iic" > Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction </option> <option value="ijerph" > International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH) </option> <option value="ijfs" > International Journal of Financial Studies (IJFS) </option> <option value="ijms" > International Journal of Molecular Sciences (IJMS) </option> <option value="IJNS" > International Journal of Neonatal Screening (IJNS) </option> <option value="ijpb" > International Journal of Plant Biology (IJPB) </option> <option value="ijt" > International Journal of Topology </option> <option value="ijtm" > International Journal of Translational Medicine (IJTM) </option> <option value="ijtpp" > International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP) </option> <option value="ime" > International Medical Education (IME) </option> <option value="inventions" > Inventions </option> <option value="IoT" > IoT </option> <option value="ijgi" > ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI) </option> <option value="J" > J </option> <option value="jal" > Journal of Ageing and Longevity (JAL) </option> <option value="jcdd" > Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease (JCDD) </option> <option value="jcto" > Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology (JCTO) </option> <option value="jcm" > Journal of Clinical Medicine (JCM) </option> <option value="jcs" > Journal of Composites Science (J. Compos. Sci.) </option> <option value="jcp" > Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy (JCP) </option> <option value="jdad" > Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease (JDAD) </option> <option value="jdb" > Journal of Developmental Biology (JDB) </option> <option value="jeta" > Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses (JETA) </option> <option value="jfb" > Journal of Functional Biomaterials (JFB) </option> <option value="jfmk" > Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK) </option> <option value="jof" > Journal of Fungi (JoF) </option> <option value="jimaging" > Journal of Imaging (J. Imaging) </option> <option value="jintelligence" > Journal of Intelligence (J. Intell.) </option> <option value="jlpea" > Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications (JLPEA) </option> <option value="jmmp" > Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP) </option> <option value="jmse" > Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (JMSE) </option> <option value="jmahp" > Journal of Market Access & Health Policy (JMAHP) </option> <option value="jmp" > Journal of Molecular Pathology (JMP) </option> <option value="jnt" > Journal of Nanotheranostics (JNT) </option> <option value="jne" > Journal of Nuclear Engineering (JNE) </option> <option value="ohbm" > Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine (JOHBM) </option> <option value="jop" > Journal of Parks </option> <option value="jpm" > Journal of Personalized Medicine (JPM) </option> <option value="jpbi" > Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI) </option> <option value="jor" > Journal of Respiration (JoR) </option> <option value="jrfm" > Journal of Risk and Financial Management (JRFM) </option> <option value="jsan" > Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks (JSAN) </option> <option value="joma" > Journal of the Oman Medical Association (JOMA) </option> <option value="jtaer" > Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER) </option> <option value="jvd" > Journal of Vascular Diseases (JVD) </option> <option value="jox" > Journal of Xenobiotics (JoX) </option> <option value="jzbg" > Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens (JZBG) </option> <option value="journalmedia" > Journalism and Media </option> <option value="kidneydial" > Kidney and Dialysis </option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases" > Kinases and Phosphatases </option> <option value="knowledge" > Knowledge </option> <option value="labmed" > LabMed </option> <option value="laboratories" > Laboratories </option> <option value="land" > Land </option> <option value="languages" > Languages </option> <option value="laws" > Laws </option> <option value="life" > Life </option> <option value="limnolrev" > Limnological Review </option> <option value="lipidology" > Lipidology </option> <option value="liquids" > Liquids </option> <option value="literature" > Literature </option> <option value="livers" > Livers </option> <option value="logics" > Logics </option> <option value="logistics" > Logistics </option> <option value="lubricants" > Lubricants </option> <option value="lymphatics" > Lymphatics </option> <option value="make" > Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction (MAKE) </option> <option value="machines" > Machines </option> <option value="macromol" > Macromol </option> <option value="magnetism" > Magnetism </option> <option value="magnetochemistry" > Magnetochemistry </option> <option value="marinedrugs" > Marine Drugs </option> <option value="materials" > Materials </option> <option value="materproc" > Materials Proceedings </option> <option value="mca" > Mathematical and Computational Applications (MCA) </option> <option value="mathematics" > Mathematics </option> <option value="medsci" > Medical Sciences </option> <option value="msf" > Medical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="medicina" > Medicina </option> <option value="medicines" > Medicines </option> <option value="membranes" > Membranes </option> <option value="merits" > Merits </option> <option value="metabolites" > Metabolites </option> <option value="metals" > Metals </option> <option value="meteorology" > Meteorology </option> <option value="methane" > Methane </option> <option value="mps" > Methods and Protocols (MPs) </option> <option value="metrics" > Metrics </option> <option value="metrology" > Metrology </option> <option value="micro" > Micro </option> <option value="microbiolres" > Microbiology Research </option> <option value="micromachines" > Micromachines </option> <option value="microorganisms" > Microorganisms </option> <option value="microplastics" > Microplastics </option> <option value="minerals" > Minerals </option> <option value="mining" > Mining </option> <option value="modelling" > Modelling </option> <option value="mmphys" > Modern Mathematical Physics </option> <option value="molbank" > Molbank </option> <option value="molecules" > Molecules </option> <option value="mti" > Multimodal Technologies and Interaction (MTI) </option> <option value="muscles" > Muscles </option> <option value="nanoenergyadv" > Nanoenergy Advances </option> <option value="nanomanufacturing" > Nanomanufacturing </option> <option value="nanomaterials" > Nanomaterials </option> <option value="ndt" > NDT </option> <option value="network" > Network </option> <option value="neuroglia" > Neuroglia </option> <option value="neurolint" > Neurology International </option> <option value="neurosci" > NeuroSci </option> <option value="nitrogen" > Nitrogen </option> <option value="ncrna" > Non-Coding RNA (ncRNA) </option> <option value="nursrep" > Nursing Reports </option> <option value="nutraceuticals" > Nutraceuticals </option> <option value="nutrients" > Nutrients </option> <option value="obesities" > Obesities </option> <option value="oceans" > Oceans </option> <option value="onco" selected='selected'> Onco </option> <option value="optics" > Optics </option> <option value="oral" > Oral </option> <option value="organics" > Organics </option> <option value="organoids" > Organoids </option> <option value="osteology" > Osteology </option> <option value="oxygen" > Oxygen </option> <option value="parasitologia" > Parasitologia </option> <option value="particles" > Particles </option> <option value="pathogens" > Pathogens </option> <option value="pathophysiology" > Pathophysiology </option> <option value="pediatrrep" > Pediatric Reports </option> <option value="pets" > Pets </option> <option value="pharmaceuticals" > Pharmaceuticals </option> <option value="pharmaceutics" > Pharmaceutics </option> <option value="pharmacoepidemiology" > Pharmacoepidemiology </option> <option value="pharmacy" > Pharmacy </option> <option value="philosophies" > Philosophies </option> <option value="photochem" > Photochem </option> <option value="photonics" > Photonics </option> <option value="phycology" > Phycology </option> <option value="physchem" > Physchem </option> <option value="psf" > Physical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="physics" > Physics </option> <option value="physiologia" > Physiologia </option> <option value="plants" > Plants </option> <option value="plasma" > Plasma </option> <option value="platforms" > Platforms </option> <option value="pollutants" > Pollutants </option> <option value="polymers" > Polymers </option> <option value="polysaccharides" > Polysaccharides </option> <option value="populations" > Populations </option> <option value="poultry" > Poultry </option> <option value="powders" > Powders </option> <option value="proceedings" > Proceedings </option> <option value="processes" > Processes </option> <option value="prosthesis" > Prosthesis </option> <option value="proteomes" > Proteomes </option> <option value="psychiatryint" > Psychiatry International </option> <option value="psychoactives" > Psychoactives </option> <option value="psycholint" > Psychology International </option> <option value="publications" > Publications </option> <option value="qubs" > Quantum Beam Science (QuBS) </option> <option value="quantumrep" > Quantum Reports </option> <option value="quaternary" > Quaternary </option> <option value="radiation" > Radiation </option> <option value="reactions" > Reactions </option> <option value="realestate" > Real Estate </option> <option value="receptors" > Receptors </option> <option value="recycling" > Recycling </option> <option value="rsee" > Regional Science and Environmental Economics (RSEE) </option> <option value="religions" > Religions </option> <option value="remotesensing" > Remote Sensing </option> <option value="reports" > Reports </option> <option value="reprodmed" > Reproductive Medicine (Reprod. Med.) </option> <option value="resources" > Resources </option> <option value="rheumato" > Rheumato </option> <option value="risks" > Risks </option> <option value="robotics" > Robotics </option> <option value="ruminants" > Ruminants </option> <option value="safety" > Safety </option> <option value="sci" > Sci </option> <option value="scipharm" > Scientia Pharmaceutica (Sci. Pharm.) </option> <option value="sclerosis" > Sclerosis </option> <option value="seeds" > Seeds </option> <option value="sensors" > Sensors </option> <option value="separations" > Separations </option> <option value="sexes" > Sexes </option> <option value="signals" > Signals </option> <option value="sinusitis" > Sinusitis </option> <option value="smartcities" > Smart Cities </option> <option value="socsci" > Social Sciences </option> <option value="siuj" > Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal (SIUJ) </option> <option value="societies" > Societies </option> <option value="software" > Software </option> <option value="soilsystems" > Soil Systems </option> <option value="solar" > Solar </option> <option value="solids" > Solids </option> <option value="spectroscj" > Spectroscopy Journal </option> <option value="sports" > Sports </option> <option value="standards" > Standards </option> <option value="stats" > Stats </option> <option value="stresses" > Stresses </option> <option value="surfaces" > Surfaces </option> <option value="surgeries" > Surgeries </option> <option value="std" > Surgical Techniques Development </option> <option value="sustainability" > Sustainability </option> <option value="suschem" > Sustainable Chemistry </option> <option value="symmetry" > Symmetry </option> <option value="synbio" > SynBio </option> <option value="systems" > Systems </option> <option value="targets" > Targets </option> <option value="taxonomy" > Taxonomy </option> <option value="technologies" > Technologies </option> <option value="telecom" > Telecom </option> <option value="textiles" > Textiles </option> <option value="thalassrep" > Thalassemia Reports </option> <option value="therapeutics" > Therapeutics </option> <option value="thermo" > Thermo </option> <option value="timespace" > Time and Space </option> <option value="tomography" > Tomography </option> <option value="tourismhosp" > Tourism and Hospitality </option> <option value="toxics" > Toxics </option> <option value="toxins" > Toxins </option> <option value="transplantology" > Transplantology </option> <option value="traumacare" > Trauma Care </option> <option value="higheredu" > Trends in Higher Education </option> <option value="tropicalmed" > Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (TropicalMed) </option> <option value="universe" > Universe </option> <option value="urbansci" > Urban Science </option> <option value="uro" > Uro </option> <option value="vaccines" > Vaccines </option> <option value="vehicles" > Vehicles </option> <option value="venereology" > Venereology </option> <option value="vetsci" > Veterinary Sciences </option> <option value="vibration" > Vibration </option> <option value="virtualworlds" > Virtual Worlds </option> <option value="viruses" > Viruses </option> <option value="vision" > Vision </option> <option value="waste" > Waste </option> <option value="water" > Water </option> <option value="wild" > Wild </option> <option value="wind" > Wind </option> <option value="women" > Women </option> <option value="world" > World </option> <option value="wevj" > World Electric Vehicle Journal (WEVJ) </option> <option value="youth" > Youth </option> <option value="zoonoticdis" > Zoonotic Diseases </option> </select> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Article Type</div> </div> <select id="article_type" tabindex="4" name="article_type" class="chosen-select"> <option value="">All Article Types</option> <option value="research-article">Article</option> <option value="review-article">Review</option> <option value="rapid-communication">Communication</option> <option value="editorial">Editorial</option> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="book-review">Book Review</option> <option value="brief-communication">Brief Communication</option> <option value="brief-report">Brief Report</option> <option value="case-report">Case Report</option> <option value="clinicopathological-challenge">Clinicopathological Challenge</option> <option value="article-commentary">Comment</option> <option value="commentary">Commentary</option> <option value="concept-paper">Concept Paper</option> <option value="conference-report">Conference Report</option> <option value="correction">Correction</option> <option value="creative">Creative</option> <option value="data-descriptor">Data Descriptor</option> <option value="discussion">Discussion</option> <option value="Entry">Entry</option> <option value="essay">Essay</option> <option value="expression-of-concern">Expression of Concern</option> <option value="extended-abstract">Extended Abstract</option> <option value="field-guide">Field Guide</option> <option value="guidelines">Guidelines</option> <option value="hypothesis">Hypothesis</option> <option value="interesting-image">Interesting Images</option> <option value="letter">Letter</option> <option value="books-received">New Book Received</option> <option value="obituary">Obituary</option> <option value="opinion">Opinion</option> <option value="perspective">Perspective</option> <option value="proceedings">Proceeding Paper</option> <option value="project-report">Project Report</option> <option value="protocol">Protocol</option> <option value="registered-report">Registered Report</option> <option value="reply">Reply</option> <option value="retraction">Retraction</option> <option value="note">Short Note</option> <option value="study-protocol">Study Protocol</option> <option value="systematic_review">Systematic Review</option> <option value="technical-note">Technical Note</option> <option value="tutorial">Tutorial</option> <option value="viewpoint">Viewpoint</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns small-push-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-collapsed-button-container"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <input type="submit" id="search" value="Search" class="button button--dark button--full-width searchButton1 US_SearchButton" tabindex="12"> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns large-text-left small-only-text-center small-pull-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-collapsed-link-container"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <a class="main-search-clear search-container__link" href="#" onclick="openAdvanced(''); return false;">Advanced<span class="show-for-small-only"> Search</span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="search-container__advanced" style="margin-top: 0; padding-top: 0px; background-color: inherit; color: inherit;"> <div class="row"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 columns show-for-medium-up"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Section</div> </div> <select id="section" tabindex="5" name="section" class="chosen-select"> <option value=""></option> </select> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Special Issue</div> </div> <select id="special_issue" tabindex="6" name="special_issue" class="chosen-select"> <option value=""></option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Volume</div> <input type="text" id="volume" tabindex="7" name="volume" placeholder="..." value="" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Issue</div> <input type="text" id="issue" tabindex="8" name="issue" placeholder="..." value="" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Number</div> <input type="text" id="number" tabindex="9" name="number" placeholder="..." value="" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Page</div> <input type="text" id="page" tabindex="10" name="page" placeholder="..." value="" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 columns small-push-6 medium-reset order large-reset-order medium-reset-order js-search-expanded-button-container"></div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 columns large-text-left small-only-text-center small-pull-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-expanded-link-container"></div> </div> </div> </form> <form id="advanced-search" class="large-12 medium-12 columns"> <div class="search-container__advanced"> <div id="advanced-search-template" class="row advanced-search-row"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-12 columns show-for-medium-up"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-3 columns connector-div"> <div class="search-input-label"><span class="show-for-medium-up">Logical Operator</span><span class="show-for-small">Operator</span></div> <select class="connector"> <option value="and">AND</option> <option value="or">OR</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-3 medium-3 small-6 columns search-text-div"> <div class="search-input-label">Search Text</div> <input type="text" class="search-text" placeholder="Search text"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 large-offset-0 medium-offset-0 small-offset-3 columns search-field-div"> <div class="search-input-label">Search Type</div> <select class="search-field"> <option value="all">All fields</option> <option value="title">Title</option> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="keywords">Keywords</option> <option value="authors">Authors</option> <option value="affiliations">Affiliations</option> <option value="doi">Doi</option> <option value="full_text">Full Text</option> <option value="references">References</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-3 columns"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <div class="search-action-div"> <div class="search-plus"> <i class="material-icons">add_circle_outline</i> </div> </div> <div class="search-action-div"> <div class="search-minus"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </div> </div> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 large-offset-0 medium-offset-0 small-offset-3 end columns"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <input class="advanced-search-button button button--dark search-submit" type="submit" value="Search"> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns show-for-medium-up"></div> </div> </div> </form> </div> <div class="header-divider"> </div> <div class="breadcrumb row full-row"> <div style="position: absolute; right: 40px; z-index: 10; top: 5px;"> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/about/journals">Journals</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="#">Onco</a> </div> </div> </header> <div id="main-content" class=""> <div class="row full-width" data-equalizer="three-columns"> <div id="middle-column" class="content__column large-6 large-push-3 medium-6 medium-push-3 small-12 columns end middle-bordered"> <div id="js-small-main-top-container"> </div> <div class="content__container"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link show-for-small-only"> <h2 class="no-padding-left no-margin">Journal Description</h2> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="journal__description"> <h1> <em>Onco</em> </h1> <div class="journal__description__content"> <em>Onco</em> is an international, <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/editorial_process">peer-reviewed</a>, open access journal on the whole field of oncotargets and cancer therapies research published quarterly online by MDPI. <ul> <li><strong><span class="label openaccess"><a title="Open Access" href="https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess">Open Access</a></span></strong>— free for readers, with <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/onco/apc">article processing charges (APC)</a> paid by authors or their institutions.</li> <li><strong>Rapid Publication:</strong> manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 19 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.8 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2024).</li> <li><strong>Recognition of Reviewers:</strong> APC discount vouchers, optional signed peer review, and reviewer names published annually in the journal.</li> <li><strong><em>Onco</em> is a companion journal of <em><a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/cancers">Cancers</a></em></strong>.</li> </ul> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 15px;"> </div> <div> <a href="/journal/onco/imprint" class="UI_JournalImprintsInfoButton"> <i class="material-icons spaced-link">subject</i> Imprint Information </a>    <a href="/journal/onco/onco_flyer.pdf" class="UD_JournalFlyer"> <i class="material-icons spaced-link">get_app</i> Journal Flyer </a>     <a class="oa-link" href="https://www.mdpi.com/about/openaccess"> <i class="material icons spaced-link"></i> Open Access </a>     <strong> ISSN: 2673-7523 </strong> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container content__container--overflow-initial"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link active"> <h2 class="no-padding-left">Latest Articles</h2> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content"> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item no-border"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1519738" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1519738" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1519738" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2673-7523/4/4/29/s1?version=1731487376"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 81 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 15 pages, 592 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-7523/4/4/29/pdf?version=1731487375" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Transarterial Chemoembolization in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer: A Systematic Review" data-journal="onco"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Systematic Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-7523/4/4/29">Transarterial Chemoembolization in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer: A Systematic Review</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hugo C. Temperley</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jack Bell</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tom O. Cuddihy</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Niall J. O’Sullivan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Benjamin M. Mac Curtain</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Steven Dolan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Niall McEniff</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ian Brennan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kevin Sheahan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Martin Marshal</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Michael E. Kelly</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zi Q. Ng</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Onco</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(4), 412-426; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/onco4040029">https://doi.org/10.3390/onco4040029</a> - 13 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Background: Locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) presents a significant treatment challenge. Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) has emerged as a potential adjunctive treatment, offering targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to the tumor site, minimizing systemic exposure. This systematic review aims to assess the current literature <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7523/4/4/29/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Background: Locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) presents a significant treatment challenge. Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) has emerged as a potential adjunctive treatment, offering targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to the tumor site, minimizing systemic exposure. This systematic review aims to assess the current literature on this novel technique and evaluate the safety and efficacy profile of TACE in treating this complex cohort of patients. