CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>John C. Frémont - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"1b55bb85-ee41-44f7-ba36-580d272130b8","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"John_C._Frémont","wgTitle":"John C. Frémont","wgCurRevisionId":1259015014,"wgRevisionId":1259015014,"wgArticleId":91440,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Appleton's Cyclopedia","Webarchive template wayback links","Pages containing links to subscription-only content","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from March 2023","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1: long volume value","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use mdy dates from August 2017","All pages needing factual verification", "Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from May 2023","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021","Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from June 2022","All articles that are excessively detailed","Wikipedia articles with style issues from June 2022","All articles with style issues","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018","All pages needing cleanup","CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","Commons category link from Wikidata","Articles with Project Gutenberg links","Articles with Internet Archive links","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Popular Science Monthly","Botanists with author abbreviations","John C. Frémont", "19th-century American military personnel","19th-century American politicians","19th-century American scientists","19th-century American Episcopalians","19th-century American explorers","American explorers of North America","Explorers of California","Explorers of Oregon","American abolitionists","American botanists","American military personnel of the Mexican–American War","American people of French-Canadian descent","American surveyors","American taxonomists","Arizona Republicans","Governors of Arizona Territory","19th-century people from California","Democratic Party United States senators from California","California Democrats","California Republicans","Commanders of the California Republic","Perpetrators of the California genocide","People of the Conquest of California","People of the California Gold Rush","History of Mariposa County, California","People from Mariposa County, California","Military personnel from California","People of California in the American Civil War", "People from Sleepy Hollow, New York","People from St. George, Staten Island","New York (state) Republicans","Radical Republicans","Recipients of American presidential pardons","Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)","Republican Party (United States) presidential nominees","Candidates in the 1856 United States presidential election","Union army generals","United States Army Corps of Topographical Engineers","United States Army personnel who were court-martialed","United States military governors of California","Deaths from peritonitis","1813 births","1890 deaths"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"John_C._Frémont","wgRelevantArticleId":91440,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true ,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q169011","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready", "ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents", "ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/John_Charles_Fremont_Oval.png/1200px-John_Charles_Fremont_Oval.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1657"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/John_Charles_Fremont_Oval.png/800px-John_Charles_Fremont_Oval.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1105"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/John_Charles_Fremont_Oval.png/640px-John_Charles_Fremont_Oval.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="884"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="John C. Frémont - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-John_C_Frémont rootpage-John_C_Frémont skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=John+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=John+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=John+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=John+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life,_education,_and_early_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life,_education,_and_early_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Early life, education, and early career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life,_education,_and_early_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_senatorial_patronage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_senatorial_patronage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Marriage and senatorial patronage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_senatorial_patronage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frémont's_explorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frémont's_explorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Frémont's explorations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Frémont's_explorations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Frémont's explorations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Frémont's_explorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_expedition_(1842)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_expedition_(1842)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 First expedition (1842) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_expedition_(1842)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_expedition_(1843–1844)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_expedition_(1843–1844)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Second expedition (1843–1844) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_expedition_(1843–1844)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_expedition_(1845)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_expedition_(1845)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Third expedition (1845) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_expedition_(1845)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attacks_against_Native_Americans_in_California_and_Oregon_Country_(1845–1846)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attacks_against_Native_Americans_in_California_and_Oregon_Country_(1845–1846)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Attacks against Native Americans in California and Oregon Country (1845–1846) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attacks_against_Native_Americans_in_California_and_Oregon_Country_(1845–1846)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexican–American_War_(1846–1848)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexican–American_War_(1846–1848)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Mexican–American War (1846–1848) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mexican–American_War_(1846–1848)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Mexican–American War (1846–1848) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Mexican–American_War_(1846–1848)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Court_martial_and_resignation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Court_martial_and_resignation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Court martial and resignation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Court_martial_and_resignation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourth_expedition_(1848–1849)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourth_expedition_(1848–1849)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Fourth expedition (1848–1849) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourth_expedition_(1848–1849)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rancho_Las_Mariposas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rancho_Las_Mariposas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Rancho Las Mariposas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rancho_Las_Mariposas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._Senator_from_California_(1850–1851)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Senator_from_California_(1850–1851)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 U.S. Senator from California (1850–1851) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._Senator_from_California_(1850–1851)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fifth_expedition_(1853–1854)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fifth_expedition_(1853–1854)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Fifth expedition (1853–1854) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fifth_expedition_(1853–1854)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republican_Party_presidential_candidate_(1856)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republican_Party_presidential_candidate_(1856)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Republican Party presidential candidate (1856) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republican_Party_presidential_candidate_(1856)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 American Civil War </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-American_Civil_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle American Civil War subsection </button> <ul id="toc-American_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Department_of_the_West_(1861)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Department_of_the_West_(1861)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Department of the West (1861) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Department_of_the_West_(1861)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Command_and_duties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Command_and_duties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1.1 Command and duties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Command_and_duties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blair_feud_and_corruption_charges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blair_feud_and_corruption_charges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1.2 Blair feud and corruption charges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blair_feud_and_corruption_charges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confederate_capture_of_Springfield" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confederate_capture_of_Springfield"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1.3 Confederate capture of Springfield </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confederate_capture_of_Springfield-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Response_to_Confederate_threat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response_to_Confederate_threat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1.4 Response to Confederate threat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Response_to_Confederate_threat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recaptured_Springfield" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recaptured_Springfield"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1.5 Recaptured Springfield </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recaptured_Springfield-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emancipation_edict_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emancipation_edict_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1.6 Emancipation edict controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emancipation_edict_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mountain_departments_(1862)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mountain_departments_(1862)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Mountain departments (1862) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mountain_departments_(1862)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battles_of_Cross_Keys_and_Port_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battles_of_Cross_Keys_and_Port_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2.1 Battles of Cross Keys and Port Republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battles_of_Cross_Keys_and_Port_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Army_of_Virginia,_New_York,_and_resignation_(1862–1864)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Army_of_Virginia,_New_York,_and_resignation_(1862–1864)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Army of Virginia, New York, and resignation (1862–1864) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Army_of_Virginia,_New_York,_and_resignation_(1862–1864)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_candidate_Radical_Democracy_Party_(1864)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_candidate_Radical_Democracy_Party_(1864)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Presidential candidate Radical Democracy Party (1864) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_candidate_Radical_Democracy_Party_(1864)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rancho_Pocaho" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rancho_Pocaho"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.5 Rancho Pocaho </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rancho_Pocaho-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life,_Arizona_territorial_governor,_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life,_Arizona_territorial_governor,_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Later life, Arizona territorial governor, and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life,_Arizona_territorial_governor,_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Historical reputation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plant_eponyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plant_eponyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Plant eponyms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plant_eponyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Places_and_organizations_named_in_commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places_and_organizations_named_in_commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Places and organizations named in commemoration </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Places_and_organizations_named_in_commemoration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Places and organizations named in commemoration subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Places_and_organizations_named_in_commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Places" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 Places </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Places-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cities_and_towns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities_and_towns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1.1 Cities and towns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities_and_towns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1.2 Also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographical_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographical_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1.3 Geographical features </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographical_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1.4 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.2 Organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hospitals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hospitals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.2.1 Hospitals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hospitals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.2.2 Libraries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schools_and_school_districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools_and_school_districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.2.3 Schools and school districts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schools_and_school_districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_commemorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_commemorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.3 Other commemorations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_commemorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20.2 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21.1 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 22 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">John C. Frémont</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" > 34 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA" title="جون فريمونت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جون فريمونت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%8C._%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA" title="جان سی. فریمونت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جان سی. فریمونت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Джон Фримонт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джон Фримонт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Charles_Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John Charles Frémont – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="John Charles Frémont" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Charles_Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John Charles Frémont – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="John Charles Frémont" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="John C. Frémont" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John C. Frémont" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John C. Frémont" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="John C. Frémont" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%8C._%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA" title="جان سی. فریمونت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان سی. فریمونت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Charles_Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John Charles Frémont – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Charles Frémont" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_C._%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EB%AA%AC%ED%8A%B8" title="존 C. 프리몬트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="존 C. 프리몬트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="John C. Frémont" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Charles_Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John Charles Frémont – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John Charles Frémont" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98" title="ג'ון פרימונט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ון פרימונט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Charles_Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John Charles Frémont – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="John Charles Frémont" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_Carolus_Fr%C3%A9mont" title="Ioannes Carolus Frémont – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannes Carolus Frémont" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEons_Frimonts" title="Džons Frimonts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džons Frimonts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="John C. Frémont" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA" title="جون فريمونت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون فريمونت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Charles_Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John Charles Frémont – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="John Charles Frémont" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BBC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%AC%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88" title="ジョン・C・フレモント – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・C・フレモント" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%B9" title="جان سی فریمونٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جان سی فریمونٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%8A._%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%BC" title="جان سي. فریمونټ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جان سي. فریمونټ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John Frémont – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John Frémont" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="John C. Frémont" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="John C. Frémont" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фримонт, Джон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фримонт, Джон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="John C. Frémont" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="John C. Frémont" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="John C. Frémont" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Джон Фремонт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джон Фремонт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%B9" title="جان سی فریمونٹ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جان سی فریمونٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9" title="約翰·弗里蒙特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="約翰·弗里蒙特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q169011#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&oldid=1259015014" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&id=1259015014&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJohn_C._Fr%25C3%25A9mont">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJohn_C._Fr%25C3%25A9mont">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/John_Charles_Fr%C3%A9mont" hreflang="en">Wikispecies</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:John_Charles_Fr%C3%A9mont" hreflang="en">Wikisource</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q169011" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United States Army officer, explorer, and politician (1813–1890)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"John Fremont" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/John_Fremont_Hill" title="John Fremont Hill">John Fremont Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Fremont_McCullough" class="mw-redirect" title="John Fremont McCullough">John Fremont McCullough</a>, or <a href="/wiki/John_Fremont_Burnham" title="John Fremont Burnham">John Fremont Burnham</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">John C. Frémont</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Charles_Fremont_Oval.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/John_Charles_Fremont_Oval.png/220px-John_Charles_Fremont_Oval.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/John_Charles_Fremont_Oval.png/330px-John_Charles_Fremont_Oval.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/John_Charles_Fremont_Oval.png/440px-John_Charles_Fremont_Oval.png 2x" data-file-width="4099" data-file-height="5660" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Frémont <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1856</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">5th <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Arizona">Governor of Arizona Territory</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office October 6, 1878 – October 11, 1881</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Appointed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Philo_Hoyt" title="John Philo Hoyt">John Hoyt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_Tritle" title="Frederick Augustus Tritle">Frederick Tritle</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office September 10, 1850 – March 3, 1851</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Himself (<a href="/wiki/Shadow_congressperson" title="Shadow congressperson">Shadow Senator</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_B._Weller" title="John B. Weller">John B. Weller</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Shadow_congressperson" title="Shadow congressperson">United States Shadow Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office December 20, 1849 – September 10, 1850</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Seat established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Himself (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a>)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_California_before_1850" title="List of governors of California before 1850">Military Governor of California</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 19, 1847 – February 13, 1847</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Stockton" title="Robert F. Stockton">Robert F. Stockton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_W._Kearny" title="Stephen W. Kearny">Stephen W. Kearny</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">John Charles Frémont</div> (1813-01-21)January 21, 1813 <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah, Georgia</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">July 13, 1890(1890-07-13) (aged 77) <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> (before 1854) <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> (1854–1890)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Radical_Democracy_Party_(United_States)" title="Radical Democracy Party (United States)">Radical Democracy</a> (<a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_Presidential_Election" class="mw-redirect" title="1864 United States Presidential Election">1864</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Benton_Fr%C3%A9mont" title="Jessie Benton Frémont">Jessie Benton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(politician)" title="Thomas Hart Benton (politician)">Thomas Hart Benton</a> (father-in-law)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/College_of_Charleston" title="College of Charleston">College of Charleston</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="John C. Frémont's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont_Signature.svg/128px-John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont_Signature.svg/192px-John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont_Signature.svg/256px-John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="111" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281861-1863%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1838–1848 1861–1864 1890</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_Army_major_general_rank_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Union_Army_major_general_rank_insignia.svg/35px-Union_Army_major_general_rank_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Union_Army_major_general_rank_insignia.svg/53px-Union_Army_major_general_rank_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Union_Army_major_general_rank_insignia.svg/70px-Union_Army_major_general_rank_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="183" data-file-height="68" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major-General</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/California_Battalion" title="California Battalion">California Battalion</a> <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_West" title="Department of the West">Department of the West</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li>– <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wilson%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Wilson's Creek">Battle of Wilson's Creek</a></li> <li>– <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Springfield" title="First Battle of Springfield">First Battle of Springfield</a></li> <li>– <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cross_Keys" title="Battle of Cross Keys">Battle of Cross Keys</a></li> <li>– <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Port_Republic" title="Battle of Port Republic">Battle of Port Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major-General</a> John Charles Frémont (January 21, 1813 – July 13, 1890) was a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> officer, explorer, and politician. He was a United States senator from <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> and was the first <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominee for president of the U.S. in <a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a> and founder of the <a href="/wiki/California_Republican_Party" title="California Republican Party">California Republican Party</a> when he was nominated. He lost the election to Democrat <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> when the vote was <a href="/wiki/Vote_splitting" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote splitting">split</a> by <a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">Know Nothings</a>. A native of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, he attended the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Charleston" title="College of Charleston">College of Charleston</a> for two years until he was expelled after irregular attendance. He opposed <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a>. In the 1840s, he led five expeditions into the western states. During the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>, he was a major in the U.S. Army and took control of a portion of California north of San Francisco from the short-lived <a href="/wiki/California_Republic" title="California Republic">California Republic</a> in 1846. During this time, he led several massacres against <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples in California">indigenous peoples in California</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/California_genocide" title="California genocide">California genocide</a>. Frémont was court-martialed and convicted of mutiny and insubordination after a conflict over who was the rightful <a href="/wiki/California_interim_government,_1846%E2%80%931850" class="mw-redirect" title="California interim government, 1846–1850">military governor of California</a>. His sentence was commuted, and he was reinstated by President <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a>, but Frémont resigned from the Army. Afterwards, he settled in California at <a href="/wiki/Monterey,_California" title="Monterey, California">Monterey</a> while buying cheap land in the Sierra foothills. Gold was found on his Mariposa ranch, and Frémont became a wealthy man during the <a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a>. He became one of the first two U.S. senators elected from the new state of California in 1850. At the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> in 1861, he was given command of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_West" title="Department of the West">Department of the West</a> by President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>. Frémont had successes during his brief tenure there, though he ran his department autocratically and made hasty decisions without consulting President Lincoln or Army headquarters. He issued <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9mont_Emancipation" title="Frémont Emancipation">an unauthorized emancipation edict</a> and was relieved of his command for insubordination by Lincoln. After a brief service tenure in the Mountain Department in 1862, Frémont resided in New York, retiring from the army in 1864. He was nominated for president in 1864 by the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Democracy_Party_(United_States)" title="Radical Democracy Party (United States)">Radical Democracy Party</a>, a breakaway faction of abolitionist Republicans, but he withdrew before the election. After the Civil War, he lost much of his wealth in the unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Railroad" title="Pacific Railroad">Pacific Railroad</a> in 1866, and he lost more in the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1873" title="Panic of 1873">Panic of 1873</a>. Frémont served as <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Arizona" title="List of governors of Arizona">Governor of the Arizona Territory</a> from 1878 to 1881. After his resignation as governor, he retired from politics and died destitute in New York City in 1890. Historians portray Frémont as controversial, impetuous, and contradictory. Some scholars regard him as a military hero of significant accomplishment, while others view him as a failure who repeatedly defeated his own best interests. The keys to Frémont's character and personality, several historians argue, lie in his having been born "illegitimate" (to unwed parents) and in his drive for success, need for self-justification, and passive-aggressive behavior.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> His biographer <a href="/wiki/Allan_Nevins" title="Allan Nevins">Allan Nevins</a> wrote that Frémont lived a dramatic life of remarkable successes and dismal failures.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life,_education,_and_early_career">Early life, education, and early career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life, education, and early career">edit</a>]</div> John Charles Frémont was born on January 21, 1813, the son of Charles Frémon, a <a href="/wiki/French_Canadians" title="French Canadians">French-Canadian</a> immigrant school-teacher,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193119-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[a]</a> and Anne Beverley Whiting, the youngest daughter of socially prominent Virginia planter Col. Thomas Whiting. At age 17, Anne married <a href="/wiki/Major_John_Pryor" class="mw-redirect" title="Major John Pryor">Major John Pryor</a>, a wealthy Richmond resident in his early 60s. In 1810, Pryor hired Frémon to tutor his young wife Anne. Pryor confronted Anne when he found out she was having an affair with Frémon. Anne and Frémon fled to Williamsburg on July 10, 1811, later settling in <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk, Virginia</a>, taking with them <a href="/wiki/House_slave" title="House slave">household slaves</a> Anne had inherited.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rolle1991-7">[7]</a> The couple later settled in <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah, Georgia</a>, where she gave birth to their son Frémont out of wedlock.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193119-5">[5]</a> Pryor published a divorce petition in the Virginia Patriot and charged that his wife had "for some time past indulged in criminal intercourse". When the Virginia House of Delegates refused the divorce petition, it was impossible for the couple to marry. In Savannah, Anne took in boarders while Frémon taught French and dancing. Their <a href="/wiki/House_slave" title="House slave">domestic slave</a>, Black Hannah, helped raise young John.<a href="#cite_note-Rolle1991-7">[7]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JRP-SoW,_S.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/JRP-SoW%2C_S.jpg/150px-JRP-SoW%2C_S.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/JRP-SoW%2C_S.jpg/225px-JRP-SoW%2C_S.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/JRP-SoW%2C_S.jpg/300px-JRP-SoW%2C_S.jpg 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joel_R._Poinsett" class="mw-redirect" title="Joel R. Poinsett">Joel R. Poinsett</a>, a wealthy South Carolinian, was Frémont's patron.</figcaption></figure> On December 8, 1818, Frémont's father died in <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk, Virginia</a>, leaving Anne a widow to take care of John and several young children alone on a limited inherited income.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193119-5">[5]</a> Anne and her family moved to <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>. Frémont, knowing his origins and coming from relatively modest means, grew up a proud, reserved, restless loner who although self-disciplined, was ready to prove himself and unwilling to play by the rules.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards200743-11">[10]</a> The young Frémont was considered to be "precious, handsome, and daring," having the ability of obtaining protectors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193119-5">[5]</a> A lawyer, John W. Mitchell, provided for Frémont's early education whereupon Frémont in May 1829 entered <a href="/wiki/College_of_Charleston" title="College of Charleston">Charleston College</a>, teaching at intervals in the countryside, but was expelled for irregular attendance in 1831. Frémont, however, had been grounded in mathematics and natural sciences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193119-5">[5]</a> Frémont attracted the attention of eminent South Carolina politician <a href="/wiki/Joel_Roberts_Poinsett" title="Joel Roberts Poinsett">Joel R. Poinsett</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> supporter, who secured Frémont an appointment as a teacher of mathematics aboard the <a href="/wiki/Sloop-of-war" title="Sloop-of-war">sloop</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Natchez_(1827)" title="USS Natchez (1827)">USS Natchez</a>, sailing the South American seas in 1833.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards200744-12">[11]</a> Frémont resigned from the navy and was appointed second lieutenant in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Topographical_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Topographical Engineers">U.S. Topographical Corps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">surveying</a> a route for the Charleston, Louisville, and Cincinnati railroad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards200744Nevins193119-13">[12]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] Working in the Carolina mountains, Frémont desired to become an explorer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193119-5">[5]</a> Between 1837 and 1838, Frémont's desire for exploration increased while in Georgia on reconnaissance to prepare for the removal of <a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Cherokee Indians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193119-5">[5]</a> When Poinsett became Secretary of War, he arranged for Frémont to assist French explorer and scientist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Nicollet" title="Joseph Nicollet">Joseph Nicollet</a> in exploring the lands between the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a> rivers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards200744-12">[11]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] Frémont became a first rate <a href="/wiki/Topographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Topographer">topographer</a>, trained in astronomy, and geology, describing fauna, flora, soil, and water resources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards200744Nevins193120-14">[13]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] Gaining valuable western frontier experience Frémont met <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hastings_Sibley" title="Henry Hastings Sibley">Henry Sibley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Renville" title="Joseph Renville">Joseph Renville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Faribault" title="Jean-Baptiste Faribault">J.B. Faribault</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Provost" title="Étienne Provost">Étienne Provost</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> nation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193120-15">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_senatorial_patronage">Marriage and senatorial patronage</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Marriage and senatorial patronage">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Hart_Benton_daguerreotype.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Thomas_Hart_Benton_daguerreotype.jpeg/150px-Thomas_Hart_Benton_daguerreotype.jpeg" decoding="async" width="150" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Thomas_Hart_Benton_daguerreotype.jpeg/225px-Thomas_Hart_Benton_daguerreotype.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Thomas_Hart_Benton_daguerreotype.jpeg/300px-Thomas_Hart_Benton_daguerreotype.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(politician)" title="Thomas Hart Benton (politician)">Thomas Hart Benton</a>, U.S. Senator, Missouri, was Frémont's powerful backer in the Senate.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jessie_Benton_Fremont.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Jessie_Benton_Fremont.jpg/150px-Jessie_Benton_Fremont.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Jessie_Benton_Fremont.jpg/225px-Jessie_Benton_Fremont.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Jessie_Benton_Fremont.jpg/300px-Jessie_Benton_Fremont.jpg 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="686" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Benton_Fr%C3%A9mont" title="Jessie Benton Frémont">Jessie Benton Frémont</a> in 1876</figcaption></figure> Frémont's exploration work with Nicollet brought him in contact with Senator <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Hart Benton (senator)">Thomas Hart Benton</a> of Missouri, powerful chairman of the Senate Committee on Military Affairs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards200744-12">[11]</a> Benton invited Frémont to his Washington home where he met Benton's 16-year-old daughter <a href="/wiki/Jessie_Benton_Fr%C3%A9mont" title="Jessie Benton Frémont">Jessie Benton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards200744-12">[11]</a> A romance blossomed between the two; however, Benton was initially against it because Frémont was not considered upper society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards200744-12">[11]</a> In 1841, Frémont (age 28) and Jessie eloped and were married by a Catholic priest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards200744-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-appletons-16">[15]</a> Initially Benton was furious at their marriage, but in time, because he loved his daughter, he accepted their marriage and became Frémont's patron.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards200744-12">[11]</a> Benton, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> leader for more than 30 years in the Senate, championed the expansionist movement, a political cause that became known as <a href="/wiki/Manifest_Destiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifest Destiny">Manifest Destiny</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards200744-12">[11]</a> The expansionists believed that the North American continent, from one end to the other, north and south, east and west, should belong to the citizens of the U.S. They believed it was the nation's destiny to control the continent. This movement became a crusade for politicians such as Benton and his new son-in-law. Benton pushed appropriations through Congress for national surveys of the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Trail" title="Oregon Trail">Oregon Trail</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Basin" title="Great Basin">Great Basin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Nevada (U.S.)">Sierra Nevada Mountains</a> to California. Through his power and influence, Senator Benton obtained for Frémont the leadership, funding, and patronage of three expeditions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Frémont's_explorations">Frémont's explorations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Frémont's explorations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Westward_Expansion_Trails" class="mw-redirect" title="Westward Expansion Trails">Westward Expansion Trails</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manifest_Destiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifest Destiny">Manifest Destiny</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont.jpg/200px-John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont.jpg/300px-John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont.jpg/400px-John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2550" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">John C. Frémont</div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">by <a href="/wiki/George_Peter_Alexander_Healy" title="George Peter Alexander Healy">George Healy</a> unknown date</div></figcaption></figure> The opening of the American West began in 1804, when the <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a> (led by <a href="/wiki/Meriwether_Lewis" title="Meriwether Lewis">Meriwether Lewis</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Clark" title="William Clark">William Clark</a>) started exploration of the new <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a> territory to find a northwest passage up the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>. President <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> had envisioned a Western empire, and also sent the <a href="/wiki/Pike_Expedition" title="Pike Expedition">Pike Expedition</a> under <a href="/wiki/Zebulon_Pike" title="Zebulon Pike">Zebulon Pike</a> to explore the southwest.<a href="#cite_note-Rhonda_2012_p64-17">[16]</a> American and European <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trappers</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Peter_Skene_Ogden" title="Peter Skene Ogden">Peter Skene Ogden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jedediah_Smith" title="Jedediah Smith">Jedediah Smith</a>, explored much of the American West in the 1820s.<a href="#cite_note-Beck_1989_27-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barbour_2012_p5-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Morgan_1953_p7-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[b]</a> Frémont, who would later be known as The Pathfinder, carried on this tradition of Western overland exploration, building on and adding to the work of earlier pathfinders to expand knowledge of the American West.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNamara2016-22">[20]</a> Frémont's talent lay in his scientific documentation, publications, and maps made based on his expeditions, making the American West accessible for many Americans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNamara2016-22">[20]</a> Beginning in 1842, Frémont led five western expeditions, however, between the third and fourth expeditions, Frémont's career took a fateful turn because of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>. Frémont's initial explorations, his timely scientific reports, co-authored by his wife Jessie, and their romantic writing style, encouraged Americans to travel West.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards200746–47-23">[21]</a> A series of seven maps produced from his findings, published by the Senate in 1846, served as a guide for thousands of American emigrants, depicting the entire length of the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Trail" title="Oregon Trail">Oregon Trail</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards200746–47-23">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_expedition_(1842)">First expedition (1842)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First expedition (1842)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carsonfremont.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Carsonfremont.jpg/180px-Carsonfremont.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Carsonfremont.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="274" /></a><figcaption>Frémont (seated right) and <a href="/wiki/Kit_Carson" title="Kit Carson">Kit Carson</a>, Frémont's expeditions guide</figcaption></figure> When Nicollet was too ill to continue any further explorations, Frémont was chosen to be his successor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193120-15">[14]</a> His first important expedition was planned by Benton, Senator <a href="/wiki/Lewis_F._Linn" title="Lewis F. Linn">Lewis Linn</a>, and other Westerners interested in acquiring the Oregon Territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193120-15">[14]</a> The scientific expedition started in the summer of 1842 and was to explore the <a href="/wiki/Wind_River_(Wyoming)" title="Wind River (Wyoming)">Wind River</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>, examine the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Trail" title="Oregon Trail">Oregon Trail</a> through the <a href="/wiki/South_Pass_(Wyoming)" title="South Pass (Wyoming)">South Pass</a>, and report on the rivers and the fertility of the lands, find optimal sites for forts, and describe the mountains beyond in Wyoming.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193120-15">[14]</a> By chance meeting, Frémont was able to gain the valuable assistance of mountain man and guide <a href="/wiki/Kit_Carson" title="Kit Carson">Kit Carson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193120-15">[14]</a> Frémont and his party of 25 men, including Carson, embarked from the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_River" title="Kansas River">Kansas River</a> on June 15, 1842, following the <a href="/wiki/Platte_River" title="Platte River">Platte River</a> to the South Pass, and starting from <a href="/wiki/Green_River_(Colorado_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green River (Colorado River)">Green River</a> he explored the <a href="/wiki/Wind_River_Range" title="Wind River Range">Wind River Range</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193120-15">[14]</a> Frémont climbed a 13,745-foot mountain (4,189 m), <a href="/wiki/Fremont_Peak_(Wyoming)" title="Fremont Peak (Wyoming)">Frémont's Peak</a>, planted an American flag, claiming the Rocky Mountains and the West for the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193120-15">[14]</a> On Frémont's return trip he and his party carelessly rafted the swollen Platte River losing much of his equipment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193120-15">[14]</a> His five-month exploration, however, was a success, returning to Washington in October.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193120-15">[14]</a> Frémont and his wife Jessie wrote a Report of the Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains (1843), which was printed in newspapers across the country; the public embraced his vision of the west not as a place of danger but wide open and inviting lands to be settled.<a href="#cite_note-hamptonsides-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193120-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[c]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_expedition_(1843–1844)">Second expedition (1843–1844)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Second expedition (1843–1844)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Trail" title="Oregon Trail">Oregon Trail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexican_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican California">Mexican California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_1818" title="Treaty of 1818">Treaty of 1818</a></div> Frémont's successful first expedition led quickly to a second; it began in the summer of 1843.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193120-15">[14]</a> The more ambitious goal this time was to map and describe the second half of the Oregon Trail, find an alternate route to the South Pass, and push westward toward the Pacific Ocean on the Columbia River in Oregon Country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193120-15">[14]</a> Frémont and his almost 40 well-equipped men left the Missouri River in May after he controversially obtained a 12-pound <a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">howitzer cannon</a> in St. Louis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193120-15">[14]</a> Frémont invited Carson on the second expedition, due to his proven skills, and he joined Frémont's party on the Arkansas River.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193120-15">[14]</a> Unable to find a new route through Colorado to the South Pass, Frémont took to the regular Oregon Trail, passing the main body of the great migration of 1843.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193120-15">[14]</a> His party stopped to explore the northern part of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Salt_Lake" title="Great Salt Lake">Great Salt Lake</a>, then traveling by way of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Hall" title="Fort Hall">Fort Hall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Boise" title="Fort Boise">Fort Boise</a> to <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Whitman" title="Marcus Whitman">Marcus Whitman</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Whitman_Mission_National_Historic_Site" title="Whitman Mission National Historic Site">mission</a> on the Walla Walla River at the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a> in Oregon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193120-15">[14]</a> Frémont's endurance, energy, and resourcefulness over the long journey was remarkable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193120-15">[14]</a> Traveling west along the Columbia, they came within sight of the <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Range" title="Cascade Range">Cascade Range</a> peaks and saw <a href="/wiki/Mount_St._Helens" title="Mount St. Helens">Mount St. Helens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hood" title="Mount Hood">Mount Hood</a>. Reaching the Dalles on November 5, Frémont left his party and traveled to the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%E2%80%99s_Bay_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Hudson’s Bay Company">Hudson’s Bay Company</a> <a href="/wiki/Fort_Vancouver" title="Fort Vancouver">Fort Vancouver</a> for supplies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193120-15">[14]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sutter%27s_Fort_from_Gleason%27s_Pictorial_Drawing_Room_Companion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Sutter%27s_Fort_from_Gleason%27s_Pictorial_Drawing_Room_Companion.jpg/220px-Sutter%27s_Fort_from_Gleason%27s_Pictorial_Drawing_Room_Companion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Sutter%27s_Fort_from_Gleason%27s_Pictorial_Drawing_Room_Companion.jpg/330px-Sutter%27s_Fort_from_Gleason%27s_Pictorial_Drawing_Room_Companion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Sutter%27s_Fort_from_Gleason%27s_Pictorial_Drawing_Room_Companion.jpg/440px-Sutter%27s_Fort_from_Gleason%27s_Pictorial_Drawing_Room_Companion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="703" /></a><figcaption>Frémont's second expedition party reached Sutter's Fort in the <a href="/wiki/Sacramento_Valley" title="Sacramento Valley">Sacramento Valley</a> in March 1844.</figcaption></figure> Rather than turning around and heading back to St. Louis, Frémont resolved to explore the Great Basin between the Rockies and the Sierras and advance Benton's dream of acquiring the West for the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193121-26">[23]</a> Frémont and his party turned south along the eastern flank of the Cascades to <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_Lake_(Nevada)" title="Pyramid Lake (Nevada)">Pyramid Lake</a>, which he named.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193121-26">[23]</a> Staying on the eastern side of the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Nevada (U.S.)">Sierra Nevada</a> mountain range, they went on south as far as present-day <a href="/wiki/Minden,_Nevada" title="Minden, Nevada">Minden, Nevada</a>, reaching the Carson River on January 18, 1844.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193121-26">[23]</a> From there Frémont turned west into the cold and snowy Sierra Nevada, becoming one of the first Americans to see <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tahoe" title="Lake Tahoe">Lake Tahoe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193121-26">[23]</a> Carson successfully led Frémont's party through a new pass over the high Sierras, which Frémont named <a href="/wiki/Carson_Pass" title="Carson Pass">Carson Pass</a> in his honor. Frémont and his party then descended the <a href="/wiki/American_River" title="American River">American River</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sutter%27s_Fort" title="Sutter's Fort">Sutter's Fort</a> (Spanish: Nueva Helvetia) at present-day <a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento, California</a>, in early March.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193121-26">[23]</a> Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Sutter" title="John Sutter">John Sutter</a>, a Swiss-Mexican (and later American by <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">treaty</a>) immigrant and founder of the fort, received Frémont gladly and refitted his expedition party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193121-26">[23]</a> While at Sutter's Fort, Frémont talked to American settlers, who were growing numerous, and found that Mexican authority over California was very weak.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193121-26">[23]</a> Leaving Sutter's Fort, Frémont and his men headed south along the eastern edge of the <a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_Valley" title="San Joaquin Valley">San Joaquin Valley</a> and crossed <a href="/wiki/Tehachapi_Pass" title="Tehachapi Pass">Tehachapi Pass</a> and Antelope Valley, struck the <a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish_Trail_(trade_route)" title="Old Spanish Trail (trade route)">Spanish Trail</a> at present Victorville, California and then northeast through present-day <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a>, through Utah and back to South Pass.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193121-26">[23]</a> Exploring the <a href="/wiki/Great_Basin" title="Great Basin">Great Basin</a>, Frémont verified that all the land (centered on modern-day Nevada between Reno and Salt Lake City) was an <a href="/wiki/Endorheic_basin" title="Endorheic basin">endorheic</a>, without any outlet rivers flowing towards the sea. The finding contributed greatly to a better understanding of North American geography, and disproved a longstanding legend of a "<a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_River_(legend)" title="Buenaventura River (legend)">Buenaventura River</a>" that flowed out the Great Basin across the Sierra Nevada. After exploring Utah Lake, Frémont traveled by way of the Pueblo until he reached <a href="/wiki/Bent%27s_Old_Fort_National_Historic_Site" title="Bent's Old Fort National Historic Site">Bent's Fort</a> on the Arkansas River.