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library, to identify studies evaluating TACE in LARC. Inclusion criteria encompassed clinical trials, cohort studies, and case series reporting on outcomes such as tumor response rate, overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and treatment-related adverse events. Results: A total of eight studies involving 543 patients met the inclusion criteria. The studies varied in design, with five prospective and three retrospective studies. A higher prevalence of male participants (68.7%) was noted, with a median age of 60.3 years. The studies primarily evaluated the efficacy and safety of TACE in LARC treatment. Pathological response rates, tumor reduction, and survival outcomes varied across studies, with TACE showing promise in reducing tumor size, improving survival, and controlling metastasis. Major complications were rare, reported in 6.0% of cases. Conclusions: TACE is a promising therapeutic option for patients with LARC, demonstrating favorable tumor response rates and manageable toxicity profiles. Further large-scale, randomized controlled trials are warranted to confirm these findings and better define the role of TACE in the multimodal treatment of LARC. <a href="/2673-7523/4/4/29">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7523/4/4/29/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1519738-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00029-g001-550.jpg?1731487548" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-1519738-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00029-g001-550.jpg?1731487548" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Study selection: a PRISMA flowchart of the selection of relevant publications included in this review.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/4/29'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="extending-content content-ready"> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1515827" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1515827" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1515827" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2673-7523/4/4/28/s1?version=1730968712"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 12 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 15 pages, 2402 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-7523/4/4/28/pdf?version=1730968711" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="The Different Effects of Noradrenaline on Rhabdomyosarcoma and Ewing’s Sarcoma Cancer Hallmarks—Implications for Exercise Oncology" data-journal="onco"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-7523/4/4/28">The Different Effects of Noradrenaline on Rhabdomyosarcoma and Ewing’s Sarcoma Cancer Hallmarks—Implications for Exercise Oncology</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Peter Weeber</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Stephanie Bremer</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jonas Haferanke</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Carla Regina</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Martin Schönfelder</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Henning Wackerhage</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Irene von Luettichau</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Onco</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(4), 397-411; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/onco4040028">https://doi.org/10.3390/onco4040028</a> - 7 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Background: Exercise has beneficial effects on cancer and its treatment, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Some studies have linked the positive impact of exercise to catecholamine signaling. In contrast, cancer stress studies have typically reported that catecholamines worsen cancer hallmarks and <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7523/4/4/28/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Background: Exercise has beneficial effects on cancer and its treatment, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Some studies have linked the positive impact of exercise to catecholamine signaling. In contrast, cancer stress studies have typically reported that catecholamines worsen cancer hallmarks and outcomes. Here, we aimed to investigate whether adrenergic receptor isoform expression can explain the contradictory effects of catecholamines in cancer. Methods: We cultured two pediatric sarcoma cancer cell lines that either express (A673 cell line) or do not express (RD cell line) adrenergic receptors. The cells were treated with a 5× dilution series of noradrenaline to assess the effects of noradrenaline on cell numbers. After these dose-finding experiments, we treated both cancer cell lines with 60 μM noradrenaline to examine its effect on cell proliferation and migration and cAMP signaling. Results: Treatment with 60 μM noradrenaline significantly decreased the cell numbers by 61.89% ± 10.36 (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.001), decreased cell proliferation by 15.88% ± 6.76 (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.05), decreased cell migration after 24 h (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.001), and increased cAMP concentrations 38-fold (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.001) in the A673 cells, which express adrenergic receptors, but not in the RD cells, which do not express adrenergic receptors. Conclusions: Our results indicate, as a proof of principle, that the effects of catecholamines on cancer progression and metastasis might depend on the expressions of the nine adrenergic receptor isoforms. As cancers express adrenergic and other receptors differentially, this has implications for the response of cancers to exercise, stress, and medication and may help to further personalize cancer treatments. <a href="/2673-7523/4/4/28">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7523/4/4/28/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1515827"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1515827"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1515827" data-cycle-prev="#prev1515827" data-cycle-progressive="#images1515827" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1515827-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00028/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00028-g001-550.jpg?1730968784" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1515827" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1515827-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00028/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00028-g002-550.jpg?1730968786'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1515827-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00028/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00028-g003-550.jpg?1730968788'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1515827-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00028/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00028-g004-550.jpg?1730968794'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1515827-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00028/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00028-g005-550.jpg?1730968796'><p>Figure 5</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1515827-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00028/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00028-g001-550.jpg?1730968784" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Adrenergic receptor isoform mRNA expressions in (<b>a</b>) A673 and (<b>b</b>) RD tumor cells. Expressions are displayed as fragments per kilobase of transcript per million fragments mapped (FPKM) in cells treated with 60 μM of noradrenaline and controls treated with growth medium only.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/4/28'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00028/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00028-g002-550.jpg?1730968786" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Effects of noradrenaline treatment on cell numbers of (<b>a</b>) A673 and (<b>b</b>) RD cells after 24 (●), 48 (■) and 72 (▲) hours. While the treatments with 0.096, 0.48, 2.4, and 12 μM of noradrenaline did not affect the cell numbers of either the A673 or the RD sarcoma cells, the treatment with 60 μM of noradrenaline for 72 h significantly increased the cell numbers of the A673 cells but not the RD cells. The treatment of A673 and RD sarcoma cells with 300 μM of noradrenaline for 24 and 48 h significantly reduced the cell numbers of both cell lines. The cell numbers of each sample are illustrated as their percentage compared to the control cells treated with growth medium only. The results are displayed as individual data points as well as the mean ± SD. The asterisks indicate significant differences in the cell numbers between the cells treated with growth medium only (control) and the noradrenaline-treated cells: **** <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.001.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/4/28'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00028/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00028-g003-550.jpg?1730968788" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Proliferation rates of A673 and RD sarcoma cells after noradrenaline treatment. (<b>a</b>) Treatment with 60 μM of noradrenaline for 72 h significantly decreased cell proliferation of A673 cells, but did not affect cell proliferation rates of RD cells. Asterisks indicate significant differences in cell proliferation between cells treated with 60 μM of noradrenaline (□) and cells treated with growth medium only (●): * <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.05. (<b>b</b>) Representative images of fluorescence microscopy view fields of A673 and RD sarcoma cells treated with 60 μM of noradrenaline or growth medium only.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/4/28'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00028/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00028-g004-550.jpg?1730968794" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Cell migration of A673 and RD sarcoma cells after noradrenaline treatment. (<b>a</b>) Microscopic images of the cell-free gap after 0, 24, 48, and 72 h of treatment with 60 μM noradrenaline or growth medium (control) of A673 and RD sarcoma cells. (<b>b</b>) The treatment with 60 μM of noradrenaline for 24 and 48 h significantly decreased cell proliferation of the A673 cells compared to the cells treated with growth medium only (control). (<b>c</b>) In the RD cells, the same treatment did not affect cell migration. The results are displayed as individual data points representing one technical replicate each, as well as the mean ± SD of one representative experiment. The asterisks denote significant differences in cell migration between the cells treated with 60 μM of noradrenaline (□) and the cells treated with growth medium only (●): *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.001.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/4/28'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00028/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00028-g005-550.jpg?1730968796" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>The effects of noradrenaline treatment on the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentrations in (<b>a</b>) A673 and (<b>b</b>) RD cells. While the treatment with 60 μM noradrenaline significantly increased the cAMP concentrations in the A673 cells after both 5 and 30 min, it did not affect the cAMP concentrations in the RD cells. The treatment of the A673 and RD sarcoma cells with 20 nM of noradrenaline did not affect the cAMP concentrations in either of the two cell lines. The results are displayed as individual data points representing one technical replicate each, as well as the mean ± SD. The asterisks indicate significant differences in the cAMP concentrations between the cells treated with 60 μM (□) or 20 nM (●) of noradrenaline and the cells treated with growth medium only: **** <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.001.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/4/28'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1513808" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1513808" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1513808" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2673-7523/4/4/27/s1?version=1730729896"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 2813 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 16 pages, 10276 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-7523/4/4/27/pdf?version=1730729895" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Screening Activity of Brain Cancer-Derived Factors on Primary Human Brain Pericytes" data-journal="onco"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-7523/4/4/27">Screening Activity of Brain Cancer-Derived Factors on Primary Human Brain Pericytes</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Samuel McCullough</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Eliene Albers</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Akshata Anchan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jane Yu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Bronwen Connor</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>E. Scott Graham</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Onco</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(4), 381-396; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/onco4040027">https://doi.org/10.3390/onco4040027</a> - 4 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> <b>Background/Objectives</b>: Brain cancers offer poor prognoses to patients accompanied by symptoms that drastically impact the patient and their family. Brain tumours recruit local non-transformed cells to provide trophic support and immunosuppression within the tumour microenvironment, supporting tumour progression. Given the localisation and <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7523/4/4/27/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> <b>Background/Objectives</b>: Brain cancers offer poor prognoses to patients accompanied by symptoms that drastically impact the patient and their family. Brain tumours recruit local non-transformed cells to provide trophic support and immunosuppression within the tumour microenvironment, supporting tumour progression. Given the localisation and supportive role of pericytes at the brain vasculature, we explored the potential for brain pericytes to contribute to the brain cancer microenvironment. <b>Methods</b>: To investigate this, primary brain pericytes were treated with factors commonly upregulated in brain cancers. Immunofluorescent labelling identified changes to brain pericyte cell signalling, cytometric bead array measured inflammatory secretion, and flow cytometry investigated brain pericyte phagocytosis. <b>Results</b>: The TGFβ superfamily cytokines TGFβ and GDF-15 activated SMAD2/3 and inhibited C/EBP-δ, revealing a potential mechanism behind the pleiotropic action of TGFβ on brain pericytes. IL-17 induced secretion of IL-6 without activating NFκB, STAT1, SMAD2/3, or C/EBP-δ signalling pathways. IL-27 and IFNγ induced STAT1 signalling and significantly reduced brain pericyte phagocytosis. The remaining brain cancer-derived factors did not induce a measured response, indicating that these factors may act on other cell types or require co-stimulation with other factors to produce significant effects. <b>Conclusions</b>: We identify several brain cancer-secreted factors which alter relevant brain pericyte functions. This reveals mechanisms through which brain tumours may regulate brain pericyte activity and these data start to uncover the supportive role these cells may play in brain cancers. <a href="/2673-7523/4/4/27">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7523/4/4/27/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1513808"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1513808"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1513808" data-cycle-prev="#prev1513808" data-cycle-progressive="#images1513808" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1513808-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00027-g001-550.jpg?1730730062" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1513808" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1513808-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00027-g002-550.jpg?1730730066'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1513808-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00027-g003-550.jpg?1730730068'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1513808-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00027-g004a-550.jpg?1730730074'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1513808-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00027-g004b-550.jpg?1730730077'><p>Figure 4 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1513808-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00027-g005-550.jpg?1730730081'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1513808-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00027-g006-550.jpg?1730730083'><p>Figure 6</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1513808-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00027-g001-550.jpg?1730730062" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Summary of transcription factor signalling, phagocytosis, and secreted protein responses to brain cancer-associated inflammatory stimuli. The left panel shows a summary of brain pericyte signalling responses to each brain cancer-associated factor. Dark green indicates activation of the given signalling pathway in the majority of cultured primary pericytes. Light green indicates activation of the given signalling pathway in a minor subset of cultured primary pericytes. Blue indicates inhibition of the given signalling pathway in a subset of cultured primary pericytes. Signalling responses for NFκB, STAT1, and SMAD2/3 are measured after 1 h, while C/EBP- δ is measured after 4 h. The middle panel (named Phagocy.) shows a summary of phagocytic responses to stimuli. Dark blue indicates inhibition of phagocytosis. Light blue indicates inhibition of phagocytosis at high treatment concentrations. The right panel is a heat map summarising the secretory responses of primary pericytes after treatment with proteins from our panel of cancer-associated factors. The time point that demonstrated the highest fold change in the secreted protein relative to the vehicle is presented in the heat map for each inflammatory treatment. Observed treatment effects are denoted with * (these are not significant changes as secreted protein data are derived from 2 experimental repeats).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/4/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00027-g002-550.jpg?1730730066" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Signalling responses to treatment with TGFβ cytokine superfamily members TGFβ or GDF-15. Immunofluorescence images demonstrating NFκB, STAT1, SMAD2/3, and C/EBP-δ localisation in response to TGFβ (<b>A</b>) or GDF-15 (<b>C</b>) in primary brain pericytes. Images are quantified using MetaXpress to generate concentration–response curves (<b>B</b>,<b>D</b>). The data presented are one representative experiment of two experimental repeats for TGFβ treatment and three experimental repeats for GDF-15 treatment (see <a href="#app1-onco-04-00027" class="html-app">Table S4</a>). The EC50 for nuclear localisation is indicated by the dotted line on the concentration–response curve. Scale bar = 40 µm for all images. White arrows indicate nuclear signal localisation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/4/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00027-g003-550.jpg?1730730068" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>TGFβ cytokine superfamily cytokines TGFβ and GDF-15 stimulate inflammatory secretions in brain pericytes. Graphs demonstrating the concentration of MCP-1, RANTES, sICAM, sVCAM, TNF, IL-6, IL-8, and VEGF in response to TGFβ treatment ((<b>A</b>), 200 pM or 5 ng/mL) or GDF-15 treatment ((<b>B</b>), 8.13 nM or 200 ng/mL) over 72 h. The presented data are collected from two experimental repeats.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/4/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00027-g004a-550.jpg?1730730074" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Signalling responses to treatment with IL-17, IL-27, and IFNγ. Immunofluorescence images demonstrating NFκB, STAT1, SMAD2/3, and C/EBP-δ localisation in response to IL-17 (<b>A</b>), IL-27 (<b>C</b>), or IFNγ (<b>E</b>) in primary brain pericytes. Images are quantified using MetaXpress to generate concentration–response curves (<b>B</b>,<b>D</b>,<b>F</b>). The data presented are one representative experiment of at least two experimental repeats for each cytokine treatment (see <a href="#app1-onco-04-00027" class="html-app">Table S4</a>). The EC50 for nuclear localisation is indicated by the dotted line on the concentration–response curve. Scale bar = 40 µm for all images. White arrows indicate nuclear signal localisation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/4/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00027-g004b-550.jpg?1730730077" title=" <strong>Figure 4 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Signalling responses to treatment with IL-17, IL-27, and IFNγ. Immunofluorescence images demonstrating NFκB, STAT1, SMAD2/3, and C/EBP-δ localisation in response to IL-17 (<b>A</b>), IL-27 (<b>C</b>), or IFNγ (<b>E</b>) in primary brain pericytes. Images are quantified using MetaXpress to generate concentration–response curves (<b>B</b>,<b>D</b>,<b>F</b>). The data presented are one representative experiment of at least two experimental repeats for each cytokine treatment (see <a href="#app1-onco-04-00027" class="html-app">Table S4</a>). The EC50 for nuclear localisation is indicated by the dotted line on the concentration–response curve. Scale bar = 40 µm for all images. White arrows indicate nuclear signal localisation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/4/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00027-g005-550.jpg?1730730081" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>IL-17, IL-27, and IFNγ induce secretory changes in brain pericytes. Graphs demonstrating the concentration of MCP-1, RANTES, sICAM, sVCAM, TNF, IL-6, IL-8, and VEGF in response to IL-17 treatment ((<b>A</b>), 316 pM or 5 ng/mL), IL-27 treatment ((<b>B</b>), 1 nM or 50 ng/mL), or IFNγ treatment ((<b>C</b>), 296 pM or 5 ng/mL) over 72 h. The presented data are collected from two experimental repeats.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/4/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00027-g006-550.jpg?1730730083" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>IFNγ and IL-27 treatment reduced phagocytosis in primary brain pericytes. Flow cytometry histograms showing the fluorescence of treated (red) and vehicle (blue) cell populations after incubation with fluorescent beads for 24 h (<b>A</b>,<b>D</b>). Cellular auto-fluorescence can be seen in black. The vertical red line indicates the fluorescent threshold for cells to be considered phagocytic. Quantification of the histograms shows the percentage of phagocytic cells (<b>B</b>,<b>E</b>) and the normalised mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) of phagocytic cells (<b>C</b>,<b>F</b>). The presented data are collected from three experimental repeats. The significance of each treatment compared to the vehicle was determined using a one-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons. *: <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05; **: <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.01; ***: <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.001.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/4/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 12 pages, 958 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-7523/4/4/26/pdf?version=1730710760" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Marine-Derived Therapeutics for the Management of Glioblastoma: A Case Series and Comprehensive Review of the Literature" data-journal="onco"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Case Report</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-7523/4/4/26">Marine-Derived Therapeutics for the Management of Glioblastoma: A Case Series and Comprehensive Review of the Literature</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nishika Karbhari</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Simon Khagi</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Onco</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(4), 369-380; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/onco4040026">https://doi.org/10.3390/onco4040026</a> - 4 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Introduction: Glioblastoma is a fatal intracranial neoplasm that is refractory to treatment, with inevitable disease recurrence and progression to death. Marine-derived compounds, including those found in nutraceutical products, may provide therapeutic benefit in the setting of glioblastoma. We present two patient cases whose <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7523/4/4/26/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Introduction: Glioblastoma is a fatal intracranial neoplasm that is refractory to treatment, with inevitable disease recurrence and progression to death. Marine-derived compounds, including those found in nutraceutical products, may provide therapeutic benefit in the setting of glioblastoma. We present two patient cases whose courses demonstrate a compelling role for marine-derived products in the management of glioblastoma. Cases: Case 1 describes a patient with <i>MGMT</i> promoter unmethylated glioblastoma who went on to complete standard of care chemoradiation along with concurrent use of a majority sea cucumber (MSC) blend known as SeaCare<sup>®</sup> (SeaCare, Torrington, CT, USA). Her survival of over 2 years significantly exceeds the recognized median survival time of glioblastoma. Case 2 describes a patient with a complicated course who experienced dramatic improvement after the initiation of the MSC blend, with an exceptional survival time of over 4 years post-diagnosis. Discussion: The mechanisms of marine-derived products that underlie these dramatic clinical effects are likely multifaceted but may hinge on the modification of the tumor immune microenvironment and suppression of tumorigenic effects. Specifically, the change in tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) within the tumor microenvironment is central to this complex interplay. Conclusions: Ultimately, the use of marine products in the treatment of glioblastoma may present a novel and promising therapeutic strategy that warrants further investigation. <a href="/2673-7523/4/4/26">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7523/4/4/26/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1513476"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1513476"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1513476" data-cycle-prev="#prev1513476" data-cycle-progressive="#images1513476" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1513476-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00026/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00026-g001-550.jpg?1730710832" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1513476" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1513476-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00026/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00026-g002-550.jpg?1730710834'><p>Figure 2</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1513476-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00026/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00026-g001-550.jpg?1730710832" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Serial radiographic response of Patient 1. Gadolinium-enhanced MRI shows a significant decrease in tumor size after a 6-week course of concurrent chemoradiation and the initiation of marine nutraceutical products. Even in the absence of adjuvant temozolomide, she achieved a durable response on maintenance marine nutraceuticals alone.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/4/26'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00026/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00026-g002-550.jpg?1730710834" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Serial radiographic response of Patient 2. Though the patient had a complicated clinical course, gadolinium-enhanced MRIs show a significant improvement in tumor size after completing 6 cycles of adjuvant TMZ and initiating marine nutraceutical products.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/4/26'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1506793" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1506793" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1506793" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2673-7523/4/4/25/s1?version=1729863506"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 1310 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 10 pages, 690 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-7523/4/4/25/pdf?version=1729863505" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Impact of Extent of Resection on Overall Survival in Glioblastomas: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses" data-journal="onco"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-7523/4/4/25">Impact of Extent of Resection on Overall Survival in Glioblastomas: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pemla Jagtiani</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mert Karabacak</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alejandro Carrasquilla</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Raymund Yong</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Konstantinos Margetis</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Onco</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(4), 359-368; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/onco4040025">https://doi.org/10.3390/onco4040025</a> - 25 Oct 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> (1) Background: Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant brain tumor in adults. Due to a lack of level 1 evidence, there is no clear consensus on the optimal extent of resection to improve overall survival. This umbrella review aggregates existing meta-analyses (MAs) <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7523/4/4/25/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> (1) Background: Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant brain tumor in adults. Due to a lack of level 1 evidence, there is no clear consensus on the optimal extent of resection to improve overall survival. This umbrella review aggregates existing meta-analyses (MAs) to assess overall survival in patients undergoing subtotal resection (STR) versus gross total resection (GTR). (2) Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science identified 441 studies, with four MAs meeting inclusion criteria. Data were analyzed using the metaumbrella R package, focusing on overall survival. Quality was assessed using AMSTAR2, with scores ranging from 0 to 11. The Ioannidis criteria were applied to evaluate the credibility of the evidence. (3) Results: The quality assessment rated all four studies highly, with a mean AMSTAR2 score of 10.25. The pooled analysis revealed a significant survival advantage for GTR over STR. However, the Ioannidis classification graded the evidence as Class III, indicating weak credibility. (4) Conclusions: GTR offers a slight survival benefit over STR in GBM patients, but the credibility of the evidence is weak, highlighting the need for further research. <a href="/2673-7523/4/4/25">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7523/4/4/25/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1506793-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00025/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00025-g001-550.jpg?1729863598" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-1506793-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00025/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00025-g001-550.jpg?1729863598" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>PRISMA flow diagram.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/4/25'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 10 pages, 977 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-7523/4/4/24/pdf?version=1729247826" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Tumour Heterogeneity and Disease Infiltration as Paradigms of Glioblastoma Treatment Resistance" data-journal="onco"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-7523/4/4/24">Tumour Heterogeneity and Disease Infiltration as Paradigms of Glioblastoma Treatment Resistance</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pulkit Malhotra</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ruman Rahman</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Onco</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(4), 349-358; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/onco4040024">https://doi.org/10.3390/onco4040024</a> - 18 Oct 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Isocitrate dehydrogenase wild-type glioblastoma, a Grade 4 malignant brain neoplasm, remains resistant to multimodal treatment, with a median survival of 16 months from diagnosis with no geographical bias. Despite increasing appreciation of intra-tumour genotypic variation and stem cell plasticity, such knowledge has yet <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7523/4/4/24/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Isocitrate dehydrogenase wild-type glioblastoma, a Grade 4 malignant brain neoplasm, remains resistant to multimodal treatment, with a median survival of 16 months from diagnosis with no geographical bias. Despite increasing appreciation of intra-tumour genotypic variation and stem cell plasticity, such knowledge has yet to translate to efficacious molecular targeted therapies in this post-genomic era. Critically, the manifestation of molecular heterogeneity and stem cell biological process within clinically relevant infiltrative disease is little understood. Here, we review the interactions between neural plasticity, intra-tumour heterogeneity and residual infiltrative disease, and we draw upon antibiotic resistance as an insightful analogy to further explain tumour heterogeneity. <a href="/2673-7523/4/4/24">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7523/4/4/24/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1501712"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1501712"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1501712" data-cycle-prev="#prev1501712" data-cycle-progressive="#images1501712" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1501712-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00024/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00024-g001-550.jpg?1729247950" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1501712" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1501712-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00024/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00024-g002-550.jpg?1729247951'><p>Figure 2</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1501712-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00024/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00024-g001-550.jpg?1729247950" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Aspects of intra-tumour heterogeneity and its relationship with clonal evolution (Darwinian evolution: selection of cells that have mutated to exhibit more aggressive phenotypes, followed by natural selection of these cells conferred by external selection pressures) and the Cancer Stem Cell Model (in which heterogeneity encompasses the spectrum of differentiated cells and plasticity between CSC and non-CSC). Created using BioRender.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/4/24'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00024/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00024-g002-550.jpg?1729247951" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Schematic outlining the analogous mechanism of tumour cells undergoing random mutations, as well as bacterial populations being selected to allow resistant populations to multiply. Created in BioRender.com.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/4/24'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 848 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-7523/4/4/23/pdf?version=1729054670" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="The Emerging Applications of Raman Spectroscopy in Clinical Oncology: A Narrative Review Focused on Circulating Tumor DNA Detection and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring" data-journal="onco"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-7523/4/4/23">The Emerging Applications of Raman Spectroscopy in Clinical Oncology: A Narrative Review Focused on Circulating Tumor DNA Detection and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sathya Narayanan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yuling Wang</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Howard Gurney</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Onco</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(4), 335-348; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/onco4040023">https://doi.org/10.3390/onco4040023</a> - 16 Oct 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Raman spectroscopy is a technique which involves quantitative and qualitative molecular analysis based on the interaction between incident light and isolation of scattered wavelengths in generating a molecular fingerprint. It has a broad array of potential scientific applications, encompassing areas as diverse as <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7523/4/4/23/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Raman spectroscopy is a technique which involves quantitative and qualitative molecular analysis based on the interaction between incident light and isolation of scattered wavelengths in generating a molecular fingerprint. It has a broad array of potential scientific applications, encompassing areas as diverse as food science and forensics. However, it may also be highly useful in clinical oncology. A recent focus of research in oncology has been in achieving the individualisation of care. Two important strategies to achieve a so-called “precision oncology” approach may include the detection of circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) in more objectively evaluating treatment response and guiding de-escalation and intensification approaches in systemic therapy and therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM). Therapeutic drug monitoring involves the quantitation of plasma drug levels in order to tailor medication dosing in optimizing outcomes. The existing approaches to characterize small molecules, such as fluorescence-based and chromatographic strategies, may be limited by high costs, long turnaround times, and bulky equipment. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) may be deployed by utilizing a handheld device, with the potential for point of care, rapid turnaround, low-cost assessment of clinically relevant parameters, and prompt implementation of attendant changes in treatment. Although there is a growing body of data supporting the implementation of TDM and evaluation of ctDNA in achieving precision medicine, the uptake of such approaches remains relatively limited outside of clinical trials. As stated, the nature of existing analytical methodologies may prove to be a significant barrier to the routine clinic-based implementation of such approaches. Therefore, we provide the existing evidence for SERS in alleviating these barriers. We also provide insights into how SERS could contribute to clinical oncology. <a href="/2673-7523/4/4/23">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/onco/special_issues/787P661E1B ">The Evolving Landscape of Contemporary Cancer Therapies</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7523/4/4/23/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1499519"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1499519"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1499519" data-cycle-prev="#prev1499519" data-cycle-progressive="#images1499519" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1499519-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00023/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00023-g001-550.jpg?1729054802" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1499519" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1499519-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00023/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00023-g002-550.jpg?1729054804'><p>Figure 2</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1499519-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00023/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00023-g001-550.jpg?1729054802" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Phenomenon of Raman scattering as an incident light source interacts with the analyte sample.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/4/23'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00023/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00023-g002-550.jpg?1729054804" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Potential roles for ctDNA analysis in oncology.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/4/23'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 13 pages, 1536 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-7523/4/4/22/pdf?version=1728910425" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Cancer Immunotherapy: Targeting TREX1 Has the Potential to Unleash the Host Immunity against Cancer Cells" data-journal="onco"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-7523/4/4/22">Cancer Immunotherapy: Targeting TREX1 Has the Potential to Unleash the Host Immunity against Cancer Cells</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Karim Hawillo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Samira Kemiha</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hervé Técher</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Onco</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(4), 322-334; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/onco4040022">https://doi.org/10.3390/onco4040022</a> - 14 Oct 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Chromosomal instability and DNA damage are hallmarks of cancers that can result in the accumulation of micronuclei, cytosolic chromatin fragments (CCFs), or cytosolic DNA species (cytoDNA). The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a DNA sensor that recognizes cytosolic DNA and chromatin fragments and <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7523/4/4/22/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Chromosomal instability and DNA damage are hallmarks of cancers that can result in the accumulation of micronuclei, cytosolic chromatin fragments (CCFs), or cytosolic DNA species (cytoDNA). The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a DNA sensor that recognizes cytosolic DNA and chromatin fragments and subsequently triggers a systemic type I interferon response via the cGAS-STING pathway. Although cancer cells usually contain a high level of chromosomal instability, these cells can avoid the induction of the interferon (IFN) response either by silencing cGAS-STING or the upregulation of the three prime exonuclease 1 (TREX1). TREX1 restricts the spontaneous activation of the cGAS-STING pathway through the degradation of cytoDNA; this in turn limits tumor immunogenicity allowing cancer cells to evade immune detection. Deletion of TREX1 in different cancer types has been shown to decrease tumor growth and increase tumor immune infiltration in pre-clinical mice models. These recent studies also showed the efficacy of TREX1-targeting in combination with anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade. Therefore, targeting TREX1 represents a unique therapeutic strategy to induce an amplified induction of a type I IFN response, promoting the host’s immune response against chromosomally unstable cancer cells. We here discuss these recent advances obtained in preclinical cancer models that pave the way to develop TREX1 inhibitors and to find new avenues to target the broad cGAS-STING pathway signaling in cancer therapy. <a href="/2673-7523/4/4/22">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7523/4/4/22/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1498449"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1498449"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1498449" data-cycle-prev="#prev1498449" data-cycle-progressive="#images1498449" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1498449-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00022/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00022-g001-550.jpg?1728910501" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1498449" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1498449-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00022/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00022-g002-550.jpg?1728910503'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1498449-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00022/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00022-g003-550.jpg?1728910506'><p>Figure 3</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1498449-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00022/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00022-g001-550.jpg?1728910501" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p><b>cGAS-STING signaling pathway</b>. The DNA sensor cGAS recognizes double-stranded DNA from exogenous and endogenous (self) origin. Exogenous DNA can for instance be exposed in the cytosol following viral infection. Endogenous DNA can accumulate in the cytosol as a consequence of DNA damage. cGAS synthesizes the cyclic dinucleotide cGAMP that subsequently binds to and activates STING (stimulator of interferon genes), which is anchored to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). STING activation is followed by its translocation to the Golgi and sequential phosphorylation of TBK1 and IRF3, which in turn translocates into the nucleus to induce the expression of type I interferons (type I IFN). TREX1 is an exonuclease that is mainly localized into the cytoplasm and that negatively regulates cGAS-STING-IFN signaling by degrading cytosolic DNA (cytoDNA). See the main text for details and references.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/4/22'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00022/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00022-g002-550.jpg?1728910503" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p><b>Cancer cells upregulate TREX1 expression to escape immune detection</b>. Some cancer cells increase the expression of TREX1 exonuclease. Although cancer cells experience DNA damage and have unstable genomes, cytosolic DNA (cytoDNA) is constantly degraded by TREX1. As a result, high TREX1 expression in cancer cells suppresses the cGAS-STING signaling. Inactive STING favors the escape to immune surveillance, notably by T cells. See main text for details and references.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/4/22'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00022/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00022-g003-550.jpg?1728910506" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>The impact of TREX1 inactivation and of an interferon response on the tumor microenvironment. Inactivation of TREX1 in cancer cells promotes the accumulation of cytosolic DNA resulting in cGAS-STING-IFN-I signaling. The pro-inflammatory response, the type I IFN response, notably induced by TREX1 inactivation leads to the attraction and recruitment of innate and adaptative immune cells. Either TREX1 ablation or STING agonists (MSA-2 and SR-717) have been shown to boost anti-cancer immunity notably by remodeling the tumor microenvironment, with infiltration of dendritic cells and activation of T lymphocytes. Immune cells and normal cells may then spread this inflammatory response. For instance, dendritic cells can activate STING signaling upon phagocytosis of tumor DNA. Prolonged type I IFN response could promote genomic instability in both cancer and normal cells. See main text for details and references.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/4/22'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 35 pages, 451 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-7523/4/4/21/pdf?version=1728890511" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Phytocannabinoids as Chemotherapy Adjuncts—A Review for Users" data-journal="onco"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-7523/4/4/21">Phytocannabinoids as Chemotherapy Adjuncts—A Review for Users</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gerhard Nahler</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Onco</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(4), 287-321; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/onco4040021">https://doi.org/10.3390/onco4040021</a> - 11 Oct 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Cancer, one of the leading causes of death worldwide, is on the rise. The high toxicity of conventional chemotherapy, often applied as drug cocktails, and the development of resistance limit the use of antineoplastic drugs and reduce the quality of life. With easier <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7523/4/4/21/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Cancer, one of the leading causes of death worldwide, is on the rise. The high toxicity of conventional chemotherapy, often applied as drug cocktails, and the development of resistance limit the use of antineoplastic drugs and reduce the quality of life. With easier access, a growing number of patients are using cannabis (cannabinoids) for alleviation of their symptoms, and in the hope of improving survival. This article summarizes results observed with combinations of phytocannabinoids and standard chemotherapeutic agents in animal tumour models and in patients. It is limited to approved phytocannabinoids. Preliminary preclinical data suggest that conventional antineoplastic agents combined with cannabinoids exert enhanced anti-cancer effects, reduce resistance development and improve survival. Corresponding experiences with patients are still very limited and only concern a few patients with glioblastoma and pancreatic cancer. Benefits of combinations containing cannabinoids have also been reported for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite (dronabinol), and chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathic pain and anxiety (cannabidiol). In addition, phytocannabinoids, particularly cannabidiol, may play a role in protecting organs such as the heart, lungs or kidneys from chemotherapy-related toxicity. Although the results are promising, more research is needed to ensure whether the benefits of adjuvant cannabinoids outweigh the potential risks. <a href="/2673-7523/4/4/21">Full article</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 12 pages, 270 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-7523/4/4/20/pdf?version=1727591980" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Clinical Evidence of Methods and Timing of Proper Follow-Up for Head and Neck Cancers" data-journal="onco"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-7523/4/4/20">Clinical Evidence of Methods and Timing of Proper Follow-Up for Head and Neck Cancers</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Riccardo Gili</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Simone Caprioli</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Paola Lovino Camerino</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gianluca Sacco</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tommaso Ruelle</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Daria Maria Filippini</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Silvia Pamparino</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Stefania Vecchio</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Filippo Marchi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lucia Del Mastro</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Giuseppe Cittadini</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Onco</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(4), 275-286; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/onco4040020">https://doi.org/10.3390/onco4040020</a> - 29 Sep 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> <b>Background:</b> For patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), after a single or