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193121-26">[23]</a> In August 1844, Frémont and his party finally arrived back in St. Louis, ending the journey that lasted over one year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193121-26">[23]</a> His wife Jessie and Frémont returned to Washington, where the two wrote a second report, scientific in detail, showing the Oregon Trail was not difficult to travel and that the Northwest had fertile land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193121-26">[23]</a> The Senate and House each ordered the printing of 10,000 copies to be distributed to the press and public, used to promote the cause of national expansion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193121-26">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[d]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_expedition_(1845)">Third expedition (1845)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Third expedition (1845)">edit</a>]</div> With the backdrop of an impending war with Mexico, after <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> had been elected president, Benton quickly organized a third expedition for Frémont.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193121-26">[23]</a> The plan for Frémont under the War Department was to survey the central Rockies, the Great Salt Lake region, and part of the Sierra Nevada.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193121-26">[23]</a> Back in St. Louis, Frémont organized an armed surveying expedition of 60 men, with Carson as a guide, and two distinguished scouts, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Walker" title="Joseph R. Walker">Joseph Walker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Godey" title="Alexis Godey">Alexis Godey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193121-26">[23]</a> Working with Benton and Secretary of Navy <a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">George Bancroft</a>, Frémont was secretly told that if war started with Mexico he was to turn his scientific expedition into a military force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193121-26">[23]</a> President Polk, who had met with Frémont at a cabinet meeting, was set on taking California.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenton2011-31">[27]</a> Frémont desired to conquer California for its beauty and wealth, and would later explain his very controversial conduct there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193121-26">[23]</a> On June 1, 1845, Frémont and his armed expedition party left St. Louis having the immediate goal to locate the source of the <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas River</a>, on the east side of the Rocky Mountains.<a href="#cite_note-32">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193121-26">[23]</a> Frémont and his party struck west by way of Bent's Fort, The Great Salt Lake, and the "Hastings Cut-Off".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193121-26">[23]</a> When Frémont reached the Ogden River, which he renamed the <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_River" title="Humboldt River">Humboldt</a>, he divided his party in two to double his geographic information.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193121-26">[23]</a> Upon reaching the Arkansas River, Frémont suddenly made a blazing trail through Nevada straight to California, having a rendezvous with his men from the split party at <a href="/wiki/Walker_Lake_(Nevada)" title="Walker Lake (Nevada)">Walker Lake</a> in west-central Nevada.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193121Walker199984-33">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[e]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attacks_against_Native_Americans_in_California_and_Oregon_Country_(1845–1846)">Attacks against Native Americans in California and Oregon Country (1845–1846)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Attacks against Native Americans in California and Oregon Country (1845–1846)">edit</a>]</div> Taking 16 men, Frémont split his party again, arriving at Sutter's Fort in the <a href="/wiki/Sacramento_Valley" title="Sacramento Valley">Sacramento Valley</a> on December 9.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193121Walker199984-33">[29]</a> Frémont promptly sought to stir up patriotic enthusiasm among the American settlers there. He promised that if war with Mexico started, his military force would protect the settlers.<a href="#cite_note-36">[31]</a> Frémont went to <a href="/wiki/Monterey,_California" title="Monterey, California">Monterey, California</a>, to talk with the American consul, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Larkin" title="Thomas O. Larkin">Thomas O. Larkin</a>, and Mexican commandant <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Castro" title="José Castro">Jose Castro</a>, under the pretext of gaining fuller supplies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193121-26">[23]</a> In February 1846, Frémont reunited with 45 men of his expedition party near <a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Jos%C3%A9_(California)" title="Mission San José (California)">Mission San José</a>, giving the United States a relatively strong military presence in California.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193121Walker199992-37">[32]</a> Castro and Mexican officials were suspicious of Frémont and he was ordered to leave the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenton201135-38">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193121-26">[23]</a> Frémont and his men withdrew and camped near the summit of what is now named <a href="/wiki/Fremont_Peak_(California)" title="Fremont Peak (California)">Fremont Peak</a>. Frémont raised the United States Flag in defiance of Mexican authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193121-26">[23]</a> After a four-day standoff and Castro having a superior number of Mexican troops, Frémont and his men went north to Oregon, bringing about the <a href="/wiki/Sacramento_River_massacre" title="Sacramento River massacre">Sacramento River massacre</a> along the way. Estimates of the casualties vary. Expedition members Thomas E. Breckenridge and Thomas S. Martin claim the number of Native Americans killed as "120–150"<a href="#cite_note-39">[34]</a> and "over 175"<a href="#cite_note-40">[35]</a> respectively, but the eyewitness Tustin claimed that at least 600–700 Native Americans were killed on land, with another 200 or more dying in the water.<a href="#cite_note-41">[36]</a> There are no records of any expedition members being killed or wounded in the massacre.<a href="#cite_note-42">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kit_Carson" title="Kit Carson">Kit Carson</a>, one of the mounted attackers, later stated, "It was a perfect butchery."<a href="#cite_note-43">[38]</a> Fremont and his men eventually made their way to camp at <a href="/wiki/Upper_Klamath_Lake" title="Upper Klamath Lake">Klamath Lake</a>,<a href="#cite_note-44">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193121-26">[23]</a> killing Native Americans on sight as they went.<a href="#cite_note-46">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[42]</a> On May 8, Frémont was overtaken by Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Archibald_H._Gillespie" title="Archibald H. Gillespie">Archibald Gillespie</a> from Washington, who gave him copies of dispatches he had previously given to Larkin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193121-26">[23]</a> Gillespie told Frémont secret instructions from Benton and Buchanan justifying aggressive action and that a declaration of war with Mexico was imminent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193121-26">[23]</a> On May 9, 1846, Native Americans ambushed his expedition party in retaliation for[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] numerous killings of Native Americans that Frémont's men had engaged in along the trail, killing three members of Frémont's party in their sleep, including a Native American who was traveling with Frémont. Frémont retaliated by attacking a <a href="/wiki/Klamath_people" title="Klamath people">Klamath</a> fishing village named Dokdokwas the following day in the <a href="/wiki/Klamath_Lake_massacre" title="Klamath Lake massacre">Klamath Lake massacre</a>, although the people living there might not have been involved in the first action.<a href="#cite_note-Sides154-48">[43]</a> The village was at the junction of the <a href="/wiki/Williamson_River_(Oregon)" title="Williamson River (Oregon)">Williamson River</a> and Klamath Lake. On May 12, 1846, the Frémont group completely destroyed it, killing at least fourteen people.<a href="#cite_note-49">[44]</a> Frémont believed that the British were responsible for arming and encouraging the Native Americans to attack his party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrémont1973xx,_xxi-50">[45]</a> Afterward, Carson was nearly killed by a Klamath warrior. As Carson's gun misfired, the warrior drew to shoot a poison arrow; however, Frémont, seeing that Carson was in danger, trampled the warrior with his horse. Carson felt that he owed Frémont his life.<a href="#cite_note-Sides154-48">[43]</a> A few weeks later, Frémont and his armed militia returned to California.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards200745Denton2011-51">[46]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mexican–American_War_(1846–1848)">Mexican–American War (1846–1848)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mexican–American War (1846–1848)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/California_Republic" title="California Republic">California Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_California" title="Conquest of California">Conquest of California</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></div> Having reentered Mexican California headed south, Frémont and his army expedition stopped off at <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lassen" title="Peter Lassen">Peter Lassen</a>'s Ranch on May 24, 1846.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999108,_116-52">[47]</a> Frémont learned from Lassen that the <a href="/wiki/USS_Portsmouth_(1843)" title="USS Portsmouth (1843)">USS Portsmouth</a>, commanded by <a href="/wiki/John_B._Montgomery" title="John B. Montgomery">John B. Montgomery</a>, was anchored at <a href="/wiki/Sausalito,_California" title="Sausalito, California">Sausalito</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999108,_116-52">[47]</a> Frémont sent Lt. Gillespie to Montgomery and requested supplies including 8,000 percussion caps, 300 pounds (140 kg) of rifle lead, one keg of powder, and food provisions, intending to head back to St. Louis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999108,_116-52">[47]</a> On May 31, Frémont made his camp on the Bear and Feather rivers 60 miles (97 km) north of <a href="/wiki/Sutter%27s_Fort" title="Sutter's Fort">Sutter's Fort</a>, where American immigrants ready for revolt against Mexican authority joined his party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenton2011Nevins193121Walker1999-53">[48]</a> From there he made another attack on local Native Americans in a rancheria (see <a href="/wiki/Sutter_Buttes_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutter Buttes massacre">Sutter Buttes massacre</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrémont1887516–17-54">[49]</a> In early June, believing war with Mexico to be a virtual certainty, Frémont joined the Sacramento Valley insurgents in a "silent partnership", rather than head back to St. Louis, as originally planned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999108,_116–17-55">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999120,_122-56">[51]</a> On June 10, instigated by Frémont, four men from Frémont's party and 10 rebel volunteers seized 170 horses intended for Castro's Army and returned them to Frémont's camp.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenton2011Walker1999120–22Bancroft1886107-57">[52]</a> According to historian H. H. Bancroft, Frémont incited the American settlers indirectly and "guardedly" to revolt. On June 14, 34 armed rebels independently captured Sonoma, the largest settlement in northern California, and forced the surrender of Colonel <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Vallejo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariano Vallejo">Mariano Vallejo</a>, taking him and three others prisoner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenton2011Nevins193121Walker1999121–23Bancroft1886109-58">[53]</a> The following day, the rebelling Americans, who were called Osos (Spanish for "bears") by the residents of Sonoma, amidst a brandy-filled party, hoisted a roughly sewn flag and formed the <a href="/wiki/Bear_Flag_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bear Flag Republic">Bear Flag Republic</a>, electing <a href="/wiki/William_Ide" class="mw-redirect" title="William Ide">William Ide</a> as their leader.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenton2011Nevins193121Walker1999123–25,_128-59">[54]</a> The four prisoners were then taken to Frémont's camp 80 miles (130 km) away.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999123–25,_128-60">[55]</a> On June 15, the prisoners and escorts arrived at Frémont's new camp on the American River, but Frémont publicly denied responsibility for the raid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999126-61">[56]</a> The escorts then removed the prisoners south to Sutter's Fort, where they were imprisoned by Sutter under Frémont's orders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999126Bancroft1886123–24-62">[57]</a> It was at this time Frémont began signing letters as "Military Commander of U.S. Forces in California".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999126-61">[56]</a> On June 24, Frémont and his men, upon hearing that Californio (people of Spanish or Mexican descent) Juan N. Padilla had captured, tortured, killed, and mutilated the bodies of two Osos and held others prisoner, rode to Sonoma, arriving on June 25.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999134Rogers1950267,_270-63">[58]</a> On June 26, Frémont, his own men, Lieutenant Henry Ford and a detachment of Osos, totaling 125 men, rode south to <a href="/wiki/San_Rafael,_California" title="San Rafael, California">San Rafael</a>, searching for Captain Joaquin de la Torre and his lancers, rumored to have been ordered by Castro to attack Sonoma, but was unable to find them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999134–35-64">[59]</a> On June 28, General Castro, on the other side of San Francisco Bay, sent a row boat across to Point San Pablo on the shores of San Rafael with a message for de la Torre. Kit Carson, Granville Swift and Sam Neal rode to the beach to intercept the three unarmed men who came ashore, including <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_los_Reyes_Berreyesa" class="mw-redirect" title="José de los Reyes Berreyesa">Don José Berreyesa</a> and the 20-year-old de Haro twin brothers Ramon and Francisco, sons of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Haro" title="Francisco de Haro">Don Francisco de Haro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolnit2006-65">[60]</a> The three were murdered in cold blood. Exactly who committed the murders is a point of controversy, but later accounts point to Carson acting at the behest, if not the order, of Frémont.<a href="#cite_note-67">[f]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batalla_de_Monterey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Batalla_de_Monterey.jpg/220px-Batalla_de_Monterey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Batalla_de_Monterey.jpg/330px-Batalla_de_Monterey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Batalla_de_Monterey.jpg/440px-Batalla_de_Monterey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="677" data-file-height="455" /></a><figcaption>John Sloat captures Monterey on July 7, 1846.</figcaption></figure> On July 1, Commodore <a href="/wiki/John_D._Sloat" title="John D. Sloat">John D. Sloat</a>, commanding the U.S. Navy's <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Squadron" title="Pacific Squadron">Pacific Squadron</a>, sailed into Monterey harbor with orders to seize San Francisco Bay and blockade the other California ports upon learning "without a doubt" that war had been declared.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999142-68">[62]</a> On July 5, Sloat received a message from Montgomery reporting the events in Sonoma and Frémont's involvement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999143-69">[63]</a> Believing Frémont to be acting on orders from Washington, Sloat began to carry out his orders. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999143-69">[63]</a> Early on July 7, 225 sailors and marines on the United States Navy <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigate</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Savannah_(1842)" title="USS Savannah (1842)">USS Savannah</a> and the two <a href="/wiki/Sloop-of-war" title="Sloop-of-war">sloops</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Cyane_(1837)" title="USS Cyane (1837)">USS Cyane</a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Levant_(1837)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Levant (1837)">USS Levant</a> landed and captured <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monterey" title="Battle of Monterey">Monterey</a> with no shots being fired and raised the flag of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-70">[64]</a> Commodore Sloat had his proclamation read and posted in English and Spanish: "... henceforth California would be a portion of the United States."<a href="#cite_note-71">[65]</a> On July 10, Frémont received a message from Montgomery that the U.S. Navy had occupied Monterey and Yerba Buena.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999148-72">[66]</a> Two days later, Frémont received a letter from Sloat, describing the capture of Monterey and ordering Frémont to bring at least 100 armed men to Monterey. Frémont would bring 160 men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999149-73">[67]</a> On July 15, Commodore <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Stockton" title="Robert F. Stockton">Robert F. Stockton</a> arrived in Monterey to replace the 65-year-old Sloat in command of the Pacific Squadron. Sloat named Stockton commander-in-chief of all land forces in California.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999151,_154-74">[68]</a> On July 19, Frémont's party entered Monterey, where he met with Sloat on board the Savannah. When Sloat learned that Frémont had acted on his own authority (thus raising doubt about a war declaration), he retired to his cabin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999149–151-75">[69]</a> On July 23, Stockton mustered Frémont's party and the former Bear Flaggers into military service as the "Naval Battalion of Mounted Volunteer Riflemen" with Frémont appointed <a href="/wiki/Major_(rank)" title="Major (rank)">major</a> in command of the <a href="/wiki/California_Battalion" title="California Battalion">California Battalion</a>, <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999154-76">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[72]</a> which he had helped form with his survey crew and volunteers from the <a href="/wiki/Bear_Flag_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bear Flag Republic">Bear Flag Republic</a>, now totaling 428 men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenton201138-79">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[g]</a> Stockton incorporated the California Battalion into the U.S. military giving them soldiers pay. Frémont and about 160 of his troops went by ship to San Diego, and with Stockton's marines took Los Angeles on August 13.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193121-26">[23]</a> Frémont afterwards went north to recruit more Californians into his battalion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193121-26">[23]</a> In late 1846, under orders from Stockton, Frémont led a military expedition of 300 men to capture <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California" title="Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara</a>. In September, Mexican Californians unwilling to be ruled by the United States, under <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Flores" title="José María Flores">José María Flores</a>, fought back and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Los_Angeles" title="Siege of Los Angeles">retook Los Angeles</a>, driving out Americans. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treaty_of_Cahuenga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Treaty_of_Cahuenga.jpg/220px-Treaty_of_Cahuenga.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Treaty_of_Cahuenga.jpg/330px-Treaty_of_Cahuenga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Treaty_of_Cahuenga.jpg/440px-Treaty_of_Cahuenga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1437" data-file-height="739" /></a><figcaption>Signing of the treaty at <a href="/wiki/Campo_de_Cahuenga" title="Campo de Cahuenga">Campo de Cahuenga</a> by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Pico" title="Andrés Pico">Andrés Pico</a> and John C. Frémont</figcaption></figure> In December 1846, U.S. Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Watts_Kearny" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Watts Kearny">Stephen W. Kearny</a> arrived in California under "orders from <a href="/wiki/President_Polk" class="mw-redirect" title="President Polk">President Polk</a>" after taking <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, then to march onto "California where, "Should you conquer and take possession of California, you will establish a civil government."<a href="#cite_note-83">[76]</a> Kearny, who had earlier trimmed his forces from 300 to 100 dragoons, based upon <a href="/wiki/Kit_Carson" title="Kit Carson">Kit Carson</a>'s dispatches he was carrying to Washington, stating that Stockton and Fremont had successfully taken control of California.<a href="#cite_note-84">[77]</a> Unknown to Carson at this time, the Californians had revolted, which would lead Kearny to a disastrous attack on waiting Mexican lancers at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Pasqual" title="Battle of San Pasqual">Battle of San Pasqual</a>, losing 19 men killed and being himself seriously lanced. He was later reinforced when Stockton sent troops to drive off <a href="/wiki/Pio_Pico" class="mw-redirect" title="Pio Pico">Pio Pico</a> and his forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193121-26">[23]</a> It was at this time a dispute began between Stockton and Kearny over who had control of the military, but the two managed to work together to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rio_San_Gabriel" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Rio San Gabriel">stop the Los Angeles uprising</a>. Frémont led his unit over the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Ynez_Mountains" title="Santa Ynez Mountains">Santa Ynez Mountains</a> at <a href="/wiki/San_Marcos_Pass" title="San Marcos Pass">San Marcos Pass</a> in a rainstorm on the night of December 24, 1846. Despite losing many of his horses, mules and cannons, which slid down the muddy slopes during the rainy night, his men regrouped in the foothills (behind what is today Rancho Del Ciervo) the next morning, and captured the <a href="/wiki/Presidio_of_Santa_Barbara" title="Presidio of Santa Barbara">Presidio of Santa Barbara</a> and the town without bloodshed. A few days later, Frémont led his men southeast towards Los Angeles. Fremont accepted <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Pico" title="Andrés Pico">Andres Pico's</a> surrender upon signing the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cahuenga" title="Treaty of Cahuenga">Treaty of Cahuenga</a> on January 13, 1847, which terminated the war in upper California.<a href="#cite_note-85">[78]</a> It was at this time Kearny ordered Frémont to join his military dragoons, but Frémont refused, believing he was under authority of Stockton.<a href="#cite_note-86">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Court_martial_and_resignation">Court martial and resignation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Court martial and resignation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stephen_W._Kearny.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Stephen_W._Kearny.jpg/180px-Stephen_W._Kearny.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Stephen_W._Kearny.jpg/270px-Stephen_W._Kearny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Stephen_W._Kearny.jpg/360px-Stephen_W._Kearny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Stephen_W._Kearny" title="Stephen W. Kearny">Stephen W. Kearny</a> humiliated Frémont by having him arrested and court-martialed.</figcaption></figure> On January 16, 1847, Commodore Stockton appointed Frémont <a href="/wiki/California_interim_government,_1846%E2%80%931850" class="mw-redirect" title="California interim government, 1846–1850">military governor of California</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cahuenga" title="Treaty of Cahuenga">Treaty of Cahuenga</a>, and then left Los Angeles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrémont1973xxxvii-87">[80]</a> Frémont functioned for a few weeks without controversy, but he had little money to administer his duties as governor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrémont1973xxxvii-87">[80]</a> Previously, unknown to Stockton and Frémont, the Navy Department had sent orders for Sloat and his successors to establish military rule over California.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrémont1973xxxvii-87">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[81]</a> These orders, however, postdated Kearny's orders to establish military control over California. Kearny did not have the troop strength to enforce those orders, and was forced to rely on Stockton's Marines and Frémont's California Battalion until army reinforcements arrived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrémont1973xxxvii-87">[80]</a> On February 13, specific orders were sent from Washington through Commanding General Winfield Scott giving Kearny the authority to be military governor of California.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrémont1973xxxvii-87">[80]</a> Kearny, however, did not directly inform Frémont of these orders from Scott.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrémont1973xxxvii-87">[80]</a> Kearny ordered that Frémont's California Battalion be enlisted into the U.S. Army and Frémont bring his battalion archives to Kearny's headquarters in Monterey.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrémont1973xxxvii-87">[80]</a> Frémont delayed obeying these orders, hoping Washington would send instructions for Frémont to be military governor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrémont1973xxxvii-87">[80]</a> Also, the California Battalion refused to join the U.S. Army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrémont1973xxxvii-87">[80]</a> Frémont gave orders for the California Battalion not to surrender arms, rode to Monterey to talk to Kearny, and told Kearny he would obey orders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrémont1973xxxviii-89">[82]</a> Kearny sent Col. <a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Mason" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard B. Mason">Richard B. Mason</a>, who was to succeed Kearny as military governor of California, to Los Angeles, both to inspect troops and to give Frémont further orders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrémont1973xxxviii-89">[82]</a> Frémont and Mason, however, were at odds with each other and Frémont challenged Mason to a duel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrémont1973xxxviii-89">[82]</a> After an arrangement to postpone the duel, Kearny rode to Los Angeles and refused Frémont's request to join troops in Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrémont1973xxxviii-89">[82]</a> Ordered to march with Kearny's army back east, Frémont was arrested on August 22, 1847, when they arrived at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Leavenworth" title="Fort Leavenworth">Fort Leavenworth</a>. He was charged with mutiny, disobedience of orders, assumption of powers, and several other military offenses. Ordered by Kearny to report to the <a href="/wiki/Adjutant_general" title="Adjutant general">adjutant general</a> in Washington to stand for court-martial, Frémont was found innocent of <a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">mutiny</a>, but was convicted on January 31, 1848, of disobedience toward a superior officer and military misconduct.<a href="#cite_note-90">[83]</a> While approving the court's decision, President <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> quickly commuted Frémont's sentence of <a href="/wiki/Dishonorable_discharge" class="mw-redirect" title="Dishonorable discharge">dishonorable discharge</a> and reinstated him into the Army, due to his war services. Polk felt that Frémont was guilty of disobeying orders and misconduct, but he did not believe Frémont was guilty of mutiny.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrémont1973xlii–xliii-91">[84]</a> Additionally, Polk wished to placate <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Hart Benton (senator)">Thomas Hart Benton</a>, a powerful senator and Frémont's father-in-law, who felt that Frémont was innocent. Frémont, only gaining a partial pardon from Polk, resigned his commission in protest and settled in California.<a href="#cite_note-92">[85]</a> Despite the court-martial, Frémont remained popular among the American public. Historians are divided in their opinions on this period of Frémont's career. Mary Lee Spence and Donald Jackson, editors of a large collection of letters by Fremont and others dating from this period, concluded that "...in the California episode, Frémont was as often right as wrong. And even a cursory investigation of the court-martial record produces one undeniable conclusion: neither side in the controversy acquitted itself with distinction."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrémont1973xix-93">[86]</a> Allan Nevins states that Kearny: <dl><dd>was a stern-tempered soldier who made few friends and many enemies – who has been justly characterized by the most careful historian of the period, <a href="/wiki/Justin_Harvey_Smith" title="Justin Harvey Smith">Justin H. Smith</a>, as "grasping, jealous, domineering, and harsh." Possessing these traits, feeling his pride stung by his defeat at San Pasqual, and anxious to assert his authority, he was no sooner in Los Angeles than he quarreled bitterly with Stockton; and Frémont was not only at once involved in this quarrel, but inherited the whole burden of it as soon as Stockton left the country.<a href="#cite_note-94">[87]</a></dd></dl> Theodore Grivas wrote that "It does not seem quite clear how Frémont, an army officer, could have imagined that a naval officer [Stockton] could have protected him from a charge of insubordination toward his superior officer [Kearny]". Grivas goes on to say, however, that "This conflict between Kearny, Stockton, and Frémont perhaps could have been averted had methods of communication been what they are today."<a href="#cite_note-95">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fourth_expedition_(1848–1849)">Fourth expedition (1848–1849)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Fourth expedition (1848–1849)">edit</a>]</div> Intent on restoring his honor and explorer reputation after his court martial, in 1848, Frémont and his father-in-law Sen. Benton developed a plan to advance their vision of Manifest Destiny. With a keen interest in the potential of railroads, Sen. Benton had sought support from the Senate for a railroad connecting St. Louis to San Francisco along the 38th parallel, the latitude which both cities approximately share. After Benton failed to secure federal funding, Frémont secured private funding. In October 1848 he embarked with 35 men up the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas_River" title="Kansas River">Kansas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas</a> rivers to explore the terrain. The artists and brothers <a href="/wiki/Edward_Kern" title="Edward Kern">Edward Kern</a> and Richard Kern, and their brother Benjamin Kern, were part of the expedition, but Frémont was unable to obtain the valued service of Kit Carson as guide as in his previous expeditions.<a href="#cite_note-96">[89]</a> On his party's reaching <a href="/wiki/Bent%27s_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Bent's Fort">Bent's Fort</a>, he was strongly advised by most of the trappers against continuing the journey. Already a foot of snow was on the ground at Bent's Fort, and the winter in the mountains promised to be especially snowy. Part of Frémont's purpose was to demonstrate that a 38th parallel railroad would be practical year-round. At Bent's Fort, he engaged <a href="/wiki/Richens_Lacey_Wootton" title="Richens Lacey Wootton">"Uncle Dick" Wootton</a> as guide, and at what is now <a href="/wiki/Pueblo,_Colorado" title="Pueblo, Colorado">Pueblo, Colorado</a>, he hired the eccentric <a href="/wiki/Old_Bill_Williams" title="Old Bill Williams">Old Bill Williams</a> and moved on. Had Frémont continued up the Arkansas, he might have succeeded. On November 25 at what is now <a href="/wiki/Florence,_Colorado" title="Florence, Colorado">Florence, Colorado</a>, he turned sharply south. By the time his party crossed the <a href="/wiki/Sangre_de_Cristo_Range" title="Sangre de Cristo Range">Sangre de Cristo Range</a> via <a href="/wiki/Mosca_Pass" title="Mosca Pass">Mosca Pass</a>, they had already experienced days of bitter cold, blinding snow and difficult travel. Some of the party, including the guide Wootton, had already turned back, concluding that further travel would be impossible. Benjamin Kern and <a href="/wiki/William_S._Williams" class="mw-redirect" title="William S. Williams">"Old Bill" Williams</a> were killed by <a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Ute</a> warriors while retracing the expedition trail to look for gear and survivors.<a href="#cite_note-97">[90]</a> Although the passes through the Sangre de Cristo had proven too steep for a railroad, Frémont pressed on. From this point the party might still have succeeded had they gone up the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> to its source, or gone by a more northerly route, but the route they took brought them to the very top of Mesa Mountain.<a href="#cite_note-98">[91]</a> By December 12, on Boot Mountain, it took ninety minutes to progress three hundred yards. Mules began dying and by December 20, only 59 animals remained alive. It was not until December 22 that Frémont acknowledged that the party needed to regroup and be resupplied. They began to make their way to <a href="/wiki/Taos,_New_Mexico" title="Taos, New Mexico">Taos</a> in the <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory" title="New Mexico Territory">New Mexico Territory</a>. By the time the last surviving member of the expedition made it to Taos on February 12, 1849, 10 of the party had died and been eaten by the survivors.<a href="#cite_note-99">[92]</a> Except for the efforts of member Alexis Godey,<a href="#cite_note-100">[93]</a> another 15 would have been lost.<a href="#cite_note-101">[94]</a> After recuperating in Taos, Frémont and only a few of the men left for California via an established southern trade route. Edward and Richard Kern joined J.H. Simpson's military reconnaissance expedition to the Navajos in 1849, and gave the American public some of its earliest authentic graphic images of the people and landscape of Arizona, New Mexico, and southern Colorado; with views of <a href="/wiki/Canyon_de_Chelly" class="mw-redirect" title="Canyon de Chelly">Canyon de Chelly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaco_Canyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaco Canyon">Chaco Canyon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/El_Morro_National_Monument" title="El Morro National Monument">El Morro (Inscription Rock)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[95]</a> In 1850, Frémont was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Patron%27s_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patron's Medal">Patron's Medal</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society" title="Royal Geographical Society">Royal Geographical Society</a> for his various exploratory efforts.<a href="#cite_note-103">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rancho_Las_Mariposas">Rancho Las Mariposas</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rancho Las Mariposas">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trenor_William_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Trenor_William_Park.jpg/150px-Trenor_William_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Trenor_William_Park.jpg/225px-Trenor_William_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Trenor_William_Park.jpg/300px-Trenor_William_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption>Trenor W. Park managed Fremont's Rancho Las Mariposas.</figcaption></figure> On February 10, 1847, Frémont purchased a 70-square-mile parcel of land in the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Nevada (U.S.)">Sierra foothills</a> through land speculator <a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Larkin" title="Thomas O. Larkin">Thomas Larkin</a> for $3,000 ($83,177 in 2023).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2007172-104">[97]</a> Known as Las Mariposas (Spanish for "The Butterflies"), an allusion to the great number of <a href="/wiki/Monarch_butterflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarch butterflies">Monarch butterflies</a> found there, the land had previously been owned by former California governor <a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Alvarado" title="Juan Bautista Alvarado">Juan Bautista Alvarado</a> and his wife Martina Caston de Alvarado.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2007172-104">[97]</a> Frémont had hoped that Las Mariposas was near San Francisco or Monterey, but was disappointed to learn that it was further inland, near <a href="/wiki/Yosemite" class="mw-redirect" title="Yosemite">Yosemite</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Miwok" title="Miwok">Miwok Indians'</a> hunting and gathering grounds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2007172-104">[97]</a> After his court martial in 1848, Frémont moved to Las Mariposas and became a rancher, borrowing money from his father-in-law Benton and Senator <a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Dix" title="John Adams Dix">John Dix</a> to construct a house, corral, and barn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2007172-104">[97]</a> Frémont ordered a sawmill and had it shipped by the Aspinwall steamer Fredonia to Las Mariposas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2007172-104">[97]</a> Frémont was informed by Sonora Mexicans that gold had been discovered on his property.<a href="#cite_note-DOAB_p22-105">[98]</a> Frémont was instantly a wealthy man, a five-mile quartz vein produced hundreds of pounds of placer gold each month.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2007172-104">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[h]</a> In 1851 <a href="/wiki/Hiland_Hall" title="Hiland Hall">Hiland Hall</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Vermont" title="Governor of Vermont">Governor of Vermont</a>, was appointed chairman of the federal commission created to settle Mexican land titles in California;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''America's_Successful_Men_of_Affairs''494-107">[99]</a> he traveled to San Francisco to begin his work, and his son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Trenor_W._Park" title="Trenor W. Park">Trenor W. Park</a> traveled with him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''America's_Successful_Men_of_Affairs''494-107">[99]</a> Frémont hired Park as a managing partner to oversee the day-to-day activities of the estate,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''America's_Successful_Men_of_Affairs''494-107">[99]</a> and Mexican laborers to <a href="/wiki/Gold_mining#Sluicing" title="Gold mining">wash out</a> the gold on his property in exchange for a percentage of the profits.<a href="#cite_note-DOAB_p22-105">[98]</a> Frémont acquired large landholdings in San Francisco, and while developing his Las Mariposas gold ranch, he lived a wealthy lifestyle in Monterey.<a href="#cite_note-DOAB_p22-105">[98]</a> Legal issues, however, soon mounted over property and mineral rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2007172–73-108">[100]</a> Disputes erupted as squatters moved on Frémont's Las Mariposas land mining for gold.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2007172-104">[97]</a> There was question whether the three mining districts on the land were public domain, while the Merced Mining Company was actively mining on Frémont's property.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2007172-104">[97]</a> Since Alvarado had purchased Las Mariposas on a "floating grant", the property borders were not precisely defined by the Mexican government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2007172-104">[97]</a> Alvarado's ownership of the land was legally contested since Alvarado never actually settled on the property as required by Mexican law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2007172–73-108">[100]</a> All of these matters lingered and were argued in court for many years until the Supreme Court finally ruled in Frémont's favor in 1856.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2007173-109">[101]</a> Although Frémont's legal victory allowed him to keep his wealth, it created lingering animosity among his neighbors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2007173-109">[101]</a> During the late 1850s, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Billings" title="Frederick H. Billings">Frederick H. Billings</a>, a partner in the <a href="/wiki/Halleck,_Peachy_%26_Billings" title="Halleck, Peachy & Billings">Halleck, Peachy & Billings</a> law firm that employed Park, partnered with Frémont in several successful business ventures.<a href="#cite_note-American-110">[102]</a> Billings later embarked on several trips to Europe in an unsuccessful effort to sell Frémont's Mariposa mine shares.<a href="#cite_note-American-110">[102]</a> At the start of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, Billings acted as Frémont's agent when Frémont took the initiative to purchase arms in England for use by <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> troops.<a href="#cite_note-American-110">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._Senator_from_California_(1850–1851)">U.S. Senator from California (1850–1851)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: U.S. Senator from California (1850–1851)">edit</a>]</div> On November 13, 1849, General <a href="/wiki/Bennet_C._Riley" title="Bennet C. Riley">Bennet C. Riley</a>, without Washington approval, called for a state election to ratify the new California State constitution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards200791-111">[103]</a> On <a href="/wiki/1849_United_States_Senate_elections_in_California" title="1849 United States Senate elections in California">December 20</a>, the California legislature voted to seat two senators to represent the state in the Senate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards200793-112">[104]</a> The front-runner was Frémont, a <a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil Democrat</a>, known for being a western hero, and regarded by many as an innocent victim of an unjustified court-martial.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards200793-112">[104]</a> The other candidates were <a href="/wiki/T._Butler_King" title="T. Butler King">T. Butler King</a>, a Whig, and <a href="/wiki/William_M._Gwin" title="William M. Gwin">William Gwin</a>, a Democrat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards200792–93-113">[105]</a> Frémont won the first Senate seat, easily having 29 out of 41 votes and Gwin, having Southern backing, was elected to the second Senate seat, having won 24 out of 41 votes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards200793-112">[104]</a> By random draw of straws, Gwin won the longer Senate term while Frémont won the shorter Senate term.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards200793-112">[104]</a> In Washington, Frémont, whose California ranch had been purchased from a Mexican land grantee, supported an unsuccessful law that would have rubber-stamped Mexican land grants, and another law that prevented foreign workers from owning gold claims (Fremont's ranch was in gold country), derisively called "Frémont's Gold Bill".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2007115–16-114">[106]</a> Frémont voted against harsh penalties for those who assisted runaway slaves and he was in favor of abolishing the slave trade in the District of Columbia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2007115-115">[107]</a> Democratic pro-slavery opponents of Frémont, called the Chivs, strongly opposed Frémont's re-election, and endorsed <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Heydenfeldt" title="Solomon Heydenfeldt">Solomon Heydenfeldt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2007115-115">[107]</a> Rushing back to California hoping to thwart the Chivs, Frémont started his own election newspaper, the San Jose Daily Argus, however, to no avail, he was unable to get enough votes for re-election to the Senate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2007115-115">[107]</a> Neither Heydenfeldt, nor Frémont's other second-time competitor King, were able to obtain a majority of votes, allowing Gwin to be California's lone senator.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2007115-115">[107]</a> Frémont's term lasted 175 days from September 10, 1850, to March 3, 1851, and he only served 21 working days in Washington in the Senate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2007115-115">[107]</a> Pro-slavery <a href="/wiki/John_B._Weller" title="John B. Weller">John B. Weller</a>, supported by the Chivs, was elected one year later to the empty Senate seat previously held by Frémont.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins1939b396-116">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fifth_expedition_(1853–1854)">Fifth expedition (1853–1854)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Fifth expedition (1853–1854)">edit</a>]</div> In the fall of 1853, Frémont embarked on another expedition to identify a viable route for a transcontinental railroad along the 38th parallel. The party journeyed between Missouri and San Francisco, California, over a combination of known trails and unexplored terrain. A primary objective was to pass through the Rocky Mountains and <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Nevada (U.S.)">Sierra Nevada Mountains</a> during winter to document the amount of snow and the feasibility of winter rail passage along the route. His photographer (<a href="/wiki/Daguerreotypist" class="mw-redirect" title="Daguerreotypist">daguerreotypist</a>) was <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Nunes_Carvalho" title="Solomon Nunes Carvalho">Solomon Nunes Carvalho</a>. Frémont followed the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Trail" title="Santa Fe Trail">Santa Fe Trail</a>, passing Bent's Fort before heading west and entering the <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Valley" title="San Luis Valley">San Luis Valley</a> of Colorado in December. The party then followed the North Branch of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish_Trail_(trade_route)" title="Old Spanish Trail (trade route)">Old Spanish Trail</a>, crossing the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Divide" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Divide">Continental Divide</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cochetopa_Pass" title="Cochetopa Pass">Cochetopa Pass</a> and continuing west into central Utah. But following the trail was made difficult by snow cover. On occasion, they were able to detect evidence of <a href="/wiki/John_Williams_Gunnison" title="John Williams Gunnison">Captain John Gunnison</a>'s expedition, which had followed the North Branch just months before. Weeks of snow and bitter cold took its toll and slowed progress. Nonessential equipment was abandoned and one man died before the struggling party reached the Mormon settlement of <a href="/wiki/Parowan,_Utah" title="Parowan, Utah">Parowan</a> in southwestern Utah on February 8, 1854. After spending two weeks in Parowan to regain strength, the party continued across the <a href="/wiki/Great_Basin" title="Great Basin">Great Basin</a> and entered the <a href="/wiki/Owens_Valley" title="Owens Valley">Owens Valley</a> near present-day <a href="/wiki/Big_Pine,_California" title="Big Pine, California">Big Pine</a>, California, on the eastern flank of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. Frémont journeyed south before crossing the Sierra Nevadas and entering the <a href="/wiki/Kern_River" title="Kern River">Kern River</a> drainage, which he and his party then followed west into the <a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_Valley" title="San Joaquin Valley">San Joaquin Valley</a>. Frémont arrived in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> on April 16, 1854. Having completed a winter passage across the mountainous west, Frémont was optimistic that a railroad along the 38th Parallel was viable and that winter travel along the line would be possible through the Rocky Mountains.<a href="#cite_note-117">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Republican_Party_presidential_candidate_(1856)">Republican Party presidential candidate (1856)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Republican Party presidential candidate (1856)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1856" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election, 1856">United States presidential election, 1856</a>; <a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">1856 Republican National Convention</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:314px;max-width:314px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_national_Republican_banner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Grand_national_Republican_banner.jpg/110px-Grand_national_Republican_banner.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Grand_national_Republican_banner.jpg/165px-Grand_national_Republican_banner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Grand_national_Republican_banner.jpg/220px-Grand_national_Republican_banner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5561" data-file-height="7825" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:198px;max-width:198px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Election_poster_for_John_C._Fremont_(1856).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Election_poster_for_John_C._Fremont_%281856%29.jpg/196px-Election_poster_for_John_C._Fremont_%281856%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Election_poster_for_John_C._Fremont_%281856%29.jpg/294px-Election_poster_for_John_C._Fremont_%281856%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Election_poster_for_John_C._Fremont_%281856%29.jpg/392px-Election_poster_for_John_C._Fremont_%281856%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="811" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">1856 Republican Party campaign posters</div></div></div></div> In 1856, Frémont (age 43) became the first presidential candidate of the newly-formed <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>. The Republicans, whose party had been established in 1854, were united in their opposition to the Pierce Administration and the spread of slavery into the West.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2007169-118">[110]</a> Initially, Frémont was asked to be the Democratic candidate by former Virginia Governor <a href="/wiki/John_B._Floyd" title="John B. Floyd">John B. Floyd</a> and the powerful Preston family.<a href="#cite_note-DOAB_p22-105">[98]</a> Frémont announced that he was for Free Soil Kansas and was against the enforcement of the 1850 <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DOAB_p22-105">[98]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_grand_national_fight_2_against_1_fought_on_the_6th_of_Nov._1856_for_one_hundred_thousand_dollars_LCCN2008661584.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/The_grand_national_fight_2_against_1_fought_on_the_6th_of_Nov._1856_for_one_hundred_thousand_dollars_LCCN2008661584.jpg/312px-The_grand_national_fight_2_against_1_fought_on_the_6th_of_Nov._1856_for_one_hundred_thousand_dollars_LCCN2008661584.jpg" decoding="async" width="312" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/The_grand_national_fight_2_against_1_fought_on_the_6th_of_Nov._1856_for_one_hundred_thousand_dollars_LCCN2008661584.jpg/468px-The_grand_national_fight_2_against_1_fought_on_the_6th_of_Nov._1856_for_one_hundred_thousand_dollars_LCCN2008661584.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/The_grand_national_fight_2_against_1_fought_on_the_6th_of_Nov._1856_for_one_hundred_thousand_dollars_LCCN2008661584.jpg/624px-The_grand_national_fight_2_against_1_fought_on_the_6th_of_Nov._1856_for_one_hundred_thousand_dollars_LCCN2008661584.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="841" /></a><figcaption>Political cartoon about the election (James Buchanan on the left) by <a href="/wiki/John_L._Magee_(artist)" title="John L. Magee (artist)">John L. Magee</a></figcaption></figure> However, Republican leaders <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Nathaniel P. Banks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Henry Wilson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Bigelow" title="John Bigelow">John Bigelow</a> were able to get Frémont to join their political party.<a href="#cite_note-DOAB_p22-105">[98]</a> Seeking a united front and a fresh face for the party, the Republicans nominated Frémont for president over other candidates, and conservative <a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">William L. Dayton</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, for vice president, at their June 1856 convention held in Philadelphia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2007170-119">[111]</a> The Republican campaign used the slogan "Free Soil, Free Men, and Frémont" to crusade for free farms (homesteads) and against the <a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2007170-119">[111]</a> Frémont, popularly known as The Pathfinder, however, had voter appeal and remained the symbol of the Republican Party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2007170-119">[111]</a> The Democratic Party nominated <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a>. Frémont's wife Jessie, Bigelow, and Issac Sherman ran Frémont's campaign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2007170-119">[111]</a> As the daughter of a senator, Jessie had been raised in Washington, and she understood politics more than Frémont.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2007170-119">[111]</a> Many treated Jessie as an equal political professional, while Frémont was treated as an amateur.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2007170-119">[111]</a> She received popular attention much more than potential First Ladies, and Republicans celebrated her participation in the campaign calling her Our Jessie.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2007170–71-120">[112]</a> Jessie and the Republican propaganda machine ran a strong campaign, but she was unable to get her powerful father, Senator Benton, to support Frémont.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2007170-119">[111]</a> While praising Frémont, Benton announced his support for Buchanan.<a href="#cite_note-Allan_Nevins_1947_pp._496-121">[113]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:RepublicanPresidentialCounty1856.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/RepublicanPresidentialCounty1856.gif/150px-RepublicanPresidentialCounty1856.gif" decoding="async" width="150" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/RepublicanPresidentialCounty1856.gif/225px-RepublicanPresidentialCounty1856.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/RepublicanPresidentialCounty1856.gif/300px-RepublicanPresidentialCounty1856.gif 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="2200" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:1856-Republican-party-Fremont-isms-caricature.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/1856-Republican-party-Fremont-isms-caricature.jpg/150px-1856-Republican-party-Fremont-isms-caricature.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/1856-Republican-party-Fremont-isms-caricature.jpg/225px-1856-Republican-party-Fremont-isms-caricature.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/1856-Republican-party-Fremont-isms-caricature.jpg/300px-1856-Republican-party-Fremont-isms-caricature.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="1109" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage for Frémont in each county. This caricature tries to link Frémont to other "strange" movements like <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism in the United States">socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">free love</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in the United States">Catholicism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionism</a>.</div></div></div></div> Frémont, along with the other presidential candidates, did not actively participate in the campaign, and he mostly stayed home at 56 West Street, in New York City.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2007170-119">[111]</a> This practice was typical in presidential campaigns of the 19th century. To win the presidency, the Republicans concentrated on four swing states, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, New Jersey, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2007170-119">[111]</a> Republican luminaries were sent out decrying the Democratic Party's attachment to slavery and its support of the repeal of the Missouri Compromise.