multi-modality treatment, a specific follow-up strategy is needed, but there is no agreement between the main international societies on the proper methods and timing of follow-up. <b>Methods:</b> We <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7523/4/4/20/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> <b>Background:</b> For patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), after a single or multi-modality treatment, a specific follow-up strategy is needed, but there is no agreement between the main international societies on the proper methods and timing of follow-up. <b>Methods:</b> We performed a descriptive review to evaluate the available data and compare the main guidelines, giving some practical guidance to perform effective personalized follow-up strategies. <b>Results and Conclusions:</b> While clinical and endoscopic follow-up alone seems to be appropriate for early-stage HNSCCs, the addition of close radiologic follow-up in locally advanced HNSCCs is still debated, as there are no data indicating that an earlier detection of recurrence correlates with increased survival, while it is mandatory in the first three-six months to define the response to treatment. For patients who have undergone conservative surgery or have major pathological risk factors, the incidence of locoregional recurrence is higher, and locoregional radiologic follow-up (magnetic resonance imaging is preferred to computed tomography) should be considered. Positron emission tomography may be useful in cases of suspected locoregional persistence of disease, differentiating it from post-irradiation outcomes. Distant radiological follow-up can be considered in the detection of the second primary in cases of specific risk factors and for virus-related tumors. For the latter, the use of circulating DNA should always be considered. A brain scan is not recommended without specific symptoms. For all patients who do not fall into the above categories, clinical and endoscopic follow-up should be proposed, reserving radiological investigations only at the onset of symptoms. <a href="/2673-7523/4/4/20">Full article</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 18 pages, 1215 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-7523/4/4/19/pdf?version=1727337531" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Exploring the Potential of Epiregulin and Amphiregulin as Prognostic, Predictive, and Therapeutic Targets in Colorectal Cancer" data-journal="onco"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-7523/4/4/19">Exploring the Potential of Epiregulin and Amphiregulin as Prognostic, Predictive, and Therapeutic Targets in Colorectal Cancer</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Cara Guernsey-Biddle</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Peyton High</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kendra S. Carmon</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Onco</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(4), 257-274; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/onco4040019">https://doi.org/10.3390/onco4040019</a> - 26 Sep 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays a critical role in regulating essential cellular processes that are frequently hijacked to promote cancer. In colorectal cancer (CRC) in particular, the EGFR signaling pathway is frequently hyperactivated via receptor and/or ligand overexpression and downstream oncogenic <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7523/4/4/19/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays a critical role in regulating essential cellular processes that are frequently hijacked to promote cancer. In colorectal cancer (CRC) in particular, the EGFR signaling pathway is frequently hyperactivated via receptor and/or ligand overexpression and downstream oncogenic mutations. Current EGFR-targeted therapies for metastatic CRC (mCRC) include the mAbs cetuximab and panitumumab. However, intrinsic and acquired resistance to EGFR-targeted mAbs are commonly observed. Thus, additional biomarkers are necessary to better understand patient sensitivity to EGFR-targeted therapies. Furthermore, therapeutic targeting of alternative EGFR pathway components may serve as one mechanism to overcome EGFR-targeted mAb resistance. In this review, we discuss the mounting evidence supporting EGFR ligands epiregulin (EREG) and amphiregulin (AREG), which are overexpressed in CRC with potential key roles in tumor progression, as predictive biomarkers for EGFR-targeted therapy sensitivity, as well as mediators of therapy resistance, though further studies are necessary to validate the prognostic roles and mechanisms by which these ligands contribute to resistance. Additionally, we review recent advances towards therapeutic targeting of EREG and AREG in cancer through the development and use of EREG- and AREG-targeted mAbs as well as antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs). We conclude with a discussion on the roadblocks to clinical implementation of EREG and AREG as biomarkers, as well as approaches to enhance the efficacy of current EREG- and AREG-targeted strategies. <a href="/2673-7523/4/4/19">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7523/4/4/19/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1486075"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1486075"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1486075" data-cycle-prev="#prev1486075" data-cycle-progressive="#images1486075" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1486075-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00019/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00019-g001-550.jpg?1727337594" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1486075" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1486075-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00019/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00019-g002-550.jpg?1727337596'><p>Figure 2</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1486075-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00019/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00019-g001-550.jpg?1727337594" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>EREG/AREG processing and signaling through HER family receptors. EREG and AREG are synthesized as transmembrane pro-form proteins (A) cleaved by ADAM17 or other metalloproteinases (B) to release soluble growth factors that can bind their respective HER family receptor(s) (C). This induces receptor dimerization and autophosphorylation (D), after which adaptor proteins bind to potentiate downstream signaling (E). Furthermore, different ligands promote different cellular processes (e.g., proliferation and differentiation) (F).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/4/19'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00019/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00019-g002-550.jpg?1727337596" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Potential mechanisms of EREG- and AREG-mediated EGFR-targeted mAb resistance. Mechanisms include ligand upregulation in <span class="html-italic">KRAS</span> WT tumor cells (A), as well as by paracrine ligand signaling from <span class="html-italic">KRAS</span> mutant cells (B) and soluble ligand secretion in the TME by cancer-associated fibroblasts and/or tumor-associated macrophages (C), resulting in competition for EGFR-binding.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/4/19'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 16 pages, 2259 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-7523/4/3/18/pdf?version=1727342141" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Association of JAK2 Haplotype GGCC_46/1 with the Response to Onco-Drug in MPNs Patients Positive for JAK2V617F Mutation" data-journal="onco"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-7523/4/3/18">Association of JAK2 Haplotype GGCC_46/1 with the Response to Onco-Drug in MPNs Patients Positive for JAK2V617F Mutation</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Michela Perrone</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sara Sergio</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Amalia Tarantino</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Giuseppina Loglisci</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rosella Matera</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Davide Seripa</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Michele Maffia</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nicola Di Renzo</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Onco</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(3), 241-256; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/onco4030018">https://doi.org/10.3390/onco4030018</a> - 21 Sep 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Background: JAK2 V617F is a somatic mutation associated with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) including polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). In MPNs, this mutation is associated with the germline GGCC (46/1) haplotype. Several studies associated JAK2 haplotype GGCC_46/1 with some <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7523/4/3/18/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Background: JAK2 V617F is a somatic mutation associated with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) including polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET), and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). In MPNs, this mutation is associated with the germline GGCC (46/1) haplotype. Several studies associated JAK2 haplotype GGCC_46/1 with some MPNs clinical parameters, but not one explore the link between JAK2 haplotype GGCC_46/1 and onco-drug resistance. Thus, we assessed for the JAK2 46/1 haplotype’s correlation with therapy response in JAK2 V617F-positive patients. Methods: Patients with MPN, selected by the Hematology Laboratory of “V. Fazzi” Hospital (LE), were analyzed with RLFP-PCR assay with rs10974944 SNP. Results: Results show how the majority of patients had PV (63%) or PMF (61%) and that 58% of patients who developed drug resistance had the C/G genotype, while only 11% had the G/G allele. While no direct correlation between JAK2 46/1 haplotype variants and drug resistance was found, the G/G allele was associated with disease progression to myelofibrosis and certain resistance-related clinical parameters (<i>p</i> = 0.002449, odds ratio = 3.701209). Conclusions: Although other analyses are required, due to the narrow cardinality of sample, our findings suggest how the G/G allele could be useful for MPNs diagnosis and for the prediction of the disease outcome. <a href="/2673-7523/4/3/18">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7523/4/3/18/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1482543"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1482543"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1482543" data-cycle-prev="#prev1482543" data-cycle-progressive="#images1482543" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1482543-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00018/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00018-g001-550.jpg?1727342211" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1482543" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1482543-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00018/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00018-g002-550.jpg?1727342215'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1482543-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00018/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00018-g003-550.jpg?1727342216'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1482543-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00018/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00018-g004-550.jpg?1727342219'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1482543-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00018/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00018-g005-550.jpg?1727342222'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1482543-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00018/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00018-g006-550.jpg?1727342224'><p>Figure 6</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1482543-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00018/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00018-g001-550.jpg?1727342211" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The 46/1 haplotype’s localization on chromosome 9p.24.1. The 46/1 haplotype is a 280kb-long region of chromosome 9p which includes the entire JAK2, INSL6, and INSL4 genes. Most of the JAK2 mutations detected in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MPNs) are localized in the “GGCC” part of the JAK2 gene, as shown in the figure. The “GGCC” part is characterized by 4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs3780367, rs10974944, rs12343867, and rs1159782) that mark the haplotype and define the nomenclature based on the variant alleles, GGCC, as reported in literature [<a href="#B14-onco-04-00018" class="html-bibr">14</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/3/18'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00018/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00018-g002-550.jpg?1727342215" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Flow diagram for selection of patients with MPNs.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/3/18'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00018/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00018-g003-550.jpg?1727342216" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) This graph shows 665 patients analyzed for JAK2V617F mutation. In yellow, there are patients who tested positive or negative for V617F mutation. Nine samples were not evaluated by molecular analysis and are reported in graph as unclassifiable (i.e., poorly celluled sample, low concentration of extracted DNA that become undetectable with multiplex PCR assay). (<b>B</b>) Patients are classified based on the MPN diagnosis. Among the 665 patients analyzed, only 102 are classified as MPNs, thanks to clinical signs and molecular biology tests (orange), while 472 have other diagnoses (dark orange) and 91 are unclassifiable because their diagnosis was not indicated in the medical records. Differences between the groups were tested using the Fisher exact test with R project for statistical computing. <span class="html-italic">p</span> value &lt; 0.01 was set as the threshold for statistical significance.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/3/18'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00018/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00018-g004-550.jpg?1727342219" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) This graph shows 102 patients analyzed for JAK2V617F mutation. In lighter yellow, there are patients who tested positive for V617F mutations, and in darker yellow, those who tested negative, thanks to multiplex PCR analysis. (<b>B</b>) This graph represents the prevalence of JAK2-V617F mutation in patients with MPNs. Red, purple, and green columns represent the prevalence ofV617F mutation in patients with essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera and myelofibrosis, respectively. TE: essential thrombocythemia; PV: polycythemia vera; MF: myelofibrosis. Differences between the groups were tested using the Fisher exact test with R project for statistical computing. <span class="html-italic">p</span> value &lt; 0.01 was set as the threshold for statistical significance.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/3/18'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00018/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00018-g005-550.jpg?1727342222" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>The image shows 3% agarose gel electrophoresis for JAK2 rs10974944 SNP alleles. GG = G allele homozygote; CG = heterozygote; CC = C allele homozygote; M1 = 100-bp molecular weight DNA marker; M2 = 50-bp molecular weight DNA marker.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/3/18'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00018/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00018-g006-550.jpg?1727342224" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) This graph shows the distribution of MPNs in patients with onco-drug resistance (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 17) and their classification according to their genotype and their MPN disorders. (<b>B</b>) Schematic representation, showing how G/G haplotype correlates with PMF evolution starting from different MPNs. <span class="html-italic">p</span> value &lt; 0.01 was set as the threshold for statistical significance.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/3/18'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 9 pages, 681 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-7523/4/3/17/pdf?version=1725770044" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="State of the Art on CAR T-Cell Therapies for Onco-Haematological Disorders and Other Conditions" data-journal="onco"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-7523/4/3/17">State of the Art on CAR T-Cell Therapies for Onco-Haematological Disorders and Other Conditions</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jose Alejandro Madrigal</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>José C. Crispín</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Onco</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(3), 232-240; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/onco4030017">https://doi.org/10.3390/onco4030017</a> - 8 Sep 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The use of chimeric antigen receptors (CAR T-cells) for the treatment of patients with malignant haematological diseases has become a well-established application for conditions such as refractory or relapsed B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL), B-cell lymphomas (BCL), and multiple myeloma (MM). Nearly 35,000 <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7523/4/3/17/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The use of chimeric antigen receptors (CAR T-cells) for the treatment of patients with malignant haematological diseases has become a well-established application for conditions such as refractory or relapsed B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL), B-cell lymphomas (BCL), and multiple myeloma (MM). Nearly 35,000 patients have received autologous CAR T-cells for the treatment of these conditions only in the USA. Since their approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2017, over 1200 clinical trials have been initiated globally and there are at least 10 different CAR T-cells with approval by different regulatory agencies around the globe. In the USA, the FDA has approved six commercial CAR T-cells that are widely distributed worldwide. At the time of writing, several clinical trials have been performed in patients with solid tumours such as glioblastoma, renal and pancreatic cancer, as well as in patients with autoimmune conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), idiopathic inflammatory myositis (IIM), and systemic sclerosis (SS). There are also several studies showing the potential benefit of CAR T-cells for other non-malignant diseases such as asthma and even fungal infections. In this review, without pretending to cover all current areas of treatments with CAR T-cells, we offer a brief summary of some of the most relevant aspects of the use of CAR T-cells for some of these conditions. <a href="/2673-7523/4/3/17">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7523/4/3/17/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1473651-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00017/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00017-g001-550.jpg?1725770154" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-1473651-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00017/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00017-g001-550.jpg?1725770154" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Evolution of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). CARs have an antigen-binding domain that recognises molecules in their native conformation, usually a single-chain fragment variable (scFV). This domain is tethered to the membrane through a hinge and a transmembrane domain that connect to intracellular signalling domains. First-generation CARs had a domain derived from the CD3-ζ chain. A costimulatory domain, derived from CD28, was added to second-generation CARs. Third-generation CARs have two costimulatory domains, usually derived from CD28 and 4-1BB. Fourth-generation CARs encode additional genes that are produced by the CAR T-cell, for example, genes that encode cytokines. Created with <a href="http://BioRender.com" target="_blank">BioRender.com</a> (accessed on 14 June 2024).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/3/17'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 15 pages, 790 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-7523/4/3/16/pdf?version=1724332140" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Targeting the Hippo- Yes-Associated Protein/Transcriptional Coactivator with PDZ-Binding Motif Signaling Pathway in Primary Liver Cancer Therapy" data-journal="onco"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-7523/4/3/16">Targeting the Hippo- Yes-Associated Protein/Transcriptional Coactivator with PDZ-Binding Motif Signaling Pathway in Primary Liver Cancer Therapy</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yina Wang</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Liangyou Rui</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Onco</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(3), 217-231; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/onco4030016">https://doi.org/10.3390/onco4030016</a> - 22 Aug 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Liver cancer imposes a pervasive global health challenge, ranking among the most prevalent cancers worldwide. Its prevalence and mortality rates are on a concerning upward trajectory and exacerbated by the dearth of efficacious treatment options. The Hippo signaling pathway, originally discovered in Drosophila, <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7523/4/3/16/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Liver cancer imposes a pervasive global health challenge, ranking among the most prevalent cancers worldwide. Its prevalence and mortality rates are on a concerning upward trajectory and exacerbated by the dearth of efficacious treatment options. The Hippo signaling pathway, originally discovered in Drosophila, comprises the following four core components: MST1/2, WW45, MOB1A/B, and LATS1/2. This pathway regulates the cellular localization of the transcriptional coactivator Yes-associated protein/transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (YAP/TAZ) through a series of enzymatic reactions. The Hippo-YAP/TAZ pathway maintains a balance between cell proliferation and apoptosis, regulates tissue and organ sizes, and stabilizes the internal environment. Abnormalities of any genes within the Hippo signaling pathway, such as deletion or mutation, disturb the delicate balance between cell proliferation and apoptosis, creating a favorable condition for tumor initiation and progression. Mutations or epigenetic alterations in the Hippo signaling pathway components can lead to its inactivation. Consequently, YAP/TAZ becomes overexpressed and activated, promoting excessive cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis. This dysregulation is closely associated with the development of liver cancer. This review discusses the pivotal role of the Hippo signaling pathway in the pathogenesis and progression of liver cancer. By elucidating its mechanisms, we aim to offer new insights into potential therapeutic targets for effectively combating liver cancer. <a href="/2673-7523/4/3/16">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7523/4/3/16/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1461793-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00016/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00016-g001-550.jpg?1724332225" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-1461793-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00016/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00016-g001-550.jpg?1724332225" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Role of the Hippo-YAP/TAZ signaling pathway in primary liver cancer. YAP/TAZ: Yes-associated protein/transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif; MST1/2: Ste20-like kinases 1/2; LATS1/2: large tumor suppressor 1/2; CTGF: connective tissue growth factor; CYR61: cysteine-rich 61. This Figure was created with <a href="http://BioRender.com" target="_blank">BioRender.com</a>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/3/16'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 10 pages, 752 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-7523/4/3/15/pdf?version=1724298913" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Impact of Physical Exercise on Quality of Life, Self-Esteem, and Depression in Breast Cancer Survivors: A Pilot Study" data-journal="onco"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-7523/4/3/15">Impact of Physical Exercise on Quality of Life, Self-Esteem, and Depression in Breast Cancer Survivors: A Pilot Study</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Eduarda Maria Rocha Teles de Castro Coelho</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Helena Isabel Azevedo Mendes</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Carla Afonso Varajidás</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sandra Celina Fernandes Fonseca</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Onco</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(3), 207-216; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/onco4030015">https://doi.org/10.3390/onco4030015</a> - 22 Aug 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Controlled study designs usually report that physical exercise improves the health of women living with breast cancer. However, many of these women are not sufficiently active to experience the benefits of exercise. The main objective was to analyze the effect of a physical <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7523/4/3/15/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Controlled study designs usually report that physical exercise improves the health of women living with breast cancer. However, many of these women are not sufficiently active to experience the benefits of exercise. The main objective was to analyze the effect of a physical exercise program on quality of life, self-esteem, and depression in breast cancer survivors. Thirteen participants (46.54 ± 6.31 years old) completed the exercise intervention. Three patient-reported questionnaires were used: Supplementary Questionnaire Breast Cancer Module (QLQ-BR23), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). All participants had significantly improved self-esteem (<i>p</i> = 0.004). Although there were no statistically significant changes in depression, there was a notable decrease in scores (6.39 ± 4.75 vs. 5.00 ± 4.75; <i>p</i> = 0.080). Regarding quality of life, significant improvements were observed in “future perspectives” (<i>p</i> = 0.047) and “arm symptoms” (<i>p</i> = 0.015). No significant changes were noted in the other variables. Our results suggest that physical exercise is an effective strategy that positively affects breast cancer survivors’ quality of life and self-esteem. The results reinforce the need for community-based exercise programs for breast cancer survivors. Healthcare professionals should promote physical exercise to improve health outcomes before, during, and after treatment. <a href="/2673-7523/4/3/15">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/onco/special_issues/787P661E1B ">The Evolving Landscape of Contemporary Cancer Therapies</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7523/4/3/15/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1461163"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1461163"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1461163" data-cycle-prev="#prev1461163" data-cycle-progressive="#images1461163" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1461163-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00015/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00015-g001-550.jpg?1724299036" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1461163" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1461163-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00015/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00015-g002-550.jpg?1724299037'><p>Figure 2</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1461163-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00015/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00015-g001-550.jpg?1724299036" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Mean and standard deviation in self-esteem and depression.