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2007170–71-120">[112]</a> The experienced Democrats, knowing the Republican strategy, also targeted these states, running a rough media campaign, while illegally naturalizing thousands of alien immigrants in Pennsylvania.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2007171-122">[114]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Charles_Fremont,_engraving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/John_Charles_Fremont%2C_engraving.jpg/220px-John_Charles_Fremont%2C_engraving.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/John_Charles_Fremont%2C_engraving.jpg/330px-John_Charles_Fremont%2C_engraving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/John_Charles_Fremont%2C_engraving.jpg/440px-John_Charles_Fremont%2C_engraving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="606" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Frémont taken from an 1856 book of his expeditions</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">campaign was particularly abusive</a>, as the Democrats attacked Frémont's illegitimate birth and alleged Frémont was Catholic.<a href="#cite_note-DOAB_p22-105">[98]</a> In a counter-crusade against the Republicans, the Democrats ridiculed Frémont's military record and warned that his victory would bring civil war. Much of the private rhetoric of the campaign focused on unfounded rumors regarding Frémont – talk of him as president taking charge of a large army that would support slave insurrections, the likelihood of widespread lynchings of slaves, and whispered hope among slaves for freedom and political equality.<a href="#cite_note-123">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Allan_Nevins_1947_pp._496-121">[113]</a> Frémont's campaign was headquartered near his home (<a href="/wiki/St._George,_Staten_Island" title="St. George, Staten Island">St. George</a>) next to the Clifton ferry landing. Many campaign rallies were held on the lawn, now the corner of Greenfield and Bay Street.<a href="#cite_note-124">[116]</a> Frémont was defeated, having placed second to <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> in a <a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">three-way election</a>; he did not carry his home state of California. Frémont received 114 electoral votes to 174 votes received by Buchanan. <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> ran as a third-party candidate representing the <a href="/wiki/Know-Nothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Know-Nothing">American (Know Nothing) Party</a>. The popular vote went to Buchanan who received 1,836,072 votes to 1,342,345 votes received by Frémont on November 4, 1856.<a href="#cite_note-DOAB_p22-105">[98]</a> Fremont carried 11 states, and Buchanan carried 19. The Democrats were better organized while the Republicans had to operate on limited funding. After the campaign, Frémont returned to California and devoted himself to his mining business on the Mariposa gold estate, estimated by some to be valued at ten million dollars.<a href="#cite_note-DOAB_p22-105">[98]</a> Frémont's title to Mariposa land had been confirmed by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1856.<a href="#cite_note-DOAB_p22-105">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_Civil_War">American Civil War</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: American Civil War">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_C_Fr%C3%A9mont.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/John_C_Fr%C3%A9mont.png/220px-John_C_Fr%C3%A9mont.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/John_C_Fr%C3%A9mont.png/330px-John_C_Fr%C3%A9mont.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/John_C_Fr%C3%A9mont.png/440px-John_C_Fr%C3%A9mont.png 2x" data-file-width="1426" data-file-height="2031" /></a><figcaption>Major General John C. Frémont <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1861</figcaption></figure> At the start of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, Frémont was touring Europe in an attempt to find financial backers in his California Las Mariposas estate ranch. President Abraham Lincoln wanted to appoint Frémont as the American minister to France, thereby taking advantage of his French ancestry and the popularity in Europe of his anti-slavery positions. However Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Seward" class="mw-redirect" title="William Henry Seward">William Henry Seward</a> objected to Frémont's radicalism, and the appointment was not made.<a href="#cite_note-125">[117]</a> Instead, Lincoln appointed Frémont <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> Major General on May 15, 1861. He arrived in Boston from England on June 27, 1861, and Lincoln promoted him commander of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_West" title="Department of the West">Department of the West</a> on July 1, 1861. The Western department included the area west of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2016156-126">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[i]</a> After Frémont arrived in Washington, D.C., he conferred with Lincoln and Commanding General <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a>, himself making a plan to clear all Confederates out of Missouri and to make a general campaign down the Mississippi and advance on Memphis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins1939b477-129">[120]</a> According to Frémont, Lincoln had given him <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/carte_blanche" class="extiw" title="wikt:carte blanche">carte blanche</a> authority on how to conduct his campaign and to use his own judgement, while talking on the steps of the White House portico.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins1939b477-129">[120]</a> Frémont's main goal as commander of the Western Armies was to protect <a href="/wiki/Cairo,_Illinois" title="Cairo, Illinois">Cairo, Illinois</a>, at all costs in order for the Union Army to move southward on the Mississippi River.<a href="#cite_note-Catton_p27-130">[121]</a> Both Frémont and his subordinate, General <a href="/wiki/John_Pope_(military_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pope (military officer)">John Pope</a>, believed that <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> was the fighting general needed to secure Missouri from the Confederates. Frémont had to contend with a hard-driving Union General <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Lyon" title="Nathaniel Lyon">Nathaniel Lyon</a>, whose irregular war policy disturbed the complex loyalties of Missouri.<a href="#cite_note-Catton_p11-131">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Department_of_the_West_(1861)">Department of the West (1861)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Department of the West (1861)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Command_and_duties">Command and duties</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Command and duties">edit</a>]</div> On July 25, 1861, Frémont arrived in St. Louis and formally took command of a Department of the West that was in crisis.<a href="#cite_note-Catton_p10-132">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smith_p115-133">[124]</a> Frémont was forty-eight years old, grey-haired and considered handsome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2016156-126">[118]</a> He brought with him the great reputation as "the Pathfinder of the West", for his eleven years of topographical service, and he was focused on driving the Confederate forces from Missouri.<a href="#cite_note-Catton_p10-132">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2016156-126">[118]</a> Frémont had to organize an army in a slave state that was largely disloyal, having a limited number of Union soldiers, supplies, and arms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193122-134">[125]</a> Guerilla warfare was breaking out and two Confederate armies were planning on capturing <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri" title="Springfield, Missouri">Springfield</a> and invading Illinois to capture <a href="/wiki/Cairo,_Illinois" title="Cairo, Illinois">Cairo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193122-134">[125]</a> Frémont's duties upon taking command of the Western Department were broad, his resources were limited, and the secession crisis in <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> appeared to be uncontrollable.<a href="#cite_note-Catton_p11-131">[122]</a> Frémont was responsible for safeguarding Missouri and all of the Northwest.<a href="#cite_note-Catton_pp11-12-135">[126]</a> Frémont's mission was to organize, equip, and lead the Union Army down the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>, reopen commerce, and break off the Western part of the Confederacy.<a href="#cite_note-Catton_p12-136">[127]</a> Frémont was given only 23,000 men, whose volunteer 3-month enlistments were about to expire.<a href="#cite_note-Catton_p12-136">[127]</a> Western Governors sent more troops to Frémont, but he did not have any weapons with which to arm them. There were no uniforms or military equipment either, and the soldiers were subject to food rationing, poor transportation, and lack of pay.<a href="#cite_note-Catton_p12-136">[127]</a> Fremont's intelligence was also faulty, leading him to believe the Missouri state militia and the Confederate forces were twice as numerous as they actually were.<a href="#cite_note-Catton_p12-136">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blair_feud_and_corruption_charges">Blair feud and corruption charges</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Blair feud and corruption charges">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Francis_Preston_Blair.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/General_Francis_Preston_Blair.jpg/220px-General_Francis_Preston_Blair.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/General_Francis_Preston_Blair.jpg/330px-General_Francis_Preston_Blair.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/General_Francis_Preston_Blair.jpg/440px-General_Francis_Preston_Blair.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2179" data-file-height="2886" /></a><figcaption>Frank Blair was Frémont's political rival in Missouri.</figcaption></figure> Frémont's arrival brought an aristocratic air that raised eyebrows and general disapproval among the people of St. Louis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2016156-126">[118]</a> Soon after he came into command, Frémont became involved in a <a href="/wiki/Feud" title="Feud">political feud</a> with <a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Frank Blair</a>, who was a member of the powerful <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Blair" title="Montgomery Blair">Blair family</a> and brother of Lincoln's cabinet member.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates1974111-137">[128]</a> To gain control of Missouri politics, Blair complained to Washington that Frémont was "extravagant" and that his command was brimming with a "horde of pirates", who were defrauding the army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates1974111–12-138">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[j]</a> This caused Lincoln to send Adjutant General <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Thomas" title="Lorenzo Thomas">Lorenzo Thomas</a> to check in on Frémont, who reported that Frémont was incompetent and had made questionable army purchases.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates1974112-141">[131]</a> The imbroglio became a national scandal, and Frémont was unable to keep a handle on supply affairs. A Congressional subcommittee investigation headed by <a href="/wiki/Elihu_B._Washburne" title="Elihu B. Washburne">Elihu B. Washburne</a> and a later Commission on War Claims investigation into the entire Western Department confirmed that many of Blair's charges were true.<a href="#cite_note-Catton_pp_25-26-139">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates1974112-141">[131]</a> Frémont ran his headquarters in St. Louis "like a European autocrat". Perhaps this was due to a sojourn through France before his appointment by President Lincoln. There, Frémont had rented a lavish mansion for $6,000 a year, paid for by the government, and surrounded himself with Hungarian and Italian guards in brassy uniforms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2016156Oates1974112-142">[132]</a> Frémont additionally set up a headquarters bodyguard of 300 Kentucky men, chosen for their uniform physical attributes.<a href="#cite_note-McFeely_p88-143">[133]</a> Frémont had surrounded himself with California associates, who made huge profits by securing army contracts without the competitive bidding required by federal law.<a href="#cite_note-Catton_pp_25-26-139">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates1974112-141">[131]</a> One Californian contracted for the construction of 38 mortar boats for $8,250 apiece, almost double what they were worth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates1974112-141">[131]</a> Another Californian, who was a personal friend of Frémont's, but had no construction experience, received a contract worth $191,000 to build a series of forts, which should have cost one third less.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates1974112-141">[131]</a> Frémont's favorite sellers received "the most stupendous contracts" for railroad cars, horses, Army mules, tents, and other equipment, most of them of shoddy quality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates1974112-141">[131]</a> A rumor spread in Washington that Frémont was planning to start his own republic or empire in the West.<a href="#cite_note-Catton_pp30-34-144">[134]</a> Frémont's supply line, headed by Major <a href="/wiki/Justus_McKinstry" title="Justus McKinstry">Justus McKinstry</a>, also came under scrutiny for graft and profiteering.<a href="#cite_note-Catton_pp_25-26-139">[130]</a> Frémont's biographer Nevins stresses that much of Frémont's trouble stemmed from the fact that the newly created Western Department was without organization, war materials, and trained recruits, while waste and corruption were endemic in the War Department under Lincoln's first appointed secretary, Simon Cameron.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates1974112–13-145">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Confederate_capture_of_Springfield">Confederate capture of Springfield</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Confederate capture of Springfield">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Capt._Nathl._Lyon,_U.S.A.%27-cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/%27Capt._Nathl._Lyon%2C_U.S.A.%27-cropped.jpg/220px-%27Capt._Nathl._Lyon%2C_U.S.A.%27-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/%27Capt._Nathl._Lyon%2C_U.S.A.%27-cropped.jpg/330px-%27Capt._Nathl._Lyon%2C_U.S.A.%27-cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/%27Capt._Nathl._Lyon%2C_U.S.A.%27-cropped.jpg/440px-%27Capt._Nathl._Lyon%2C_U.S.A.%27-cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1351" data-file-height="1627" /></a><figcaption>Frémont was blamed for <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Lyon" title="Nathaniel Lyon">Nathaniel Lyon</a>'s Union defeat at Wilson's Creek.</figcaption></figure> Earlier in May, a tough, impetuous Regular Army captain, <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Lyon" title="Nathaniel Lyon">Nathaniel Lyon</a>, exercising irregular authority, led troops who captured a legal contingent of Missouri state militia camped in a Saint Louis suburb; during the capture, civilians were killed.<a href="#cite_note-Catton_p10-132">[123]</a> Missouri had not officially seceded from the Union when Lyon was promoted to brigadier general by President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> and appointed temporary commander of the Department of the West.<a href="#cite_note-Catton_p10-132">[123]</a> Lyon, who believed a show of force would keep Missouri in the Union, effectively declared war on secession-minded Missouri governor <a href="/wiki/Claiborne_Jackson" class="mw-redirect" title="Claiborne Jackson">Claiborne Jackson</a>, who was driven by Lyon to the Ozarks. Lyon occupied Jefferson City, the state capital, and installed a pro-Union state government.<a href="#cite_note-Catton_p10-132">[123]</a> However, Lyon became trapped at Springfield with only 6,000 men (including Union Colonel Franz Sigel and his German corps).<a href="#cite_note-Smith_p114-146">[136]</a> A primary concern for Frémont, after he assumed command, was the protection of <a href="/wiki/Cairo,_Illinois" title="Cairo, Illinois">Cairo</a>, a Union-occupied city on the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>, vital to the security of the Union Army's western war effort. It contained too few troops to defend against a Confederate attack.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_p115-133">[124]</a> Compared to the Confederates, Frémont's forces were dispersed and disorganized.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_p115-133">[124]</a> Frémont ordered Lyon to retreat from Springfield and fall back to Rolla, while Frémont sent reinforcement troops to Cairo rather than to Lyon, who had requested more troops. Frémont believed with some accuracy that the Confederates were planning to attack Cairo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins1939b484,_487-147">[137]</a> Lyon, however, hastily chose to attack Confederate General Sterling Price at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wilson%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Wilson's Creek">Battle of Wilson's Creek</a>, rather than retreat.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_p115-133">[124]</a> During the battle Lyon was shot through the heart and died instantly. As the Union line broke, similar to the first Battle of Bull Run in the east, the Confederates won the battle and captured Springfield, thus opening Western Missouri for Confederate advancement.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_p116-148">[138]</a> Frémont was severely criticized for the defeat and for Lyon's death, having sent troops to reinforce Cairo, rather than to help Lyon's depleted forces 10 miles (16 km) south of Springfield.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins1939b488–89-149">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Response_to_Confederate_threat">Response to Confederate threat</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Response to Confederate threat">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USGrant01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/USGrant01.jpg/220px-USGrant01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/USGrant01.jpg/330px-USGrant01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/USGrant01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>, whom Frémont put in command of the Union advance to secure the Mississippi River and split the Confederacy in two</figcaption></figure> Responding the best he could to the Confederate and state militia threat, Frémont raised volunteer troops, purchased open market weapons and equipment, and sent his wife, Jessie, to Washington, D.C., where she lobbied President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a> for more reinforcements.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_p115-133">[124]</a> While commanding the Department of the West, Frémont was looking for a brigadier general to command a post at Cairo.<a href="#cite_note-Catton_p28-150">[140]</a> At first Frémont was going to appoint <a href="/wiki/John_Pope_(military_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pope (military officer)">John Pope</a>, but upon the recommendation of Major McKinstry, he interviewed unobtrusive Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Catton_p29-151">[141]</a> Grant had a reputation for being a "drifter and a drunkard" in the Old Army, but Frémont viewed Grant independently using his own judgment.<a href="#cite_note-Catton_pp28_29-152">[142]</a> Frémont concluded that Grant was an "unassuming character not given to self elation, of dogged persistence, of iron will".<a href="#cite_note-Catton_p29-151">[141]</a> Frémont chose Grant and appointed him commander of the Cairo post at the end of August 1861.<a href="#cite_note-Catton_p29-151">[141]</a> Grant was sent to Ironton, with 3,000 untrained troops, to stop a potential Confederate attack led by Confederate General William J. Hardee.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_p115-133">[124]</a> Immediately thereafter, Frémont sent Grant to Jefferson City, to keep it safe from a potential attack by Confederate General Price a week after the Battle of Wilson's Creek.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_p116-148">[138]</a> Grant got the situation in control at Jefferson City, drilling and disciplining troops, increased supply lines, and deploying troops on the outskirts of the city.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_p116-148">[138]</a> The city was kept safe as Price and his troops, badly battered from the Battle of Wilson's Creek, retreated.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_pp116-117-153">[143]</a> With Price retreating, Frémont become more aggressive and went on the offensive.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_p117-154">[144]</a> Frémont knew the key to victory in the West was capturing control of the Mississippi River for the Union forces. Frémont decided to meet Confederate General <a href="/wiki/Leonidas_Polk" title="Leonidas Polk">Leonidas Polk</a> head-on to control the trunk of the Mississippi.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_p117-154">[144]</a> In a turning point of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, on August 27, 1861, Frémont gave Ulysses S. Grant field command in charge of a combined Union offensive whose goal was to capture Memphis, Vicksburg, and New Orleans, to keep Missouri and Illinois safe from Confederate attack.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_p117-154">[144]</a> On August 30, Grant assumed charge of the Union Army on the Mississippi.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_p117-118-155">[145]</a> With Frémont's approval, Grant proceeded to capture <a href="/wiki/Paducah,_Kentucky" title="Paducah, Kentucky">Paducah, Kentucky</a>, without firing a shot, after Polk had violated Kentucky neutrality and had captured Columbus. The result was that the Kentucky legislature voted to remain in the Union.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_p119-156">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Recaptured_Springfield">Recaptured Springfield</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Recaptured Springfield">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Battle_of_Springfield_1861.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/First_Battle_of_Springfield_1861.jpg/220px-First_Battle_of_Springfield_1861.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/First_Battle_of_Springfield_1861.jpg/330px-First_Battle_of_Springfield_1861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/First_Battle_of_Springfield_1861.jpg/440px-First_Battle_of_Springfield_1861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1279" data-file-height="924" /></a><figcaption>First Battle of Springfield</figcaption></figure> Desiring to regain the upper hand and make up for Union losses at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wilson%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Wilson's Creek">Battle of Wilson's Creek</a> and the occupation of <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Lexington" title="First Battle of Lexington">Lexington</a>, Frémont and about 40,000 troops set out to regain Springfield. On October 25, 1861, Frémont's forces, led by Major <a href="/wiki/Charles_Zagonyi" title="Charles Zagonyi">Charles Zagonyi</a>, won the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Springfield" title="First Battle of Springfield">First Battle of Springfield</a>. This was the first and only Union victory in the West for the year 1861. On November 1, Frémont ordered Grant to make a demonstration against <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Belmont" title="Battle of Belmont">Belmont</a>, a steamboat landing across the river from Columbus, in an effort to drive Confederate General Price from Missouri.<a href="#cite_note-Catton_67-157">[147]</a> Grant had earlier requested to attack Columbus, but Frémont had overruled Grant's initiative.<a href="#cite_note-Catton_p67-68-158">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Emancipation_edict_controversy">Emancipation edict controversy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Emancipation edict controversy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9mont_Emancipation" title="Frémont Emancipation">Frémont Emancipation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Lincoln_O-55,_1861-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Abraham_Lincoln_O-55%2C_1861-crop.jpg/220px-Abraham_Lincoln_O-55%2C_1861-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Abraham_Lincoln_O-55%2C_1861-crop.jpg/330px-Abraham_Lincoln_O-55%2C_1861-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Abraham_Lincoln_O-55%2C_1861-crop.jpg/440px-Abraham_Lincoln_O-55%2C_1861-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="829" data-file-height="1036" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> ordered Frémont to rescind his emancipation edict.</figcaption></figure> Frémont came under increasing pressure for decisive action, as Confederates controlled half of Missouri, Confederate troops under Price and McCulloch remained ready to strike, and rebel guerillas were wreaking havoc, wrecking trains, cutting telegraph lines, burning bridges, raiding farms, and attacking Union posts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins1939b498–99-159">[149]</a> Confederate sympathies in stronger slave-holding counties needed to be reduced or broken up.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarwardine2003177–78-160">[150]</a> Confederate warfare was causing thousands of Union loyalists to take refuge, destitute, in Illinois, Iowa, and Kansas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins1939b499-161">[151]</a> Radicals in his camp and his wife Jessie urged Frémont to free the slaves of known Confederate supporters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins1939b499-161">[151]</a> They argued that these men were in rebellion and no longer protected by the Constitution, and it was legal to confiscate rebel property, including their slaves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins1939b499-161">[151]</a> So, on the morning of August 30, 1861, at dawn, Frémont, without notifying President Lincoln, issued a proclamation putting Missouri under martial law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarwardine2003177–78Nevins1939b499-162">[152]</a> The edict declared that civilians taken in arms against would be subject to court martial and execution, that the property of those who aided secessionists would be confiscated, and that the slaves of all rebels were immediately emancipated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarwardine2003177–78-160">[150]</a> This last clause caused much concern. Kentucky was still "neutral", and Unionists there feared Frémont's action would sway opinion there toward secession. One group in Louisville implored President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>'s friend <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Speed" class="mw-redirect" title="Joshua Speed">Joshua Speed</a> to tell Lincoln: <blockquote>[T]here is not a day to lose in disavowing emancipation or Kentucky is gone over the mill dam.<a href="#cite_note-163">[153]</a></blockquote> Lincoln, fearing that Frémont's emancipation order would tip Missouri (and other <a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">Border states</a>) to secession, asked Frémont to revise the order. Frémont refused to do so, and sent his wife to plead his case. President Lincoln told Jessie that Frémont "should never have dragged the Negro into the war".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarwardine2003179;_Guelzo,_p._50-164">[154]</a> When Frémont remained obdurate, Lincoln publicly revoked the emancipation clause of the proclamation on 11 September. Frémont's abolitionist allies attacked Lincoln for this, creating more bad feeling.<a href="#cite_note-165">[155]</a> Meanwhile, the War Department compiled a report on Frémont's misconduct as commander in Missouri. This included the arrest of <a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Frank Blair</a>, which ended Frémont's alliance with the Blair family, who had backed him for the presidential nomination in 1856. Finally Lincoln decided Frémont had to go. He issued an order removing Frémont from command of the Western Department, which was hand-delivered to him by Lincoln's friend <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Swett" title="Leonard Swett">Leonard Swett</a> on 2 November. Lincoln's actions prompted much hostility among Radical Republicans throughout the North, including from old friends like Senator <a href="/wiki/Orville_Browning" class="mw-redirect" title="Orville Browning">Orville Browning</a>. Lincoln himself later privately stated his sympathy for Frémont, noting that the first reformer in some area often overreaches and fails, but he continued to insist that Frémont had exceeded his authority and endangered the Union cause.<a href="#cite_note-166">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mountain_departments_(1862)">Mountain departments (1862)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Mountain departments (1862)">edit</a>]</div> After being dismissed by Lincoln, Frémont left Springfield and returned to St. Louis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins1939b550-167">[157]</a> On the outside Frémont expressed joy being free from the cares of duty, but on the inside Frémont was smolderingly angry believing the Republicans ran an incompetent war and that the Blairs, acting under malicious motives, were responsible for what he believed to be his unjustified firing by Lincoln.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins1939b550-167">[157]</a> More humiliations followed, Frémont's Zagonyi Guard was mustered out of the Army without pay, and all the contracts he made were suspended upon approval from Washington.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins1939b550-167">[157]</a> Pressure soon mounted among Radicals and Frémont supporters for his reinstatement of command in the Army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins1939b550-167">[157]</a> In March 1862, Lincoln placed Frémont in command of the Mountain Department, which was responsible for parts of western <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, eastern <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, although he had clearly lost trust in the Pathfinder.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins1939b554-168">[158]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battles_of_Cross_Keys_and_Port_Republic">Battles of Cross Keys and Port Republic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Battles of Cross Keys and Port Republic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_Valley_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackson's Valley Campaign">Jackson's Valley Campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cross_Keys" title="Battle of Cross Keys">Battle of Cross Keys</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Port_Republic" title="Battle of Port Republic">Battle of Port Republic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Cross_Keys_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Battle_of_Cross_Keys_1.png/220px-Battle_of_Cross_Keys_1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Battle_of_Cross_Keys_1.png/330px-Battle_of_Cross_Keys_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Battle_of_Cross_Keys_1.png/440px-Battle_of_Cross_Keys_1.png 2x" data-file-width="1429" data-file-height="1010" /></a><figcaption>Frémont fought Stonewall Jackson's Army at the Battle of Cross Keys.</figcaption></figure> Frémont and his army and two other generals, <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Nathaniel P. Banks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irvin_McDowell" title="Irvin McDowell">Irvin McDowell</a>, and their respective armies, were in charge of protecting the Shenandoah Valley and Washington D.C.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins1939b555-169">[159]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] Rather than having these armies under one command, Lincoln and Stanton micromanaged their movements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins1939b555-169">[159]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] Confederate General Stonewall Jackson took advantage of this divided command and systematically attacked each Union Army, putting fear in Washington, D.C., taking spoils and thousands of prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins1939b555–56-170">[160]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] Early in June 1862 Frémont pursued the Confederate General <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Stonewall Jackson</a> for eight days, finally engaging part of Jackson's force, led by Richard S. Ewell, at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cross_Keys" title="Battle of Cross Keys">Battle of Cross Keys</a>. Frémont commanded 10,500 Union troops while Ewell commanded about 5,000 Confederate troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2013467-171">[161]</a> Frémont had moved down the Valley Pike from the northwest through Harrisonburg to Cross Keys, while Union Brigadier General James Shields closed in from the northeast, hoping to entrap Jackson's forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2013467-171">[161]</a> Ewell who was in charge of defending Jackson's western flank established strong defensive positions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2013467-171">[161]</a> On June 8, 1862, at 10:00 am Frémont's infantry, composed of German immigrants, advanced on the Confederate line opening the Battle of Cross Keys and slowly pushed back the Confederate advance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2013468-172">[162]</a> The 15th Alabama Infantry held off Frémont's attack for a half hour, followed by a long range artillery duel. The Confederates, reinforced by the 44th Virginia regiment, beat back several Union assaults.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2013468-172">[162]</a> Frémont launched a major attack, but the Confederates held their fire until the German Union soldiers were up close, releasing a devastating volley that repelled the Union assault.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2013468-172">[162]</a> Frémont withdrew, declining to launch a second assault, and the Confederates gained the territory previously occupied by the Union Army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2013468-172">[162]</a> Fronting Frémont's Army by a holding brigade, Ewell's men, on order's from Jackson, retreated to Port Republic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2013468-172">[162]</a> At the Battle of Port Republic the following day, Frémont attacked Jackson's rear flank using artillery, but did not launch a major assault.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker20131560-173">[163]</a> By that afternoon Jackson put his army in motion to Brown's Gap beyond the reach of Frémont's artillery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker20131560-173">[163]</a> Jackson and his army managed to slip out of the Shenandoah Valley and rejoin Robert E. Lee in Richmond.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker20131560-173">[163]</a> Lincoln ordered Shields and Frémont to withdraw from the Shenandoah Valley.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker20131560-173">[163]</a> Frémont was criticized for being late in linking up with McDowell at Strasburg and allowing Jackson's army to escape.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins1939b555-169">[159]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Army_of_Virginia,_New_York,_and_resignation_(1862–1864)">Army of Virginia, New York, and resignation (1862–1864)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Army of Virginia, New York, and resignation (1862–1864)">edit</a>]</div> When the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Virginia" title="Army of Virginia">Army of Virginia</a> was created on June 26, 1862, to include General Frémont's corps with <a href="/wiki/John_Pope_(military_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pope (military officer)">John Pope</a> in command, Frémont declined to serve on the grounds that he was senior to Pope, and for personal reasons. He went to New York City, where he remained throughout the war, expecting to receive another command, but none was forthcoming.<a href="#cite_note-174">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[165]</a> In 1863, African Americans in Poughkeepsie, New York, tried to raise "a 10,000-man all-Black army to be known as the 'Fremont Legion.' It would be commanded by General John C. Frémont, a hero to many African Americans because of his August 1861 unilateral order freeing slaves in Missouri.... Ultimately, nothing came of the Fremont Legion proposal."<a href="#cite_note-176">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[167]</a> Recognizing that he would not be able to contribute further to the Union Army's efforts, Frémont resigned his commission in June 1864.<a href="#cite_note-178">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_candidate_Radical_Democracy_Party_(1864)">Presidential candidate Radical Democracy Party (1864)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Presidential candidate Radical Democracy Party (1864)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1864#Temporary_split_in_the_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election, 1864">United States presidential election, 1864 § Temporary split in the Republican Party</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Radical_Democracy_Party_(United_States)" title="Radical Democracy Party (United States)">Radical Democracy Party (United States)</a></div> In 1860 the Republicans nominated <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> for president, who won the presidency and then ran for re-election in 1864. The <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a>, a group of hard-line <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionists</a>, were upset with Lincoln's positions on the issues of slavery and postwar reconciliation with the southern states. These radicals had bitterly resented Lincoln's dismissal of Frémont in 1861 over his emancipation edict in St. Louis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193123-180">[170]</a> On May 31, 1864, the short-lived Radical Democracy Party nominated Frémont (age 51) for president in Cleveland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193123-180">[170]</a> Frémont was supported by Radical Republicans, immigrants from Western Germany, and War Democrats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193123-180">[170]</a> This fissure in the Republican Party divided the party into two factions: the anti-Lincoln Radical Republicans, who nominated Frémont, and the pro-Lincoln Republicans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193123-180">[170]</a> On September 22, 1862, Lincoln had issued his own <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a>, effective January 1, 1863, that "forever" freed slaves in Southern states fighting under the Confederacy. Frémont reluctantly withdrew from the election on September 22, 1864; the following day, in a prearranged compromise, Lincoln removed the more conservative <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Blair" title="Montgomery Blair">Montgomery Blair</a> from his cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193123-180">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rancho_Pocaho">Rancho Pocaho</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Rancho Pocaho">edit</a>]</div> In 1864, the Frémonts purchased an estate ranch in present-day <a href="/wiki/Sleepy_Hollow,_New_York" title="Sleepy Hollow, New York">Sleepy Hollow, New York</a>, from the newspaper publisher <a href="/wiki/James_Watson_Webb" title="James Watson Webb">James Watson Webb</a>. They named it Pocaho, an Indian name. For Jessie it was a chance to recapture some of the charm and isolation of living in the countryside, now that John had retired from politics.<a href="#cite_note-181">[171]</a> The house, now at 7 Pokahoe Drive in Sleepy Hollow, is currently a private residence.<a href="#cite_note-182">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life,_Arizona_territorial_governor,_and_death">Later life, Arizona territorial governor, and death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Later life, Arizona territorial governor, and death">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prescott-Sharlot_Hall_Museum-Fremont_House-1875-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Prescott-Sharlot_Hall_Museum-Fremont_House-1875-2.jpg/200px-Prescott-Sharlot_Hall_Museum-Fremont_House-1875-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Prescott-Sharlot_Hall_Museum-Fremont_House-1875-2.jpg/300px-Prescott-Sharlot_Hall_Museum-Fremont_House-1875-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Prescott-Sharlot_Hall_Museum-Fremont_House-1875-2.jpg/400px-Prescott-Sharlot_Hall_Museum-Fremont_House-1875-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>John Charles Frémont's Arizona house on display on the grounds of the <a href="/wiki/Sharlot_Hall_Museum" title="Sharlot Hall Museum">Sharlot Hall Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NSRW_John_C_Fremont.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/NSRW_John_C_Fremont.jpg/220px-NSRW_John_C_Fremont.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/NSRW_John_C_Fremont.jpg/330px-NSRW_John_C_Fremont.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/NSRW_John_C_Fremont.jpg 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption>Frémont in later life</figcaption></figure> The state of <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> took possession of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Railroad" title="Pacific Railroad">Pacific Railroad</a> in February 1866, when the company defaulted in its interest payment. In June 1866 the state conveyed the company to Frémont in a private sale. He reorganized its assets as the <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Pacific_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest Pacific Railroad">Southwest Pacific Railroad</a> in August, but less than a year later (June 1867), the railroad was repossessed by the state after Frémont was unable to pay the second installment of the purchase price.<a href="#cite_note-183">[173]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1873" title="Panic of 1873">Panic of 1873</a>, caused by over speculation in the railroad industry, and the depression that followed, wiped out much of Frémont's remaining wealth. Their financial straits required the Frémonts to sell Pocaho in 1875, and to move back to New York City.<a href="#cite_note-184">[174]</a> Frémont was appointed governor of the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Territory" title="Arizona Territory">Arizona Territory</a> by President <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> and served from 1878 to 1881. He spent little time in Arizona, and was asked to resume his duties in person or resign; Frémont chose resignation.<a href="#cite_note-185">[175]</a> Destitute, the family depended on the publication earnings of his wife Jessie. Frémont lived on <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a> in retirement. In April 1890, he was reappointed as a major general and then added to the Army's retired list, an action taken to ease his financial condition by enabling him to qualify for a pension.<a href="#cite_note-186">[176]</a> On Sunday, July 13, 1890, at the age of 77, Frémont died of <a href="/wiki/Peritonitis" title="Peritonitis">peritonitis</a> at his residence at 49 West Twenty-fifth Street in New York. His death was unexpected and his brief illness was not generally known. On Tuesday, July 8, Frémont had been affected by the heat of a particularly hot summer day. On Wednesday he came down with a chill and was confined to his bedroom. His symptoms progressed to peritonitis (an abdominal infection) which caused his death.<a href="#cite_note-opd-187">[177]</a> At the time he died, Frémont was popularly known as the "Pathfinder of the Rocky Mountains".<a href="#cite_note-opd-187">[177]</a> Initially interred at <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Church_Cemetery" title="Trinity Church Cemetery">Trinity Church Cemetery</a>, he was reinterred in Rockland Cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Sparkill,_New_York" title="Sparkill, New York">Sparkill, New York</a>, on March 17, 1891.<a href="#cite_note-188">[178]</a> Upon Fremont's death, his wife Jessie received a Civil War Pension with an annual income of $2,000 ($67,822 in 2023).<a href="#cite_note-189">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_reputation">Historical reputation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Historical reputation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Charles_Fr%C3%A9mont.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/John_Charles_Fr%C3%A9mont.png/220px-John_Charles_Fr%C3%A9mont.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/John_Charles_Fr%C3%A9mont.png/330px-John_Charles_Fr%C3%A9mont.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/John_Charles_Fr%C3%A9mont.png/440px-John_Charles_Fr%C3%A9mont.png 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="758" /></a><figcaption>John C. Frémont, The Pathfinder, <a href="/wiki/William_Smith_Jewett" title="William Smith Jewett">William Smith Jewett</a>, 1852</figcaption></figure> Frémont's legacy has been shrouded in considerable polarizing controversy. He played a major role in opening up the American West to settlement by white American pioneers, and did so in large part by ordering and engaging in attacks on Native Americans that killed indigenous men, women, and children, driving them from their land. Throughout the course of his career, Frémont became a major advocate for what would later be referred to as <a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Native American genocide</a>, and his actions within California positioned him as a key player in the waging of the <a href="/wiki/California_genocide" title="California genocide">California genocide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNamara2016-22">[20]</a> In contrast, during his lifetime Frémont was widely considered an American hero, with the public nicknaming him "The Pathfinder".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNamara2016-22">[20]</a> His reliable accounts, including published maps, narrations, and scientific documentations of his expeditions, guided American emigrants overland into the West starting in the mid-1840s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNamara2016-22">[20]</a> Many contemporary Americans believed that Frémont's arrest and court-martial by Kearny during the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> were unjustified. During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, Frémont's victory over the Confederates at Springfield was the only successful Union battle in the Western Department in 1861. Frémont's reputation, however, was damaged after he was relieved of command by Lincoln for insubordination. After leaving the Mountain Department in 1862, Frémont's active service career in the war virtually ended. Frémont's 1861 promotion of <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>, going against the grain of Army gossip, was fruitful; Grant went on to become the greatest Union general. He invested heavily in the railroad industry, but the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1873" title="Panic of 1873">Panic of 1873</a> wiped out Frémont's fortune, and his appearance thereafter looked tired and aging. Frémont is remembered for his planting of the American flag on the Rocky Mountains during his first expedition, symbolically claiming the West for the United States. For his botanical records and information collected on his explorations, many plants are named in honor of Frémont. A large statue/sculpture of Frémont is displayed at Pathfinder Regional Park near Florence, Colorado.<a href="#cite_note-190">[180]</a> In his memoirs, Frémont coined the phrase "<a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate" title="Golden Gate">Golden Gate</a>" for the strait between Marin County and San Francisco County. Frémont's biographer <a href="/wiki/Allan_Nevins" title="Allan Nevins">Allan Nevins</a> said there were two fascinating things about Frémont.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins1939a1-191">[181]</a> The first was the "unfailing drama of his life; a life wrought out of the fiercest tempests and most radiant bursts of sunshine".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins1939a1-191">[181]</a> The second was Frémont's dramatic career asking, "How could the man who sometimes succeeded so dazzlingly at other times fail so abysmally?"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins1939a2-192">[182]</a> Nevins said that Frémont's psychological problem was in part attributed to his inheritance of impulsiveness and brilliancy from his "emotionally and ill-balanced" parents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins1939a2-192">[182]</a> Nevins said Frémont was encouraged by his parents to heighten his inherited self-reliant, heedless, and adventuresome traits and that he lacked the discipline his passionate spirit and quick mind most needed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins1939a2-192">[182]</a> Concerning Frémont's tenure as commander of the West, Lincoln thought Frémont was personally honest, but his "cardinal mistake" was that "he isolates himself, and allows nobody to see him; and by which he does not know what is going on in the very matter he is dealing with." Many historians are in agreement with Lincoln.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates1974112–13-145">[135]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Solnit" title="Rebecca Solnit">Rebecca Solnit</a>, the celebrated <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_los_Reyes_Berreyesa#Bear_Flag_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="José de los Reyes Berreyesa">murders of Californios Berryessa and his two nephews</a> on the shores of San Rafael, commanded by Frémont during the <a href="/wiki/Bear_Flag_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bear Flag Revolt">Bear Flag Revolt</a> on June 28, 1846, highlighted a dubious path to California's statehood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolnit2006-65">[60]</a> Solnit wrote that Frémont's unpopularity in California, while Frémont was a Republican candidate during the presidential election of 1856, and losing the state, was in part due to this incident.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolnit2006-65">[60]</a> Although their killings are not disputed, the events surrounding their deaths are in controversy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeidenreich200786-193">[183]</a> Frémont and his men may have been taking revenge on the deaths of two Osos by Californios.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeidenreich200786-193">[183]</a> Frémont may have mistaken the de Haro brothers for soldiers, while one person contends that the murders represented the racism of the white Osos. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeidenreich200786-193">[183]</a> Berryessa and his two nephews may have been considered Native Americans by <a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">European Americans</a>, and received harsher treatment from Frémont and Carson.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeidenreich200787-194">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Family">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_C._Fremont_II_(U.S._Navy_Admiral).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/John_C._Fremont_II_%28U.S._Navy_Admiral%29.jpg/170px-John_C._Fremont_II_%28U.S._Navy_Admiral%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/John_C._Fremont_II_%28U.S._Navy_Admiral%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>John C. Frémont II was a career officer in the United States Navy, and attained the rank of rear admiral.</figcaption></figure> The Frémonts were the parents of five children: <ul><li>Elizabeth Benton "Lily" Frémont was born in Washington, D.C., on November 15, 1842.<a href="#cite_note-195">[185]</a> She died in Los Angeles on May 28, 1919.<a href="#cite_note-196">[186]</a></li> <li>Benton Frémont was born in Washington on July 24, 1848; he died in St. Louis before he was a year old.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Jessie_Benton_Fremont:_Wife_of_Union_General_John_C._Fremont"-197">[187]</a></li> <li>John Charles Frémont Jr. was born in San Francisco on April 19, 1851. He served in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> from 1868 to 1911, and attained the rank of rear admiral. He served as commander of the monitor <a href="/wiki/USS_Florida_(BM-9)" title="USS Florida (BM-9)">USS Florida</a> (1903–05), naval attaché to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a> (1906–08), commander of the battleship <a href="/wiki/USS_Mississippi_(BB-23)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Mississippi (BB-23)">USS Mississippi</a> (1908–09) and, finally as commandant of the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Navy_Yard" title="Boston Navy Yard">Boston Navy Yard</a> (1909–11). He died in <a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston, Massachusetts</a> on March 7, 1911.<a href="#cite_note-198">[188]</a></li> <li>Anne Beverly Fremont was born in France on February 1, 1853, and died five months later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Jessie_Benton_Fremont:_Wife_of_Union_General_John_C._Fremont"-197">[187]</a></li> <li>Francis Preston Fremont was born on May 17, 1855.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Jessie_Benton_Fremont:_Wife_of_Union_General_John_C._Fremont"-197">[187]</a> He died in Cuba in September 1931.<a href="#cite_note-199">[189]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plant_eponyms">Plant eponyms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Plant eponyms">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Overly_detailed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-overly_detailed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience. Please help by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_forking#Article_spinoffs:_.22Summary_style.22_meta-articles_and_summary_sections" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Content forking">spinning off</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Handling_trivia#Recommendations_for_handling_trivia" title="Wikipedia:Handling trivia">relocating</a> any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">Wikipedia's inclusion policy</a>. (June 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont_botanical_nomenclature_eponyms" title="John C. Frémont botanical nomenclature eponyms">John C. Frémont botanical nomenclature eponyms</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>barberry (<a href="/wiki/Berberis_fremontii" title="Berberis fremontii">Berberis fremontii</a>)</li> <li>Western rosinweed (<a href="/wiki/Calycadenia_fremontii" title="Calycadenia fremontii">Calycadenia fremontii</a>)</li> <li>pincushion flower (<a href="/wiki/Chaenactis_fremontii" title="Chaenactis fremontii">Chaenactis fremontii</a>)</li> <li>goosefoot (<a href="/wiki/Chenopodium_fremontii" title="Chenopodium fremontii">Chenopodium fremontii</a>)</li> <li>Fremont's leatherflower (<a href="/wiki/Clematis_fremontii" title="Clematis fremontii">Clematis fremontii</a>)</li> <li>California flannelbush (<a href="/wiki/Fremontodendron_californicum" title="Fremontodendron californicum">Fremontodendron californicum</a>)</li> <li>Mexican flannelbush (<a href="/wiki/Fremontodendron_mexicanum" title="Fremontodendron mexicanum">Fremontodendron mexicanum</a>)</li> <li>silk tassel (<a href="/wiki/Garrya_fremontii" title="Garrya fremontii">Garrya fremontii</a>)</li> <li>moss gentian (Gentiana fremontii)</li> <li>vernal pool goldfields (<a href="/wiki/Lasthenia_fremontii" title="Lasthenia fremontii">Lasthenia fremontii</a>)</li> <li>tidytips (<a href="/wiki/Layia_fremontii" title="Layia fremontii">Layia fremontii</a>)</li> <li>desert pepperweed (<a href="/wiki/Lepidium_fremontii" title="Lepidium fremontii">Lepidium fremontii</a>)</li> <li>desert boxthorn (<a href="/wiki/Lycium_fremontii" title="Lycium fremontii">Lycium fremontii</a>)</li> <li>bush mallow (<a href="/wiki/Malacothamnus_fremontii" title="Malacothamnus fremontii">Malacothamnus fremontii</a>)</li> <li>monkeyflower (<a href="/wiki/Mimulus_fremontii" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimulus fremontii">Mimulus fremontii</a>)</li> <li>phacelia (<a href="/wiki/Phacelia_fremontii" title="Phacelia fremontii">Phacelia fremontii</a>)</li> <li>desert combleaf (<a href="/wiki/Polyctenium_fremontii" title="Polyctenium fremontii">Polyctenium fremontii</a>)</li> <li>cottonwood tree (<a href="/wiki/Populus_fremontii" title="Populus fremontii">Populus fremontii</a>)</li> <li>desert apricot (<a href="/wiki/Prunus_fremontii" title="Prunus fremontii">Prunus fremontii</a>)</li> <li>indigo bush (<a href="/wiki/Psorothamnus_fremontii" title="Psorothamnus fremontii">Psorothamnus fremontii</a>)</li> <li>mountain ragwort (<a href="/wiki/Senecio_fremontii" title="Senecio fremontii">Senecio fremontii</a>)</li> <li>yellowray gold (<a href="/wiki/Syntrichopappus" title="Syntrichopappus">Syntrichopappus fremontii</a>)</li> <li>chaparral death camas (<a href="/wiki/Toxicoscordion_fremontii" title="Toxicoscordion fremontii">Toxicoscordion fremontii</a>)</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Places_and_organizations_named_in_commemoration">Places and organizations named in commemoration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Places and organizations named in commemoration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Overly_detailed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-overly_detailed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience. Please help by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_forking#Article_spinoffs:_.22Summary_style.22_meta-articles_and_summary_sections" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Content forking">spinning off</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Handling_trivia#Recommendations_for_handling_trivia" title="Wikipedia:Handling trivia">relocating</a> any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">Wikipedia's inclusion policy</a>. (June 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Frémont is commemorated by many places and other things named in his honor. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Places">Places</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Places">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:16_21_0060_fremont_tree.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/16_21_0060_fremont_tree.jpg/220px-16_21_0060_fremont_tree.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/16_21_0060_fremont_tree.jpg/330px-16_21_0060_fremont_tree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/16_21_0060_fremont_tree.jpg/440px-16_21_0060_fremont_tree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5582" data-file-height="3049" /></a><figcaption>Plaque at <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cowell_Redwoods_State_Park" title="Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park">Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Redwood_Grove" title="Redwood Grove">Redwood Grove</a> trail, where Frémont camped in 1846</figcaption></figure> US counties:<a href="#cite_note-Gannett1905-200">[190]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_County,_Colorado" title="Fremont County, Colorado">Fremont County, Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_County,_Idaho" title="Fremont County, Idaho">Fremont County, Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_County,_Iowa" title="Fremont County, Iowa">Fremont County, Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_County,_Wyoming" title="Fremont County, Wyoming">Fremont County, Wyoming</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cities_and_towns">Cities and towns</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Cities and towns">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fremont,_California" title="Fremont, California">Fremont, California</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[191]</a> (the largest city that bears his name)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont,_Indiana" title="Fremont, Indiana">Fremont, Indiana</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[192]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont,_Iowa" title="Fremont, Iowa">Fremont, Iowa</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[193]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont,_Michigan" title="Fremont, Michigan">Fremont, Michigan</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[194]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont,_Minnesota" title="Fremont, Minnesota">Fremont, Minnesota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fremont_Township,_Minnesota" class="mw-redirect" title="Fremont Township, Minnesota">Fremont Township, Minnesota</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[195]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont,_Nebraska" title="Fremont, Nebraska">Fremont, Nebraska</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[196]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont,_New_Hampshire" title="Fremont, New Hampshire">Fremont, New Hampshire</a><a href="#cite_note-Gannett1905-200">[190]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont,_Steuben_County,_New_York" title="Fremont, Steuben County, New York">Fremont, Steuben County, New York</a><a href="#cite_note-Gannett1905-200">[190]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont,_Sullivan_County,_New_York" title="Fremont, Sullivan County, New York">Fremont, Sullivan County, New York</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[197]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont,_Ohio" title="Fremont, Ohio">Fremont, Ohio</a><a href="#cite_note-Gannett1905-200">[190]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont,_Utah" title="Fremont, Utah">Fremont, Utah</a><a href="#cite_note-NPSFremont-208">[198]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont,_Clark_County,_Wisconsin" title="Fremont, Clark County, Wisconsin">Fremont, Clark County, Wisconsin</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[199]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont,_Wisconsin" title="Fremont, Wisconsin">Fremont</a> (village) and <a href="/wiki/Fremont,_Waupaca_County,_Wisconsin" title="Fremont, Waupaca County, Wisconsin">Fremont (town) Waupaca County, Wisconsin</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Also">Also</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fremont,_Seattle" title="Fremont, Seattle">Fremont, Seattle</a>, a neighborhood established by migrants from Fremont, Nebraska.<a href="#cite_note-Divjak2006-210">[200]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Fremont" title="Fort Fremont">Fort Fremont</a>, South Carolina – one of two surviving coastal fortifications in the United States from the Spanish–American War era</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Geographical_features">Geographical features</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Geographical features">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_Peak_(Wyoming)" title="Fremont Peak (Wyoming)">Fremont Peak (Wyoming)</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Wind_River_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind River Mountains">Wind River Mountains</a><a href="#cite_note-Gannett1905-200">[190]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_Peak_(California)" title="Fremont Peak (California)">Fremont Peak (California)</a> in <a href="/wiki/Monterey_County,_California" title="Monterey County, California">Monterey County</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Benito_County" class="mw-redirect" title="San Benito County">San Benito County</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a><a href="#cite_note-Browning2006-211">[201]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_Peak_(Arizona)" title="Fremont Peak (Arizona)">Fremont Peak (Arizona)</a> in the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Peaks" title="San Francisco Peaks">San Francisco Peaks</a><a href="#cite_note-Barnes2016-212">[202]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_Pass_(Colorado)" title="Fremont Pass (Colorado)">Fremont Pass (Colorado)</a>, a pass over the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Divide_of_the_Americas" title="Continental Divide of the Americas">Continental Divide</a> near the headwaters of the <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas River</a><a href="#cite_note-Gannett1905-200">[190]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_Island" title="Fremont Island">Fremont Island</a> in the Great Salt Lake<a href="#cite_note-Gannett1905-200">[190]</a></li> <li>Fremont Canyon on the <a href="/wiki/North_Platte_River" title="North Platte River">North Platte River</a> in Wyoming<a href="#cite_note-213">[203]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_Reservoir" title="Pathfinder Reservoir">Pathfinder Reservoir</a> on the North Platte, just upstream from Fremont Canyon<a href="#cite_note-214">[204]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_River_(Utah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fremont River (Utah)">Fremont River (Utah)</a>, a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado River</a><a href="#cite_note-NPSFremont-208">[198]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other">Other</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fremont%E2%80%93Winema_National_Forest" title="Fremont–Winema National Forest">Fremont–Winema National Forest</a> in Oregon<a href="#cite_note-215">[205]</a></li> <li>The John C. Fremont Trail (the path of Fremont's march into <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California" title="Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara, California</a> in December 1846)<a href="#cite_note-216">[206]</a></li> <li>Fremont Campground in the <a href="/wiki/Los_Padres_National_Forest" title="Los Padres National Forest">Los Padres National Forest</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[207]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_Bridge_(Portland,_Oregon)" title="Fremont Bridge (Portland, Oregon)">Fremont Bridge (Portland, Oregon)</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[208]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_Street" title="Fremont Street">Fremont Street</a> (<a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas, Nevada</a>)<a href="#cite_note-219">[209]</a></li> <li>Fremont Ave in <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_State" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State">NY</a></li> <li>Fremont Ave in <a href="/wiki/Sunnyvale" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunnyvale">Sunnyvale</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">CA</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizations">Organizations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Organizations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hospitals">Hospitals</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Hospitals">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>John C. Fremont Hospital, <a href="/wiki/Mariposa,_California" title="Mariposa, California">Mariposa, California</a> (where Frémont and his wife lived during the <a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">Gold Rush</a>)</li> <li>Fremont Hospital, <a href="/wiki/Yuba_City,_California" title="Yuba City, California">Yuba City, California</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Libraries">Libraries</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Libraries">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>John C. Fremont Branch Library on <a href="/wiki/Melrose_Avenue" title="Melrose Avenue">Melrose Avenue</a> in Los Angeles.</li> <li>John C. Fremont Library in <a href="/wiki/Florence,_Colorado" title="Florence, Colorado">Florence, Colorado</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Schools_and_school_districts">Schools and school districts</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Schools and school districts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_Unified_School_District" title="Fremont Unified School District">Fremont Unified School District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fremont,_California" title="Fremont, California">Fremont, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fremont_Senior_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="John C. Fremont Senior High School">John C. Fremont Senior High School</a>, Los Angeles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_High_School_(Oakland,_California)" title="Fremont High School (Oakland, California)">Fremont High School (Oakland, California)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_High_School_(Sunnyvale,_California)" title="Fremont High School (Sunnyvale, California)">Fremont High School (Sunnyvale, California)</a>; its annual yearbook is The Pathfinder</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont-Elizabeth_City_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Fremont-Elizabeth City High School">Fremont-Elizabeth City High School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth,_South_Australia" title="Elizabeth, South Australia">Elizabeth, South Australia</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">sister city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fremont,_California" title="Fremont, California">Fremont, California</a>, which also has a Fremont Park)</li> <li>Fremont High School, <a href="/wiki/Fremont,_Nebraska" title="Fremont, Nebraska">Fremont, Nebraska</a></li> <li>Fremont High School, <a href="/wiki/Plain_City,_Utah" title="Plain City, Utah">Plain City, Utah</a></li> <li>South Fremont High School, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Anthony,_Idaho" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Anthony, Idaho">Saint Anthony, Idaho</a></li> <li>North Fremont High School, <a href="/wiki/Ashton,_Idaho" title="Ashton, Idaho">Ashton, Idaho</a></li> <li>Fremont Junior High School, <a href="/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona" title="Mesa, Arizona">Mesa, Arizona</a></li> <li>Fremont Junior High School, <a href="/wiki/Anaheim,_California" title="Anaheim, California">Anaheim, California</a> (opened 1912, closed 1979)</li> <li>Frémont Elementary School, <a href="/wiki/Long_Beach,_California" title="Long Beach, California">Long Beach, California</a></li> <li>John C. Fremont Middle School, <a href="/wiki/Roseburg,_Oregon" title="Roseburg, Oregon">Roseburg, Oregon</a></li> <li>John C. Fremont Elementary School, <a href="/wiki/Antioch,_California" title="Antioch, California">Antioch, California</a></li> <li>John C. Fremont Elementary School, <a href="/wiki/Carson_City,_Nevada" title="Carson City, Nevada">Carson City, Nevada</a></li> <li>John C. Fremont Elementary School, <a href="/wiki/Corcoran,_California" title="Corcoran, California">Corcoran, California</a></li> <li>John C. Fremont Elementary School, <a href="/wiki/Fowler,_California" title="Fowler, California">Fowler, California</a></li> <li>John C. Fremont Elementary School, <a href="/wiki/Glendale,_California" title="Glendale, California">Glendale, California</a></li> <li>John C. Fremont Elementary School, <a href="/wiki/Modesto,_California" title="Modesto, California">Modesto, California</a></li> <li>John C. Frémont Elementary School, <a href="/wiki/Taylorsville,_Utah" title="Taylorsville, Utah">Taylorsville, Utah</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_commemorations">Other commemorations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Other commemorations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Major_General_John_Fremont_Memorial_(2024)-L1005339.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Major_General_John_Fremont_Memorial_%282024%29-L1005339.jpg/220px-Major_General_John_Fremont_Memorial_%282024%29-L1005339.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Major_General_John_Fremont_Memorial_%282024%29-L1005339.jpg/330px-Major_General_John_Fremont_Memorial_%282024%29-L1005339.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Major_General_John_Fremont_Memorial_%282024%29-L1005339.jpg/440px-Major_General_John_Fremont_Memorial_%282024%29-L1005339.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7469" data-file-height="4961" /></a><figcaption>Fremont Memorial at the base of the <a href="/wiki/Sutter_Buttes" title="Sutter Buttes">Sutter Buttes</a> in Northern California</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont culture</a>, first discovered near the Fremont River</li> <li>The United States honored Frémont in 1898 with a <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_stamp" title="Commemorative stamp">commemorative stamp</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Mississippi_Issue" title="Trans-Mississippi Issue">Trans-Mississippi Issue</a>.<figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_US_1898_5c_Trans-Miss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Stamp_US_1898_5c_Trans-Miss.jpg/200px-Stamp_US_1898_5c_Trans-Miss.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Stamp_US_1898_5c_Trans-Miss.jpg/300px-Stamp_US_1898_5c_Trans-Miss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Stamp_US_1898_5c_Trans-Miss.jpg/400px-Stamp_US_1898_5c_Trans-Miss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1208" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption>1898 Frémont commemorative stamp</figcaption></figure></li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=SS_John_C._Fremont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS John C. Fremont (page does not exist)">SS John C. Fremont</a>, laid down on 24 May 1941 and launched on 27 September 1941, was the first <a href="/wiki/Liberty_ship" title="Liberty ship">Liberty ship</a> delivered by a West Coast shipyard. It struck a mine in Manila harbor in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-220">[210]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Fremont_Cannon" title="Fremont Cannon">Fremont Cannon</a>, the "largest and most expensive trophy in college football is a replica of a cannon that accompanied Captain John C. Frémont on his expedition through Oregon, Nevada and California in 1843–44". The annual game between the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nevada,_Reno" title="University of Nevada, Reno">University of Nevada, Reno</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nevada,_Las_Vegas" title="University of Nevada, Las Vegas">University of Nevada, Las Vegas</a> is for possession of it.<a href="#cite_note-221">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[212]</a></li> <li>The Fremont monument in <a href="/wiki/Joaquin_Miller_Park" title="Joaquin Miller Park">Joaquin Miller Park</a> in Oakland, California, marking the spot of his first view of the San Francisco Bay.</li> <li>The Pathfinder Chorus, a <a href="/wiki/Barbershop_music" title="Barbershop music">barbershop</a> chorus in Fremont, Nebraska.<a href="#cite_note-223">[213]</a></li> <li>The Fremont Pathfinders Artillery Battery, an <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_reenactment" title="American Civil War reenactment">American Civil War reenactment</a> group from Fremont, Nebraska.<a href="#cite_note-224">[214]</a></li> <li>The U.S. Army's (now inactive) <a href="/wiki/8th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="8th Infantry Division (United States)">8th Infantry Division</a> (Mechanized) is called the Pathfinder Division, after Frémont. The gold arrow on the 8th ID crest is called the "Arrow of General Frémont". The 8th Division was based at <a href="/wiki/Camp_Fremont" title="Camp Fremont">Camp Fremont</a> in <a href="/wiki/Menlo_Park,_California" title="Menlo Park, California">Menlo Park, California</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.</li> <li>In 2000, Frémont was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Great_Westerners" title="Hall of Great Westerners">Hall of Great Westerners</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Cowboy_%26_Western_Heritage_Museum" title="National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum">National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-225">[215]</a></li> <li>In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Historical_Society" title="Georgia Historical Society">Georgia Historical Society</a> erected a <a href="/wiki/Historical_marker" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical marker">historical marker</a> at the birthplace of native son John C. Frémont in <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah, Georgia</a>. In 2006, the society published an award-winning website<a href="#cite_note-226">[216]</a> titled The 1856 Handbook,<a href="#cite_note-227">[217]</a> which documented Frémont's first presidential campaign and the world in which it was embedded.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup_gallery plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section contains an unencyclopedic or excessive gallery of images. Please help improve the section by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy#Image_galleries" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">removing excessive or indiscriminate images</a> or by <a href="/wiki/MOS:IMAGERELEVANCE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:IMAGERELEVANCE">moving relevant images</a> beside adjacent text, in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">Manual of Style on use of images</a>. (June 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Charles_Fremont_(WMH_04-1858_S_279).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/John_Charles_Fremont_%28WMH_04-1858_S_279%29.jpg/95px-John_Charles_Fremont_%28WMH_04-1858_S_279%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/John_Charles_Fremont_%28WMH_04-1858_S_279%29.jpg/142px-John_Charles_Fremont_%28WMH_04-1858_S_279%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/John_Charles_Fremont_%28WMH_04-1858_S_279%29.jpg/190px-John_Charles_Fremont_%28WMH_04-1858_S_279%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="768" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:John_C._Fremont,_Republican_Candidate_(4359517745).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/John_C._Fremont%2C_Republican_Candidate_%284359517745%29.jpg/88px-John_C._Fremont%2C_Republican_Candidate_%284359517745%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/John_C._Fremont%2C_Republican_Candidate_%284359517745%29.jpg/132px-John_C._Fremont%2C_Republican_Candidate_%284359517745%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/John_C._Fremont%2C_Republican_Candidate_%284359517745%29.jpg/177px-John_C._Fremont%2C_Republican_Candidate_%284359517745%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1131" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/80px-John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/120px-John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/161px-John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2960" data-file-height="4416" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Colonel_John_C._Fremont_on_the_Rocky_Mountains_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Colonel_John_C._Fremont_on_the_Rocky_Mountains_.jpg/120px-Colonel_John_C._Fremont_on_the_Rocky_Mountains_.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Colonel_John_C._Fremont_on_the_Rocky_Mountains_.jpg/180px-Colonel_John_C._Fremont_on_the_Rocky_Mountains_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Colonel_John_C._Fremont_on_the_Rocky_Mountains_.jpg/240px-Colonel_John_C._Fremont_on_the_Rocky_Mountains_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="2208" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:General_John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont,_the_renowned_explorer_of_the_Great_Civil_War_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/General_John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont%2C_the_renowned_explorer_of_the_Great_Civil_War_%282%29.jpg/90px-General_John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont%2C_the_renowned_explorer_of_the_Great_Civil_War_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/General_John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont%2C_the_renowned_explorer_of_the_Great_Civil_War_%282%29.jpg/136px-General_John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont%2C_the_renowned_explorer_of_the_Great_Civil_War_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/General_John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont%2C_the_renowned_explorer_of_the_Great_Civil_War_%282%29.jpg/181px-General_John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont%2C_the_renowned_explorer_of_the_Great_Civil_War_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1362" data-file-height="1804" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Fremont.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Fremont.jpg/99px-Fremont.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Fremont.jpg/148px-Fremont.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Fremont.jpg/198px-Fremont.jpg 2x" data-file-width="876" data-file-height="1062" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Fr%C3%A9mont_1869.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Fr%C3%A9mont_1869.jpg/120px-Fr%C3%A9mont_1869.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Fr%C3%A9mont_1869.jpg/180px-Fr%C3%A9mont_1869.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Fr%C3%A9mont_1869.jpg/240px-Fr%C3%A9mont_1869.jpg 2x" data-file-width="372" data-file-height="370" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:General_John_Charles_Fremont,_Union_Army,_Republican_Candidate_for_the_President_of_the_United_States_(6189166341).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/General_John_Charles_Fremont%2C_Union_Army%2C_Republican_Candidate_for_the_President_of_the_United_States_%286189166341%29.jpg/73px-General_John_Charles_Fremont%2C_Union_Army%2C_Republican_Candidate_for_the_President_of_the_United_States_%286189166341%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/General_John_Charles_Fremont%2C_Union_Army%2C_Republican_Candidate_for_the_President_of_the_United_States_%286189166341%29.jpg/110px-General_John_Charles_Fremont%2C_Union_Army%2C_Republican_Candidate_for_the_President_of_the_United_States_%286189166341%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/General_John_Charles_Fremont%2C_Union_Army%2C_Republican_Candidate_for_the_President_of_the_United_States_%286189166341%29.jpg/147px-General_John_Charles_Fremont%2C_Union_Army%2C_Republican_Candidate_for_the_President_of_the_United_States_%286189166341%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="1000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_Gartenlaube_(1856)_b_528.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Die_Gartenlaube_%281856%29_b_528.jpg/100px-Die_Gartenlaube_%281856%29_b_528.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Die_Gartenlaube_%281856%29_b_528.jpg/150px-Die_Gartenlaube_%281856%29_b_528.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Die_Gartenlaube_%281856%29_b_528.jpg/200px-Die_Gartenlaube_%281856%29_b_528.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1166" data-file-height="1400" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont_1856.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont_1856.jpg/87px-John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont_1856.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont_1856.jpg/130px-John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont_1856.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont_1856.jpg/174px-John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont_1856.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2704" data-file-height="3732" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1864RadicalPoster.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/1864RadicalPoster.png/83px-1864RadicalPoster.png" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/1864RadicalPoster.png/125px-1864RadicalPoster.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/1864RadicalPoster.png/167px-1864RadicalPoster.png 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="576" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_General_John_Charles_Fr%C3%A9mont_-_Charles_Loring_Elliott_-_overall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Brooklyn_Museum_-_General_John_Charles_Fr%C3%A9mont_-_Charles_Loring_Elliott_-_overall.jpg/96px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_General_John_Charles_Fr%C3%A9mont_-_Charles_Loring_Elliott_-_overall.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Brooklyn_Museum_-_General_John_Charles_Fr%C3%A9mont_-_Charles_Loring_Elliott_-_overall.jpg/144px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_General_John_Charles_Fr%C3%A9mont_-_Charles_Loring_Elliott_-_overall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Brooklyn_Museum_-_General_John_Charles_Fr%C3%A9mont_-_Charles_Loring_Elliott_-_overall.jpg/192px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_General_John_Charles_Fr%C3%A9mont_-_Charles_Loring_Elliott_-_overall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="768" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_or_granted_clemency_by_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States">List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the United States</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> According to biographer Andrew F. Rolle (1991), Frémont's father was born in Québec City, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a>, on December 8, 1768, named Louis-René Frémont<a href="#cite_note-Rolle1991-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193119-5">[5]</a> Louis-René left Quebec on a French ship travelling to the colony of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> when it was captured by a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> frigate; Frémont was held by the British as a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoner of war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rolle1991-7">[7]</a> After escaping captivity, Frémont settled in <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk, Virginia</a>, and called himself Charles Frémon.<a href="#cite_note-Rolle1991-7">[7]</a> Frémont claimed that he was born in <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon, France</a>, fought in the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> on the side of the Royalists, and was travelling to <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> when he was captured by the British. According to historian Andrew Rolle, his vagueness about his past was an attempt to "elude recognition".<a href="#cite_note-Rolle1991-7">[7]</a> Historian H. W. Brands (2005) said Frémont added the accented E and the T to his surname later in life.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Rolle, however, said Frémont began using the accent in 1838 at the age of 25.<a href="#cite_note-Rolle1991-7">[7]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> As early as 1831, Smith had made a map of the West and had requested Andrew Jackson's Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/John_H._Eaton" class="mw-redirect" title="John H. Eaton">John H. Eaton</a> for a formal federal exploration party. Eaton resigned, however, and Smith was killed by Comanches, and nothing became of the expedition. Smith's map would later be superimposed by George Gibbs on a base map by Frémont. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> As <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Sides" title="Hampton Sides">Hampton Sides</a> says, "Frémont became an instant celebrity, a champion of expansion, a conqueror wielding not a sword but a compass and a transit."<a href="#cite_note-hamptonsides-24">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a> said after the report, "Frémont has touched my imagination. What a wild life, and what a fresh kind of existence! But ah, the discomforts!"<a href="#cite_note-hamptonsides-24">[22]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Frémont and his cartographer, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Preuss" title="Charles Preuss">Charles Preuss</a>, produced a new map in 1845 that included the second expedition, and Frémont's conclusion that the still-unmapped areas of the Great Basin were "...believed to be filled with lakes and rivers which have no communication with the sea...".<a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a> Frémont's Report and Map guided thousands of overland emigrants to Oregon and California from 1845 to 1849. In 1849 Joseph Ware published his Emigrants' Guide to California<a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> which was largely drawn from Frémont's report, and was to guide the forty-niners through the <a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a>. Frémont's report was more than a travelers' guide – it was a government publication that achieved the expansionist objectives of a nation and provided scientific and economic information concerning the potential of the trans-Mississippi West for pioneer settlement.<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> For his expeditionary work, he received a brevet promotion to captain in July 1844. Frémont's report from the 1843-44 expedition inspired the <a href="/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormons</a> to consider <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> for settlement.<a href="#cite_note-appletons-16">[15]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> No formal record of Frémont's third expedition was ever made, as in his previous expeditions, or when it actually ended. Frémont, however, did help his cartographer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Preuss" title="Charles Preuss">Charles Preuss</a> make a map of Upper Oregon and California.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrémont1973xlvi-34">[30]</a> Additionally, hundreds of species of plants in two huge cases from Bent's Fort and San Francisco were sent back east to botanist <a href="/wiki/John_Torrey" title="John Torrey">John Torrey</a> by the <a href="/wiki/USS_Erie_(1813)" title="USS Erie (1813)">USS Erie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrémont1973xlvi-34">[30]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> The incident did not reflect well on Frémont and his men and the killings may have been done in retaliation for the two Osos men who were tortured and killed by the Californios.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers1950270-66">[61]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Unknown to anyone in California until October 1846, Frémont had been commissioned a <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel" title="Lieutenant colonel">lieutenant colonel</a> the previous May by President <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> while organizing a new regiment of mounted riflemen to fight the newly declared <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[75]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> His wife, <a href="/wiki/Jessie_Benton_Fr%C3%A9mont" title="Jessie Benton Frémont">Jessie Frémont</a>, said enormous bags of gold weighing one hundred pounds were produced.<a href="#cite_note-DOAB_p22-105">[98]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> During his European tour, Frémont had contracted 10,000 rifles from France and $75,000 in cannon and shells from England to be sent to the United States, having obtained the aid of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Charles Francis Adams</a>, the American minister to Great Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins1939b475-127">[119]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Blair was upset that Frémont had not awarded his friends' war contracts.<a href="#cite_note-Catton_pp_25-26-139">[130]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Andrew Rolle, "Exploring an Explorer: California, Psychohistory, and John C. Fremont", Southern California Quarterly, March 1994, Vol. 76#1 pp. 85–98 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Andrew F. Rolle, John Charles Fremont: Character As Destiny (1991) </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Nevins 1939, 2:373. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Gerald L. Fetner, Immersed in Great Affairs: Allan Nevins and the Heroic Age of American History (SUNY Press, 2004), p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193119-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193119_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193119_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193119_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193119_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193119_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193119_5-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193119_5-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193119_5-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFNevins1931">Nevins 1931</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Chaffin, pp. 21–22 </li> <li id="cite_note-Rolle1991-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rolle1991_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rolle1991_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rolle1991_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rolle1991_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rolle1991_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rolle1991_7-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rolle1991_7-6">g</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRolle1991" class="citation book cs1">Rolle, Andrew (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johncharlesfremo0000roll">John Charles Frémont: Character as Destiny</a>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johncharlesfremo0000roll/page/n31">2</a>–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-585-35954-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-585-35954-7"><bdi>0-585-35954-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Charles+Fr%C3%A9mont%3A+Character+as+Destiny&rft.place=Norman&rft.pages=2-5&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-585-35954-7&rft.aulast=Rolle&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohncharlesfremo0000roll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrands2005" class="citation book cs1">Brands, H. W. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780385507387/page/188">Andrew Jackson, His Life and Times</a>. Garden City: Doubleday. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780385507387/page/188">188–90</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-50738-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-50738-0"><bdi>0-385-50738-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrew+Jackson%2C+His+Life+and+Times&rft.place=Garden+City&rft.pages=188-90&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-385-50738-0&rft.aulast=Brands&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780385507387%2Fpage%2F188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Nevins pp. 3–7. Chaffin pp. 19–21 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards200743-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards200743_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichards2007">Richards 2007</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards200744-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards200744_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards200744_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards200744_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards200744_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards200744_12-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards200744_12-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards200744_12-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards200744_12-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichards2007">Richards 2007</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards200744Nevins193119-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards200744Nevins193119_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichards2007">Richards 2007</a>, p. 44; <a href="#CITEREFNevins1931">Nevins 1931</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards200744Nevins193120-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards200744Nevins193120_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichards2007">Richards 2007</a>, p. 44; <a href="#CITEREFNevins1931">Nevins 1931</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193120-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193120_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193120_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193120_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193120_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193120_15-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193120_15-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193120_15-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193120_15-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193120_15-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193120_15-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193120_15-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193120_15-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193120_15-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193120_15-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193120_15-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193120_15-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193120_15-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193120_15-17">r</a> <a href="#CITEREFNevins1931">Nevins 1931</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-appletons-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-appletons_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-appletons_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonFiske1900" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Grant_Wilson" title="James Grant Wilson">Wilson, J. G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Fiske_(philosopher)" title="John Fiske (philosopher)">Fiske, J.</a>, eds. (1900). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Fr%C3%A9mont,_John_Charles">"Frémont, John Charles" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography" title="Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography">Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography</a>. New York: D. Appleton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fr%C3%A9mont%2C+John+Charles&rft.btitle=Appletons%27+Cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+American+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=D.+Appleton&rft.date=1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rhonda_2012_p64-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Rhonda_2012_p64_17-0">^</a> Rhonda (2012), p. 64 </li> <li id="cite_note-Beck_1989_27-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Beck_1989_27_18-0">^</a> Beck (1989), pp. 27–28 </li> <li id="cite_note-Barbour_2012_p5-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Barbour_2012_p5_19-0">^</a> Barbour (2012), p. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-Morgan_1953_p7-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Morgan_1953_p7_20-0">^</a> Morgan (1953), p. 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNamara2016-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNamara2016_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNamara2016_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNamara2016_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNamara2016_22-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNamara2016_22-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcNamara2016">McNamara 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards200746–47-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards200746–47_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards200746–47_23-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichards2007">Richards 2007</a>, pp. 46–47. </li> <li id="cite_note-hamptonsides-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hamptonsides_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hamptonsides_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hamptonsides_24-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHampton_Sides2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Sides" title="Hampton Sides">Hampton Sides</a> (2006). Blood and Thunder. Anchor Books. p. 82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+and+Thunder&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Hampton+Sides&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193121-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193121_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193121_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193121_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193121_26-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193121_26-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193121_26-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193121_26-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193121_26-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193121_26-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193121_26-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193121_26-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193121_26-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193121_26-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193121_26-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193121_26-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193121_26-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193121_26-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193121_26-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193121_26-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193121_26-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193121_26-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193121_26-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193121_26-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193121_26-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193121_26-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193121_26-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193121_26-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193121_26-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193121_26-28">ac</a> <a href="#CITEREFNevins1931">Nevins 1931</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Charles_Frémont1845" class="citation web cs1">John Charles Frémont (1845). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maps.bpl.org/id/16061">" Map of an exploring expedition to the Rocky Mountains in the year 1842 and to Oregon & North California in the years 1843–44"</a>. Norman B. Leventhal map Center. Boston Public Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140309010848/http://maps.bpl.org/id/16061">Archived</a> from the original on March 9, 2014. Retrieved March 8, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Norman+B.+Leventhal+map+Center&rft.atitle=+Map+of+an+exploring+expedition+to+the+Rocky+Mountains+in+the+year+1842+and+to+Oregon+%26+North+California+in+the+years+1843%E2%80%9344&rft.date=1845&rft.au=John+Charles+Fr%C3%A9mont&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaps.bpl.org%2Fid%2F16061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/emigrantsguideto00dist#page/n3/mode/2up">"The emigrant's guide to New Mexico, California, and Oregon"</a>. New York, J. Disturnell. 1849.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+emigrant%27s+guide+to+New+Mexico%2C+California%2C+and+Oregon&rft.pub=New+York%2C+J.+Disturnell&rft.date=1849&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Femigrantsguideto00dist%23page%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2356459">2356459</a>, </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Stephen Craig Weiss, "The John C. Fremont '1842, 1843–'44 Report' and Map," Journal of Government Information, May 1999, Vol. 26#3 pp. 297–313 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenton2011-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenton2011_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDenton2011">Denton 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaninCarlson2009" class="citation book cs1">Janin, Hunt; Carlson, Ursula (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S4u42zsVr04C&pg=PA81">Trails of Historic New Mexico: Routes Used by Indian, Spanish and American Travelers Through 1886</a>. McFarland. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4010-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4010-8"><bdi>978-0-7864-4010-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803203355/https://books.google.com/books?id=S4u42zsVr04C&pg=PA81">Archived</a> from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trails+of+Historic+New+Mexico%3A+Routes+Used+by+Indian%2C+Spanish+and+American+Travelers+Through+1886&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-4010-8&rft.aulast=Janin&rft.aufirst=Hunt&rft.au=Carlson%2C+Ursula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS4u42zsVr04C%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193121Walker199984-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193121Walker199984_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193121Walker199984_33-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNevins1931">Nevins 1931</a>, p. 21; <a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker 1999</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrémont1973xlvi-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrémont1973xlvi_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrémont1973xlvi_34-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrémont1973">Frémont 1973</a>, p. xlvi. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSides2006" class="citation book cs1">Sides, Hampton (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oUiwaEzbgeMC&pg=PA123">Blood and Thunder: An Epic of the American West</a>. Random House. pp. 123–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7393-2672-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7393-2672-5"><bdi>978-0-7393-2672-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803204910/https://books.google.com/books?id=oUiwaEzbgeMC&pg=PA123">Archived</a> from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+and+Thunder%3A+An+Epic+of+the+American+West&rft.pages=123-24&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7393-2672-5&rft.aulast=Sides&rft.aufirst=Hampton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoUiwaEzbgeMC%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193121Walker199992-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193121Walker199992_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNevins1931">Nevins 1931</a>, p. 21; <a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker 1999</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenton201135-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenton201135_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDenton2011">Denton 2011</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBreckenridge1894">Breckenridge 1894</a>, p. 56 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartin1975">Martin 1975</a>, p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTustin1880">Tustin 1880</a>, p. 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMadley2016">Madley 2016</a>, p. chapter 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarson1924">Carson 1924</a>, pp. 69–70 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Sides, 2006, p. 124 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Sides, 2006, pp. 124–25 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartin1975">Martin 1975</a>, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBreckenridge1894">Breckenridge 1894</a>, p. 55 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sides154-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sides154_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sides154_48-1">b</a> Sides, 2006, p. 154 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Sides, 2006, p. 153 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrémont1973xx,_xxi-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrémont1973xx,_xxi_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrémont1973">Frémont 1973</a>, pp. xx, xxi. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards200745Denton2011-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards200745Denton2011_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichards2007">Richards 2007</a>, p. 45; <a href="#CITEREFDenton2011">Denton 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999108,_116-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999108,_116_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999108,_116_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999108,_116_52-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker 1999</a>, pp. 108, 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenton2011Nevins193121Walker1999-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenton2011Nevins193121Walker1999_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDenton2011">Denton 2011</a>; <a href="#CITEREFNevins1931">Nevins 1931</a>, p. 21; <a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker 1999</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrémont1887516–17-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrémont1887516–17_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrémont1887">Frémont 1887</a>, pp. 516–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999108,_116–17-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999108,_116–17_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker 1999</a>, pp. 108, 116–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999120,_122-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999120,_122_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker 1999</a>, pp. 120, 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenton2011Walker1999120–22Bancroft1886107-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenton2011Walker1999120–22Bancroft1886107_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDenton2011">Denton 2011</a>; <a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker 1999</a>, pp. 120–22; <a href="#CITEREFBancroft1886">Bancroft 1886</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenton2011Nevins193121Walker1999121–23Bancroft1886109-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenton2011Nevins193121Walker1999121–23Bancroft1886109_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDenton2011">Denton 2011</a>; <a href="#CITEREFNevins1931">Nevins 1931</a>, p. 21; <a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker 1999</a>, pp. 121–23; <a href="#CITEREFBancroft1886">Bancroft 1886</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenton2011Nevins193121Walker1999123–25,_128-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenton2011Nevins193121Walker1999123–25,_128_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDenton2011">Denton 2011</a>; <a href="#CITEREFNevins1931">Nevins 1931</a>, p. 21; <a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker 1999</a>, pp. 123–25, 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999123–25,_128-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999123–25,_128_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker 1999</a>, pp. 123–25, 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999126-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999126_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999126_61-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker 1999</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999126Bancroft1886123–24-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999126Bancroft1886123–24_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker 1999</a>, p. 126; <a href="#CITEREFBancroft1886">Bancroft 1886</a>, p. 123–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999134Rogers1950267,_270-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999134Rogers1950267,_270_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker 1999</a>, p. 134; <a href="#CITEREFRogers1950">Rogers 1950</a>, pp. 267, 270. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999134–35-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999134–35_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker 1999</a>, pp. 134–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESolnit2006-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolnit2006_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolnit2006_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolnit2006_65-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSolnit2006">Solnit 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers1950270-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERogers1950270_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRogers1950">Rogers 1950</a>, p. 270. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999142-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999142_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker 1999</a>, pp. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999143-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999143_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999143_69-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker 1999</a>, pp. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/biographies/john_sloat.html">"Commodore John Sloat"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171027013710/http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/biographies/john_sloat.html">Archived</a> October 27, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. US-Mexican War, <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">Public Broadcasting Service</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Harlow p. 124 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999148-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999148_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker 1999</a>, pp. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999149-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999149_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker 1999</a>, pp. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999151,_154-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999151,_154_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker 1999</a>, pp. 151, 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999149–151-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999149–151_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker 1999</a>, pp. 149–151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999154-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999154_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker 1999</a>, pp. 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/140098865">Compiled Military Service Record of Lieutenant Colonel John Charles Fremont, California Battalion Regiment</a>. Series: Carded Records Showing Military Service of Soldiers Who Fought in Volunteer Organizations During the Mexican War, 1899–1927. National Archives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190802165002/https://catalog.archives.gov/id/140098865">Archived</a> from the original on August 2, 2019. Retrieved August 2, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Compiled+Military+Service+Record+of+Lieutenant+Colonel+John+Charles+Fremont%2C+California+Battalion+Regiment&rft.series=Series%3A+Carded+Records+Showing+Military+Service+of+Soldiers+Who+Fought+in+Volunteer+Organizations+During+the+Mexican+War%2C+1899%E2%80%931927&rft.pub=National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.archives.gov%2Fid%2F140098865&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/118983144">"Bounty Land Application File of Lieutenant Colonel John C. Fremont, Colonel Percifer Smith's Regiment of U.S. Mounted Rifles"</a>. National Archives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190802165535/https://catalog.archives.gov/id/118983144">Archived</a> from the original on August 2, 2019. Retrieved August 2, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bounty+Land+Application+File+of+Lieutenant+Colonel+John+C.