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/3/15'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00015/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00015-g002-550.jpg?1724299037" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Mean and standard deviation of quality of life variables.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/3/15'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 15 pages, 2204 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-7523/4/3/14/pdf?version=1724137532" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Predicting Resistance to Immunotherapy in Melanoma, Glioblastoma, Renal, Stomach and Bladder Cancers by Machine Learning on Immune Profiles" data-journal="onco"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-7523/4/3/14">Predicting Resistance to Immunotherapy in Melanoma, Glioblastoma, Renal, Stomach and Bladder Cancers by Machine Learning on Immune Profiles</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Guillaume Mestrallet</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Onco</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(3), 192-206; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/onco4030014">https://doi.org/10.3390/onco4030014</a> - 20 Aug 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Strategies for tackling cancer involve surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICB). However, the effectiveness of ICB remains constrained, prompting the need for a proactive strategy to foresee treatment responses and resistances. This study undertook an analysis across diverse cancer patient cohorts <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7523/4/3/14/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Strategies for tackling cancer involve surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICB). However, the effectiveness of ICB remains constrained, prompting the need for a proactive strategy to foresee treatment responses and resistances. This study undertook an analysis across diverse cancer patient cohorts (including melanoma, clear cell renal carcinoma, glioblastoma, bladder, and stomach cancers) subjected to various immune checkpoint blockade treatments. Surprisingly, our findings unveiled that over 38% of patients demonstrated resistance and persistent disease progression despite undergoing ICB intervention. To unravel the intricacies of resistance, we scrutinized the immune profiles of cancer patients experiencing ongoing disease progression and resistance post-ICB therapy. These profiles delineated multifaceted defects, including compromised macrophage, monocyte, and T cell responses, impaired antigen presentation, aberrant regulatory T cell (Tregs) responses, and an elevated expression of immunosuppressive and G protein-coupled receptor molecules (TGFB1, IL2RA, IL1B, EDNRB, ADORA2A, SELP, and CD276). Building upon these insights into resistance profiles, we harnessed machine learning algorithms to construct models predicting the response and resistance to ICB and developed the accompanying software. While previous work on glioblastoma with only one type of algorithm had an accuracy of 0.82, we managed to develop 20 models that provided estimates of future events of resistance or response in five cancer types, with accuracies ranging between 0.79 and 1, based on their distinct immune characteristics. In conclusion, our approach advocates for the personalized application of immunotherapy in cancer patients based on patient-specific attributes and computational models. <a href="/2673-7523/4/3/14">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7523/4/3/14/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1459695"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1459695"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1459695" data-cycle-prev="#prev1459695" data-cycle-progressive="#images1459695" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1459695-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00014/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00014-g001-550.jpg?1724137704" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1459695" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1459695-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00014/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00014-g002-550.jpg?1724137707'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1459695-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00014/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00014-g003-550.jpg?1724137709'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1459695-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00014/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00014-g004-550.jpg?1724137713'><p>Figure 4</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1459695-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00014/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00014-g001-550.jpg?1724137704" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Overall survival of cancer patients according to immune checkpoint blockade. Overall survival was calculated in all cohorts. There were 298 BLCA patients treated with Atezolizumab (<b>A</b>), 165 KIRC patients treated with Atezolizumab (<b>B</b>), 32 SKCM patients treated with Ipilimumab and Pembrolizumab (<b>C</b>), 34 GBM patients treated with Pembrolizumab (<b>D</b>) and 45 STAD patients treated with Pembrolizumab (<b>E</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/3/14'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00014/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00014-g002-550.jpg?1724137707" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Immune response in cancer patients according to response following immune checkpoint blockade. All immune cell scores were statistically different between responders/non-progressors and non-responders/progressors to immunotherapy in multiple cancer cohorts. Immune cell scores were measured using CRI iAtlas; <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, Wilcoxon <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test; (<b>A</b>) <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 298 for BLCA and Atezolizumab; (<b>B</b>) <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 165 for KIRC and Atezolizumab; (<b>C</b>) <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 34 for Pembrolizumab and GBM; (<b>D</b>) <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 32 for Ipilimumab and Pembrolizumab and SKCM; and (<b>E</b>) <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 45 for Pembrolizumab and STAD.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/3/14'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00014/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00014-g003-550.jpg?1724137709" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Immunomodulatory molecule expression in cancer patients according to response following immune checkpoint blockade. Immunoregulatory gene expression in cancer patients according to response following immune checkpoint blockade. All immune gene scores were statistically different between responders/non-progressors and non-responders/progressors to immunotherapy in multiple cancer cohorts. Immune gene scores were measured using CRI iAtlas; <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, Wilcoxon <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test; (<b>A</b>) <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 298 for BLCA and Atezolizumab; (<b>B</b>) <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 165 for KIRC and Atezolizumab; (<b>C</b>) <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 34 for Pembrolizumab and GBM; (<b>D</b>) <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 32 for Ipilimumab and Pembrolizumab and SKCM; and (<b>E</b>) <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 45 for Pembrolizumab and STAD.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/3/14'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00014/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00014-g004-550.jpg?1724137713" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Software-assisted personalized prediction of cancer patient response to immune checkpoint blockade.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/3/14'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 29 pages, 8853 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-7523/4/3/13/pdf?version=1723706959" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="A Systems Biology Analysis of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia" data-journal="onco"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-7523/4/3/13">A Systems Biology Analysis of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Giulia Pozzati</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jinrui Zhou</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hananel Hazan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Giannoula Lakka Klement</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hava T. Siegelmann</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jack A. Tuszynski</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Edward A. Rietman</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Onco</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(3), 163-191; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/onco4030013">https://doi.org/10.3390/onco4030013</a> - 6 Aug 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Whole-genome sequencing has revealed that TP53, NOTCH1, ATM, SF3B1, BIRC3, ABL, NXF1, BCR, and ZAP70 are often mutated in CLL, but not consistently across all CLL patients. This paper employs a statistical thermodynamics approach in combination with the systems biology of the CLL <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7523/4/3/13/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Whole-genome sequencing has revealed that TP53, NOTCH1, ATM, SF3B1, BIRC3, ABL, NXF1, BCR, and ZAP70 are often mutated in CLL, but not consistently across all CLL patients. This paper employs a statistical thermodynamics approach in combination with the systems biology of the CLL protein–protein interaction networks to identify the most significant participant proteins in the cancerous transformation. Betti number (a topology of complexity) estimates highlight a protein hierarchy, primarily in the Wnt pathway known for aberrant CLL activation. These individually identified proteins suggest a network-targeted strategy over single-target drug development. The findings advocate for a multi-target inhibition approach, limited to several key proteins to minimize side effects, thereby providing a foundation for designing therapies. This study emphasizes a shift towards a comprehensive, multi-scale analysis to enhance personalized treatment strategies for CLL, which could be experimentally validated using siRNA or small-molecule inhibitors. The result is not just the identification of these proteins but their rank-order, offering a potent signal amplification in the context of the 20,000 proteins produced by the human body, thus providing a strategic basis for therapeutic intervention in CLL, underscoring the necessity for a more holistic, cellular, chromosomal, and genome-wide study to develop tailored treatments for CLL patients. <a href="/2673-7523/4/3/13">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7523/4/3/13/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1451026"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1451026"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1451026" data-cycle-prev="#prev1451026" data-cycle-progressive="#images1451026" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1451026-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00013/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00013-g001-550.jpg?1723707028" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1451026" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1451026-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00013/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00013-g002-550.jpg?1723707030'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1451026-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00013/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00013-g003-550.jpg?1723707031'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1451026-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00013/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00013-g004-550.jpg?1723707033'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1451026-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00013/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00013-g005-550.jpg?1723707037'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1451026-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00013/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00013-g0A1-550.jpg?1723707039'><p>Figure A1</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1451026-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00013/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00013-g001-550.jpg?1723707028" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>As the “filtration plane” moves up from the bottom, more-and-more nodes are captured in larger-and-larger energetic subnetworks for protein–protein interaction set.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/3/13'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00013/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00013-g002-550.jpg?1723707030" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Wnt signaling pathway from KEGG, <a href="https://www.genome.jp/pathway/hsa04310" target="_blank">https://www.genome.jp/pathway/hsa04310</a> accessed on 30 July 2024 [<a href="#B46-onco-04-00013" class="html-bibr">46</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/3/13'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00013/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00013-g003-550.jpg?1723707031" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>The PPI of Wnt pathway.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/3/13'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00013/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00013-g004-550.jpg?1723707033" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Pareto chart for Betti centrality at Gibbs-homology threshold-48, showing only those with nine or more occurrences.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/3/13'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00013/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00013-g005-550.jpg?1723707037" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>The Gibbs homology network for a patient in which RPS15 has the highest Betti centrality. RPS15 and MYC are pulled out for easy location. MYC and all of its first neighbors are highlighted in yellow.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/3/13'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00013/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00013-g0A1-550.jpg?1723707039" title=" <strong>Figure A1</strong><br/> <p>t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) analysis of CLL samples and subgroups. The visualization displays a non-linear dimensionality reduction of the complex gene expression data, with each point representing individual samples. The layout highlights the nuanced relationships and 10 clusters labeled from A to J within the CLL dataset, consisting of the 1001 patients, uncovering uncaptured subtleties through the network analysis. Samples included in the dataset are either diagnosed CLL patients (sick) or wild-type patients (normal) without CLL.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/3/13'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1435095" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1435095" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1435095" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2673-7523/4/3/12/s1?version=1720962454"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 868 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 20 pages, 3102 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-7523/4/3/12/pdf?version=1721892859" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="A Transformative Technology Linking Patient’s mRNA Expression Profile to Anticancer Drug Efficacy" data-journal="onco"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-7523/4/3/12">A Transformative Technology Linking Patient’s mRNA Expression Profile to Anticancer Drug Efficacy</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chen Yeh</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shu-Ti Lin</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hung-Chih Lai</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Onco</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(3), 143-162; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/onco4030012">https://doi.org/10.3390/onco4030012</a> - 14 Jul 2024 </div> <a href="/2673-7523/4/3/12#metrics">Cited by 1</a> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> As precision medicine such as targeted therapy and immunotherapy often have limited accessibility, low response rate, and evolved resistance, it is urgent to develop simple, low-cost, and quick-turnaround personalized diagnostic technologies for drug response prediction with high sensitivity, speed, and accuracy. The major <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7523/4/3/12/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> As precision medicine such as targeted therapy and immunotherapy often have limited accessibility, low response rate, and evolved resistance, it is urgent to develop simple, low-cost, and quick-turnaround personalized diagnostic technologies for drug response prediction with high sensitivity, speed, and accuracy. The major challenges of drug response prediction strategies employing digital database modeling are the scarcity of labeled clinical data, applicability only to a few classes of drugs, and losing the resolution at the individual patient level. Although these challenges have been partially addressed by large-scale cancer cell line datasets and more patient-relevant cell-based systems, the integration of different data types and data translation from pre-clinical to clinical utilities are still far-fetched. To overcome the current limitations of precision medicine with a clinically proven drug response prediction assay, we have developed an innovative and proprietary technology based on in vitro patient testing and in silico data analytics. First, a patient-derived gene expression signature was established via the transcriptomic profiling of cell-free mRNA (cfmRNA) from the patient’s blood. Second, a gene-to-drug data fusion and overlaying mechanism to transfer data were performed. Finally, a semi-supervised method was used for the database searching, matching, annotation, and ranking of drug efficacies from a pool of ~700 approved, investigational, or clinical trial drug candidates. A personalized drug response report can be delivered to inform clinical decisions within a week. The PGA (patient-derived gene expression-informed anticancer drug efficacy) test has significantly improved patient outcomes when compared to the treatment plans without PGA support. The implementation of PGA, which combines patient-unique cfmRNA fingerprints with drug mapping power, has the potential to identify treatment options when patients are no longer responding to therapy and when standard-of-care is exhausted. <a href="/2673-7523/4/3/12">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7523/4/3/12/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1435095"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1435095"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1435095" data-cycle-prev="#prev1435095" data-cycle-progressive="#images1435095" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1435095-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00012/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00012-g001-550.jpg?1721892964" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1435095" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1435095-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00012/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00012-g002-550.jpg?1721892969'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1435095-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00012/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00012-g003-550.jpg?1721892970'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1435095-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00012/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00012-g004-550.jpg?1721892972'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1435095-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00012/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00012-g005-550.jpg?1721892977'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1435095-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00012/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00012-g006-550.jpg?1721892978'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1435095-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00012/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00012-g007-550.jpg?1721892980'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1435095-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00012/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00012-g008-550.jpg?1721892981'><p>Figure 8</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1435095-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00012/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00012-g001-550.jpg?1721892964" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Plasma cfmRNA profiling by cancer type, functional cluster, and expression level. (<b>A</b>) The pie chart displayed the distribution of the various functional classes of cfmRNA in lung cancer; (<b>B</b>) representative gene expression heatmaps showing high-, medium-, and low-expressing transcripts involved in different pathways from different cancer types.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00012/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00012-g002-550.jpg?1721892969" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Validation of the selected PGA Lung biomarkers for drug efficacy prediction. (<b>A</b>) The overexpression of PGA Lung biomarkers in most lung tumor tissues from the TCGA database (1145 samples). Significant association of PGA Lung biomarkers with hypoxia (<b>B</b>) and MSI scores (<b>C</b>) in the TCGA PanCancer database (510 LUAD samples).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00012/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00012-g003-550.jpg?1721892970" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Strong correlation of the PGA Lung biomarker expression levels between the plasma and tissue samples. The relative cfmRNA levels were expressed as delta Ct values, whereas the tissue mRNA expression was normalized as fold expression. The data showed a positive correlation between the cfmRNA and tissue mRNA expression (i.e., an inverse relationship between delta Ct and fold expression).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00012/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00012-g004-550.jpg?1721892972" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Single-cell RNA-Seq spatial transcriptomic analysis in lung carcinoma tissues (32,341 cells). The visualization of tumor cells expressing the key lung cancer driver genes EGFR, KRAS, BRAF, MET, HER2, ALK, ROS1, or RET. The expression patterns of EGFR, MET, HER2, and ROS1 were highly overlapped, and these EGFR-/MET-/HER2-/ROS1-coexpressing cells only constituted a small fraction of the entire tumor population. By contrast, the expression profiles of KRAS and BRAF were similar and distributed across the entire section.