+Fremont%2C+Colonel+Percifer+Smith%27s+Regiment+of+U.S.+Mounted+Rifles&rft.pub=National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.archives.gov%2Fid%2F118983144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenton201138-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDenton201138_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDenton2011">Denton 2011</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Bancroft p. 253 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Polk p. 413, Entry for Thursday, 21st May, 1846 </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Briggs, Carl and Trudell, Clyde, Francis. (1983). P. 54. Quarterdeck & Saddlehorn, The Story of Edward F. Beale, 1822–1893. The Arthur H. Clark Company, Glendale, California. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Briggs and Trudell p. 48, 49 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Tompkins, Walker A. Santa Barbara, Past and Present. Santa Barbara, CA: Tecolote Books, 1975, pp. 33–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Griffin, John S., Introduction and notes by Ames, George Walcott, Jr, and foreword by Lyman, George D. (1943) p. 70. A Doctor Comes To California, The Diary of John S. Griffin, M.D. Assistant Surgeon with Kearny's Dragoons 1846–1847, San Francisco, California Historical Society, MCMXLIII. Extract: "Previous to this the General [Kearny] had given Fremont orders to make a report of the State of his command, and several other orders, the nature of which I do not recollect, all of which the Col [Fremont] utterly refused to obey, or disregarded. In the opinion of some Fremont's conduct has laid him liable to the charge of mutiny-at all events I think no other LtCol. in the service would have paid so little attention to the orders of his commanding officer-" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrémont1973xxxvii-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrémont1973xxxvii_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrémont1973xxxvii_87-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrémont1973xxxvii_87-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrémont1973xxxvii_87-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrémont1973xxxvii_87-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrémont1973xxxvii_87-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrémont1973xxxvii_87-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrémont1973xxxvii_87-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrémont1973xxxvii_87-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrémont1973">Frémont 1973</a>, p. xxxvii. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Groom, Winston: Kearny's March: The Epic Creation of the American West, 1846–1847 (p. 249) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrémont1973xxxviii-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrémont1973xxxviii_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrémont1973xxxviii_89-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrémont1973xxxviii_89-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrémont1973xxxviii_89-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrémont1973">Frémont 1973</a>, p. xxxviii. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Groom, Winston: Kearny's March: The Epic Creation of the American West, 1846–1847 (p. 259) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrémont1973xlii–xliii-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrémont1973xlii–xliii_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrémont1973">Frémont 1973</a>, pp. xlii–xliii. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorneman2008" class="citation book cs1">Borneman, Walter R. (2008). Polk: The Man Who Transformed the Presidency and America. New York: Random House Books. pp. 284–85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400065608" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400065608"><bdi>978-1400065608</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polk%3A+The+Man+Who+Transformed+the+Presidency+and+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=284-85&rft.pub=Random+House+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1400065608&rft.aulast=Borneman&rft.aufirst=Walter+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrémont1973xix-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrémont1973xix_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrémont1973">Frémont 1973</a>, p. xix. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Nevins 1939b, p. 306. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Grivas, pp. 74–75 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PT5IAQAAMAAJ&q=Edward+Kern+1848">Google Books: "Edward M. Kern, Artist and Explorer"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160606034807/https://books.google.com/books?id=PT5IAQAAMAAJ&q=Edward+Kern+1848&dq=Edward+Kern+1848&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDgQ6AEwBWoVChMIzYLMzrKMyAIVytCACh2okA2H">Archived</a> June 6, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by William Joseph Hefferman; University of California, Berkeley, 1951. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/williams-william-sherley">"Williams, William Sherley"</a>. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved April 26, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Williams%2C+William+Sherley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Freference%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fwilliams-william-sherley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Both Patricia Richmond in Trail to Disaster and David Roberts in A Newer World (New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>, 2000) detail the exact route. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Wentmore, Kevin J. (2021) Eaters of the Dead, London: Reaktion Books, p. 191 </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anb.org/articles/20/20-01907.html">"Alexis Godey"</a>. American National Biography Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150510002332/http://www.anb.org/articles/20/20-01907.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 10, 2015. Retrieved March 7, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+National+Biography+Online&rft.atitle=Alexis+Godey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anb.org%2Farticles%2F20%2F20-01907.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Roberts, David, A Newer World, p. 241 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell_Grant1978" class="citation book cs1">Campbell Grant (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canyondechellyit0000gran">Canyon De Chelly: Its People and Rock Art</a>. University of Arizona Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/canyondechellyit0000gran/page/98">98</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816505234" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816505234"><bdi>978-0816505234</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canyon+De+Chelly%3A+Its+People+and+Rock+Art&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0816505234&rft.au=Campbell+Grant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcanyondechellyit0000gran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927221002/http://www.rgs.org/NR/rdonlyres/C5962519-882A-4C67-803D-0037308C756D/0/GoldMedallists18322011.pdf">"List of Past Gold Medal Winners"</a> (PDF). Royal Geographical Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rgs.org/NR/rdonlyres/C5962519-882A-4C67-803D-0037308C756D/0/GoldMedallists18322011.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 27, 2011. Retrieved August 24, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+Past+Gold+Medal+Winners&rft.pub=Royal+Geographical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rgs.org%2FNR%2Frdonlyres%2FC5962519-882A-4C67-803D-0037308C756D%2F0%2FGoldMedallists18322011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2007172-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2007172_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2007172_104-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2007172_104-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2007172_104-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2007172_104-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2007172_104-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2007172_104-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2007172_104-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2007172_104-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichards2007">Richards 2007</a>, p. 172. </li> <li id="cite_note-DOAB_p22-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DOAB_p22_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOAB_p22_105-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOAB_p22_105-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOAB_p22_105-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOAB_p22_105-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOAB_p22_105-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOAB_p22_105-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOAB_p22_105-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOAB_p22_105-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOAB_p22_105-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOAB_p22_105-10">k</a> <a href="#DOAB">Dictionary of American Biography</a>, p. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''America's_Successful_Men_of_Affairs''494-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''America's_Successful_Men_of_Affairs''494_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''America's_Successful_Men_of_Affairs''494_107-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''America's_Successful_Men_of_Affairs''494_107-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAmerica's_Successful_Men_of_Affairs">America's Successful Men of Affairs</a>, p. 494. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2007172–73-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2007172–73_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2007172–73_108-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichards2007">Richards 2007</a>, pp. 172–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2007173-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2007173_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2007173_109-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichards2007">Richards 2007</a>, p. 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-American-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-American_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-American_110-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-American_110-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinks2000" class="citation web cs1">Winks, Robin W. (February 1, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anb.org/view/10.1093/anb/9780198606697.001.0001/anb-9780198606697-e-1000137">"Biography: Billings, Frederick"</a>. American National Biography. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fanb%2F9780198606697.article.1000137">10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1000137</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860669-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860669-7"><bdi>978-0-19-860669-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+National+Biography&rft.atitle=Biography%3A+Billings%2C+Frederick&rft.date=2000-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fanb%2F9780198606697.article.1000137&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860669-7&rft.aulast=Winks&rft.aufirst=Robin+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anb.org%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fanb%2F9780198606697.001.0001%2Fanb-9780198606697-e-1000137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards200791-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards200791_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichards2007">Richards 2007</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards200793-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards200793_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards200793_112-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards200793_112-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards200793_112-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichards2007">Richards 2007</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards200792–93-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards200792–93_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichards2007">Richards 2007</a>, pp. 92–93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2007115–16-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2007115–16_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichards2007">Richards 2007</a>, pp. 115–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2007115-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2007115_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2007115_115-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2007115_115-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2007115_115-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2007115_115-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichards2007">Richards 2007</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins1939b396-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins1939b396_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNevins1939b">Nevins 1939b</a>, p. 396. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpence1970" class="citation book cs1">Spence, Mary Lee, ed. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/expeditionsofjoh03fr">The Expeditions of John Charles Frémont; Chapter 3; Travels from 1848 to 1854</a>. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252000867" title="Special:BookSources/9780252000867"><bdi>9780252000867</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Expeditions+of+John+Charles+Fr%C3%A9mont%3B+Chapter+3%3B+Travels+from+1848+to+1854&rft.place=Urbana&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=9780252000867&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexpeditionsofjoh03fr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2007169-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2007169_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichards2007">Richards 2007</a>, p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2007170-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2007170_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2007170_119-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2007170_119-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2007170_119-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2007170_119-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2007170_119-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2007170_119-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2007170_119-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2007170_119-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichards2007">Richards 2007</a>, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2007170–71-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2007170–71_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2007170–71_120-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichards2007">Richards 2007</a>, pp. 170–71. </li> <li id="cite_note-Allan_Nevins_1947_pp._496-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allan_Nevins_1947_pp._496_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allan_Nevins_1947_pp._496_121-1">b</a> Allan Nevins, Ordeal of the Union: A House Dividing, 1852–1857 (1947) pp. 496–502 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards2007171-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards2007171_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichards2007">Richards 2007</a>, p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Douglas R. Egerton, "The Slaves' Election: Frémont, Freedom, and the Slave Conspiracies of 1856." Civil War History 61#1 (2015): 35–63. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080829062710/http://www.loc.gov/rr/main/republican_conventions.pdf">Republican National Political Conventions 1856–2008</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Don H. Doyle, The Cause of All Nations: An International History of the American Civil War (2014) pp. 58–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2016156-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2016156_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2016156_126-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2016156_126-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2016156_126-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2016">White 2016</a>, p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins1939b475-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins1939b475_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNevins1939b">Nevins 1939b</a>, p. 475. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins1939b477-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins1939b477_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins1939b477_129-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNevins1939b">Nevins 1939b</a>, p. 477. </li> <li id="cite_note-Catton_p27-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Catton_p27_130-0">^</a> <a href="#Catton">Catton</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-Catton_p11-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Catton_p11_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catton_p11_131-1">b</a> <a href="#Catton">Catton</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-Catton_p10-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Catton_p10_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catton_p10_132-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catton_p10_132-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catton_p10_132-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catton_p10_132-4">e</a> <a href="#Catton">Catton</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_p115-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_p115_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_p115_133-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_p115_133-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_p115_133-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_p115_133-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_p115_133-5">f</a> <a href="#Smith">Smith</a>, Jean Edward Smith, Grant (2001) p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193122-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193122_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193122_134-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNevins1931">Nevins 1931</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-Catton_pp11-12-135"><a href="#cite_ref-Catton_pp11-12_135-0">^</a> <a href="#Catton">Catton</a>, pp. 11–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-Catton_p12-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Catton_p12_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catton_p12_136-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catton_p12_136-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catton_p12_136-3">d</a> <a href="#Catton">Catton</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates1974111-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates1974111_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOates1974">Oates 1974</a>, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates1974111–12-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates1974111–12_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOates1974">Oates 1974</a>, pp. 111–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-Catton_pp_25-26-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Catton_pp_25-26_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catton_pp_25-26_139-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catton_pp_25-26_139-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catton_pp_25-26_139-3">d</a> <a href="#Catton">Catton</a>, pp. 25–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates1974112-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates1974112_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates1974112_141-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates1974112_141-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates1974112_141-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates1974112_141-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates1974112_141-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFOates1974">Oates 1974</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2016156Oates1974112-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2016156Oates1974112_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhite2016">White 2016</a>, p. 156; <a href="#CITEREFOates1974">Oates 1974</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-McFeely_p88-143"><a href="#cite_ref-McFeely_p88_143-0">^</a> <a href="#McFeely">McFeely</a>, p. 88 </li> <li id="cite_note-Catton_pp30-34-144"><a href="#cite_ref-Catton_pp30-34_144-0">^</a> <a href="#Catton">Catton</a>, pp. 30, 34 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOates1974112–13-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates1974112–13_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOates1974112–13_145-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOates1974">Oates 1974</a>, pp. 112–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_p114-146"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_p114_146-0">^</a> <a href="#Smith">Smith</a>, p. 114 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins1939b484,_487-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins1939b484,_487_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNevins1939b">Nevins 1939b</a>, pp. 484, 487. </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_p116-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_p116_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_p116_148-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_p116_148-2">c</a> <a href="#Smith">Smith</a>, p. 116 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins1939b488–89-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins1939b488–89_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNevins1939b">Nevins 1939b</a>, pp. 488–89. </li> <li id="cite_note-Catton_p28-150"><a href="#cite_ref-Catton_p28_150-0">^</a> <a href="#Catton">Catton</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-Catton_p29-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Catton_p29_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catton_p29_151-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catton_p29_151-2">c</a> <a href="#Catton">Catton</a>, p. 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-Catton_pp28_29-152"><a href="#cite_ref-Catton_pp28_29_152-0">^</a> <a href="#Catton">Catton</a>, pp. 28, 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_pp116-117-153"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_pp116-117_153-0">^</a> <a href="#Smith">Smith</a>, pp. 116–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_p117-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_p117_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_p117_154-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_p117_154-2">c</a> <a href="#Smith">Smith</a>, p. 117 </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_p117-118-155"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_p117-118_155-0">^</a> <a href="#Smith">Smith</a>, pp. 117–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_p119-156"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_p119_156-0">^</a> <a href="#Smith">Smith</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-Catton_67-157"><a href="#cite_ref-Catton_67_157-0">^</a> <a href="#Catton">Catton</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-Catton_p67-68-158"><a href="#cite_ref-Catton_p67-68_158-0">^</a> <a href="#Catton">Catton</a>, pp. 66–67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins1939b498–99-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins1939b498–99_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNevins1939b">Nevins 1939b</a>, pp. 498–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarwardine2003177–78-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarwardine2003177–78_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarwardine2003177–78_160-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarwardine2003">Carwardine 2003</a>, pp. 177–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins1939b499-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins1939b499_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins1939b499_161-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins1939b499_161-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFNevins1939b">Nevins 1939b</a>, p. 499. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarwardine2003177–78Nevins1939b499-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarwardine2003177–78Nevins1939b499_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarwardine2003">Carwardine 2003</a>, pp. 177–78; <a href="#CITEREFNevins1939b">Nevins 1939b</a>, p. 499. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Guelzo, Allen C. Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America. p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarwardine2003179;_Guelzo,_p._50-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarwardine2003179;_Guelzo,_p._50_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarwardine2003">Carwardine 2003</a>, p. 179; Guelzo, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Guelzo, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> Guelzo, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins1939b550-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins1939b550_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins1939b550_167-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins1939b550_167-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins1939b550_167-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFNevins1939b">Nevins 1939b</a>, p. 550. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins1939b554-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins1939b554_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNevins1939b">Nevins 1939b</a>, p. 554. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins1939b555-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins1939b555_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins1939b555_169-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins1939b555_169-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFNevins1939b">Nevins 1939b</a>, p. 555. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins1939b555–56-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins1939b555–56_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNevins1939b">Nevins 1939b</a>, pp. 555–56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2013467-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2013467_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2013467_171-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2013467_171-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTucker2013">Tucker 2013</a>, p. 467. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2013468-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2013468_172-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2013468_172-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2013468_172-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2013468_172-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2013468_172-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFTucker2013">Tucker 2013</a>, p. 468. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker20131560-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker20131560_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker20131560_173-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker20131560_173-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker20131560_173-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFTucker2013">Tucker 2013</a>, p. 1560. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sunsite.utk.edu/civil-war/ung_f.html">U.S. Civil War Generals – Union Generals – (Frémont)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070711202327/http://sunsite.utk.edu/civil-war/ung_f.html">Archived</a> July 11, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071005172031/http://www.civilwarstlouis.com/Bios/Fremont.htm">"John Charles Fremont"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilwarstlouis.com/Bios/Fremont.htm">the original</a> on October 5, 2007. Retrieved July 26, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Charles+Fremont&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.civilwarstlouis.com%2FBios%2FFremont.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Burlingame, Michael, The Black Man's President: Abraham Lincoln, African Americans, & the Pursuit of Racial Equality, New York: Pegasus Books, Ltd., 2021, pp. 113, 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> The delegation of African Americans from Poughkeepsie presented Lincoln with a petition calling upon him to accept the services "of ten thousand of the sable sons, called the Fremont Legion, to be led to the field of battle." White, Jonathan W., A House Built by Slaves: African American Visitors to the Lincoln White House, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2022, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgan1977" class="citation book cs1">Egan, Ferol (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I9ofR29Wd5YC&pg=PA519">Frémont, Explorer for a Restless Nation</a>. Reno, NV: University of Nevada Press. p. 519. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87417-096-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87417-096-2"><bdi>978-0-87417-096-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fr%C3%A9mont%2C+Explorer+for+a+Restless+Nation&rft.place=Reno%2C+NV&rft.pages=519&rft.pub=University+of+Nevada+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-87417-096-2&rft.aulast=Egan&rft.aufirst=Ferol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI9ofR29Wd5YC%26pg%3DPA519&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTenney1865" class="citation book cs1">Tenney, William Jewett (1865). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rX0FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA711">The Military and Naval History of the Rebellion in the United States</a>. New York: D. Appleton & Company. p. 711. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803221234/https://books.google.com/books?id=rX0FAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA711">Archived</a> from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved May 21, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+and+Naval+History+of+the+Rebellion+in+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=711&rft.pub=D.+Appleton+%26+Company&rft.date=1865&rft.aulast=Tenney&rft.aufirst=William+Jewett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrX0FAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA711&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins193123-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193123_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193123_180-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193123_180-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193123_180-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins193123_180-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFNevins1931">Nevins 1931</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenton2007" class="citation book cs1">Denton, Sally (2007). Passion and Principle, John and Jessie Fremont, The Couple whose Power, Politics, and Love Shaped Nineteenth-Century America. Bloomsbury. p. 347. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59691-019-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59691-019-5"><bdi>978-1-59691-019-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Passion+and+Principle%2C+John+and+Jessie+Fremont%2C+The+Couple+whose+Power%2C+Politics%2C+and+Love+Shaped+Nineteenth-Century+America&rft.pages=347&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59691-019-5&rft.aulast=Denton&rft.aufirst=Sally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCary2015" class="citation news cs1">Cary, Bill (January 16, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lohud.com/story/money/real-estate/homes/sell-this-house/2015/01/16/sleepy-hollow-stone-manor-sale/21770795/">"Historic Sleepy Hollow stone manor, $3.4 million"</a>. lohud. USA Today Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190201181750/https://www.lohud.com/story/money/real-estate/homes/sell-this-house/2015/01/16/sleepy-hollow-stone-manor-sale/21770795/">Archived</a> from the original on February 1, 2019. Retrieved August 2, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=lohud&rft.atitle=Historic+Sleepy+Hollow+stone+manor%2C+%243.4+million&rft.date=2015-01-16&rft.aulast=Cary&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lohud.com%2Fstory%2Fmoney%2Freal-estate%2Fhomes%2Fsell-this-house%2F2015%2F01%2F16%2Fsleepy-hollow-stone-manor-sale%2F21770795%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828060005/https://thelibrary.springfield.missouri.org/lochist/frisco/history/100years.cfm">"100 Years of Service"</a>. 1960. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thelibrary.springfield.missouri.org/lochist/frisco/history/100years.cfm">the original</a> on August 28, 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=100+Years+of+Service&rft.date=1960&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthelibrary.springfield.missouri.org%2Flochist%2Ffrisco%2Fhistory%2F100years.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> Denton, p. 354 </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1997" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Dale L. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bO5HPgpFGbQC">Rough Rider: Buckey O'Neill of Arizona</a>. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 23–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-9796-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-9796-3"><bdi>0-8032-9796-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved August 3, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rough+Rider%3A+Buckey+O%27Neill+of+Arizona&rft.pages=23-24&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8032-9796-3&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Dale+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbO5HPgpFGbQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerLanier1911" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Miller, Francis Trevelyan; Lanier, Robert Sampson (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CxdHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA186">The Photographic History of the Civil War</a>. Vol. 10, Armies and Leaders. New York: The Review of Reviews Co. p. 186. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803224523/https://books.google.com/books?id=CxdHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA186">Archived</a> from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved May 21, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Photographic+History+of+the+Civil+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=The+Review+of+Reviews+Co.&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Francis+Trevelyan&rft.au=Lanier%2C+Robert+Sampson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCxdHAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-opd-187">^ <a href="#cite_ref-opd_187-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-opd_187-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9902E1DD133BE533A25757C1A9619C94619ED7CF">"The Old Pathfinder Dead; Gen. John C. Fremont Expired at his Home Yesterday"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160820082134/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9902E1DD133BE533A25757C1A9619C94619ED7CF">Archived</a> August 20, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The New York Times, July 14, 1890 </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=f000374">"Frémont, John Charles, (1813–1890)"</a>. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121026005945/http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=F000374">Archived</a> from the original on October 26, 2012. Retrieved August 23, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Fr%C3%A9mont%2C+John+Charles%2C+%281813%E2%80%931890%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3Df000374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/118983151">Approved Pension File for Jessie Benton Fremont, Widow of Major General John C. Fremont, U.S. Army</a>. Series: Case Files of Approved Pension Applications of Widows and Other Dependents of the Army and Navy Who Served Mainly in the Civil War and the War with Spain, 1861–1934. National Archives and Records Administration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190802170846/https://catalog.archives.gov/id/118983151">Archived</a> from the original on August 2, 2019. Retrieved August 1, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Approved+Pension+File+for+Jessie+Benton+Fremont%2C+Widow+of+Major+General+John+C.+Fremont%2C+U.S.+Army&rft.series=Series%3A+Case+Files+of+Approved+Pension+Applications+of+Widows+and+Other+Dependents+of+the+Army+and+Navy+Who+Served+Mainly+in+the+Civil+War+and+the+War+with+Spain%2C+1861%E2%80%931934&rft.pub=National+Archives+and+Records+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.archives.gov%2Fid%2F118983151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrous2013" class="citation news cs1">Burrous, Charlotte (September 4, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canoncitydailyrecord.com/news/canoncity-lolcal-news/ci_24019323/standing-tall-sculpture-john-c-fremont-displayed-at">"Standing TALL: Sculpture of John C. Fremont displayed at Pathfinder Regional Park"</a>. Canyon City News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171002120038/http://www.canoncitydailyrecord.com/news/canoncity-lolcal-news/ci_24019323/standing-tall-sculpture-john-c-fremont-displayed-at">Archived</a> from the original on October 2, 2017. Retrieved June 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canyon+City+News&rft.atitle=Standing+TALL%3A+Sculpture+of+John+C.+Fremont+displayed+at+Pathfinder+Regional+Park&rft.date=2013-09-04&rft.aulast=Burrous&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canoncitydailyrecord.com%2Fnews%2Fcanoncity-lolcal-news%2Fci_24019323%2Fstanding-tall-sculpture-john-c-fremont-displayed-at&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins1939a1-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins1939a1_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins1939a1_191-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNevins1939a">Nevins 1939a</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENevins1939a2-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins1939a2_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins1939a2_192-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevins1939a2_192-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFNevins1939a">Nevins 1939a</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeidenreich200786-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeidenreich200786_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeidenreich200786_193-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeidenreich200786_193-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeidenreich2007">Heidenreich 2007</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeidenreich200787-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeidenreich200787_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeidenreich2007">Heidenreich 2007</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"Jessie_Benton_Fremont:_Wife_of_Union_General_John_C._Fremont"" class="citation web cs1">MacLean, Maggie (February 19, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilwarwomenblog.com/jessie-benton-fremont/">"Jessie Benton Fremont: Wife of Union General John C. Fremont"</a>. Civil War Women Blog. Maggie MacLean. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170514011205/http://www.civilwarwomenblog.com/jessie-benton-fremont/">Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2017. Retrieved May 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Civil+War+Women+Blog&rft.atitle=Jessie+Benton+Fremont%3A+Wife+of+Union+General+John+C.+Fremont&rft.date=2009-02-19&rft.aulast=MacLean&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.civilwarwomenblog.com%2Fjessie-benton-fremont%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/156012614/">"Daughter of the Pathfinder Dead"</a>. Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles. May 29, 1919. p. 1, section II. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171002165441/https://www.newspapers.com/image/156012614/">Archived</a> from the original on October 2, 2017. Retrieved May 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Daughter+of+the+Pathfinder+Dead&rft.pages=1%2C+section+II&rft.date=1919-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F156012614%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Jessie_Benton_Fremont:_Wife_of_Union_General_John_C._Fremont"-197">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Jessie_Benton_Fremont:_Wife_of_Union_General_John_C._Fremont"_197-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Jessie_Benton_Fremont:_Wife_of_Union_General_John_C._Fremont"_197-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Jessie_Benton_Fremont:_Wife_of_Union_General_John_C._Fremont"_197-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREF"Jessie_Benton_Fremont:_Wife_of_Union_General_John_C._Fremont"">"Jessie Benton Fremont: Wife of Union General John C. Fremont"</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/20622690/">"Rear Admiral Fremont Dead"</a>. The New York Times. New York. March 8, 1911. p. 11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170816232600/https://www.newspapers.com/image/20622690/">Archived</a> from the original on August 16, 2017. Retrieved May 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Rear+Admiral+Fremont+Dead&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1911-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F20622690%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/103656931/">"John C. Fremont's Son Dies in Cuba"</a>. Oakland Tribune. Oakland, CA. October 9, 1931. p. 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171002120745/https://www.newspapers.com/image/103656931/">Archived</a> from the original on October 2, 2017. Retrieved May 20, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oakland+Tribune&rft.atitle=John+C.+Fremont%27s+Son+Dies+in+Cuba&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1931-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F103656931%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gannett1905-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gannett1905_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gannett1905_200-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gannett1905_200-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gannett1905_200-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gannett1905_200-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gannett1905_200-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gannett1905_200-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGannett,_Henry1905" class="citation book cs1">Gannett, Henry (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ">The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States</a>. Govt. Print. Off. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ/page/n131">132</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Certain+Place+Names+in+the+United+States&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Govt.+Print.+Off.&rft.date=1905&rft.au=Gannett%2C+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fremont.gov/149/History">"History"</a>. City of Fremont. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180122181644/https://fremont.gov/149/History">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2018. Retrieved January 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft.pub=City+of+Fremont&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffremont.gov%2F149%2FHistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> Taylor, Robert M.; Stevens, Errol Wayne; Ponder, Mary Ann (1990) Indiana: A New Historical Guide, Indiana Historical Society, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87195-048-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87195-048-2">978-0-87195-048-2</a>, p. 25 </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iowaheritage.org/items/show/78615">"Fremont, IA, 1913; Cedar Township; Mahaska County; Iowa"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200328160559/https://www.iowaheritage.org/items/show/78615">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2020. Retrieved March 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fremont%2C+IA%2C+1913%3B+Cedar+Township%3B+Mahaska+County%3B+Iowa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iowaheritage.org%2Fitems%2Fshow%2F78615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=21803">"Profile for Fremont, Michigan, MI"</a>. ePodunk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130210131708/http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=21803">Archived</a> from the original on February 10, 2013. Retrieved August 26, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Profile+for+Fremont%2C+Michigan%2C+MI&rft.pub=ePodunk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epodunk.com%2Fcgi-bin%2FgenInfo.php%3FlocIndex%3D21803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpham1920" class="citation book cs1">Upham, Warren (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/minnesotageogra00uphagoog">Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance</a>. Minnesota Historical Society. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/minnesotageogra00uphagoog/page/n599">582</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minnesota+Geographic+Names%3A+Their+Origin+and+Historic+Significance&rft.pages=582&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Upham&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fminnesotageogra00uphagoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChicago_and_North_Western_Railway_Company1908" class="citation book cs1">Chicago and North Western Railway Company (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OspBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA74">A History of the Origin of the Place Names Connected with the Chicago & North Western and Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railways</a>. p. 74. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160426233821/https://books.google.com/books?id=OspBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA74">Archived</a> from the original on April 26, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Origin+of+the+Place+Names+Connected+with+the+Chicago+%26+North+Western+and+Chicago%2C+St.+Paul%2C+Minneapolis+%26+Omaha+Railways&rft.pages=74&rft.date=1908&rft.au=Chicago+and+North+Western+Railway+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOspBAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fremontny.org/">"Town of Fremont"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180117064127/http://fremontny.org/">Archived</a> from the original on January 17, 2018. Retrieved January 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Town+of+Fremont&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fremontny.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPSFremont-208">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPSFremont_208-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPSFremont_208-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/media/video/view.htm?id=2777528E-155D-451F-67B33A0D8C954A72">"Fremont River"</a>. U.S. National Park Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160715122506/https://www.nps.gov/media/video/view.htm?id=2777528E-155D-451F-67B33A0D8C954A72">Archived</a> from the original on July 15, 2016. Retrieved September 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fremont+River&rft.pub=U.S.+National+Park+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fmedia%2Fvideo%2Fview.htm%3Fid%3D2777528E-155D-451F-67B33A0D8C954A72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.townoffremont.com/info-fremonthistory.php">"Area Information – History of the Town of Fremont"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180122181658/http://www.townoffremont.com/info-fremonthistory.php">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2018. Retrieved January 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Area+Information+%E2%80%93+History+of+the+Town+of+Fremont&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.townoffremont.com%2Finfo-fremonthistory.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Divjak2006-210"><a href="#cite_ref-Divjak2006_210-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDivjak,_Helen2006" class="citation book cs1">Divjak, Helen (2006). Seattle's Fremont. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0738531199" title="Special:BookSources/978-0738531199"><bdi>978-0738531199</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70269000">70269000</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seattle%27s+Fremont&rft.place=Charleston%2C+SC&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70269000&rft.isbn=978-0738531199&rft.au=Divjak%2C+Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Browning2006-211"><a href="#cite_ref-Browning2006_211-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowning2006" class="citation book cs1">Browning, Peter (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=idt7eUR8G98C&pg=PA116">Exploring the Back Roads: 28 Day Trips in the Greater Bay Area</a>. Great West Books. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0944220214" title="Special:BookSources/978-0944220214"><bdi>978-0944220214</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804004538/https://books.google.com/books?id=idt7eUR8G98C&pg=PA116">Archived</a> from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved January 22, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+the+Back+Roads%3A+28+Day+Trips+in+the+Greater+Bay+Area&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Great+West+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0944220214&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Didt7eUR8G98C%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnes2016-212"><a href="#cite_ref-Barnes2016_212-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes2016" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, Will Croft (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CYorDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA170">Arizona Place Names</a>. University of Arizona Press. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816534951" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816534951"><bdi>978-0816534951</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803215823/https://books.google.com/books?id=CYorDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA170">Archived</a> from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arizona+Place+Names&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0816534951&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Will+Croft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCYorDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wyohistory.org/encyclopedia/crossing-wyoming-kit-carson-and-changing-west">"Crossing Wyoming: Kit Carson and a Changing West"</a>. Wyoming State Historical Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180122235106/https://www.wyohistory.org/encyclopedia/crossing-wyoming-kit-carson-and-changing-west">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crossing+Wyoming%3A+Kit+Carson+and+a+Changing+West&rft.pub=Wyoming+State+Historical+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wyohistory.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Fcrossing-wyoming-kit-carson-and-changing-west&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wyohistory.org/encyclopedia/pathfinder-dam">"Pathfinder Dam"</a>. Wyoming State Historical Society. Retrieved January 23, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pathfinder+Dam&rft.pub=Wyoming+State+Historical+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wyohistory.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Fpathfinder-dam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBach1981" class="citation book cs1">Bach, Melva M. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/downloads/5999n757t">History of the Fremont NAtional Forest</a> (PDF). National Park Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180123072123/https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/downloads/5999n757t">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Fremont+NAtional+Forest&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Bach&rft.aufirst=Melva+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fir.library.oregonstate.edu%2Fdownloads%2F5999n757t&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ohp.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=21483">"San Joaquin"</a>. California Office of Historic Preservation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171219041158/http://ohp.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=21483">Archived</a> from the original on December 19, 2017. Retrieved January 23, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=San+Joaquin&rft.pub=California+Office+of+Historic+Preservation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fohp.parks.ca.gov%2F%3Fpage_id%3D21483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHembree" class="citation news cs1">Hembree, Diana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/dianahembree/2017/06/13/pet-diary-why-dog-friendly-campsites-beat-out-a-four-star-hotel/">"Pet Diary: Why "Dog-Friendly" Campsites Beat Out A Four-Star Hotel"</a>. Forbes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180913224053/https://www.forbes.com/sites/dianahembree/2017/06/13/pet-diary-why-dog-friendly-campsites-beat-out-a-four-star-hotel/">Archived</a> from the original on September 13, 2018. Retrieved September 13, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Pet+Diary%3A+Why+%22Dog-Friendly%22+Campsites+Beat+Out+A+Four-Star+Hotel&rft.aulast=Hembree&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fdianahembree%2F2017%2F06%2F13%2Fpet-diary-why-dog-friendly-campsites-beat-out-a-four-star-hotel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> Snyder, Eugene E. Portland Names and Neighborhoods: Their Historic Origin. Portland: <a href="/wiki/Binford_%26_Mort" title="Binford & Mort">Binford & Mort</a>, 1979. p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenspun2015" class="citation news cs1">Greenspun, Brian (November 15, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lasvegassun.com/news/2015/nov/15/fremont-school-at-60-years-old-still-performing-it/">"Fremont school, at 60 years old, still performing its mission"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Sun" title="Las Vegas Sun">Las Vegas Sun</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180122181709/https://lasvegassun.com/news/2015/nov/15/fremont-school-at-60-years-old-still-performing-it/">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Las+Vegas+Sun&rft.atitle=Fremont+school%2C+at+60+years+old%2C+still+performing+its+mission&rft.date=2015-11-15&rft.aulast=Greenspun&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flasvegassun.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2Fnov%2F15%2Ffremont-school-at-60-years-old-still-performing-it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vesselhistory.marad.dot.gov/ShipHistory/Detail/6035">"John C Fremont"</a>. US Maritime Administration. US Gov. Retrieved November 6, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Maritime+Administration&rft.atitle=John+C+Fremont&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvesselhistory.marad.dot.gov%2FShipHistory%2FDetail%2F6035&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://farm1.static.flickr.com/26/47910472_e2b264ee9a.jpg?v=0">Picture of the Fremont Cannon</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041226085839/http://www.collegefootballhistory.com/nv_wolfpack/history.htm">"Nevada Wolf Pack History"</a>. College Football History. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collegefootballhistory.com/nv_wolfpack/history.htm">the original</a> on December 26, 2004. Retrieved September 19, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nevada+Wolf+Pack+History&rft.pub=College+Football+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collegefootballhistory.com%2Fnv_wolfpack%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pathfinderchorus.org/">"The Pathfinder Chorus"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222141317/http://www.pathfinderchorus.org/">Archived</a> from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 14, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Pathfinder+Chorus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pathfinderchorus.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freepages.military.rootsweb.com/~pathfinders/history.htm">History of the Pathfinders</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041105030927/http://freepages.military.rootsweb.com/~pathfinders/history.htm">Archived</a> November 5, 2004, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Fremont Pathfinders Artillery Battery. URL retrieved on February 19, 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalcowboymuseum.org/hall-of-great-westerners/">"Hall of Great Westerners"</a>. National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190419213638/https://nationalcowboymuseum.org/hall-of-great-westerners/">Archived</a> from the original on April 19, 2019. Retrieved November 22, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Cowboy+%26+Western+Heritage+Museum&rft.atitle=Hall+of+Great+Westerners&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalcowboymuseum.org%2Fhall-of-great-westerners%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.rootsweb.com/~gahchs/archives/WarlickAward2007/">"2007 Roger K. Warlick Local History Achievement Award from Georgia Historical Society (GHS)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2007+Roger+K.