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00012/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00012-g005-550.jpg?1721892977" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Single-cell RNA-Seq spatial transcriptomic analysis of PGA Lung biomarkers in (<b>A</b>) lung carcinoma tissues (32,341 cells) and (<b>B</b>) dissociated tumor cells from the pleural effusion of lung adenocarcinoma patients (7511 cells). The visualization of tumor cells expressing the representative PGA Lung biomarkers 1–8. The expression patterns of these PGA Lung genes were highly similar and distributed across the entire section, resembling those of KRAS and BRAF. Most significantly, the population of tumor cells expressing PGA Lung biomarkers was found to be PCNA-positive, indicative of high proliferation potential.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00012/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00012-g006-550.jpg?1721892978" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Strong functional genomics similarity between the TCGA lung tumors and lung cancer cell lines. The Spearman correlation and normalized enrichment score (NES) were derived from the expression patterns of overactive genes and the activities of the cancer-related pathways.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00012/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00012-g007-550.jpg?1721892980" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Overview of in silico data fusion, annotation, mapping, and analyses in the PGA Lung test.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00012/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00012-g008-550.jpg?1721892981" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Kaplan–Meier analysis of progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) for the treatment of real-world lung cancer patients with or without the support from the PGA Lung test.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/3/12'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 12 pages, 1664 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-7523/4/3/11/pdf?version=1720767612" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Revisiting the Role of PD-L1 Overexpression in Prognosis and Clinicopathological Features in Patients with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma" data-journal="onco"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-7523/4/3/11">Revisiting the Role of PD-L1 Overexpression in Prognosis and Clinicopathological Features in Patients with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Fernando Leporace-Jiménez</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Isabel Portillo-Hernandez</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Justino Jiménez-Almonacid</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ignacio Zubillaga Rodriguez</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>María Mejía-Nieto</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pablo Caballero Pedrero</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gregorio Sanchez Aniceto</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Onco</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(3), 131-142; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/onco4030011">https://doi.org/10.3390/onco4030011</a> - 12 Jul 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Background: PD1 and its ligand PD-L1 are related to prognosis in many solid tumors; however, their role in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains unclear. Methods: A retrospective monocentric study including all patients with OSCC diagnosed and treated between January 2020 and May <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7523/4/3/11/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Background: PD1 and its ligand PD-L1 are related to prognosis in many solid tumors; however, their role in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains unclear. Methods: A retrospective monocentric study including all patients with OSCC diagnosed and treated between January 2020 and May 2022 was performed. PD-L1 expression was assessed per a combined positive score (CPS), considering a CPS of > or equal to 1 as positive (1–20 indicating “low expression” and ≥20 indicating “high”). A descriptive analysis of the patient cohort and tumors was performed, including tumor size, stage, lymph node involvement, recurrence, and survival. Results: In total, 65 patients (65 tumors) were analyzed. A total of 66.15% of the tumors were in advanced stages (III-IV), of which 97.67% expressed PD-L1+, compared with 71.42% in the early stages (I–II). T4 tumors expressed PD-L1 in 100% of cases, compared with 54% in T1 tumors. A total of 50.79% of the tumors showed lymph node involvement (pN+), with 100% of the pN+ showing PD-L1+. The prevalence of pN+ was 59.38% vs. 40.63% for high vs. low PD-L1 expression, respectively. Patients’ follow-ups ranged from 2 to 34.5 months. No significant difference was seen between overall survival (OS) and PD-L1 +/− (CPS ≥ 1 vs. CPS < 1) or high (CPS ≥ 20) and low (CPS < 20) PD-L1 expression (<i>p</i> < 0.97 and 0.64, respectively). Conclusions: The method used to measure PD-L1 (a laboratory test with Dako 22C3 anti-PD-L1 primary antibodies) was reliable and accurate, with a correlation coefficient between PD-L1 expression in the biopsy and the surgical piece of 0.83 (<i>p</i> < 0.0001). A CPS of ≥1 was observed in large tumors (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and was correlated with that of lymph node metastases (<i>p</i> < 0.004). Further analysis of PD-L1 expression in OSCC and studies to determine its relevance in tumor biology and prognosis is needed. <a href="/2673-7523/4/3/11">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Topic <a href="/topics/IMMATITM">Individualized Molecular Mechanisms and Treatment in Tumor Metastasis</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7523/4/3/11/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1433683"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1433683"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1433683" data-cycle-prev="#prev1433683" data-cycle-progressive="#images1433683" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1433683-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00011/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00011-g001a-550.jpg?1720767718" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1433683" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1433683-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00011/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00011-g001b-550.jpg?1720767720'><p>Figure 1 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1433683-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00011/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00011-g002-550.jpg?1720767721'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1433683-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00011/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00011-g003-550.jpg?1720767722'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1433683-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00011/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00011-g004-550.jpg?1720767723'><p>Figure 4</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1433683-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00011/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00011-g001a-550.jpg?1720767718" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>All figures are at 10× magnification. (<b>a</b>) Immunohistochemical staining of tongue tumor with CPS &lt; 1 (negative expression); (<b>b</b>) immunohistochemical staining of oral cavity tumor with CPS of 5 (low expression); (<b>c</b>) immunohistochemical staining of oral cavity tumor with CPS of 40 (high expression); (<b>d</b>) immunohistochemical staining of oral cavity tumor with CPS of 100 (high expression).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/3/11'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00011/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00011-g001b-550.jpg?1720767720" title=" <strong>Figure 1 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>All figures are at 10× magnification. (<b>a</b>) Immunohistochemical staining of tongue tumor with CPS &lt; 1 (negative expression); (<b>b</b>) immunohistochemical staining of oral cavity tumor with CPS of 5 (low expression); (<b>c</b>) immunohistochemical staining of oral cavity tumor with CPS of 40 (high expression); (<b>d</b>) immunohistochemical staining of oral cavity tumor with CPS of 100 (high expression).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/3/11'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00011/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00011-g002-550.jpg?1720767721" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Overall survival. PD-L1 + (CPS ≥ 1) vs. PD-L1 − (CPS &lt; 1) (log−rank <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.97).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/3/11'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00011/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00011-g003-550.jpg?1720767722" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Disease−free survival. PD-L1 + (CPS ≥ 1) vs. PD-L1 − (CPS &lt; 1) (log−rank <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.11).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/3/11'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00011/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00011-g004-550.jpg?1720767723" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Disease−specific survival. PD-L1 + (CPS ≥ 1) vs. PD-L1 − (CPS &lt; 1) (log−rank <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.43).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/3/11'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 15 pages, 2991 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-7523/4/3/10/pdf?version=1719817165" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="The World of Immunotherapy Needs More Than PD-1/PD-L1—Two of the New Kids on the Block: LAG-3 and TIGIT" data-journal="onco"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-7523/4/3/10">The World of Immunotherapy Needs More Than PD-1/PD-L1—Two of the New Kids on the Block: LAG-3 and TIGIT</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>João Martins Gama</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Paulo Teixeira</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rui Caetano Oliveira</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Onco</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(3), 116-130; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/onco4030010">https://doi.org/10.3390/onco4030010</a> - 1 Jul 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Immunotherapy has paved the way for the development of solid tumor new treatments in the last decade. The approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors such as anti PD-1/PD-L1 provided a revolution with optimal results. However, a considerable proportion of patients experience adverse therapeutic effects, <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7523/4/3/10/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Immunotherapy has paved the way for the development of solid tumor new treatments in the last decade. The approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors such as anti PD-1/PD-L1 provided a revolution with optimal results. However, a considerable proportion of patients experience adverse therapeutic effects, and up to 50% may develop secondary resistance in the first three to five years. This has prompted the need for identifying new targets for immunotherapy that have good tolerance and biosafety and, of course, good tumoral response, either alone or in combination. Two of these new targets are the Lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3) and the T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT). They are responsible for several interactions with the immune system, prompting an immunosuppressive phenotype in the tumor microenvironment. Both LAG-3 and TIGIT can be druggable, alone or in combination with anti-PD-1/PD-L1, with rather safe profiles making them attractive. In this review, we highlight some of the immune mechanisms of TIGIT and LAG-3 and their detection by immunohistochemistry, providing some insight into their use in the clinical setting. <a href="/2673-7523/4/3/10">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Topic <a href="/topics/IMMATITM">Individualized Molecular Mechanisms and Treatment in Tumor Metastasis</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7523/4/3/10/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1426700"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1426700"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1426700" data-cycle-prev="#prev1426700" data-cycle-progressive="#images1426700" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1426700-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00010/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00010-g001-550.jpg?1719817246" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1426700" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1426700-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00010/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00010-g002-550.jpg?1719817247'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1426700-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00010/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00010-g003-550.jpg?1719817249'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1426700-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00010/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00010-g004-550.jpg?1719817252'><p>Figure 4</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1426700-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00010/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00010-g001-550.jpg?1719817246" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Simple schematic representation of LAG-3 and its interactions. LAG-3 can interact with MHC class II and CD4, among others. This interaction leads to T cell inhibition. Several options have been developed for LAG-3 targeted therapy, such as using LAG-3 agonists and combined treatment with anti-PD-1-specific antibodies. Figure adapted from Andrews LP et al. (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-21-2390" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-21-2390</a>, accessed on 20 May 2024). Created using <a href="http://BioRender.com" target="_blank">BioRender.com</a>, accessed on 20 May 2024.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/3/10'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00010/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00010-g002-550.jpg?1719817247" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Simple representation of TIGIT interactions. Through several clusters of differentiation, the antigen presenting cells or tumor cells interact with TIGIT, and this activation inhibits the NK or T cell functions. Direct blockade of these interactions is, therefore, a promising therapeutical target. Adapted from Yue C et al. (<a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2022.911919/full" target="_blank">https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2022.911919/full</a>, accessed on 20 May 2024). Created with <a href="http://BioRender.com" target="_blank">BioRender.com</a>, accessed on 20 May 2024.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/3/10'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00010/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00010-g003-550.jpg?1719817249" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>LAG-3 immunohistochemical staining in a medullary gastric cancer. There are several scattered inflammatory cells with positive staining. Medullary cancers are rather special since they are usually associated with microsatellite instability and PD-L1 expression; thus, they may be candidates for double therapy.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/3/10'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/onco/onco-04-00010/article_deploy/html/images/onco-04-00010-g004-550.jpg?1719817252" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>TIGIT immunohistochemical staining in a colorectal cancer. There is visible staining in the inflammatory cells associated with the tumor.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-7523/4/3/10'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item last-item"> <a class="bold" href="/search?q=&journal=onco&sort=pubdate&page_count=50">More Articles...</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="left-column" class="content__column large-3 large-pull-6 medium-3 medium-pull-6 small-12 columns"> <div id="js-large-main-top-container"> <div id="js-main-top-container" class="content__container"> <a href="/journal/onco"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/onco-logo.png?bc79e3a255317213" alt="onco-logo" title="Onco" style="max-height: 60px; margin: 0 0 0 0;"> </a> <div class="generic-item no-border" style="position: relative;"> <div class=""> <a class="button button--color button--color-journal button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link js-journal-active-only-submit-link UC_JournalSubmitButton" href="https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload?form[journal_id]=475" data-disabledmessage="creating new submissions is not possible."> Submit to <i>Onco</i> </a> <a class="button button--color button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link UC_JournalReviewButton" href="https://susy.mdpi.com/volunteer/journals/review" data-disabledmessage="volunteering as journal reviewer is not possible."> Review for <em>Onco</em> </a> </div> <div class="journal-share-links"> <div class="journal-share-links-social"> <a class="button button--color UA_JournalShareButtons" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://twitter.com/MdpiOnco"> <svg width="25" height="26" viewBox="0 0 1200 1227" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="padding: 6px;"> <path d="M714.163 519.284L1160.89 0H1055.03L667.137 450.887L357.328 0H0L468.492 681.821L0 1226.37H105.866L515.491 750.218L842.672 1226.37H1200L714.137 519.284H714.163ZM569.165 687.828L521.697 619.934L144.011 79.6944H306.615L611.412 515.685L658.88 583.579L1055.08 1150.3H892.476L569.165 687.854V687.828Z" fill="black" /> </svg> </a> <a class="button button--color UA_JournalShareButtons" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.facebook.com/MDPIOpenAccessPublishing"> <svg width="26" height="26" viewBox="0 0 26 26" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="margin-top: 1px; margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 1px;"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M14.1193 20.3917V13.0007H16.1262L16.3921 10.4537H14.1193L14.1228 9.17886C14.1228 8.51456 14.1848 8.15862 15.1233 8.15862H16.3779V5.61133H14.3708C11.96 5.61133 11.1114 6.8469 11.1114 8.92474V10.4539H9.60864V13.0009H11.1114V20.3917H14.1193Z" fill="black"/> </svg> </a> <a class="button button--color UA_JournalShareButtons" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/company/86906543/admin/"> <svg width="26" height="26" viewBox="0 0 26 26" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M9.43155 10.0654H6.26343V19.5981H9.43155V10.0654Z" fill="black"/> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M9.64005 7.11532C9.61949 6.18065 8.95207 5.46875 7.86827 5.46875C6.78448 5.46875 6.07593 6.18065 6.07593 7.11532C6.07593 8.03064 6.76353 8.76304 7.82715 8.76304H7.84739C8.95207 8.76304 9.64005 8.03064 9.64005 7.11532Z" fill="black"/> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M20.8571 14.1306C20.8571 11.2026 19.2942 9.83984 17.2094 9.83984C15.5274 9.83984 14.7743 10.7651 14.3538 11.4142V10.0639H11.1853C11.2271 10.9584 11.1853 19.5966 11.1853 19.5966H14.3538V14.2728C14.3538 13.9879 14.3744 13.7037 14.4581 13.4997C14.6871 12.9305 15.2084 12.3412 16.0837 12.3412C17.2306 12.3412 17.689 13.2154 17.689 14.4964V19.5964H20.857L20.8571 14.1306Z" fill="black"/> </svg> </a> </div> <div class="journal-share-links-generic"> <a class="button button--color button--full-width UA_JournalShareButtons" href="#" data-reveal-id="main-share-modal"> Share </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item condensed-small UI_JournalMenu"> <h2 class="show-for-medium-up">Journal Menu</h2> <a href="#" class="bolded-text link-journal-menu show-for-small"> <span class="closed">►</span> <span class="open" style="display: none;">▼</span> Journal Menu </a> <ul class="accordion__dummy accordion__menu hide-small-down-initially" style="margin-top: 10px;"> <li class="accordion-navigation accordion-navigation__journal"> <ul> <li class="side-menu-li active "> <a href="/journal/onco"><em>Onco</em> Home </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/onco/about">Aims & Scope</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/onco/editors"> Editorial Board </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/onco/submission_reviewers">Reviewer Board</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/onco/instructions">Instructions for Authors</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/onco/special_issues">Special Issues</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/topics?journal=onco">Topics</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/onco/apc">Article Processing Charge</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/onco/indexing">Indexing & Archiving</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/onco/most_cited">Most Cited & Viewed</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/onco/history">Journal History</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/onco/editorial_office">Editorial Office</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <h2 class="show-for-medium-up">Journal Browser</h2> <a href="#" class="bolded-text link-journal-browser show-for-small" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> <span class="closed">►</span> <span class="open" style="display: none;">▼</span> Journal Browser </a> <div class="show-for-medium-up"> <div class="generic-item last-item no-border"> <form method="post" action="/journal/onco" id="qckvi" onsubmit="return !$('#journal-browser-go').hasClass('button--grey');"> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px;" class="UI_JournalBrowser_Volume"> <select id="journal-browser-volume" name="volume" style="width: 100%; margin-bottom: 0;" class="chosen-select"> <option value='' data-id="0">volume</option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="onco" value="4"> 4 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="onco" value="3"> 3 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="onco" value="2"> 2 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="onco" value="1"> 1 </option> </select> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px;" class="UI_JournalBrowser_Issue"> <select id="journal-browser-issue" name="issue" style="width: 100%; margin-bottom: 0;" class="chosen-select"> <option value='' class="volume-0">issue</option> <option value="1" class="volume-4" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-4" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-4" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-4" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-3" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-3" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-3" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-3" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-2" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-2" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-2" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-2" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-1" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-1" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> </select> </div> <input type="hidden" name="_token" value="ysurtXhzIjqOkWoi-vxrYZqsCBY6kO7AGbqHar81mxk"> <input type="hidden" id="journal-browser-namesystem" name="namesystem" value="onco"> <input type="hidden" name="getIssueByVI" value="1"> <input type="submit" id="journal-browser-go" value="Go" style="" class="button button--grey button--full-width UI_JournalBrowser_GoButton"> </form> <div style="clear:both;"></div> </div> <div class="generic-item last-item first-item no-border"> <ul class="side-menu-ul"> <li class="side-menu-li side-menu-li__padded"> <a href="/2673-7523/4/4"> <i class="material-icons arrow" style="display: inline-block"> arrow_forward_ios </i> <strong>Forthcoming issue</strong> </a> <br/> <a href="/2673-7523/4/3"> <i class="material-icons arrow" style="display: inline-block"> arrow_forward_ios </i> <strong>Current issue</strong> </a> </li> <div class="show-for-medium-up"> <div class=""> <div class="journal-browser-volumes "> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2673-7523/4"> Vol. 4 (2024) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2673-7523/3"> Vol. 3 (2023) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2673-7523/2"> Vol. 2 (2022) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2673-7523/1"> Vol. 1 (2021) </a> </li> </div> </div> </div> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="show-for-medium-up"> <div class="content__container banner-container" style="padding:0px;"> <div> <div class="generic-item1"> <div id="bestAwardPaperAD" style="padding: 0px; width: 100%;"> <div id="banner1" class="adserver-banner" data-zone="4" data-repeat-interval="10" style="width: 100%; padding:0px;margin:0px;"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container extending-content" data-url="/journal/ajax/most_accessed_articles/475"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link"> <h2>Highly Accessed Articles</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="last-item generic-item"> <a class="bold" href="/search?q=&journal=onco&sort=articles_stats_art_view_page&page_count=50">View More...</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container extending-content" data-url="/journal/ajax/latest_books/onco"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link"> <h2 class="show-for-small-only">Latest Books</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/books_logo_new.svg?76e680e5363e99ba?1732286508"> <div class="last-item generic-item"> <a class="bold" href="https://www.mdpi.com/books/search?type%5B%5D=Reprint&journal_facet%5B%5D=Onco" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">More Books and Reprints...</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="right-column" class="content__column large-25 medium-3 small-12 columns"> <div class="content__container"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link"> <h2>E-Mail Alert</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div id="journal-alerts" class="generic-item last-item no-border condensed-small"> <form method="post" action="/subscribe" id="subscribeForm" style="margin:0; padding:0;" onsubmit="return false;"> <div style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Add your e-mail address to receive forthcoming issues of this journal:</div> <input name="email" type="email" placeholder="Enter Your E-Mail Address..." required="required"> <input name="journals[]" type="hidden" value="onco"> <input type="hidden" name="_token" value="H-8gfm2y00b8QVZJLdO-224L7B4O7o0OY4nSRxI1LSY"> <input id="Email-Subscribe" class="button button--color button--full-width genericCaptcha UA_JournalSubscribeButton" name="email-button" value="Subscribe" type="submit"> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link"> <h2>News</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="generic-item news-item no-border"> <span class="text-information">5 November 2024</span> <br/> <a class="title-link" href="/journal/onco/announcements/9690">MDPI INSIGHTS: The CEO's Letter #17 - OA Week, Basel Open Day, Beijing Graphene Forum</a> </div> <div class="generic-item news-item "> <span class="text-information">22 October 2024</span> <br/> <a class="title-link" href="/journal/onco/announcements/9623"><strong>Meet Us at the 2024 International Kidney Cancer Symposium: North America, 7–9 November 2024, Louisville, KY, USA</strong></a> <a href="/journal/onco/announcements/9623"><img style="margin: 5px 0; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/announcement/9623.jpg?1732286508" /></a> </div> <div class="generic-item news-item "> <span class="text-information">16 October 2024</span> <br/> <a class="title-link" href="/journal/onco/announcements/9594"><strong>MDPI's Newly Launched Journals in September 2024</strong></a> </div> <div class="generic-item last-item UI_NewsAnnounce"> <a class="bold" href="/journal/onco/announcements">More News & Announcements...</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container selected-special-issues"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link"> <h2>Topics</h2> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="generic-item button-type no-border"> <a class="button button--color button--full-width submit-manuscript" href="/topics/proposal"> Propose a Topic </a> </div> <div class="generic-item"><div><span class="text-information times"> Topic in <span class="text-information italics times">Cancers</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Current Oncology</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">JCM</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">JPM</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Onco</span></span></div><a class="title-link bold" href="/topics/5869I5EIT7"> Targeting Tumor Microvasculature of Malignant Metastatic Tumor </a><span class="text-information color-grey-dark">Topic Editors: Prabhu Thirusangu, Vigneshwaran Vellingiri, Prabhakar Thippegowda<br/></span><span class="text-information highlight">Deadline: 25 November 2024</span></div> <div class="generic-item"><div><span class="text-information times"> Topic in <span class="text-information italics times">Biomedicines</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Cancers</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Cells</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">IJMS</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Onco</span></span></div><a class="title-link bold" href="/topics/35DK310H1I"> Advances in Colorectal Cancer Therapy </a><span class="text-information color-grey-dark">Topic Editors: Niki Christou, Mireille Verdier, Fabrice Lalloué<br/></span><span class="text-information highlight">Deadline: 20 December 2024</span></div> <div class="generic-item"><div><span class="text-information times"> Topic in <span class="text-information italics times">Cancers</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Current Oncology</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Healthcare</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Nursing Reports</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Onco</span></span></div><a class="title-link bold" href="/topics/311D4N4UA2"> Life of Cancer Survivor </a><span class="text-information color-grey-dark">Topic Editors: Nuno Lunet, Natália Araújo, Samantha Morais<br/></span><span class="text-information highlight">Deadline: 24 December 2024</span></div> <div class="generic-item"><div><span class="text-information times"> Topic in <span class="text-information italics times">Biomedicines</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Cancers</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Current Oncology</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Onco</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Pathophysiology</span></span></div><a class="title-link bold" href="/topics/IMMATITM"> Individualized Molecular Mechanisms and Treatment in Tumor Metastasis </a><span class="text-information color-grey-dark">Topic Editors: Dong Tang, Chen Liu, Bin Cheng<br/></span><span class="text-information highlight">Deadline: 5 January 2025</span></div> <div class="generic-item last-item"> <a href="/topics?journal=onco" class="bold">More Topics</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="show-for-medium-up"> <div id="adBannerContent" class="content__container banner-container" style="text-align:center;"> <div id="banner2" class="adserver-banner" data-zone="2" data-repeat-interval="10" style="height: 600px; width: 160px; position: relative; margin: 0 auto;"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/loading_circle.gif?9a82694213036313?1732286508" alt="loading..." style="position: absolute;top: 50%;left: 50%;"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="show-for-small"> <div class="content__container banner-container"> <div id="adBannerContentMobile" style="margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; width: 100%;"> <div id="banner3" class="adserver-banner" data-zone="7" style="width: 100%;"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link"> <h2>Conferences</h2> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="generic-item button-type no-border"> <a class="button button--color button--full-width submit-manuscript" href="/events/add"> Announce Your Conference </a> </div> <div class="generic-item last-item"> <a href="/journal/onco/events" class="bold">More Conferences...</a><br/> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container selected-special-issues"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link"> <h2>Special Issues</h2> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="generic-item button-type no-border"> <a class="button button--color button--full-width submit-manuscript" href="/journalproposal/sendproposalspecialissue/onco" data-path="/journal/onco"> Propose a Special Issue </a> </div> <div class="generic-item"><div><span class="text-information times"> Special Issue in </span><span class="text-information italics times">Onco</span></div><a class="title-link bold" href="/journal/onco/special_issues/LMR94FU9WK"> Targeting of Tumor Dormancy Pathway </a><span class="text-information color-grey-dark">Guest Editors: Athanassios Kotsinas, Constantin N. Baxevanis<br/></span><span class="text-information highlight">Deadline: 30 May 2025</span></div> <div class="generic-item"><div><span class="text-information times"> Special Issue in </span><span class="text-information italics times">Onco</span></div><a class="title-link bold" href="/journal/onco/special_issues/787P661E1B"> The Evolving Landscape of Contemporary Cancer Therapies </a><span class="text-information color-grey-dark">Guest Editor: Constantin N. Baxevanis<br/></span><span class="text-information highlight">Deadline: 31 May 2025</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="column-padding"></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div id="footer"> <div class="journal-info"> <span> <em><a class="Var_JournalInfo" href="/journal/onco">Onco</a></em>, EISSN 2673-7523, Published by MDPI </span> <div class="large-right"> <span> <a href="/rss/journal/onco" class="rss-link">RSS</a> </span> <span> <a href="/journal/onco/toc-alert">Content Alert</a> </span> </div> </div> <div class="row full-width footer-links" data-equalizer="footer" data-equalizer-mq="small"> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns" data-equalizer-watch="footer"> <h3> Further Information </h3> <a href="/apc"> Article Processing Charges </a> <a href="/about/payment"> Pay an Invoice </a> <a href="/openaccess"> Open Access Policy </a> <a href="/about/contact"> Contact MDPI </a> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Jobs at MDPI </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns" data-equalizer-watch="footer"> <h3> Guidelines </h3> <a href="/authors"> For Authors </a> <a href="/reviewers"> For Reviewers </a> <a href="/editors"> For Editors </a> <a href="/librarians"> For Librarians </a> <a href="/publishing_services"> For Publishers </a> <a href="/societies"> For Societies </a> <a href="/conference_organizers"> For Conference Organizers </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns"> <h3> MDPI Initiatives </h3> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Sciforum </a> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> MDPI Books </a> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Preprints.org </a> <a href="https://www.scilit.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Scilit </a> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com?utm_source=mpdi.com&utm_medium=bottom_menu&utm_campaign=initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> SciProfiles </a> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Encyclopedia </a> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> JAMS </a> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 right-border-large-without columns UA_FooterFollowMDPI"> <h3> Follow MDPI </h3> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/mdpi" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> LinkedIn </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/MDPIOpenAccessPublishing" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Facebook </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/MDPIOpenAccess" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Twitter </a> </div> <div id="footer-subscribe" class="large-4 large-pull-8 medium-12 small-12 left-border-large columns"> <div class="footer-subscribe__container"> <img class="show-for-large-up" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-white-small.png?71d18e5f805839ab?1732286508" alt="MDPI" title="MDPI Open Access Journals" style="height: 50px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> <form id="newsletter" method="POST" action="/subscribe"> <p> Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals </p> <select multiple id="newsletter-journal" class="foundation-select" name="journals[]"> <option value="acoustics">Acoustics</option> <option value="amh">Acta Microbiologica Hellenica</option> <option value="actuators">Actuators</option> <option value="admsci">Administrative Sciences</option> <option value="adolescents">Adolescents</option> <option value="arm">Advances in Respiratory Medicine</option> <option value="aerobiology">Aerobiology</option> <option value="aerospace">Aerospace</option> <option value="agriculture">Agriculture</option> <option value="agriengineering">AgriEngineering</option> <option value="agrochemicals">Agrochemicals</option> <option value="agronomy">Agronomy</option> <option value="ai">AI</option> <option value="air">Air</option> <option value="algorithms">Algorithms</option> <option value="allergies">Allergies</option> <option value="alloys">Alloys</option> <option value="analytica">Analytica</option> <option value="analytics">Analytics</option> <option value="anatomia">Anatomia</option> <option value="anesthres">Anesthesia Research</option> <option value="animals">Animals</option> <option value="antibiotics">Antibiotics</option> <option value="antibodies">Antibodies</option> <option value="antioxidants">Antioxidants</option> <option value="applbiosci">Applied Biosciences</option> <option value="applmech">Applied Mechanics</option> <option value="applmicrobiol">Applied Microbiology</option> <option value="applnano">Applied Nano</option> <option value="applsci">Applied Sciences</option> <option value="asi">Applied System Innovation</option> <option value="appliedchem">AppliedChem</option> <option value="appliedmath">AppliedMath</option> <option value="aquacj">Aquaculture Journal</option> <option value="architecture">Architecture</option> <option value="arthropoda">Arthropoda</option> <option value="arts">Arts</option> <option value="astronomy">Astronomy</option> <option value="atmosphere">Atmosphere</option> <option value="atoms">Atoms</option> <option value="audiolres">Audiology Research</option> <option value="automation">Automation</option> <option value="axioms">Axioms</option> <option value="bacteria">Bacteria</option> <option value="batteries">Batteries</option> <option value="behavsci">Behavioral Sciences</option> <option value="beverages">Beverages</option> <option value="BDCC">Big Data and Cognitive Computing</option> <option value="biochem">BioChem</option> <option value="bioengineering">Bioengineering</option> <option value="biologics">Biologics</option> <option value="biology">Biology</option> <option value="blsf">Biology and Life Sciences Forum</option> <option value="biomass">Biomass</option> <option value="biomechanics">Biomechanics</option> <option value="biomed">BioMed</option> <option value="biomedicines">Biomedicines</option> <option value="biomedinformatics">BioMedInformatics</option> <option value="biomimetics">Biomimetics</option> <option value="biomolecules">Biomolecules</option> <option value="biophysica">Biophysica</option> <option value="biosensors">Biosensors</option> <option value="biotech">BioTech</option> <option value="birds">Birds</option> <option value="blockchains">Blockchains</option> <option value="brainsci">Brain Sciences</option> <option value="buildings">Buildings</option> <option value="businesses">Businesses</option> <option value="carbon">C</option> <option value="cancers">Cancers</option> <option value="cardiogenetics">Cardiogenetics</option> <option value="catalysts">Catalysts</option> <option value="cells">Cells</option> <option value="ceramics">Ceramics</option> <option value="challenges">Challenges</option> <option value="ChemEngineering">ChemEngineering</option> <option value="chemistry">Chemistry</option> <option value="chemproc">Chemistry Proceedings</option> <option value="chemosensors">Chemosensors</option> <option value="children">Children</option> <option value="chips">Chips</option> <option value="civileng">CivilEng</option> <option value="cleantechnol">Clean Technologies</option> <option value="climate">Climate</option> <option value="ctn">Clinical and Translational Neuroscience</option> <option value="clinbioenerg">Clinical Bioenergetics</option> <option value="clinpract">Clinics and Practice</option> <option value="clockssleep">Clocks & Sleep</option> <option value="coasts">Coasts</option> <option value="coatings">Coatings</option> <option value="colloids">Colloids and Interfaces</option> <option value="colorants">Colorants</option> <option value="commodities">Commodities</option> <option value="complications">Complications</option> <option value="compounds">Compounds</option> <option value="computation">Computation</option> <option value="csmf">Computer Sciences & Mathematics Forum</option> <option value="computers">Computers</option> <option value="condensedmatter">Condensed Matter</option> <option value="conservation">Conservation</option> <option value="constrmater">Construction Materials</option> <option value="cmd">Corrosion and Materials Degradation</option> <option value="cosmetics">Cosmetics</option> <option value="covid">COVID</option> <option value="crops">Crops</option> <option value="cryo">Cryo</option> <option value="cryptography">Cryptography</option> <option value="crystals">Crystals</option> <option value="cimb">Current Issues in Molecular Biology</option> <option value="curroncol">Current Oncology</option> <option value="dairy">Dairy</option> <option value="data">Data</option> <option value="dentistry">Dentistry Journal</option> <option value="dermato">Dermato</option> <option value="dermatopathology">Dermatopathology</option> <option value="designs">Designs</option> <option value="diabetology">Diabetology</option> <option value="diagnostics">Diagnostics</option> <option value="dietetics">Dietetics</option> <option value="digital">Digital</option> <option value="disabilities">Disabilities</option> <option value="diseases">Diseases</option> <option value="diversity">Diversity</option> <option value="dna">DNA</option> <option value="drones">Drones</option> <option value="ddc">Drugs and Drug Candidates</option> <option value="dynamics">Dynamics</option> <option value="earth">Earth</option> <option value="ecologies">Ecologies</option> <option value="econometrics">Econometrics</option> <option value="economies">Economies</option> <option value="education">Education Sciences</option> <option value="electricity">Electricity</option> <option value="electrochem">Electrochem</option> <option value="electronicmat">Electronic Materials</option> <option value="electronics">Electronics</option> <option value="ecm">Emergency Care and Medicine</option> <option value="encyclopedia">Encyclopedia</option> <option value="endocrines">Endocrines</option> <option value="energies">Energies</option> <option value="esa">Energy Storage and Applications</option> <option value="eng">Eng</option> <option value="engproc">Engineering Proceedings</option> <option value="entropy">Entropy</option> <option value="environsciproc">Environmental Sciences Proceedings</option> <option value="environments">Environments</option> <option value="epidemiologia">Epidemiologia</option> <option value="epigenomes">Epigenomes</option> <option value="ebj">European Burn Journal</option> <option value="ejihpe">European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education</option> <option value="fermentation">Fermentation</option> <option value="fibers">Fibers</option> <option value="fintech">FinTech</option> <option value="fire">Fire</option> <option value="fishes">Fishes</option> <option value="fluids">Fluids</option> <option value="foods">Foods</option> <option value="forecasting">Forecasting</option> <option value="forensicsci">Forensic Sciences</option> <option value="forests">Forests</option> <option value="fossstud">Fossil Studies</option> <option value="foundations">Foundations</option> <option value="fractalfract">Fractal and Fractional</option> <option value="fuels">Fuels</option> <option value="future">Future</option> <option value="futureinternet">Future Internet</option> <option value="futurepharmacol">Future Pharmacology</option> <option value="futuretransp">Future Transportation</option> <option value="galaxies">Galaxies</option> <option value="games">Games</option> <option value="gases">Gases</option> <option value="gastroent">Gastroenterology Insights</option> <option value="gastrointestdisord">Gastrointestinal Disorders</option> <option value="gastronomy">Gastronomy</option> <option value="gels">Gels</option> <option value="genealogy">Genealogy</option> <option value="genes">Genes</option> <option value="geographies">Geographies</option> <option value="geohazards">GeoHazards</option> <option value="geomatics">Geomatics</option> <option value="geometry">Geometry</option> <option value="geosciences">Geosciences</option> <option value="geotechnics">Geotechnics</option> <option value="geriatrics">Geriatrics</option> <option value="glacies">Glacies</option> <option value="gucdd">Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease</option> <option value="grasses">Grasses</option> <option value="hardware">Hardware</option> <option value="healthcare">Healthcare</option> <option value="hearts">Hearts</option> <option value="hemato">Hemato</option> <option value="hematolrep">Hematology Reports</option> <option value="heritage">Heritage</option> <option value="histories">Histories</option> <option value="horticulturae">Horticulturae</option> <option value="hospitals">Hospitals</option> <option value="humanities">Humanities</option> <option value="humans">Humans</option> <option value="hydrobiology">Hydrobiology</option> <option value="hydrogen">Hydrogen</option> <option value="hydrology">Hydrology</option> <option value="hygiene">Hygiene</option> <option value="immuno">Immuno</option> <option value="idr">Infectious Disease Reports</option> <option value="informatics">Informatics</option> <option value="information">Information</option> <option value="infrastructures">Infrastructures</option> <option value="inorganics">Inorganics</option> <option value="insects">Insects</option> <option value="instruments">Instruments</option> <option value="iic">Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction</option> <option value="ijerph">International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</option> <option value="ijfs">International Journal of Financial Studies</option> <option value="ijms">International Journal of Molecular Sciences</option> <option value="IJNS">International Journal of Neonatal Screening</option> <option value="ijpb">International Journal of Plant Biology</option> <option value="ijt">International Journal of Topology</option> <option value="ijtm">International Journal of Translational Medicine</option> <option value="ijtpp">International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power</option> <option value="ime">International Medical Education</option> <option value="inventions">Inventions</option> <option value="IoT">IoT</option> <option value="ijgi">ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information</option> <option value="J">J</option> <option value="jal">Journal of Ageing and Longevity</option> <option value="jcdd">Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease</option> <option value="jcto">Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology</option> <option value="jcm">Journal of Clinical Medicine</option> <option value="jcs">Journal of Composites Science</option> <option value="jcp">Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy</option> <option value="jdad">Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease</option> <option value="jdb">Journal of Developmental Biology</option> <option value="jeta">Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses</option> <option value="jfb">Journal of Functional Biomaterials</option> <option value="jfmk">Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology</option> <option value="jof">Journal of Fungi</option> <option value="jimaging">Journal of Imaging</option> <option value="jintelligence">Journal of Intelligence</option> <option value="jlpea">Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications</option> <option value="jmmp">Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing</option> <option value="jmse">Journal of Marine Science and Engineering</option> <option value="jmahp">Journal of Market Access & Health Policy</option> <option value="jmp">Journal of Molecular Pathology</option> <option value="jnt">Journal of Nanotheranostics</option> <option value="jne">Journal of Nuclear Engineering</option> <option value="ohbm">Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine</option> <option value="jop">Journal of Parks</option> <option value="jpm">Journal of Personalized Medicine</option> <option value="jpbi">Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry</option> <option value="jor">Journal of Respiration</option> <option value="jrfm">Journal of Risk and Financial Management</option> <option value="jsan">Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks</option> <option value="joma">Journal of the Oman Medical Association</option> <option value="jtaer">Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research</option> <option value="jvd">Journal of Vascular Diseases</option> <option value="jox">Journal of Xenobiotics</option> <option value="jzbg">Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens</option> <option value="journalmedia">Journalism and Media</option> <option value="kidneydial">Kidney and Dialysis</option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases">Kinases and Phosphatases</option> <option value="knowledge">Knowledge</option> <option value="labmed">LabMed</option> <option value="laboratories">Laboratories</option> <option value="land">Land</option> <option value="languages">Languages</option> <option value="laws">Laws</option> <option value="life">Life</option> <option value="limnolrev">Limnological Review</option> <option value="lipidology">Lipidology</option> <option value="liquids">Liquids</option> <option value="literature">Literature</option> <option value="livers">Livers</option> <option value="logics">Logics</option> <option value="logistics">Logistics</option> <option value="lubricants">Lubricants</option> <option value="lymphatics">Lymphatics</option> <option value="make">Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction</option> <option value="machines">Machines</option> <option value="macromol">Macromol</option> <option value="magnetism">Magnetism</option> <option value="magnetochemistry">Magnetochemistry</option> <option value="marinedrugs">Marine Drugs</option> <option value="materials">Materials</option> <option value="materproc">Materials Proceedings</option> <option value="mca">Mathematical and Computational Applications</option> <option value="mathematics">Mathematics</option> <option value="medsci">Medical Sciences</option> <option value="msf">Medical Sciences Forum</option> <option value="medicina">Medicina</option> <option value="medicines">Medicines</option> <option value="membranes">Membranes</option> <option value="merits">Merits</option> <option value="metabolites">Metabolites</option> <option value="metals">Metals</option> <option value="meteorology">Meteorology</option> <option value="methane">Methane</option> <option value="mps">Methods and Protocols</option> <option value="metrics">Metrics</option> <option value="metrology">Metrology</option> <option value="micro">Micro</option> <option value="microbiolres">Microbiology Research</option> <option value="micromachines">Micromachines</option> <option value="microorganisms">Microorganisms</option> <option value="microplastics">Microplastics</option> <option value="minerals">Minerals</option> <option value="mining">Mining</option> <option value="modelling">Modelling</option> <option value="mmphys">Modern Mathematical Physics</option> <option value="molbank">Molbank</option> <option value="molecules">Molecules</option> <option value="mti">Multimodal Technologies and Interaction</option> <option value="muscles">Muscles</option> <option value="nanoenergyadv">Nanoenergy Advances</option> <option value="nanomanufacturing">Nanomanufacturing</option> <option value="nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</option> <option value="ndt">NDT</option> <option value="network">Network</option> <option value="neuroglia">Neuroglia</option> <option value="neurolint">Neurology International</option> <option value="neurosci">NeuroSci</option> <option value="nitrogen">Nitrogen</option> <option value="ncrna">Non-Coding RNA</option> <option value="nursrep">Nursing Reports</option> <option value="nutraceuticals">Nutraceuticals</option> <option value="nutrients">Nutrients</option> <option value="obesities">Obesities</option> <option value="oceans">Oceans</option> <option value="onco">Onco</option> <option value="optics">Optics</option> <option value="oral">Oral</option> <option value="organics">Organics</option> <option value="organoids">Organoids</option> <option value="osteology">Osteology</option> <option value="oxygen">Oxygen</option> <option value="parasitologia">Parasitologia</option> <option value="particles">Particles</option> <option value="pathogens">Pathogens</option> <option value="pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</option> <option value="pediatrrep">Pediatric Reports</option> <option value="pets">Pets</option> <option value="pharmaceuticals">Pharmaceuticals</option> <option value="pharmaceutics">Pharmaceutics</option> <option value="pharmacoepidemiology">Pharmacoepidemiology</option> <option value="pharmacy">Pharmacy</option> <option value="philosophies">Philosophies</option> <option value="photochem">Photochem</option> <option value="photonics">Photonics</option> <option value="phycology">Phycology</option> <option value="physchem">Physchem</option> <option value="psf">Physical Sciences Forum</option> <option value="physics">Physics</option> <option value="physiologia">Physiologia</option> <option value="plants">Plants</option> <option value="plasma">Plasma</option> <option value="platforms">Platforms</option> <option value="pollutants">Pollutants</option> <option value="polymers">Polymers</option> <option value="polysaccharides">Polysaccharides</option> <option value="populations">Populations</option> <option value="poultry">Poultry</option> <option value="powders">Powders</option> <option value="proceedings">Proceedings</option> <option value="processes">Processes</option> <option value="prosthesis">Prosthesis</option> <option value="proteomes">Proteomes</option> <option value="psychiatryint">Psychiatry International</option> <option value="psychoactives">Psychoactives</option> <option value="psycholint">Psychology International</option> <option value="publications">Publications</option> <option value="qubs">Quantum Beam Science</option> <option value="quantumrep">Quantum Reports</option> <option value="quaternary">Quaternary</option> <option value="radiation">Radiation</option> <option value="reactions">Reactions</option> <option value="realestate">Real Estate</option> <option value="receptors">Receptors</option> <option value="recycling">Recycling</option> <option value="rsee">Regional Science and Environmental Economics</option> <option value="religions">Religions</option> <option value="remotesensing">Remote Sensing</option> <option value="reports">Reports</option> <option value="reprodmed">Reproductive Medicine</option> <option value="resources">Resources</option> <option value="rheumato">Rheumato</option> <option value="risks">Risks</option> <option value="robotics">Robotics</option> <option value="ruminants">Ruminants</option> <option value="safety">Safety</option> <option value="sci">Sci</option> <option value="scipharm">Scientia Pharmaceutica</option> <option value="sclerosis">Sclerosis</option> <option value="seeds">Seeds</option> <option value="sensors">Sensors</option> <option value="separations">Separations</option> <option value="sexes">Sexes</option> <option value="signals">Signals</option> <option value="sinusitis">Sinusitis</option> <option value="smartcities">Smart Cities</option> <option value="socsci">Social Sciences</option> <option value="siuj">Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal</option> <option value="societies">Societies</option> <option value="software">Software</option> <option value="soilsystems">Soil Systems</option> <option value="solar">Solar</option> <option value="solids">Solids</option> <option value="spectroscj">Spectroscopy Journal</option> <option value="sports">Sports</option> <option value="standards">Standards</option> <option value="stats">Stats</option> <option value="stresses">Stresses</option> <option value="surfaces">Surfaces</option> <option value="surgeries">Surgeries</option> <option value="std">Surgical Techniques Development</option> <option value="sustainability">Sustainability</option> <option value="suschem">Sustainable Chemistry</option> <option value="symmetry">Symmetry</option> <option value="synbio">SynBio</option> <option value="systems">Systems</option> <option value="targets">Targets</option> <option value="taxonomy">Taxonomy</option> <option value="technologies">Technologies</option> <option value="telecom">Telecom</option> <option value="textiles">Textiles</option> <option value="thalassrep">Thalassemia Reports</option> <option value="therapeutics">Therapeutics</option> <option value="thermo">Thermo</option> <option value="timespace">Time and Space</option> <option value="tomography">Tomography</option> <option value="tourismhosp">Tourism and Hospitality</option> <option value="toxics">Toxics</option> <option value="toxins">Toxins</option> <option value="transplantology">Transplantology</option> <option value="traumacare">Trauma Care</option> <option value="higheredu">Trends in Higher Education</option> <option value="tropicalmed">Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease</option> <option value="universe">Universe</option> <option value="urbansci">Urban Science</option> <option value="uro">Uro</option> <option value="vaccines">Vaccines</option> <option value="vehicles">Vehicles</option> <option value="venereology">Venereology</option> <option value="vetsci">Veterinary Sciences</option> <option value="vibration">Vibration</option> <option value="virtualworlds">Virtual Worlds</option> <option value="viruses">Viruses</option> <option value="vision">Vision</option> <option value="waste">Waste</option> <option value="water">Water</option> <option value="wild">Wild</option> <option value="wind">Wind</option> <option value="women">Women</option> <option value="world">World</option> <option value="wevj">World Electric Vehicle Journal</option> <option value="youth">Youth</option> <option value="zoonoticdis">Zoonotic Diseases</option> </select> <input name="email" type="email" placeholder="Enter your email address..." required="required" /> <button class="genericCaptcha button button--dark UA_FooterNewsletterSubscribeButton" type="submit">Subscribe</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer-copyright"> <div class="row"> <div class="columns large-6 medium-6 small-12 text-left"> © 1996-2024 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated </div> <div class="columns large-6 medium-6 small-12 small-text-left medium-text-right large-text-right"> <a data-dropdown="drop-view-disclaimer" aria-controls="drop-view-disclaimer" aria-expanded="false" data-options="align:top; is_hover:true; hover_timeout:2000;"> Disclaimer </a> <div id="drop-view-disclaimer" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide text-left" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. </div> <a href="/about/terms-and-conditions"> Terms and Conditions </a> <a href="/about/privacy"> Privacy Policy </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="cookie-notification" class="js-allow-cookies" style="display: none;"> <div class="columns large-10 medium-10 small-12"> We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience.<br class="show-for-medium-up"/> Read more about our cookies <a href="/about/privacy">here</a>. </div> <div class="columns large-2 medium-2 small-12 small-only-text-left text-right"> <a class="button button--default" href="/accept_cookies">Accept</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="main-share-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-new--small" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 style="margin: 0;">Share Link</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="social-media-links UA_ShareModalLinks" style="text-align: left;"> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#ac938acdc1dc97dfd9cec6c9cfd891eadec3c1899e9ce1e8fce5899fed899e9c899e9e8addd9c3d8978acdc1dc97cec3c8d591c4d8d8dcdf968383dbdbdb82c1c8dcc582cfc3c183c6c3d9dec2cdc083c3c2cfc3899fed899ced899ceda6a6" title="Email"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=&hashtags=mdpionco&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2Fjournal%2Fonco&via=MdpiOnco" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" title="Twitter" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-twitter-x-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href=" http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2Fjournal%2Fonco&title=%26source%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" title="LinkedIn" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-linkedin-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://www.mdpi.com/journal/onco" title="facebook" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-facebook-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" title="Wechat" data-reveal-id="weixin-share-modal"> <i class="fa fa-weixin-square" style="font-size: 26px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https://www.mdpi.com/journal/onco" title="Reddit" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-reddit-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.mendeley.com/import/?url=https://www.mdpi.com/journal/onco" title="Mendeley" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-mendeley-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.citeulike.org/posturl?url=https://www.mdpi.com/journal/onco" title="CiteULike" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-citeulike-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> </div> </div> <div class="small-9 columns"> <input id="js-clipboard-text" type="text" readonly value="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/onco" /> </div> <div class="small-3 columns text-left"> <a class="button button--color js-clipboard-copy" data-clipboard-target="#js-clipboard-text">Copy</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="weixin-share-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="weixin-share-modal-title" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 id="weixin-share-modal-title" style="margin: 0;">Share</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="weixin-qr-code-section"> <?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?> <!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"> <svg width="348" height="348" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <desc>https://www.mdpi.com/journal/onco</desc> <g id="elements" fill="black" stroke="none"> <rect x="0" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="324" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="324" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="324" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="324" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="324" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="324" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="324" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="324" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="324" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="324" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="324" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="324" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="324" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="324" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="324" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="324" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="324" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="324" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="324" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="324" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> </g> </svg> </div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <a href="#" class="back-to-top"><span class="show-for-medium-up">Back to Top</span><span class="show-for-small">Top</span></a> <script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/modernizr-2.8.3.min.js?5227e0738f7f421d?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery-1.12.4.min.js?4f252523d4af0b47?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/foundation-5.5.3.min.js?6b2ec41c18b29054?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/foundation-5.5.3.equalizer.min.js?0f6c549b75ec554c?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery.multiselect.js?0edd3998731d1091?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery.cycle2.min.js?63413052928f97ee?1732286508"></script> <script> // old browser fix - this way the console log rows won't throw (silent) errors in browsers not supporting console log if (!window.console) window.console = {}; if (!window.console.log) window.console.log = function () { }; var currentJournalNameSystem = "onco"; $(document).ready(function() { $('select.foundation-select').multiselect({ search: true, minHeight: 130, maxHeight: 130, }); $(document).foundation({ orbit: { timer_speed: 4000, }, reveal: { animation: 'fadeAndPop', animation_speed: 100, } }); $(".chosen-select").each(function(element) { var maxSelected = (undefined !== $(this).data('maxselectedoptions') ? $(this).data('maxselectedoptions') : 100); $(this).on('chosen:ready', function(event, data) { var select = $(data.chosen.form_field); if (select.attr('id') === 'journal-browser-volume') { $(data.chosen.dropdown).addClass('UI_JournalBrowser_Volume_Options'); } if (select.attr('id') === 'journal-browser-issue') { $(data.chosen.dropdown).addClass('UI_JournalBrowser_Issue_Options'); } }).chosen({ display_disabled_options: false, disable_search_threshold: 7, max_selected_options: maxSelected, width: "100%" }); }); $(".toEncode").each(function(e) { var oldHref = $(this).attr("href"); var newHref = oldHref.replace('.botdefense.please.enable.javascript.','@'); $(this).attr("href", newHref); if (!$(this).hasClass("emailCaptcha")) { $(this).html(newHref.replace('mailto:', '')); } $(this).removeClass("visibility-hidden"); }); $(document).on('opened.fndtn.reveal', '[data-reveal]', function() { $(document).foundation('equalizer', 'reflow'); }); // fix the images that have tag height / width defined // otherwise the default foundation styles overwrite the tag definitions $("img").each(function() { if ($(this).attr('width') != undefined || $(this).attr('height') != undefined) { $(this).addClass("img-fixed"); } }); $("#basic_search, #advanced_search").submit(function(e) { var searchArguments = false; $(this).find("input,select").not("#search,.search-button").each(function() { if (undefined === $(this).val() || "" === $(this).val()) { $(this).attr('name', null); } else { $(this).attr('name'); searchArguments = true; } }); if (!searchArguments) { window.location = $(this).attr('action'); return false; } }); $(".hide-show-desktop-option").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var parentDiv = $(this).closest("div"); $.ajax({ url: $(this).attr('href'), success: function(msg) { parentDiv.removeClass().hide(); } }); }); $(".generic-toggleable-header").click(function(e) { $(this).toggleClass("active"); $(this).next(".generic-toggleable-content").toggleClass("active"); }); /* * handle whole row as a link if the row contains only one visible link */ $("table.new tr").hover(function() { if ($(this).find("td:visible a").length == 1) { $(this).addClass("single-link"); } }, function() { $(this).removeClass("single-link"); }); $("table.new:not(.table-of-tables)").on("click", "tr.single-link", function(e) { var target = $(e.target); if (!e.ctrlKey && !target.is("a")) { $(this).find("td:visible a")[0].click(); } }); $(document).on("click", ".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link", function(e) { if ($(this).closest("#basic_search").length > 0) { if ($(".search-container__advanced").first().is(":visible")) { openAdvanced() } } if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { if ($(this).hasClass("active")) { $(this).removeClass("active"); $(this).next(".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content").addClass("show-for-medium-up"); } else { $(this).addClass("active"); $(this).next(".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content").removeClass("show-for-medium-up"); $(document).foundation('orbit', 'reflow'); } } if (undefined !== $(this).data("callback")) { var customCallback = $(this).data("callback"); func = window[customCallback]; func(); } }); $(document).on("click", ".js-open-small-search", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).toggleClass("active").closest(".tab-bar").toggleClass("active"); $(".search-container").toggleClass("hide-for-small-down"); }); $(document).on("click", ".js-open-menu", function(e) { $(".search-container").addClass("hide-for-small-down"); }); $(window).on('resize', function() { recalculate_main_browser_position(); recalculate_responsive_moving_containers(); }); updateSearchLabelVisibilities(); recalculate_main_browser_position(); recalculate_responsive_moving_containers(); if (window.document.documentMode == 11) { $("<link/>", { rel: "stylesheet", type: "text/css", href: "https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?family=Material+Icons"}).appendTo("head"); } }); function recalculate_main_browser_position() { if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { if ($("#js-main-top-container").parent("#js-large-main-top-container").length > 0) { $("#js-main-top-container").appendTo($("#js-small-main-top-container")); } } else { if ($("#js-main-top-container").parent("#js-small-main-top-container").length > 0) { $("#js-main-top-container").appendTo($("#js-large-main-top-container")); } } } function recalculate_responsive_moving_containers() { $(".responsive-moving-container.large").each(function() { var previousParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.active[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); var movingContent = previousParent.html(); if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.small[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } else if (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only()) { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.medium[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } else { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.large[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } if (previousParent.attr("class") !== currentParent.attr("class")) { currentParent.html(movingContent); previousParent.html(); currentParent.addClass("active"); previousParent.removeClass("active"); } }); } // cookies allowed is checked from a) local storage and b) from server separately so that the footer bar doesn't // get included in the custom page caches function checkCookiesAllowed() { var cookiesEnabled = localStorage.getItem("mdpi_cookies_enabled"); if (null === cookiesEnabled) { $.ajax({ url: "/ajax_cookie_value/mdpi_cookies_accepted", success: function(data) { if (data.value) { localStorage.setItem("mdpi_cookies_enabled", true); checkDisplaySurvey(); } else { $(".js-allow-cookies").show(); } } }); } else { checkDisplaySurvey(); } } function checkDisplaySurvey() { } window.addEventListener('CookiebotOnAccept', function (e) { var CookieDate = new Date; if (Cookiebot.consent.preferences) { CookieDate.setFullYear(CookieDate.getFullYear() + 1); document.cookie = "mdpi_layout_type_v2=mobile; path=/; expires=" + CookieDate.toUTCString() + ";"; $(".js-toggle-desktop-layout-link").css("display", "inline-block"); } }, false); window.addEventListener('CookiebotOnDecline', function (e) { if (!Cookiebot.consent.preferences) { $(".js-toggle-desktop-layout-link").hide(); if ("" === "desktop") { window.location = "/toggle_desktop_layout_cookie"; } } }, false); var hash = $(location).attr('hash'); if ("#share" === hash) { if (1 === $("#main-share-modal").length) { $('#main-share-modal').foundation('reveal', 'open'); } } </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/lib.js?f8d3d71b3a772f9d?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/mdpi.js?c267ce58392b15da?1732286508"></script> <script>var banners_url = 'https://serve.mdpi.com';</script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/ifvisible.min.js?c621d19ecb761212?1732286508'></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/affix.js?ac4ea55275297c15?1732286508"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/clipboard.min.js?3f3688138a1b9fc4?1732286508"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function() { var helpFunctions = $(".middle-column__help__fixed"); var leftColumnAffix = $(".left-column__fixed"); var middleColumn = $("#middle-column"); var clone = null; helpFunctions.affix({ offset: { top: function() { return middleColumn.offset().top - 8 - (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 30 : 0); }, bottom: function() { return $("#footer").innerHeight() + 74 + (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 0 : 0); } } }); if (leftColumnAffix.length > 0) { clone = leftColumnAffix.clone(); clone.addClass("left-column__fixed__affix"); clone.insertBefore(leftColumnAffix); clone.css('width', leftColumnAffix.outerWidth() + 50); clone.affix({ offset: { top: function() { return leftColumnAffix.offset().top - 30 - (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 50 : 0); }, bottom: function() { return $("#footer").innerHeight() + 92 + (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 0 : 0); } } }); } $(window).on("resize", function() { if (clone !== null) { clone.css('width', leftColumnAffix.outerWidth() + 50); } }); new ClipboardJS('.js-clipboard-copy'); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function() { // create the left hand menu dynamically from the content var items = $("#middle-column h1, #middle-column h2"); if ($("#dynamic-menu").length == 1 && items.length > 1) { // menu container div var div = $("div#dynamic-menu"); div.addClass("generic-item"); // menu header var header = $("<h2></h2>"); header.text("Menu"); div.append(header); // menu list var ul = $("<ul></ul>"); ul.addClass("side-menu-ul"); div.append(ul); // menu list items (create additional anchors for page) items.each(function() { var header_title = $(this).text(); var link_title = header_title.replace(/ |-/gi, "_").toLowerCase(); var li = $("<li></li>"); li.addClass("side-menu-li"); ul.append(li); var a = $("<a></a>"); a.html(header_title); a.prop("href", "#" + link_title); li.append(a); var a = $("<a></a>"); a.prop("name", link_title); $(this).prepend(a); }); div.append(ul); div.show(); } }); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/magnific-popup.min.css?04d343e036f8eecd?1732286508"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/jquery-ui-1.10.4.custom.min.css?80647d88647bf347?1732286508"> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery-ui-1.13.2.min.js?1e2047978946a1d2?1732286508"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/magnific-popup.min.js?2be3d9e7dc569146?1732286508"></script> <script> var mainColumn1 = "#right-column"; var extendingReady = true; $(document).ready(function() { $("#journal-browser-go").toggleClass("button--grey", "" === $("#journal-browser-volume").val()); $("#journal-browser-go").toggleClass("button--color", "" !== $("#journal-browser-volume").val()); $("#journal-browser-volume").change(function(e) { $('#journal-browser-issue').find('option').not('.volume-0').hide(); $('#journal-browser-issue').find('.volume-' + $(this).val()).show(); $('#journal-browser-issue').find('option:first').prop('selected', 'selected'); $("#journal-browser-issue").trigger("chosen:updated"); $('#journal-browser-go').toggleClass('button--grey', '' === $(this).val()); $('#journal-browser-go').toggleClass('button--color', '' !== $(this).val()); }); // add resize event for the window (to recalculate side column elements) // TODO: is it better to use resize end or resize here? $(window).on('resize', function() { mdpi_column_height_module.calculateColumnHeights(false, mainColumn1); }); $(".link-journal-menu").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).find('span').toggle(); $(this).next("ul").toggleClass("active"); $("#social-media-links").toggle(); $("#journal-alerts").toggle(); }); $(".link-journal-browser").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).find('span').toggle(); $(this).next("div").toggleClass('show-for-medium-up'); }); }); </script>   <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="marketing"> !function(e,t,n,s,u,a){e.twq||(s=e.twq=function(){s.exe?s.exe.apply(s,arguments):s.queue.push(arguments); },s.version='1.1',s.queue=[],u=t.createElement(n),u.async=!0,u.src='//static.ads-twitter.com/uwt.js', a=t.getElementsByTagName(n)[0],a.parentNode.insertBefore(u,a))}(window,document,'script'); // Insert Twitter Pixel ID and Standard Event data below twq('init','o2pip'); twq('track','PageView'); </script>  <script>(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document;if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'8e6e043a7d6d3e11',t:'MTczMjMzMTk1NS4wMDAwMDA='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.nonce='';a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script></body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Onco | An Open Access Journal from MDPI