+Warlick+Local+History+Achievement+Award+from+Georgia+Historical+Society+%28GHS%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.rootsweb.com%2F~gahchs%2Farchives%2FWarlickAward2007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgia_Historical_Society" class="citation web cs1">Georgia Historical Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.rootsweb.com/~gahchs/1856/">"The 1856 Handbook"</a>. Rootsweb.com. Retrieved September 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rootsweb.com&rft.atitle=The+1856+Handbook&rft.au=Georgia+Historical+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.rootsweb.com%2F~gahchs%2F1856%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBancroft1886" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Howe_Bancroft" title="Hubert Howe Bancroft">Bancroft, Hubert H.</a> (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/histofcaliforn05bancroft#page/n11/mode/2up">History of California</a>. Vol. 5. San Francisco: The History Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+California&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=The+History+Company&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Bancroft&rft.aufirst=Hubert+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fhistofcaliforn05bancroft%23page%2Fn11%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrands2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H.W._Brands" class="mw-redirect" title="H.W. Brands">Brands, H. W.</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manwhosavedunion0000bran">The Man Who Saved the Union: Ulysses S. Grant in War and Peace</a>. New York: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-53241-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-53241-9"><bdi>978-0-385-53241-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Man+Who+Saved+the+Union%3A+Ulysses+S.+Grant+in+War+and+Peace&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-385-53241-9&rft.aulast=Brands&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanwhosavedunion0000bran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreckenridge1894" class="citation book cs1">Breckenridge, Thomas E. (1894). Thomas E. Breckenridge Memoirs. University of Missouri at Columbia: Western Historical Manuscripts Collection.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+E.+Breckenridge+Memoirs&rft.place=University+of+Missouri+at+Columbia&rft.pub=Western+Historical+Manuscripts+Collection&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Breckenridge&rft.aufirst=Thomas+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarson1924" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Kit (1924). Kit Carson's Own Story of His Life, As dictated to Col. And Mrs. D.C. Peters about 1856–1857, and never before published. Taos, NM: Santa Fe New Mexican Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kit+Carson%27s+Own+Story+of+His+Life%2C+As+dictated+to+Col.+And+Mrs.+D.C.+Peters+about+1856%E2%80%931857%2C+and+never+before+published.&rft.place=Taos%2C+NM&rft.pub=Santa+Fe+New+Mexican+Publishing&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Kit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarwardine2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Carwardine" title="Richard Carwardine">Carwardine, Richard</a> (2003). Lincoln. Pearson Education Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-03279-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-03279-8"><bdi>978-0-582-03279-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+Ltd&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-582-03279-8&rft.aulast=Carwardine&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> Lincoln: A Life of Purpose and Power (2006). Alfred A. Knopf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1400044561" title="Special:BookSources/1400044561">1400044561</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Catton" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Catton" title="Bruce Catton">Catton, Bruce</a> (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/terribleswiftswo012780mbp">Terrible Swift Sword</a>. <a href="/wiki/Garden_City,_NY" class="mw-redirect" title="Garden City, NY">Garden City, NY</a>: <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrible+Swift+Sword&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+NY&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Catton&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fterribleswiftswo012780mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Dellenbaugh" class="citation book cs1">Dellenbaugh, Frederick S. (1914) (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/frmontandstorya00dellgoog#page/n10/mode/2up">Frémont and '49: The Story of a Remarkable Career and its Relation to the Exploration and Development of our Western Territory, Especially of California</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fr%C3%A9mont+and+%2749%3A+The+Story+of+a+Remarkable+Career+and+its+Relation+to+the+Exploration+and+Development+of+our+Western+Territory%2C+Especially+of+California&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Dellenbaugh&rft.aufirst=Frederick+S.+%281914%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Ffrmontandstorya00dellgoog%23page%2Fn10%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) New York and London: G.P. Putnam's Sons.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenton2011" class="citation news cs1">Denton, Sally (Winter 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanheritage.com/content/fremont-steals-california">"Frémont Steals California"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Heritage_(magazine)" title="American Heritage (magazine)">American Heritage</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111225151831/http://www.americanheritage.com/content/fremont-steals-california">Archived</a> from the original on December 25, 2011. Retrieved December 26, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Heritage&rft.atitle=Fr%C3%A9mont+Steals+California&rft.ssn=winter&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Denton&rft.aufirst=Sally&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanheritage.com%2Fcontent%2Ffremont-steals-california&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrémont1973" class="citation book cs1">Frémont, John C. (1973). Mary Lee Spence; Donald Jackson (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/expeditionsofjoh00dona">The Expeditions of John Charles Frémont: The Bear Flag Revolt and the Court-Martial</a>. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-00249-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-00249-0"><bdi>0-252-00249-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Expeditions+of+John+Charles+Fr%C3%A9mont%3A+The+Bear+Flag+Revolt+and+the+Court-Martial&rft.place=Urbana&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-252-00249-0&rft.aulast=Fr%C3%A9mont&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexpeditionsofjoh00dona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> PDF versions of the three volumes of this work are available for download. Volume 2 is at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/handle/2142/9033">Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (IDEALS)|accessed September 2018</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180916022831/https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/handle/2142/9033">Archived</a> September 16, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrémont1887" class="citation book cs1">Frémont, John Charles (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cihm_14127#page/n7/mode/2up">Memoirs of My Life, By John Charles Frémont</a>. Chicago: Belford, Clark. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780665141270" title="Special:BookSources/9780665141270"><bdi>9780665141270</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+My+Life%2C+By+John+Charles+Fr%C3%A9mont&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Belford%2C+Clark&rft.date=1887&rft.isbn=9780665141270&rft.aulast=Fr%C3%A9mont&rft.aufirst=John+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcihm_14127%23page%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrivas1963" class="citation book cs1">Grivas, Theodore (1963). Military governments in California, 1846–1850; with a chapter on their prior use in Louisiana, Florida, and New Mexico. Glendale, CA: A.H. Clark Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+governments+in+California%2C+1846%E2%80%931850%3B+with+a+chapter+on+their+prior+use+in+Louisiana%2C+Florida%2C+and+New+Mexico&rft.place=Glendale%2C+CA&rft.pub=A.H.+Clark+Co.&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Grivas&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerica's_Successful_Men_of_Affairs" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Henry (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X5wMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA494">America's Successful Men of Affairs</a>. Vol. I. New York: New York Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803223423/https://books.google.com/books?id=X5wMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA494">Archived</a> from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved June 27, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Successful+Men+of+Affairs&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+Tribune&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX5wMAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeidenreich2007" class="citation book cs1">Heidenreich, Linda (2007). This Land Was Mexican Once: Histories of Resistance from Northern California. Austin: University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71633-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71633-9"><bdi>978-0-292-71633-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=This+Land+Was+Mexican+Once%3A+Histories+of+Resistance+from+Northern+California&rft.place=Austin&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-292-71633-9&rft.aulast=Heidenreich&rft.aufirst=Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadley2016" class="citation book cs1">Madley, Benjamin (2016). An American Genocide. Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+American+Genocide&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Madley&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1975" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Thomas S. (1975). With Frémont to California and the Southwest 1845–1849. Ashland, OR: Lewis Osborne.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+Fr%C3%A9mont+to+California+and+the+Southwest+1845%E2%80%931849&rft.place=Ashland%2C+OR&rft.pub=Lewis+Osborne&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Thomas+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcFeely1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_S._McFeely" title="William S. McFeely">McFeely, William S.</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GdpmKTM5zTwC">Grant: A Biography</a>. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-01372-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-01372-3"><bdi>0-393-01372-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200328183724/https://books.google.com/books?id=GdpmKTM5zTwC">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2020. Retrieved October 23, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grant%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-393-01372-3&rft.aulast=McFeely&rft.aufirst=William+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGdpmKTM5zTwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNamara2016" class="citation web cs1">McNamara, John (May 31, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/john-c-fremont-biography-1773598">"John C. Frémont Called "The Pathfinder," His Expeditions and Writings Inspired Americans"</a>. ThoughtCo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171002120708/https://www.thoughtco.com/john-c-fremont-biography-1773598">Archived</a> from the original on October 2, 2017. Retrieved May 8, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont+Called+%22The+Pathfinder%2C%22+His+Expeditions+and+Writings+Inspired+Americans&rft.pub=ThoughtCo.&rft.date=2016-05-31&rft.aulast=McNamara&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fjohn-c-fremont-biography-1773598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNevins1931" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allan_Nevins" title="Allan Nevins">Nevins, Allan</a> (1931). Allen Johnson; Dumas Malone (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofamer07ilamer#page/19/mode/1up">Dictionary of American Biography Frémont, John Charles</a>. Vol. 7. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 19–23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+American+Biography+Fr%C3%A9mont%2C+John+Charles&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=19-23&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Nevins&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fdictionaryofamer07ilamer%23page%2F19%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNevins1939a" class="citation book cs1">—— (1939a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frmontpathmarker01nevi">Frémont, Pathmarker of the West</a>. Vol. 1. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fr%C3%A9mont%2C+Pathmarker+of+the+West&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Frederick+Ungar+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Nevins&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrmontpathmarker01nevi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNevins1939b" class="citation book cs1">—— (1939b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/frmontpathmarker02nevi">Frémont, Pathmarker of the West</a>. Vol. 2. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fr%C3%A9mont%2C+Pathmarker+of+the+West&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Frederick+Ungar+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Nevins&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrmontpathmarker02nevi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOates1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_B._Oates" title="Stephen B. Oates">Oates, Stephen B.</a> (1974). <a href="/wiki/C._Vann_Woodward" title="C. Vann Woodward">Woodward, C. Vann</a> (ed.). Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct. New York: Delacorte Press. pp. 111–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-440-05923-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-440-05923-2"><bdi>0-440-05923-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Responses+of+the+Presidents+to+Charges+of+Misconduct&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=111-13&rft.pub=Delacorte+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-440-05923-2&rft.aulast=Oates&rft.aufirst=Stephen+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolk1910" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk, James K.</a> (1910). Quaife, Milo M. (ed.). The Diary of James K. Polk During His Presidency, 1845 to 1849, Volume 1. Chicago.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diary+of+James+K.+Polk+During+His+Presidency%2C+1845+to+1849%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=Chicago&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Polk&rft.aufirst=James+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2007" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Leonard L. (2007). The California Gold Rush and the Coming of the Civil War. New York: Vintage Books Random House Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-27757-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-27757-2"><bdi>978-0-307-27757-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+California+Gold+Rush+and+the+Coming+of+the+Civil+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage+Books+Random+House+Inc.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-307-27757-2&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Leonard+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers1950" class="citation journal cs1">Rogers, Fred B. (September 1950). "Bear Flag Lieutenant: The Life Story of Henry L. Ford (1822–1860), with Some Related and Contemporary Art of Alexander Edouart". California Historical Society Quarterly. 29 (3). University of California Press in association with the California Historical Society: 261–78. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25156252">25156252</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=California+Historical+Society+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Bear+Flag+Lieutenant%3A+The+Life+Story+of+Henry+L.+Ford+%281822%E2%80%931860%29%2C+with+Some+Related+and+Contemporary+Art+of+Alexander+Edouart&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=261-78&rft.date=1950-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25156252%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Fred+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabin1995" class="citation book cs1">Sabin, Edwin L. (1995). Kit Carson Days, 1809–1868: Adventures in the Path of Empire. Vol. 1. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-9237-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-9237-6"><bdi>0-8032-9237-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kit+Carson+Days%2C+1809%E2%80%931868%3A+Adventures+in+the+Path+of+Empire&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8032-9237-6&rft.aulast=Sabin&rft.aufirst=Edwin+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="EERM" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reportexploring00hallgoog">The Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains in the Year 1842, and to Oregon and North California in the Years 1843–44</a>. Washington: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gales" title="Joseph Gales">Gales</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Winston_Seaton" title="William Winston Seaton">Seaton</a>. 1845.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Exploring+Expedition+to+the+Rocky+Mountains+in+the+Year+1842%2C+and+to+Oregon+and+North+California+in+the+Years+1843%E2%80%9344&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=Gales+and+Seaton&rft.date=1845&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freportexploring00hallgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="EERM1853" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/exploringexpedi01frgoog">The Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains, Oregon and California, to Which is Added A Description of the Physical Geography of California. With Recent Notices of the Gold Region from the Latest and Most Authentic Sources</a>. Buffalo: <a href="/wiki/James_Cephas_Derby" title="James Cephas Derby">Derby Orton & Mulligan</a>. 1853.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Exploring+Expedition+to+the+Rocky+Mountains%2C+Oregon+and+California%2C+to+Which+is+Added+A+Description+of+the+Physical+Geography+of+California.+With+Recent+Notices+of+the+Gold+Region+from+the+Latest+and+Most+Authentic+Sources&rft.place=Buffalo&rft.pub=Derby+Orton+%26+Mulligan&rft.date=1853&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexploringexpedi01frgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Edward_Smith" title="Jean Edward Smith">Smith, Jean Edward</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grant00smit">Grant</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-84927-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-84927-5"><bdi>0-684-84927-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grant&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-684-84927-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Jean+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgrant00smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolnit2006" class="citation web cs1">Solnit, Rebecca (June 25, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/opinion/article/Of-illegal-immigration-and-bloodshed-in-1846-2494092.php#photo-2658161">"Of illegal immigration and bloodshed – in 1846 / Celebrated killings highlight dubious path to statehood"</a>. SFGATE Hearst Communications. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170912234010/http://www.sfgate.com/opinion/article/Of-illegal-immigration-and-bloodshed-in-1846-2494092.php#photo-2658161">Archived</a> from the original on September 12, 2017. Retrieved June 18, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Of+illegal+immigration+and+bloodshed+%E2%80%93+in+1846+%2F+Celebrated+killings+highlight+dubious+path+to+statehood&rft.pub=SFGATE+Hearst+Communications&rft.date=2006-06-25&rft.aulast=Solnit&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fopinion%2Farticle%2FOf-illegal-immigration-and-bloodshed-in-1846-2494092.php%23photo-2658161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2013" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C. (2013). Spencer C. Tucker (ed.). American Civil War: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection. <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California" title="Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara</a>, CA: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-677-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-677-0"><bdi>978-1-85109-677-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Civil+War%3A+The+Definitive+Encyclopedia+and+Document+Collection&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-677-0&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTustin1880" class="citation book cs1">Tustin, William Issac (1880). Recollections of Early Days in California. Bancroft Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recollections+of+Early+Days+in+California&rft.pub=Bancroft+Library&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Tustin&rft.aufirst=William+Issac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1999" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Dale L. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bearflagrisingco00walk_0">Bear Flag Rising: The Conquest of California, 1846</a>. New York: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312866852" title="Special:BookSources/0312866852"><bdi>0312866852</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bear+Flag+Rising%3A+The+Conquest+of+California%2C+1846&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0312866852&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Dale+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbearflagrisingco00walk_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_C._White" title="Ronald C. White">White, Ronald C.</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TPNRCwAAQBAJ">American Ulysses: A Life of Ulysses S. Grant</a>. Random House Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5883-6992-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5883-6992-5"><bdi>978-1-5883-6992-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201231123958/https://books.google.com/books?id=TPNRCwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on December 31, 2020. Retrieved October 23, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Ulysses%3A+A+Life+of+Ulysses+S.+Grant&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-5883-6992-5&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Ronald+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTPNRCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li>Bashford, Herbert and Wagner, Harr. A Man Unafraid: The Story of John Charles Frémont (Harr Wagner, San Francisco, 1927)</li> <li>Bicknell, John. Lincoln's Pathfinder: John C. Frémont and the Violent Election of 1856 (2017), popular history of 1856 election from Frémont's perspective. 355 pp.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Brandon_(author)" title="William Brandon (author)">Brandon, William</a>. The Men and the Mountain (1955) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8371-5873-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8371-5873-7">0-8371-5873-7</a>. An account of Frémont's failed fourth expedition.</li> <li>Chaffin, Tom. Pathfinder: John Charles Frémont and the Course of American Empire, New York: Hill and Wang, 2002 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-7557-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-7557-7">978-0-8090-7557-7</a></li> <li>Denton, Sally. Passion and Principle, John and Jessie Fremont, The Couple whose Power, Politics, and Love Shaped Nineteenth-Century America, New York: Bloomsbury, 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59691-019-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59691-019-5">978-1-59691-019-5</a></li> <li>Eyre, Alice. The Famous Fremonts and Their America, Boston: The Christopher Publishing House, 1948; <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/61013063">61-13063</a></li> <li>Fleek, Sherman L. "The Kearny/Stockton/Frémont Feud: The Mormon Battalion's Most Significant Contribution in California." Journal of Mormon History 37.3 (2011): 229–57. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23292728">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180916130433/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23292728">Archived</a> September 16, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Gano, Geneva M. "At the Frontier of Precision and Persuasion: The Convergence of Natural Philosophy and National Philosophy in John C. Fremont's 1842, 1843–44 Report and Map," ATQ ("The American Transcendental Quarterly"), September 2004, Vol. 18, #3, pp. 131–54.</li> <li>Goetzmann, William H. Army Exploration in the American West 1803–1863 (Yale University Press, 1959; University of Nebraska Press, 1979)</li> <li>Goodwin, Cardinal. John Charles Frémont: An Explanation of His Career (Stanford University Press, 1930)</li> <li>Harvey, Miles. The Island of Lost Maps: A True Story of Cartographic Crime, <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-50151-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-50151-7">0-375-50151-7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7679-0826-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7679-0826-0">0-7679-0826-0</a>.</li> <li>Herr, Pamela. Jessie Benton Frémont: American Woman of the 19th Century (1987), biography of his wife</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Inskeep" title="Steve Inskeep">Inskeep, Steve</a>. Imperfect Union: How Jessie and John Frémont Mapped the West, Invented Celebrity, and Helped Cause the Civil War (Penguin Press, 2020)</li> <li>Menard, Andrew. Sight Unseen: How Frémont's First Expedition Changed the American Landscape (University of Nebraska Press, 2012) 249 pp.</li> <li>Miller, David. "Heroes of American Empire: John C. Frémont, Kit Carson, and the Culture of Imperialism, 1842–1898", Dissertation Abstracts International, 2008, Vol. 68 Issue 10, p. 4447</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Nevins" title="Allan Nevins">Nevins, Allan</a>. Frémont: The West's Greatest Adventurer Being a Biography from certain hitherto unpublished sources of General John C. Frémont Together with His Wife Jessie Benton Frémont and some account of the period of expansion which found a brilliant leader in The Pathfinder (two volumes) (Harper & Brothers, 1928) (revised in 1939 and 1955 as Frémont: Pathmarker of the West)</li> <li>Roberts, David (2001). A Newer World: Kit Carson, John C. Frémont, and the Claiming of the American West, New York: Touchstone <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-83482-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-83482-0">0-684-83482-0</a></li> <li>Rolle, Andrew F. (1991). John Charles Frémont: Character as Destiny. University of Oklahoma Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0806131357" title="Special:BookSources/0806131357">0806131357</a></li> <li>Tompkins, Walker A. Santa Barbara, Past and Present. Tecolote Books, Santa Barbara, CA, 1975.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_White_(historian)" title="Richard White (historian)">White</a>, Richard (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/railroadedtransc00whit_0">Railroaded: The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America</a>. W.W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06126-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06126-0"><bdi>978-0-393-06126-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Railroaded%3A+The+Transcontinentals+and+the+Making+of+Modern+America&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06126-0&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frailroadedtransc00whit_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Yanoff, Stephen G. (2024). Wonder of the West: The Adventurous Life of John C. Frémont. Bloomington, Indiana: AuthorHouse. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8823024457" title="Special:BookSources/979-8823024457">979-8823024457</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wentworth_Upham" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Wentworth Upham">Charles Wentworth Upham</a>, Life, Explorations and Public Services of John Charles Fremont (Ticknor and Fields, Boston, 1856).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a>, Life of Col. Fremont (Greeley and M'Elrath, New York, 1856). This 32-page pamphlet does not identify its author, but Greeley's company published it.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bigelow" title="John Bigelow">John Bigelow</a>, Memoir of the Life and Public Services of John Charles Fremont (Derby & Jackson, New York, 1856).</li> <li>Samuel M. Smucker, The Life of Col. John Charles Fremont, and His Narrative of Explorations and Adventures in Kansas, Nebraska, Oregon and California: The Memoir by Samuel M. Smucker, A.M. (Miller, Orton & Mulligan, New York and Auburn, 1856).</li> <li>Harper's Weekly political cartoon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/2003652572/">"That's What's the Trouble with John C."</a>; Fremont's 1864 challenge to Lincoln's re-nomination.</li> <li>David H. Miller and Mark J. Stegmaier, James F. Milligan: His Journal of Fremont's Fifth Expedition, 1853–1854; His Adventurous Life on Land and Sea, Arthur H. Clark Co., 1988. 300 pp.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bendbranches.com/tag/john-c-fremont/">Finding Frémont Exhibit</a> Des Chutes Historical Museum in Bend, Oregon 2015</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://azmemory.azlibrary.gov/cdm/compoundobject/collection/acmterr/id/9/rec/5">Oil Portrait of John Charles Frémont, 1878–1882 Territorial Governor of Arizona</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mrlincolnandfreedom.org/inside.asp?ID=31&subjectID=3">Mr. Lincoln and Freedom: John C. Frémont</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120318034104/http://www.mrlincolnandfreedom.org/inside.asp?ID=31&subjectID=3">Archived</a> March 18, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressF000374" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=F000374">"John C. Frémont (id: F000374)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=John+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont+%28id%3A+F000374%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DF000374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"> Retrieved on 2009-05-01</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.generalsandbrevets.com/ngf/fremont.htm">The Generals of the American Civil War – Pictures of John Charles Frémont</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090112045353/http://www.generalsandbrevets.com/ngf/fremont.htm">Archived</a> January 12, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt7779n8sm/">Guide to the Frémont Family Papers</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Bancroft_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bancroft Library">The Bancroft Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoirsofmylifei00frrich">Memoirs of my life : including in the narrative five journeys of western explorations during the years 1842, 1843–4, 1845–6–7, 1848–9, 1853–4 by John c. Fremont</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/addressofwelcome00gibsrich">Address of welcome to General John C. Fremont, governor of Arizona territory, upon the occasion of his reception by his associates of the Association Pioneers of the Territorial Days of California, at their headquarters, Sturtevant House, New York, on ... August 1, 1878</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdn.calisphere.org/data/13030/j8/tf3r29p0j8/files/tf3r29p0j8.pdf">"Las Mariposas"</a> Photos of Frémont's Mariposa gold estate taken in 1860. PDF</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://georgiahistory.com/ghmi_marker_updated/birthplace-of-john-c-fremont/">Birthplace of John C. Frémont historical marker – Georgia Historical Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130618060638/http://www.longcamp.com/gifs/gifs2/map_travels.gif">Fremont's Travels 1838–1854</a> Map</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/3001">Works by John C. Frémont</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Frémont%2C%20John%20Charles%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Frémont%2C%20John%20C%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Frémont%2C%20J%2E%20C%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22John%20Charles%20Frémont%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22John%20C%2E%20Frémont%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22J%2E%20C%2E%20Frémont%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Frémont%2C%20John%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22John%20Frémont%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22John%20Charles%20Frémont%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22John%20C%2E%20Frémont%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22J%2E%20C%2E%20Frémont%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22J%2E%20Charles%20Frémont%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Frémont%2C%20John%20Charles%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Frémont%2C%20John%20C%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Frémont%2C%20J%2E%20C%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Frémont%2C%20J%2E%20Charles%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22John%20Frémont%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Frémont%2C%20John%22%20OR%20title%3A%22John%20Charles%20Frémont%22%20OR%20title%3A%22John%20C%2E%20Frémont%22%20OR%20title%3A%22J%2E%20C%2E%20Frémont%22%20OR%20title%3A%22John%20Frémont%22%20OR%20description%3A%22John%20Charles%20Frémont%22%20OR%20description%3A%22John%20C%2E%20Frémont%22%20OR%20description%3A%22J%2E%20C%2E%20Frémont%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Frémont%2C%20John%20Charles%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Frémont%2C%20John%20C%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22John%20Frémont%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Frémont%2C%20John%22%20OR%20%28John%20Fr%2Amont%29%29%20OR%20%28%221813-1890%22%20AND%20%28%22Frémont%22%20OR%20Fremont%29%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about John C. Frémont</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/resources/10662">Portrait of John Charles Fremont</a> by <a href="/wiki/Bass_Otis" title="Bass Otis">Bass Otis</a>, at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Museum_of_Art" title="University of Michigan Museum of Art">University of Michigan Museum of Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a> Texts on Wikisource: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Fr%C3%A9mont,_John_Charles" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Frémont, John Charles">Frémont, John Charles</a>". <a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fr%C3%A9mont%2C+John+Charles&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Fr%C3%A9mont,_John_Charles" class="extiw" title="s:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Frémont, John Charles">Frémont, John Charles</a>". <a href="/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography" title="Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography">Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography</a>. 1900.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fr%C3%A9mont%2C+John+Charles&rft.btitle=Appletons%27+Cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+American+Biography&rft.date=1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Fr%C3%A9mont,_John_Charles" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Frémont, John Charles">Frémont, John Charles</a>". <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 97–98.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fr%C3%A9mont%2C+John+Charles&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=97-98&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Obituary in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly/Volume_37/September_1890/Obituary_Notes" class="extiw" title="s:Popular Science Monthly/Volume 37/September 1890/Obituary Notes">Obituary Notes</a>". <a href="/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular Science Monthly">Popular Science Monthly</a>. Vol. 37. September 1890.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science+Monthly&rft.atitle=Obituary+Notes&rft.volume=37&rft.date=1890-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Fr%C3%A9mont" class="Z3988"></li> <li>"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/To_John_C._Fremont" class="extiw" title="s:To John C. Fremont">To John C. Fremont</a>," a poem from <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/In_War_Time_(Whittier)" class="extiw" title="s:In War Time (Whittier)">In War Time</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier">John Greenleaf Whittier</a></li></ul></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Stockton" title="Robert F. Stockton">Robert F. Stockton</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_California" title="Governor of California">Governor of California</a> 1847 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_W._Kearny" title="Stephen W. Kearny">Stephen W. Kearny</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Philo_Hoyt" title="John Philo Hoyt">John Hoyt</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Arizona">Governor of Arizona</a> 1878–1881 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_Tritle" title="Frederick Augustus Tritle">Frederick Tritle</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New seat </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Shadow_congressperson" title="Shadow congressperson">U.S. Shadow Senator (Class 1) from California</a> 1849–1850 Served alongside: <a href="/wiki/William_M._Gwin" title="William M. Gwin">William M. Gwin</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself</div>as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself</div>as <a href="/wiki/Shadow_congressperson" title="Shadow congressperson">Shadow Senator</a> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_California" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Senators from California">U.S. Senator (Class 1) from California</a> 1850–1851 Served alongside: <a href="/wiki/William_M._Gwin" title="William M. Gwin">William M. Gwin</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_B._Weller" title="John B. Weller">John B. Weller</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">New political party </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Unsuccessful_major_party_pres_candidates" title="Template:Unsuccessful major party pres candidates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Unsuccessful_major_party_pres_candidates" title="Template talk:Unsuccessful major party pres candidates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Unsuccessful_major_party_pres_candidates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Unsuccessful major party pres candidates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" title="List of unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States">Unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles C. Pinckney</a> (<a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a>, <a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">DeWitt Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">Rufus King</a> (<a href="/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>, <a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832</a>, <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White" title="Hugh Lawson White">Hugh Lawson White</a> (<a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a> (<a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a> (<a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John C. Frémont</a> (<a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a> (<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_McClellan_1864_presidential_campaign" title="George McClellan 1864 presidential campaign">1864</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Horatio Seymour</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour_1868_presidential_campaign" title="Horatio Seymour 1868 presidential campaign">1868</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley_1872_presidential_campaign" title="Horace Greeley 1872 presidential campaign">1872</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Samuel J. Tilden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samuel_Tilden_1876_presidential_campaign" title="Samuel Tilden 1876 presidential campaign">1876</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield Scott Hancock</a> (<a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock_1880_presidential_campaign" title="Winfield Scott Hancock 1880 presidential campaign">1880</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a> (<a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland_1888_presidential_campaign" title="Grover Cleveland 1888 presidential campaign">1888</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William J. Bryan</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1896_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1896 presidential campaign">1896</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1900_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1900 presidential campaign">1900</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1908_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1908 presidential campaign">1908</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Alton B. Parker</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker_1904_presidential_campaign" title="Alton B. Parker 1904 presidential campaign">1904</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> (<a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">James M. Cox</a> (<a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">John W. Davis</a> (<a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Smith_1928_presidential_campaign" title="Al Smith 1928 presidential campaign">1928</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Alf Landon</a> (<a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Wendell Willkie</a> (<a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a>, <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a>, <a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1960_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1960 presidential campaign">1960</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">1964</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Hubert Humphrey 1968 presidential campaign">1968</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_McGovern_1972_presidential_campaign" title="George McGovern 1972 presidential campaign">1972</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford_1976_presidential_campaign" title="Gerald Ford 1976 presidential campaign">1976</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Jimmy Carter 1980 presidential campaign">1980</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> (<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Walter Mondale 1984 presidential campaign">1984</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Michael Dukakis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Michael Dukakis 1988 presidential campaign">1988</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1992_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1992 presidential campaign">1992</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Bob Dole 1996 presidential campaign">1996</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Al Gore 2000 presidential campaign">2000</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_Kerry_2004_presidential_campaign" title="John Kerry 2004 presidential campaign">2004</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_McCain_2008_presidential_campaign" title="John McCain 2008 presidential campaign">2008</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign">2012</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign">2016</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign">2020</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign">2024</a>)</li></ol></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_presidential_candidates_by_year" title="Category:United States presidential candidates by year">All presidential candidates</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidents</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in United States presidential elections">Third-party candidates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_anti-slavery_parties_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_anti-slavery_parties_(U.S.)" title="Template:Historical anti-slavery parties (U.S.)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_anti-slavery_parties_(U.S.)" title="Template talk:Historical anti-slavery parties (U.S.)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_anti-slavery_parties_(U.S.)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical anti-slavery parties (U.S.)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_anti-slavery_parties_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical anti-slavery parties in the United States</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential tickets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(United_States,_1840)" title="Liberty Party (United States, 1840)">Liberty Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Birney" title="James G. Birney">James G. Birney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Earle_(American_politician)" title="Thomas Earle (American politician)">Thomas Earle</a> (<a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Birney" title="James G. Birney">James G. Birney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Morris_(Ohio_politician)" title="Thomas Morris (Ohio politician)">Thomas Morris</a> (<a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Smith" title="Gerrit Smith">Gerrit Smith</a>/Charles C. Foote (<a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Goodell_(abolitionist)" title="William Goodell (abolitionist)">William Goodell</a>/S. M. Bell (<a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Smith" title="Gerrit Smith">Gerrit Smith</a>/Samuel McFarland (<a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Smith" title="Gerrit Smith">Gerrit Smith</a>/Samuel McFarland (<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Charles F. Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Hale" title="John P. Hale">John P. Hale</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_W._Julian" title="George W. Julian">George W. Julian</a> (<a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John C. Frémont</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">William L. Dayton</a> (<a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a> (<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National conventions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1848_Free_Soil_%26_Liberty_national_conventions" title="1848 Free Soil & Liberty national conventions">1848 Free Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">1856 Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">1860 Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">1864 National Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other party leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">Simon Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bates" title="Edward Bates">Edward Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair" title="Francis Preston Blair">Francis P. Blair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Slavery_Society" title="American Anti-Slavery Society">American Anti-Slavery Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nebraska_movement" title="Anti-Nebraska movement">Anti-Nebraska movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnburners_and_Hunkers" title="Barnburners and Hunkers">Barnburners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscience_Whigs" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscience Whigs">Conscience Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Party">North American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Democracy_Party_(United_States)" title="Radical Democracy Party (United States)">Radical Democracy Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_of_California" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #FCC200"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_California" title="Template:Governors of California"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_California" title="Template talk:Governors of California"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_California" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of California"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_of_California" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_California" title="Governor of California">Governors of California</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">Under Spain (1769–1822)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A1" title="Gaspar de Portolá">Capt. Portolá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Fages" title="Pedro Fages">Col. Fages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Rivera_y_Moncada" title="Fernando Rivera y Moncada">Capt. Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_de_Neve" title="Felipe de Neve">Capt-Gen. de Neve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Fages" title="Pedro Fages">Col. Fages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Rom%C3%A9u" title="José Antonio Roméu">Capt. Roméu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_Arrillaga" title="José Joaquín de Arrillaga">Capt. Arrillaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Borica" title="Diego de Borica">Col. Bórica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Albern%C3%AD_y_Teixidor" title="Pedro de Alberní y Teixidor">Lt. Col. Alberní</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_Arrillaga" title="José Joaquín de Arrillaga">Capt. Arrillaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Dar%C3%ADo_Arg%C3%BCello" title="José Darío Argüello">Capt. J. Argüello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Vicente_de_Sol%C3%A1" title="Pablo Vicente de Solá">Don Solá</a></li></ol> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-left: 0.5em;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Seal_of_the_40th_Governor_of_California.png/100px-Seal_of_the_40th_Governor_of_California.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Seal_of_the_40th_Governor_of_California.png/150px-Seal_of_the_40th_Governor_of_California.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Seal_of_the_40th_Governor_of_California.png/200px-Seal_of_the_40th_Governor_of_California.png 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="519" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1824_Constitution_of_Mexico" title="1824 Constitution of Mexico">Under Mexico (1822–1846)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Antonio_Arg%C3%BCello" title="Luis Antonio Argüello">Capt. L. Argüello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Echeand%C3%ADa" title="José María de Echeandía">Lt. Col. Echeandía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Victoria" title="Manuel Victoria">Gen. Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%ADo_Pico" title="Pío Pico">Don P. Pico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Echeand%C3%ADa" title="José María de Echeandía">Lt. Col. Echeandía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Figueroa" title="José Figueroa">Brig. Gen. Figueroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Castro" title="José Castro">Lt. Col. Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Nicolás Gutiérrez">Lt. Col. Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Chico" title="Mariano Chico">Col. Chico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Nicolás Gutiérrez">Lt. Col. Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Alvarado" title="Juan Bautista Alvarado">Pres. Alvarado</a> · <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Antonio_Carrillo" title="Carlos Antonio Carrillo">Carrillo</a> (rival)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Micheltorena" title="Manuel Micheltorena">Brig. Gen. Micheltorena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%ADo_Pico" title="Pío Pico">Don P. Pico</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:1%">Under U.S. military (1846–1850)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Sloat" title="John D. Sloat">Cdre. Sloat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Stockton" title="Robert F. Stockton">Cdre. Stockton</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Flores" title="José María Flores">Gen. Flores</a> (rival)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_W._Kearny" title="Stephen W. Kearny">Gen. Kearny</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Maj. Frémont</a> (mutineer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Barnes_Mason" title="Richard Barnes Mason">Gen. Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persifor_Frazer_Smith" title="Persifor Frazer Smith">Gen. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennet_C._Riley" title="Bennet C. Riley">Gen. Riley</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">U.S. state (since 1850)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hardeman_Burnett" title="Peter Hardeman Burnett">Burnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDougal" title="John McDougal">McDougal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bigler" title="John Bigler">Bigler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Neely_Johnson" title="J. Neely Johnson">J. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Weller" title="John B. Weller">Weller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Latham" title="Milton Latham">Latham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Downey" title="John G. Downey">Downey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leland_Stanford" title="Leland Stanford">Stanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Low" title="Frederick Low">Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Huntly_Haight" title="Henry Huntly Haight">Haight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_Booth" title="Newton Booth">Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romualdo_Pacheco" title="Romualdo Pacheco">Pacheco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Irwin_(California_politician)" title="William Irwin (California politician)">Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Perkins" title="George C. Perkins">Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stoneman" title="George Stoneman">Stoneman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Bartlett" title="Washington Bartlett">Bartlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Waterman_(governor)" title="Robert Waterman (governor)">Waterman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Markham" title="Henry Markham">Markham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Budd" title="James Budd">Budd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_T._Gage" title="Henry T. Gage">Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pardee" title="George Pardee">Pardee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Gillett" title="James Gillett">Gillett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Johnson" title="Hiram Johnson">H. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stephens_(American_politician)" title="William Stephens (American politician)">Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friend_Richardson" title="Friend Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._C._Young" title="C. C. Young">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rolph" title="James Rolph">Rolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Merriam" title="Frank Merriam">Merriam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culbert_Olson" title="Culbert Olson">Olson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodwin_Knight" title="Goodwin Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Brown" title="Pat Brown">P. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">J. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Deukmejian" title="George Deukmejian">Deukmejian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Wilson" title="Pete Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_Davis" title="Gray Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Schwarzenegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">J. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Newsom" title="Gavin Newsom">Newsom</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #FCC200"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_California_before_1850" title="List of governors of California before 1850">Before 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_California" title="List of governors of California">Since 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_California_by_education" title="List of governors of California by education">By education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Ladies_and_Partners_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="First Ladies and Partners of California">Spouses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_senators_from_California" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_senators_from_California" title="Template:United States senators from California"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_senators_from_California" title="Template talk:United States senators from California"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_senators_from_California" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States senators from California"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_senators_from_California" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_California" title="List of United States senators from California">United States senators from California</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators#Class_1" title="Classes of United States senators">Class 1</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frémont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Weller" title="John B. Weller">Weller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_C._Broderick" title="David C. Broderick">Broderick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_P._Haun" title="Henry P. Haun">Haun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Latham" title="Milton Latham">Latham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Conness" title="John Conness">Conness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Casserly" title="Eugene Casserly">Casserly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Hager" title="John S. Hager">Hager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_Booth" title="Newton Booth">Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Miller_(senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Franklin Miller (senator)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hearst" title="George Hearst">Hearst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abram_Williams" title="Abram Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hearst" title="George Hearst">Hearst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_N._Felton" title="Charles N. Felton">Felton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_M._White" title="Stephen M. White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Bard" title="Thomas R. Bard">Bard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Flint" title="Frank Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Works" title="John D. Works">Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Johnson" title="Hiram Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Knowland" title="William Knowland">Knowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clair_Engle" title="Clair Engle">Engle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Salinger" title="Pierre Salinger">Salinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Murphy" title="George Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V._Tunney" title="John V. Tunney">Tunney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._I._Hayakawa" title="S. I. Hayakawa">Hayakawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Wilson" title="Pete Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Seymour_(California_politician)" title="John Seymour (California politician)">Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Feinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laphonza_Butler" title="Laphonza Butler">Butler</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States Senate"><img alt="United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Gwin" title="William M. Gwin">Gwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._McDougall" title="James A. McDougall">McDougall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Cole" title="Cornelius Cole">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_A._Sargent" title="Aaron A. Sargent">Sargent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_T._Farley" title="James T. Farley">Farley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leland_Stanford" title="Leland Stanford">Stanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Perkins" title="George C. Perkins">Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Phelan" title="James D. Phelan">Phelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_M._Shortridge" title="Samuel M. Shortridge">Shortridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gibbs_McAdoo" title="William Gibbs McAdoo">McAdoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M._Storke" title="Thomas M. Storke">Storke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheridan_Downey" title="Sheridan Downey">Downey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuchel" title="Thomas Kuchel">Kuchel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Cranston" title="Alan Cranston">Cranston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Boxer" title="Barbara Boxer">Boxer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Padilla" title="Alex Padilla">Padilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Republican_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;;background:#E81B23; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Republican_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">Presidential tickets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Convention" title="Republican National Convention">national conventions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">presidential primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">1856 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frémont</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">1860 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">1864 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Republican_National_Convention" title="1868 Republican National Convention">1868 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Republican_National_Convention" title="1872 Republican National Convention">1872 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Republican_National_Convention" title="1876 Republican National Convention">1876 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">1880 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Republican_National_Convention" title="1884 Republican National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Republican_National_Convention" title="1888 Republican National Convention">1888 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Republican_National_Convention" title="1892 Republican National Convention">1892 (Minneapolis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Republican_National_Convention" title="1896 Republican National Convention">1896 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Hobart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Republican_National_Convention" title="1900 Republican National Convention">1900 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Republican_National_Convention" title="1904 Republican National Convention">1904 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Republican_National_Convention" title="1908 Republican National Convention">1908 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">1912 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Butler</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_National_Convention" title="1916 Republican National Convention">1916 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_National_Convention" title="1920 Republican National Convention">1920 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_National_Convention" title="1924 Republican National Convention">1924 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Dawes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_National_Convention" title="1928 Republican National Convention">1928 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_National_Convention" title="1932 Republican National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_National_Convention" title="1936 Republican National Convention">1936 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Landon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Knox" title="Frank Knox">Knox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_National_Convention" title="1940 Republican National Convention">1940 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Willkie</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_National_Convention" title="1944 Republican National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Bricker" title="John W. Bricker">Bricker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_National_Convention" title="1948 Republican National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention" title="1952 Republican National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_National_Convention" title="1956 Republican National Convention">1956 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_National_Convention" title="1960 Republican National Convention">1960 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Lodge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_National_Convention" title="1964 Republican National Convention">1964 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">1968 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_National_Convention" title="1976 Republican National Convention">1976 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">1980 (Detroit)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention" title="1984 Republican National Convention">1984 (Dallas)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_National_Convention" title="1988 Republican National Convention">1988 (New Orleans)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_National_Convention" title="1992 Republican National Convention">1992 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_National_Convention" title="1996 Republican National Convention">1996 (San Diego)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Kemp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">2000 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">2004 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_National_Convention" title="2008 Republican National Convention">2008 (St. Paul)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_National_Convention" title="2012 Republican National Convention">2012 (Tampa)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">2016 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_National_Convention" title="2020 Republican National Convention">2020 (Charlotte/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Convention" title="2024 Republican National Convention">2024 (Milwaukee)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2028_Republican_National_Convention" title="2028 Republican National Convention">2028 (Houston)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a> (1861–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a> (1865–1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a> (1869–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a> (1889–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">McKinley</a> (1897–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> (1901–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">Taft</a> (1909–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">Harding</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> (1969–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li>Trump (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House leaders</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">Conference chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Pennington" title="William Pennington">Pennington</a> (1860–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galusha_A._Grow" title="Galusha A. Grow">Grow</a> (1861–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a> (1863–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_M._Pomeroy" title="Theodore M. Pomeroy">Pomeroy</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a> (1869–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._McCrary" title="George W. McCrary">McCrary</a> (1875–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Hale" title="Eugene Hale">Hale</a> (1877–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a> (1879–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Warren_Keifer" title="J. Warren Keifer">Keifer</a> (1881–1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Henderson_(politician)" title="Thomas J. Henderson (politician)">T. J. Henderson</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1895–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Henderson" title="David B. Henderson">D. B. Henderson</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1903–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robert_Mann_(Illinois_politician)" title="James Robert Mann (Illinois politician)">Mann</a> (1911–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Gillett" title="Frederick H. Gillett">Gillett</a> (1919–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Longworth" title="Nicholas Longworth">Longworth</a> (1925–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Snell" title="Bertrand Snell">Snell</a> (1931–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a> (1939–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Halleck" title="Charles A. Halleck">Halleck</a> (1959–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1965–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Rhodes" title="John Jacob Rhodes">Rhodes</a> (1973–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">Michel</a> (1981–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a> (1995–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hastert" title="Dennis Hastert">Hastert</a> (1999–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">Boehner</a> (2007–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> (2015–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">McCarthy</a> (2019–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Johnson</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">RNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jarvis_Raymond" title="Henry Jarvis Raymond">Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Lawrence_Ward" title="Marcus Lawrence Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Claflin" title="William Claflin">Claflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Chandler" title="Zachariah Chandler">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Jewell" title="Marshall Jewell">Jewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_M._Sabin" title="Dwight M. Sabin">Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Jones_(industrialist)" title="Benjamin Franklin Jones (industrialist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Quay" title="Matthew Quay">Quay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Clarkson" title="James S. Clarkson">Clarkson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James_Campbell" title="William James Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Carter" title="Thomas H. Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hanna" title="Mark Hanna">Hanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Payne" title="Henry Clay Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">Cortelyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._New" title="Harry S. New">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Harris_Hitchcock" title="Frank Harris Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fremont_Hill" title="John Fremont Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Rosewater" title="Victor Rosewater">Rosewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Hilles" title="Charles D. Hilles">Hilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Russell_Willcox" title="William Russell Willcox">Wilcox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_H._Hays" title="Will H. Hays">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Adams" title="John T. Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Butler" title="William M. Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Work" title="Hubert Work">Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_H._Huston" title="Claudius H. Huston">Huston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_D._Fess" title="Simeon D. Fess">Fess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Sanders" title="Everett Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_P._Fletcher" title="Henry P. Fletcher">Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton_(Kansas_politician)" title="John Hamilton (Kansas politician)">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailey_Walsh" title="Bailey Walsh">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_E._Spangler" title="Harrison E. Spangler">Spangler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Brownell_Jr." title="Herbert Brownell Jr.">Brownell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Carroll_Reece" title="B. Carroll Reece">Reece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Scott" title="Hugh Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Gabrielson" title="Guy Gabrielson">Gabrielson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Summerfield" title="Arthur Summerfield">Summerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Wesley_Roberts" title="C. Wesley Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_W._Hall" title="Leonard W. Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meade_Alcorn" title="Meade Alcorn">Alcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thruston_Ballard_Morton" title="Thruston Ballard Morton">T. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Burch" title="Dean Burch">Burch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_C._Bliss" title="Ray C. Bliss">Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">R. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(politician)" title="Mary Louise Smith (politician)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Brock" title="Bill Brock">Brock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Richards_(Utah_politician)" title="Richard Richards (Utah politician)">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Laxalt" title="Paul Laxalt">Laxalt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Yeutter" title="Clayton Yeutter">Yeutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bond_(political_executive)" title="Richard Bond (political executive)">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haley_Barbour" title="Haley Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Nicholson_(Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs)" title="Jim Nicholson (Secretary of Veterans Affairs)">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore" title="Jim Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Racicot" title="Marc Racicot">Racicot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Gillespie" title="Ed Gillespie">Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Mehlman" title="Ken Mehlman">Mehlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Mel Martínez">Martínez</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan" title="Mike Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan" title="Mike Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Steele" title="Michael Steele">Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reince_Priebus" title="Reince Priebus">Priebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronna_McDaniel" title="Ronna McDaniel">McDaniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Whatley" title="Michael Whatley">Whatley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chair elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2009 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2011 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2013 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2015 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2019 Republican National Committee chairmanship election (page does not exist)">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2021 Republican National Committee chairmanship election (page does not exist)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2023 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Republican Party (United States)">Parties</a> by state and territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Republican_Party" title="Alabama Republican Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Republican_Party" title="Alaska Republican Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Republican_Party" title="Arizona Republican Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Republican Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Republican_Party" title="California Republican Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Republican_Party" title="Colorado Republican Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Republican_Party" title="Connecticut Republican Party">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_State_Committee_of_Delaware" title="Republican State Committee of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Florida" title="Republican Party of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Republican_Party" title="Georgia Republican Party">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Republican_Party" title="Hawaii Republican Party">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Republican_Party" title="Idaho Republican Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Republican_Party" title="Illinois Republican Party">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Republican_Party" title="Indiana Republican Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Iowa" title="Republican Party of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Republican_Party" title="Kansas Republican Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Kentucky" title="Republican Party of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Louisiana" title="Republican Party of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Republican_Party" title="Maine Republican Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Republican_Party" title="Maryland Republican Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Republican_Party" title="Massachusetts Republican Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Republican_Party" title="Michigan Republican Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Minnesota" title="Republican Party of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Republican_Party" title="Mississippi Republican Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Republican_Party" title="Missouri Republican Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Republican_Party" title="Montana Republican Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Republican_Party" title="Nebraska Republican Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Republican_Party" title="Nevada Republican Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Republican_State_Committee" title="New Hampshire Republican State Committee">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Republican_Party" title="New Jersey Republican Party">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Republican Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Republican_State_Committee" title="New York Republican State Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="North Carolina Republican Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="North Dakota Republican Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Republican_Party" title="Ohio Republican Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Republican_Party" title="Oklahoma Republican Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Republican_Party" title="Oregon Republican Party">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Republican_Party" title="Pennsylvania Republican Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Republican_Party" title="Rhode Island Republican Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="South Carolina Republican Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="South Dakota Republican Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Republican_Party" title="Tennessee Republican Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Texas" title="Republican Party of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Republican_Party" title="Utah Republican Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Republican_Party" title="Vermont Republican Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Virginia" title="Republican Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Republican_Party" title="Washington State Republican Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Republican_Party" title="West Virginia Republican Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Republican Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Republican_Party" title="Wyoming Republican Party">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_American_Samoa" title="Republican Party of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Republican_Party" title="District of Columbia Republican Party">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Guam" title="Republican Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" title="Republican Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Republican Party of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Republican Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Republican Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">House Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Digest" title="Legislative Digest">Legislative Digest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steering_and_Policy_Committees_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Steering and Policy Committees of the United States House of Representatives">Steering and Policy Committees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Senate Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Republican_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Republican Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governance_Group" title="Republican Governance Group">Republican Governance Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">Republican Study Committee</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Fundraising groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Congressional_Committee" title="National Republican Congressional Committee">National Republican Congressional Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Redistricting_Trust" title="National Republican Redistricting Trust">National Republican Redistricting Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Senatorial_Committee" title="National Republican Senatorial Committee">National Republican Senatorial Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Republican Attorneys General Association">Republican Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governors_Association" title="Republican Governors Association">Republican Governors Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Sectional groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Republicans" title="College Republicans">College Republicans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairpersons_of_the_College_Republicans" title="List of chairpersons of the College Republicans">Chairmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Conference" title="Congressional Hispanic Conference">Congressional Hispanic Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">Log Cabin Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Jewish_Coalition" title="Republican Jewish Coalition">Republican Jewish Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Hispanic_Assembly" title="Republican National Hispanic Assembly">Republican National Hispanic Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Abroad" title="Republicans Abroad">Republicans Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_Age_Republicans" title="Teen Age Republicans">Teen Age Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">Young Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Overseas" title="Republicans Overseas">Republicans Overseas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Republican_National_Federation" title="High School Republican National Federation">High School Republican National Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Factional groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Majority_for_Choice" title="Republican Majority for Choice">Republican Majority for Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Liberty_Caucus" title="Republican Liberty Caucus">Republican Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Coalition_for_Life" title="Republican National Coalition for Life">Republican National Coalition for Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Caucus" title="Liberty Caucus">Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wish_List_(political_organization)" title="The Wish List (political organization)">The Wish List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_debates" title="Republican Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_the_Republican_Party" title="Bibliography of the history of the Republican Party">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democracy_Union" title="International Democracy Union">International Democracy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Timeline of modern American conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_of_Arizona" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_Arizona" title="Template:Governors of Arizona"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_Arizona" title="Template talk:Governors of Arizona"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_Arizona" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of Arizona"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_of_Arizona" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Arizona" title="List of governors of Arizona">Governors of Arizona</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Arizona#Governors_of_the_Territory_of_Arizona" title="List of governors of Arizona">Territorial (1863–1912)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Noble_Goodwin" class="mw-redirect" title="John Noble Goodwin">Goodwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cunningham_McCormick" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Cunningham McCormick">McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anson_P._K._Safford" title="Anson P. K. Safford">Safford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philo_Hoyt" title="John Philo Hoyt">Hoyt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frémont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_Tritle" title="Frederick Augustus Tritle">Tritle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Meyer_Zulick" title="C. Meyer Zulick">Zulick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Wolfley" title="Lewis Wolfley">Wolfley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Irwin" title="John N. Irwin">Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakes_Murphy" title="Oakes Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._C._Hughes" title="L. C. Hughes">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Joseph_Franklin" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Joseph Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myron_H._McCord" title="Myron H. McCord">McCord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakes_Murphy" title="Oakes Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Oswald_Brodie" title="Alexander Oswald Brodie">Brodie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry_Kibbey" title="Joseph Henry Kibbey">Kibbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Elihu_Sloan" title="Richard Elihu Sloan">Sloan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/State_Seal_of_Arizona.svg/75px-State_Seal_of_Arizona.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/State_Seal_of_Arizona.svg/113px-State_Seal_of_Arizona.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/State_Seal_of_Arizona.svg/150px-State_Seal_of_Arizona.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="712" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Arizona#Governors_of_Arizona" title="List of governors of Arizona">State (since 1912)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._P._Hunt" title="George W. P. Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edward_Campbell" title="Thomas Edward Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._P._Hunt" title="George W. P. Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edward_Campbell" title="Thomas Edward Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._P._Hunt" title="George W. P. Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calhoun_Phillips" title="John Calhoun Phillips">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._P._Hunt" title="George W. P. Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Baker_Moeur" title="Benjamin Baker Moeur">Moeur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawghlie_Clement_Stanford" title="Rawghlie Clement Stanford">Stanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Taylor_Jones" title="Robert Taylor Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Preston_Osborn" title="Sidney Preston Osborn">Osborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Edward_Garvey" title="Dan Edward Garvey">Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_Pyle" title="J. Howard Pyle">Pyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_McFarland" title="Ernest McFarland">McFarland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Fannin" title="Paul Fannin">Fannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pearson_Goddard_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Pearson Goddard Jr.">Goddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Williams_(American_politician)" title="Jack Williams (American politician)">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_H%C3%A9ctor_Castro" title="Raúl Héctor Castro">Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Bolin" title="Wesley Bolin">Bolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Babbitt" title="Bruce Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evan_Mecham" title="Evan Mecham">Mecham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Mofford" title="Rose Mofford">Mofford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fife_Symington" title="Fife Symington">Symington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Dee_Hull" title="Jane Dee Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Napolitano" title="Janet Napolitano">Napolitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Brewer" title="Jan Brewer">Brewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Ducey" title="Doug Ducey">Ducey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katie_Hobbs" title="Katie Hobbs">Hobbs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1852)_1856_United_States_presidential_election_(1860_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1856 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1856 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1856 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1852)_1856_United_States_presidential_election_(1860_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">← 1852</a>) <a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/1856_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1856 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> President: <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a></li> <li> Vice President: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">John C. Frémont</a></li> <li> Vice President: <a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">William L. Dayton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Nathaniel P. Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McLean" title="John McLean">John McLean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Stockton" title="Robert F. Stockton">Robert F. Stockton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D99FE8;"><a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">American Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> President: <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a></li> <li> Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Donelson" title="Andrew Jackson Donelson">Andrew J. Donelson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Law_(financier)" title="George Law (financier)">George Law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Other 1856 elections: <a href="/wiki/1856_and_1857_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1856 and 1857 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_and_1857_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1856 and 1857 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_frontier" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_frontier" title="Template:American frontier"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_frontier" title="Template talk:American frontier"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_frontier" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American frontier"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_frontier" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1776 to 1912</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arikara" title="Arikara">Arikara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assiniboine" title="Assiniboine">Assiniboine (Nakota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_Confederacy" title="Blackfoot Confederacy">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla" title="Cahuilla">Cahuilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayuse_people" title="Cayuse people">Cayuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_peoples" title="Chinookan peoples">Chinook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Chippewa (Ojibwe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocopah" title="Cocopah">Cocopah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_people" title="Crow people">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_people" title="Dakota people">Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Civilized_Tribes" title="Five Civilized Tribes">Five Civilized Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidatsa" title="Hidatsa">Hidatsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hualapai" title="Hualapai">Hualapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_people" title="Kickapoo people">Kickapoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Kumeyaay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai" title="Kutenai">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape (Delaware)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandan" title="Mandan">Mandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maricopa_people" title="Maricopa people">Maricopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modoc_people" title="Modoc people">Modoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_people" title="Mohave people">Mohave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce" title="Nez Perce">Nez Perce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Paiute_people" title="Northern Paiute people">Northern Paiute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth" title="Nuu-chah-nulth">Nootka (Nuu-chah-nulth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pend_d%27Oreilles" title="Pend d'Oreilles">Pend d'Oreilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pequots" title="Pequots">Pequots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima people">Pima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puebloans" title="Puebloans">Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshone" title="Shoshone">Shoshone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Paiute_people" title="Southern Paiute people">Southern Paiute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham" title="Tohono Oʼodham">Tohono Oʼodham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa" title="Tonkawa">Tonkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umpqua_people" title="Umpqua people">Umpqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washoe_people" title="Washoe people">Washoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakama" title="Yakama">Yakama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavapai" title="Yavapai">Yavapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechan" title="Quechan">Yuma (Quechan)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonga_Black_Hawk" title="Antonga Black Hawk">Black Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Kettle" title="Black Kettle">Black Kettle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Knife" title="Bloody Knife">Bloody Knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Joseph" title="Chief Joseph">Chief Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochise" title="Cochise">Cochise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand_Watie" title="Stand Watie">Degataga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasant_Porter" title="Pleasant Porter">Crazy Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crazy_Horse" title="Crazy Horse">Crazy Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitto_Harjo" title="Chitto Harjo">Crazy Snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangas_Coloradas" title="Mangas Coloradas">Dasoda-hae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geronimo" title="Geronimo">Geronimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_Ridge" title="Major Ridge">Ganundalegi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irataba" title="Irataba">Irataba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Wright" title="Allen Wright">Kiliahote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuelito" title="Manuelito">Manuelito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massai" title="Massai">Massai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plenty_Coups" title="Plenty Coups">Plenty Coups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quanah_Parker" title="Quanah Parker">Quanah Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud" title="Red Cloud">Red Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacagawea" title="Sacagawea">Sacagawea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Seattle" title="Chief Seattle">Seattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull" title="Sitting Bull">Sitting Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Smallwood" title="Benjamin Franklin Smallwood">Smallwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Pitchlynn" title="Peter Pitchlynn">Snapping Turtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Bear" title="Standing Bear">Standing Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Bears" title="Ten Bears">Ten Bears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_the_Clouds" title="Touch the Clouds">Touch the Clouds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuba_(chief)" title="Tuba (chief)">Tuvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorio" title="Victorio">Victorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washakie" title="Washakie">Washakie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Explorers and <a href="/wiki/American_pioneer" title="American pioneer">pioneers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boone" title="Daniel Boone">Daniel Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bozeman" title="John Bozeman">John Bozeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Bridger" title="Jim Bridger">Jim Bridger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_V%C3%A9lez_Cachup%C3%ADn" title="Tomás Vélez Cachupín">Tomás Vélez Cachupín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Clark" title="William Clark">William Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Crockett" title="Davy Crockett">Davy Crockett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donner_Party" title="Donner Party">Donner Party</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John C. Frémont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver-Eating_Johnson" title="Liver-Eating Johnson">Liver-Eating Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meriwether_Lewis" title="Meriwether Lewis">Meriwether Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Mayer" title="Joe Mayer">Joe Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_John_Murphy" title="William John Murphy">William John Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Powell" title="John Wesley Powell">John Wesley Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Rivera_(explorer)" title="Juan Rivera (explorer)">Juan Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Ruggles" title="Levi Ruggles">Levi Ruggles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedediah_Smith" title="Jedediah Smith">Jedediah Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Swilling" title="Jack Swilling">Jack Swilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Swilling" title="Trinidad Swilling">Trinidad Swilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ora_Rush_Weed" title="Ora Rush Weed">Ora Rush Weed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richens_Lacey_Wootton" title="Richens Lacey Wootton">Richens Lacey Wootton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wickenburg" title="Henry Wickenburg">Henry Wickenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Bill_Williams" title="Old Bill Williams">"Old Bill" Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lawmen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elfego_Baca" title="Elfego Baca">Elfego Baca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Bassett" title="Charlie Bassett">Charlie Bassett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Bean" title="Roy Bean">Roy Bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Earp" title="Morgan Earp">Morgan Earp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil_Earp" title="Virgil Earp">Virgil Earp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyatt_Earp" title="Wyatt Earp">Wyatt Earp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Garfias" title="Henry Garfias">Henry Garfias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Garrett" title="Pat Garrett">Pat Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Helm" title="Jack Helm">Jack Helm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Bill_Hickok" title="Wild Bill Hickok">"Wild Bill" Hickok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_Masterson" title="Bat Masterson">Bat Masterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysterious_Dave_Mather" title="Mysterious Dave Mather">"Mysterious Dave" Mather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_Reeves" title="Bass Reeves">Bass Reeves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Scarborough_(cowboy)" title="George Scarborough (cowboy)">George Scarborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Selman" title="John Selman">John Selman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Horton_Slaughter" title="John Horton Slaughter">John Horton Slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Tilghman" title="Bill Tilghman">William "Bill" Tilghman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Timberlake" title="James Timberlake">James Timberlake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_C._Wheeler" title="Harry C. Wheeler">Harry C. Wheeler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outlaws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billy_the_Kid" title="Billy the Kid">Billy the Kid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Bart_(outlaw)" title="Black Bart (outlaw)">Black Bart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Brocius" title="William Brocius">"Curly Bill" Brocius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butch_Cassidy" title="Butch Cassidy">Butch Cassidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Clanton" title="Billy Clanton">Billy Clanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ike_Clanton" title="Ike Clanton">Ike Clanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalton_Gang" title="Dalton Gang">Dalton Brothers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grat_Dalton" title="Grat Dalton">Grat</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_M._Dalton" title="William M. Dalton">Bill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dalton" title="Bob Dalton">Bob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emmett_Dalton" title="Emmett Dalton">Emmett</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Doolin" title="Bill Doolin">Bill Doolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Downing" title="Bill Downing">Bill Downing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Hardin" title="John Wesley Hardin">John Wesley Hardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Ringo" title="Johnny Ringo">Johnny Ringo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_James" title="Jesse James">Jesse James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_James" title="Frank James">Frank James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Ketchum" title="Tom Ketchum">Tom Ketchum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_McLaury" title="Frank McLaury">Frank McLaury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_McLaury" title="Tom McLaury">Tom McLaury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquin_Murrieta" title="Joaquin Murrieta">Joaquin Murrieta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Starr" title="Belle Starr">Belle Starr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soapy_Smith" title="Soapy Smith">Soapy Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundance_Kid" title="Sundance Kid">Sundance Kid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James-Younger_Gang" class="mw-redirect" title="James-Younger Gang">Younger Brothers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cole_Younger" title="Cole Younger">Cole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Younger" title="Bob Younger">Bob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Younger" title="Jim Younger">Jim</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Younger" title="John Younger">John</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soldiers and scouts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Russell_Burnham" title="Frederick Russell Burnham">Frederick Russell Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kit_Carson" title="Kit Carson">Kit Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bill" title="Buffalo Bill">"Buffalo Bill" Cody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Jack_Omohundro" title="Texas Jack Omohundro">Texas Jack Omohundro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Cooney" title="James C. Cooney">James C. Cooney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Crook" title="George Crook">George Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer">George Armstrong Custer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Godey" title="Alexis Godey">Alexis Godey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Heintzelman" title="Samuel P. Heintzelman">Samuel P. Heintzelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Horn" title="Tom Horn">Tom Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calamity_Jane" title="Calamity Jane">Calamity Jane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Kelly" title="Luther Kelly">Luther Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranald_S._Mackenzie" title="Ranald S. Mackenzie">Ranald S. Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charley_Reynolds" title="Charley Reynolds">Charley Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Philip Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sieber" title="Al Sieber">Al Sieber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Astor" title="John Jacob Astor">John Jacob Astor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Boring" title="William H. Boring">William H. Boring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_R._Davis" title="Jonathan R. Davis">Jonathan R. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Flavel" title="George Flavel">George Flavel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Fly" title="C. S. Fly">C. S. Fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Joel_Glanton" title="John Joel Glanton">John Joel Glanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_E._Goodfellow" title="George E. Goodfellow">George E. Goodfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doc_Holliday" title="Doc Holliday">Doc Holliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah_Kingsley" title="Zephaniah Kingsley">Zephaniah Kingsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Kinman" title="Seth Kinman">Seth Kinman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octaviano_Ambrosio_Larrazolo" title="Octaviano Ambrosio Larrazolo">Octaviano Larrazolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Love" title="Nat Love">Nat Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Mowry" title="Sylvester Mowry">Sylvester Mowry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Norton" title="Emperor Norton">Emperor Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Oakley" title="Annie Oakley">Annie Oakley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedona_Schnebly" title="Sedona Schnebly">Sedona Schnebly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_William_Sweeny" title="Thomas William Sweeny">Thomas William Sweeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lebeck" title="Peter Lebeck">Peter Lebeck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_lifestyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Western lifestyle">Frontier culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbed_wire" title="Barbed wire">Barbed wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boot_Hill" title="Boot Hill">Boot Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_drives_in_the_United_States" title="Cattle drives in the United States">Cattle drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_poetry" title="Cowboy poetry">Cowboy poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_raiding" title="Cattle raiding">Cattle rustling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_towns" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattle towns">Cow town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_draw" title="Fast draw">Fast draw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">Ghost town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunfighter#Famous_gunfights" title="Gunfighter">Gunfights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">Homesteading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_run" title="Land run">Land rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonshine" title="Moonshine">Moonshine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-room_school" title="One-room school">One-room schoolhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Rendezvous" title="Rocky Mountain Rendezvous">Rocky Mountain Rendezvous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodeo" title="Rodeo">Rodeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagecoach" title="Stagecoach">Stagecoach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_robbery" title="Train robbery">Train robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilantism" title="Vigilantism">Vigilante justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_saloon" title="Western saloon">Western saloon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tack_piano" title="Tack piano">Tack piano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Westward expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_West_shows" title="Wild West shows">Wild West shows</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport and trails</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barlow_Road" title="Barlow Road">Barlow Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozeman_Trail" title="Bozeman Trail">Bozeman Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfield_Overland_Mail" title="Butterfield Overland Mail">Butterfield Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Trail" title="California Trail">California Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chisholm_Trail" title="Chisholm Trail">Chisholm Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Platte_River_Road" title="Great Platte River Road">Great Platte River Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Cattle_Trail" title="Great Western Cattle Trail">Great Western Cattle Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolo_Pass_(Oregon)" title="Lolo Pass (Oregon)">Lolo Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meek_Cutoff" title="Meek Cutoff">Meek Cutoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_Trail" title="Mormon Trail">Mormon Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Trail" title="Oregon Trail">Oregon Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_Express" title="Pony Express">Pony Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Trail" title="Santa Fe Trail">Santa Fe Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Emigrant_Trail" title="Southern Emigrant Trail">Southern Emigrant Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanner_Trail" title="Tanner Trail">Tanner Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">First transcontinental railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_man%27s_hand" title="Dead man's hand">Dead man's hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dime_novel" title="Dime novel">Dime novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_(folklore)" title="John Henry (folklore)">John Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Kaw" title="Johnny Kaw">Johnny Kaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Tom%27s_treasure" title="Long Tom's treasure">Long Tom's treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Dutchman%27s_Gold_Mine" title="Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine">Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Ship_of_the_Desert" title="Lost Ship of the Desert">Lost Ship of the Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montezuma%27s_treasure" title="Montezuma's treasure">Montezuma's treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bunyan" title="Paul Bunyan">Paul Bunyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecos_Bill" title="Pecos Bill">Pecos Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Cities_of_Gold" title="Seven Cities of Gold">Seven Cities of Gold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gold_rush" title="Gold rush">Gold rushes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hills Gold Rush">Black Hills Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Gulch_and_Diamond_City" title="Confederate Gulch and Diamond City">Confederate Gulch and Diamond City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klondike_Gold_Rush" title="Klondike Gold Rush">Klondike Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike%27s_Peak_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Pike's Peak Gold Rush">Pike's Peak Gold Rush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_West_gunfights" title="List of Old West gunfights">Gunfights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalton_Gang#Coffeyville_bank_robbery" title="Dalton Gang">Battle of Coffeyville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lincoln_(1878)" title="Battle of Lincoln (1878)">Battle of Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisco_shootout" title="Frisco shootout">Frisco shootout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunfight_at_the_O.K._Corral" title="Gunfight at the O.K. Corral">Gunfight at the O.K. Corral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Branch_Saloon_gunfight" title="Long Branch Saloon gunfight">Long Branch Saloon gunfight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variety_Hall_shootout" title="Variety Hall shootout">Variety Hall shootout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Alamo" title="Battle of the Alamo">Battle of the Alamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glorieta_Pass" title="Battle of Glorieta Pass">Battle of Glorieta Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn" title="Battle of the Little Bighorn">Battle of the Little Bighorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Jacinto" title="Battle of San Jacinto">Battle of San Jacinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Washita_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Washita River">Battle of Washita River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_Flag_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bear Flag Revolt">Bear Flag Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_1837_(New_Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of 1837 (New Mexico)">Chimayó Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Adobe_Walls" title="First Battle of Adobe Walls">First Battle of Adobe Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_Creek_massacre" title="Sand Creek massacre">Sand Creek massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars" title="Seminole Wars">Seminole Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Massacre" title="Wounded Knee Massacre">Wounded Knee Massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Range_war" title="Range war">Range wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Family_feuds_in_the_United_States" title="Family feuds in the United States">feuds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cochise_County_in_the_Old_West" title="Cochise County in the Old West">Earp-Clanton feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_County_War" title="Johnson County War">Johnson County War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County_War" title="Lincoln County War">Lincoln County War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason_County_War" title="Mason County War">Mason County War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasant_Valley_War" title="Pleasant Valley War">Pleasant Valley War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheep Wars">Sheep Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton%E2%80%93Taylor_feud" title="Sutton–Taylor feud">Sutton–Taylor feud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arizona_Rangers" title="List of Arizona Rangers">Arizona Rangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_American_frontier" title="Bibliography of the American frontier">Bibliography of the American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cowboys_and_cowgirls" title="List of cowboys and cowgirls">Cowboys and cowgirls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_West_gangs" title="List of Old West gangs">Gangs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_towns_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ghost towns in the United States">Ghost towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_West_gunfights" title="List of Old West gunfights">Gunfights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_West_lawmen" title="List of Old West lawmen">Lawmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_men" title="List of mountain men">Mountain men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_West_gunfighters" title="List of Old West gunfighters">Outlaws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_American_Old_West" title="Timeline of the American Old West">Timeline of the American Old West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Western_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Western United States">Cuisine of the Western United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuckwagon" title="Chuckwagon">Chuckwagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_California" title="Cuisine of California">Californian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous cuisine of the Americas">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_cuisine" title="New Mexican cuisine">New Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_chile" title="New Mexico chile">New Mexico chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_cuisine" title="Pacific Northwest cuisine">Pacific Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_oysters" title="Rocky Mountain oysters">Rocky Mountain oysters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tex-Mex" title="Tex-Mex">Tex-Mex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Western" title="Gothic Western">Gothic Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">Western genre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_lifestyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Western lifestyle">Western lifestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_music_(North_America)" title="Western music (North America)">Western music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_music" title="New Mexico music">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Dirt_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Dirt (music)">Red Dirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejano_music" title="Tejano music">Tejano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_country_music" title="Texas country music">Texas country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_wear" title="Western wear">Western wear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_boot" title="Cowboy boot">Cowboy boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_hat" title="Cowboy hat">Cowboy hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeans" title="Jeans">Jeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap_fastener" title="Snap fastener">Snap fastener</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Places" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Alaska" title="Department of Alaska">Alaska</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iditarod,_Alaska" title="Iditarod, Alaska">Iditarod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nome,_Alaska" title="Nome, Alaska">Nome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seward,_Alaska" title="Seward, Alaska">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skagway,_Alaska" title="Skagway, Alaska">Skagway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Territory" title="Arizona Territory">Arizona Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canyon_Diablo,_Arizona" title="Canyon Diablo, Arizona">Canyon Diablo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Grant,_Arizona" title="Fort Grant, Arizona">Fort Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescott,_Arizona" title="Prescott, Arizona">Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombstone,_Arizona" title="Tombstone, Arizona">Tombstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Window_Rock,_Arizona" title="Window Rock, Arizona">Window Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuma,_Arizona" title="Yuma, Arizona">Yuma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">California</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakersfield,_California" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_California" title="Jamestown, California">Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">Colorado</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creede,_Colorado" title="Creede, Colorado">Creede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telluride,_Colorado" title="Telluride, Colorado">Telluride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad,_Colorado" title="Trinidad, Colorado">Trinidad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bismarck,_North_Dakota" title="Bismarck, North Dakota">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadwood,_South_Dakota" title="Deadwood, South Dakota">Deadwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fargo,_North_Dakota" title="Fargo, North Dakota">Fargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Yates,_North_Dakota" title="Fort Yates, North Dakota">Fort Yates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_Ridge_Indian_Reservation" title="Pine Ridge Indian Reservation">Pine Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_City,_South_Dakota" title="Rapid City, South Dakota">Rapid City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Rock_Indian_Reservation" title="Standing Rock Indian Reservation">Standing Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankton,_South_Dakota" title="Yankton, South Dakota">Yankton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Florida_Territory" title="Florida Territory">Florida Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola,_Florida" title="Angola, Florida">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negro_Fort" title="Negro Fort">Negro Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pensacola,_Florida" title="History of Pensacola, Florida">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prospect_Bluff_Historic_Sites" title="Prospect Bluff Historic Sites">Prospect Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_St._Augustine,_Florida" title="History of St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marcos_de_Apalache_Historic_State_Park" title="San Marcos de Apalache Historic State Park">St. Marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tallahassee,_Florida" title="History of Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Territory" title="Idaho Territory">Idaho Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Boise" title="Fort Boise">Fort Boise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hall" title="Fort Hall">Fort Hall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">Illinois</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Dearborn" title="Fort Dearborn">Fort Dearborn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abilene,_Kansas" title="Abilene, Kansas">Abilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodge_City,_Kansas" title="Dodge City, Kansas">Dodge City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellsworth,_Kansas" title="Ellsworth, Kansas">Ellsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hays,_Kansas" title="Hays, Kansas">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leavenworth,_Kansas" title="Leavenworth, Kansas">Leavenworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independence,_Missouri" title="Independence, Missouri">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a></li></ul> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Montana_Territory" title="Montana Territory">Montana Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billings,_Montana" title="Billings, Montana">Billings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozeman,_Montana" title="Bozeman, Montana">Bozeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_Lodge,_Montana" title="Deer Lodge, Montana">Deer Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Benton,_Montana" title="Fort Benton, Montana">Fort Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Peck,_Montana" title="Fort Peck, Montana">Fort Peck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena,_Montana" title="Helena, Montana">Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livingston,_Montana" title="Livingston, Montana">Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missoula,_Montana" title="Missoula, Montana">Missoula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_City,_Montana" title="Virginia City, Montana">Virginia City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chadron,_Nebraska" title="Chadron, Nebraska">Chadron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Atkinson_(Nebraska)" title="Fort Atkinson (Nebraska)">Fort Atkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Robinson" title="Fort Robinson">Fort Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_City,_Nebraska" title="Nebraska City, Nebraska">Nebraska City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogallala,_Nebraska" title="Ogallala, Nebraska">Ogallala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentine,_Nebraska" title="Valentine, Nebraska">Valentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteclay,_Nebraska" title="Whiteclay, Nebraska">Whiteclay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">Nevada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carson_City,_Nevada" title="Carson City, Nevada">Carson City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_City,_Nevada" title="Virginia City, Nevada">Virginia City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reno,_Nevada" title="Reno, Nevada">Reno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory" title="New Mexico Territory">New Mexico Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alamogordo,_New_Mexico" title="Alamogordo, New Mexico">Alamogordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimarron,_New_Mexico" title="Cimarron, New Mexico">Cimarron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumner,_New_Mexico" title="Fort Sumner, New Mexico">Fort Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallup,_New_Mexico" title="Gallup, New Mexico">Gallup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas,_New_Mexico" title="Las Vegas, New Mexico">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_New_Mexico" title="Lincoln, New Mexico">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesilla,_New_Mexico" title="Mesilla, New Mexico">Mesilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon,_New_Mexico" title="Mogollon, New Mexico">Mogollon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell,_New_Mexico" title="Roswell, New Mexico">Roswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucumcari,_New_Mexico" title="Tucumcari, New Mexico">Tucumcari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Territory" title="Oklahoma Territory">Oklahoma Territory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broken_Arrow,_Oklahoma" title="Broken Arrow, Oklahoma">Broken Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Gibson" title="Fort Gibson">Fort Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sill" title="Fort Sill">Fort Sill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okmulgee,_Oklahoma" title="Okmulgee, Oklahoma">Okmulgee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawhuska,_Oklahoma" title="Pawhuska, Oklahoma">Pawhuska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahlequah,_Oklahoma" title="Tahlequah, Oklahoma">Tahlequah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishomingo,_Oklahoma" title="Tishomingo, Oklahoma">Tishomingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuskahoma,_Oklahoma" title="Tuskahoma, Oklahoma">Tuskahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wewoka,_Oklahoma" title="Wewoka, Oklahoma">Wewoka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Territory" title="Oregon Territory">Oregon Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astoria,_Oregon" title="Astoria, Oregon">Astoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dalles,_Oregon" title="The Dalles, Oregon">The Dalles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Grande,_Oregon" title="La Grande, Oregon">La Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMinnville,_Oregon" title="McMinnville, Oregon">McMinnville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_City,_Oregon" title="Oregon City, Oregon">Oregon City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem,_Oregon" title="Salem, Oregon">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale,_Oregon" title="Vale, Oregon">Vale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abilene,_Texas" title="Abilene, Texas">Abilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzales,_Texas" title="Gonzales, Texas">Gonzales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas" title="Lubbock, Texas">Lubbock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Washington_Territory" title="Washington Territory">Washington Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Everett,_Washington" title="Everett, Washington">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Townsend,_Washington" title="Port Townsend, Washington">Port Townsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver,_Washington" title="Vancouver, Washington">Vancouver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Territory" title="Wyoming Territory">Wyoming Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Bridger" title="Fort Bridger">Fort Bridger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Laramie_National_Historic_Site" title="Fort Laramie National Historic Site">Fort Laramie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:American_frontier" title="Category:American frontier">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_Civil_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;;background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Civil_War" title="Template:American Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Civil_War" title="Template talk:American Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Origins" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Origins</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_events_leading_to_the_American_Civil_War" title="Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War">Timeline leading to the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">Border states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas-Nebraska_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas-Nebraska Act">Kansas-Nebraska Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates" title="Lincoln–Douglas debates">Lincoln–Douglas debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins of the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1857" title="Panic of 1857">Panic of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Popular sovereignty in the United States">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Declaration_of_Secession" title="South Carolina Declaration of Secession">South Carolina Declaration of Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_75,000_volunteers" title="President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers">President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech" title="Cornerstone Speech">Cornerstone Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise" title="Crittenden Compromise">Crittenden Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-Eaters" title="Fire-Eaters">Fire-Eaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">Fugitive slave laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations in the American South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_as_a_positive_good_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery as a positive good in the United States">Positive good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Birney" title="James G. Birney">James G. Birney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lane_Debates_on_Slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lane Debates on Slavery">Lane Debates on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Parish_Lovejoy" title="Elijah Parish Lovejoy">Elijah Parish Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Sella_Martin" title="J. Sella Martin">J. Sella Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Luther_Stearns" title="George Luther Stearns">George Luther Stearns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caning_of_Charles_Sumner" title="Caning of Charles Sumner">Caning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="CombatantsTheatersCampaignsBattlesStates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Combatants</li><li>Theaters</li><li>Campaigns</li><li>Battles</li><li>States</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_army" title="Union army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Navy" title="Union Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Revenue_Cutter_Service" title="United States Revenue Cutter Service">Revenue Cutter Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Navy" title="Confederate States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Marine_Corps" title="Confederate States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Theaters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Eastern theater of the American Civil War">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Western theater of the American Civil War">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_seaboard_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Lower seaboard theater of the American Civil War">Lower Seaboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Mississippi_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Trans-Mississippi theater of the American Civil War">Trans-Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_coast_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pacific coast theater of the American Civil War">Pacific Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_blockade" title="Union blockade">Union naval blockade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Campaigns of the American Civil War">campaigns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaconda_Plan" title="Anaconda Plan">Anaconda Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Blockade runners of the American Civil War">Blockade runners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_campaign" title="New Mexico campaign">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_Valley_campaign" title="Jackson's Valley campaign">Jackson's Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_campaign" title="Peninsula campaign">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia_campaign" title="Northern Virginia campaign">Northern Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_campaign" title="Maryland campaign">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_campaign" title="Vicksburg campaign">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullahoma_campaign" title="Tullahoma campaign">Tullahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_campaign" title="Gettysburg campaign">Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan%27s_Raid" title="Morgan's Raid">Morgan's Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristoe_campaign" title="Bristoe campaign">Bristoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoxville_campaign" title="Knoxville campaign">Knoxville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_campaign" title="Red River campaign">Red River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overland_Campaign" title="Overland Campaign">Overland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_campaign" title="Atlanta campaign">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_campaigns_of_1864" title="Valley campaigns of 1864">Valley 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Hundred_campaign" title="Bermuda Hundred campaign">Bermuda Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg" title="Siege of Petersburg">Richmond-Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin%E2%80%93Nashville_campaign" title="Franklin–Nashville campaign">Franklin–Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price%27s_Missouri_Expedition" title="Price's Missouri Expedition">Price's Missouri Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea" title="Sherman's March to the Sea">Sherman's March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_the_Carolinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign of the Carolinas">Carolinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_campaign_(1865)" title="Mobile campaign (1865)">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appomattox_campaign" title="Appomattox campaign">Appomattox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_battles" title="List of American Civil War battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">1st Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wilson%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Wilson's Creek">Wilson's Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Donelson" title="Battle of Fort Donelson">Fort Donelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pea_Ridge" title="Battle of Pea Ridge">Pea Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" title="Battle of Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Shiloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forts_Jackson_and_St._Philip" title="Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corinth" title="Siege of Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Pines" title="Battle of Seven Pines">Seven Pines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles">Seven Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">2nd Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Antietam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Perryville" title="Battle of Perryville">Perryville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Fredericksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Chancellorsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg" title="Siege of Vicksburg">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga" title="Battle of Chickamauga">Chickamauga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_campaign" title="Chattanooga campaign">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness" title="Battle of the Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Pillow" title="Battle of Fort Pillow">Fort Pillow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spotsylvania_Court_House" title="Battle of Spotsylvania Court House">Spotsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cold_Harbor" title="Battle of Cold Harbor">Cold Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Atlanta" title="Battle of Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Crater" title="Battle of the Crater">Crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mobile_Bay" title="Battle of Mobile Bay">Mobile Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Franklin_(1864)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Franklin (1864)">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nashville" title="Battle of Nashville">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Five_Forks" title="Battle of Five Forks">Five Forks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">States and territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Alabama in the American Civil War">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Arkansas in the American Civil War">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Arizona" title="Confederate Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="California in the American Civil War">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado in the American Civil War">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Connecticut in the American Civil War">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory#Dakota_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware#Delaware_in_the_Civil_War" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Georgia in the American Civil War">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_and_the_American_Civil_War" title="Hawaii and the American Civil War">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Idaho in the American Civil War">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Illinois in the American Civil War">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indian Territory in the American Civil War">Indian Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indiana in the American Civil War">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Iowa in the American Civil War">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kansas in the American Civil War">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kentucky in the American Civil War">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maine in the American Civil War">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maryland in the American Civil War">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Massachusetts in the American Civil War">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Michigan in the American Civil War">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota#Civil_War_era_and_Dakota_War_of_1862" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Missouri in the American Civil War">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Montana in the American Civil War">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nebraska Territory in the American Civil War">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nevada in the American Civil War">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire#Civil_War:_1861–1865" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Jersey in the American Civil War">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New York in the American Civil War">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Ohio in the American Civil War">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Oregon in the American Civil War">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pennsylvania in the American Civil War">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Rhode Island in the American Civil War">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="South Carolina in the American Civil War">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Tennessee in the American Civil War">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah in the American Civil War">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Vermont in the American Civil War">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington in the American Civil War">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="West Virginia in the American Civil War">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Wisconsin in the American Civil War">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Atlanta in the American Civil War">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Charleston in the American Civil War">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Chattanooga in the American Civil War">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Orleans in the American Civil War">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Richmond in the American Civil War">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Winchester, Virginia in the American Civil War">Winchester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_leadership_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military leadership in the American Civil War">Leaders</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Anderson_(general)" title="Richard H. Anderson (general)">R. H. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard">Beauregard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braxton_Bragg" title="Braxton Bragg">Bragg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Buchanan" title="Franklin Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Cooper_(general)" title="Samuel Cooper (general)">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Ewell" title="Richard S. Ewell">Ewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Bedford_Forrest" title="Nathan Bedford Forrest">Forrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gorgas" title="Josiah Gorgas">Gorgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Hill" title="A. P. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_Hood" title="John Bell Hood">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sidney_Johnston" title="Albert Sidney Johnston">A. S. Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">J. E. Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">Longstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hunt_Morgan" title="John Hunt Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Mosby" title="John S. Mosby">Mosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonidas_Polk" title="Leonidas Polk">Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_Price" title="Sterling Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Semmes" title="Raphael Semmes">Semmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Kirby_Smith" title="Edmund Kirby Smith">E. K. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._E._B._Stuart" title="J. E. B. Stuart">Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(Confederate_general)" title="Richard Taylor (Confederate general)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wheeler" title="Joseph Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judah_P._Benjamin" title="Judah P. Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Bocock" title="Thomas S. Bocock">Bocock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mallory" title="Stephen Mallory">Mallory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Memminger" title="Christopher Memminger">Memminger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Seddon" title="James Seddon">Seddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Stephens" title="Alexander H. Stephens">Stephens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(Civil_War)" title="Robert Anderson (Civil War)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos_Buell" title="Don Carlos Buell">Buell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Burnside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Francis_Du_Pont" title="Samuel Francis Du Pont">Du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hull_Foote" title="Andrew Hull Foote">Foote</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frémont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Halleck" title="Henry Halleck">Halleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Hunt" title="Henry Jackson Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvin_McDowell" title="Irvin McDowell">McDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade">Meade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_C._Meigs" title="Montgomery C. Meigs">Meigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ord" title="Edward Ord">Ord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pope_(military_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pope (military officer)">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dixon_Porter" title="David Dixon Porter">D. D. Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rosecrans" title="William Rosecrans">Rosecrans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Thomas" title="George Henry Thomas">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ericsson" title="John Ericsson">Ericsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Pinkerton" title="Allan Pinkerton">Pinkerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Welles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Aftermath" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th Amendment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Claims" title="Alabama Claims">Alabama Claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks%E2%80%93Baxter_War" title="Brooks–Baxter War">Brooks–Baxter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger">Carpetbaggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colfax_massacre" title="Colfax massacre">Colfax riot of 1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_colonies" title="Confederate colonies">Confederate refugees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederados" title="Confederados">Confederados</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_riot_of_1874" class="mw-redirect" title="Election riot of 1874">Eufaula riot of 1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman%27s_Savings_Bank" title="Freedman's Savings Bank">Freedman's Savings Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">Homestead Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Homestead_Act_of_1866" title="Southern Homestead Act of 1866">Southern Homestead Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Culture_Act" title="Timber Culture Act">Timber Culture Act</a> of 1873</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment of Andrew Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson">trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Andrew_Johnson" title="Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson">efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Timeline of the impeachment of Andrew Johnson">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">first inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">second inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_impeachment_managers_investigation" title="1868 impeachment managers investigation">impeachment managers investigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk%E2%80%93Holden_war" title="Kirk–Holden war">Kirk–Holden war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_White_Camelia" title="Knights of the White Camelia">Knights of the White Camelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_riots_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="Memphis riots of 1866">Memphis riots of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_race_riot_of_1871" title="Meridian race riot of 1871">Meridian riot of 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_massacre_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans massacre of 1866">New Orleans riot of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_riot" title="Pulaski riot">Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina riots of 1876</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Acts" title="Reconstruction Acts">Reconstruction acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Act_of_1867" title="Habeas Corpus Act of 1867">Habeas Corpus Act of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Act_of_1870" title="Enforcement Act of 1870">Enforcement Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Enforcement_Act" title="Second Enforcement Act">Enforcement Act of February 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Enforcement_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Enforcement Act">Enforcement Act of April 1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_military_districts" title="Reconstruction military districts">Reconstruction military districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Treaties" title="Reconstruction Treaties">Reconstruction Treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith_Council" title="Fort Smith Council">Indian Council at Fort Smith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalawag" title="Scalawag">Scalawags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina riots of 1876</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Claims_Commission" title="Southern Claims Commission">Southern Claims Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_League" title="White League">White League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Post- Reconstruction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Commemoration of the American Civil War">Commemoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_Centennial" title="American Civil War Centennial">Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Discovery_Trail" title="Civil War Discovery Trail">Civil War Discovery Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Roundtable" title="Civil War Roundtable">Civil War Roundtables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trails_Program" title="Civil War Trails Program">Civil War Trails Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil War Trust">Civil War Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_History_Month" title="Confederate History Month">Confederate History Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Day" title="Confederate Memorial Day">Confederate Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day">Decoration Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_reenactment" title="American Civil War reenactment">Historical reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_Day" title="Robert E. Lee Day">Robert E. Lee Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall" title="Confederate Memorial Hall">Confederate Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction era">Disenfranchisement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiographic_issues_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="Historiographic issues about the American Civil War">Historiographic issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_display_of_the_Confederate_battle_flag" title="Modern display of the Confederate battle flag">Modern display of the Confederate flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Confederate_Veterans" title="Sons of Confederate Veterans">Sons of Confederate Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Union_Veterans_of_the_Civil_War" title="Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War">Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Historical_Society" title="Southern Historical Society">Southern Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Children of the Confederacy">Children of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_insurrection_of_1898" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington insurrection of 1898">Wilmington insurrection of 1898</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Monuments and memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Union_Civil_War_monuments_and_memorials" title="List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_the_Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Abraham_Lincoln" title="List of memorials to Abraham Lincoln">memorials to Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Confederate monuments and memorials">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_artworks_in_the_United_States_Capitol" title="Confederate artworks in the United States Capitol">artworks in Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Jefferson_Davis" title="List of memorials to Jefferson Davis">memorials to Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Robert_E._Lee" title="List of memorials to Robert E. Lee">memorials to Lee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" title="Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials">Removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Cemeteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Memorial_Association" title="Ladies' Memorial Association">Ladies' Memorial Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Era_National_Cemeteries_MPS" title="Civil War Era National Cemeteries MPS">U.S. national cemeteries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Veterans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1913_Gettysburg_reunion" title="1913 Gettysburg reunion">1913 Gettysburg reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Gettysburg_reunion" title="1938 Gettysburg reunion">1938 Gettysburg reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall" title="Confederate Memorial Hall">Confederate Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Veteran" title="Confederate Veteran">Confederate Veteran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_the_Loyal_Legion_of_the_United_States" title="Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States">Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_soldiers%27_home" title="Old soldiers' home">Old soldiers' homes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_of_Honor" title="Southern Cross of Honor">Southern Cross of Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of weapons in the American Civil War">Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Campaign_Medal" title="Civil War Campaign Medal">Campaign Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cavalry in the American Civil War">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Home_Guard" title="Confederate Home Guard">Confederate Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_railroads_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Confederate railroads in the American Civil War">Confederate railroads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_revolving_cannon" title="Confederate revolving cannon">Confederate revolving cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Field artillery in the American Civil War">Field artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_Medal_of_Honor_recipients" title="List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients">Medal of Honor recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Medicine in the American Civil War">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_battles_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of naval battles of the American Civil War">Naval battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Records_of_the_Union_and_Confederate_Armies" title="Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies">Official Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_Ranger_Act" title="Partisan Ranger Act">Partisan rangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_prison_camps" title="American Civil War prison camps">POW camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foods_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Foods of the American Civil War">Rations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_Corps_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Signal Corps in the American Civil War">Signal Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_point_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Turning point of the American Civil War">Turning point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_Corps_Badges" title="American Civil War Corps Badges">Union corps badges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Army_Balloon_Corps" title="Union Army Balloon Corps">U.S. Balloon Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Guard_(Union)" title="Home Guard (Union)">U.S. Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Railroad" title="United States Military Railroad">U.S. Military Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_the_Conduct_of_the_War" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War">Committee on the Conduct of the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate States presidential election">Confederate States presidential election of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1861" title="Confiscation Act of 1861">Confiscation Act of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1862" title="Confiscation Act of 1862">Confiscation Act of 1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copperhead_(politics)" title="Copperhead (politics)">Copperheads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Diplomacy of the American Civil War">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Suspension_Act_(1863)" title="Habeas Corpus Suspension Act (1863)">Habeas Corpus Act of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads_Conference" title="Hampton Roads Conference">Hampton Roads Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_politicians_killed_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of politicians killed in the American Civil War">Politicians killed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair">Trent Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_League" title="Union League">Union Leagues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">U.S. Presidential Election of 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Democrat" title="War Democrat">War Democrats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Music of the American Civil War">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic" title="Battle Hymn of the Republic">Battle Hymn of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixie_(song)" title="Dixie (song)">Dixie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Body" title="John Brown's Body">John Brown's Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Lincoln_Portrait" class="mw-redirect" title="A Lincoln Portrait">A Lincoln Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marching_Through_Georgia" title="Marching Through Georgia">Marching Through Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland,_My_Maryland" title="Maryland, My Maryland">Maryland, My Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/When_Johnny_Comes_Marching_Home" title="When Johnny Comes Marching Home">When Johnny Comes Marching Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daar_kom_die_Alibama" title="Daar kom die Alibama">Daar kom die Alibama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">By ethnicity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="German Americans in the American Civil War">German Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Irish Americans in the American Civil War">Irish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans_in_the_Civil_War" title="Italian Americans in the Civil War">Italian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Native Americans in the American Civil War">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catawba_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Catawba in the American Civil War">Catawba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cherokee in the American Civil War">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Choctaw in the American Civil War">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Seminole in the American Civil War">Seminole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_riot_of_1861" title="Baltimore riot of 1861">Baltimore riot of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_battlefield_preservation" title="American Civil War battlefield preservation">Battlefield preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Bibliography of the American Civil War">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_war_finance" title="Confederate war finance">Confederate war finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_dollar" title="Confederate States dollar">Confederate States dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_spies" title="American Civil War spies">Espionage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Secret_Service" title="Confederate Secret Service">Confederate Secret Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanging_at_Gainesville" title="Great Hanging at Gainesville">Great Hanging at Gainesville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army_revival" title="Confederate States Army revival">Great Revival of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_issues_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Gender issues in the American Civil War">Gender issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Names of the American Civil War">Naming the war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_gold_hoax" title="Civil War gold hoax">New York City Gold Hoax of 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City riots of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographers_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Photographers of the American Civil War">Photographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_bread_riots" title="Southern bread riots">Richmond riots of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Salt in the American Civil War">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_cases_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Supreme Court cases of the American Civil War">Supreme Court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_token" title="Civil War token">Tokens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Sanitary_Commission" title="United States Sanitary Commission">U.S. Sanitary Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_American_Civil_War_soldiers" title="List of female American Civil War soldiers">Women soldiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_and_television_shows_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of films and television shows about the American Civil War">List of films and television shows about the American Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:American_Civil_War" title="Category:American Civil War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War" title="Portal:American Civil War">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Portal:Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia (U.S. state)</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/21px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/32px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/42px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:California" title="Portal:California">California</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/19px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/29px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/38px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="1875" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War" title="Portal:American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169011#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169011#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169011#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108986263">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/49265020">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/8405/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJp6bdwrKy78dXrkDyWJjC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118693123">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50025411">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12159054r">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12159054r">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35102797">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0301007&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p067893295">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000284521&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=96349">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810605705405606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007463573405171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14816776">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA10347809?l=en">CiNii</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Frém.">International Plant Names Index</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500341298">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/52190">Photographers' Identities</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=F000374">US Congress</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/827191">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118693123.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118693123">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030108772">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10580513">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6zt3kwm">SNAC</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6zg6rs1">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_C._Frémont&oldid=1259015014">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_C._Frémont&oldid=1259015014</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="Category:John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_American_military_personnel" title="Category:19th-century American military personnel">19th-century American military personnel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_American_politicians" title="Category:19th-century American politicians">19th-century American politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_American_scientists" title="Category:19th-century American scientists">19th-century American scientists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_American_Episcopalians" title="Category:19th-century American Episcopalians">19th-century American Episcopalians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_American_explorers" title="Category:19th-century American explorers">19th-century American explorers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_explorers_of_North_America" title="Category:American explorers of North America">American explorers of North America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Explorers_of_California" title="Category:Explorers of California">Explorers of California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Explorers_of_Oregon" title="Category:Explorers of Oregon">Explorers of Oregon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_abolitionists" title="Category:American abolitionists">American abolitionists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_botanists" title="Category:American botanists">American botanists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_military_personnel_of_the_Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Category:American military personnel of the Mexican–American War">American military personnel of the Mexican–American War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_of_French-Canadian_descent" title="Category:American people of French-Canadian descent">American people of French-Canadian descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_surveyors" title="Category:American surveyors">American surveyors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_taxonomists" title="Category:American taxonomists">American taxonomists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arizona_Republicans" title="Category:Arizona Republicans">Arizona Republicans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Governors_of_Arizona_Territory" title="Category:Governors of Arizona Territory">Governors of Arizona Territory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_people_from_California" title="Category:19th-century people from California">19th-century people from California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Democratic_Party_United_States_senators_from_California" title="Category:Democratic Party United States senators from California">Democratic Party United States senators from California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:California_Democrats" title="Category:California Democrats">California Democrats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:California_Republicans" title="Category:California Republicans">California Republicans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commanders_of_the_California_Republic" title="Category:Commanders of the California Republic">Commanders of the California Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Perpetrators_of_the_California_genocide" title="Category:Perpetrators of the California genocide">Perpetrators of the California genocide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_the_Conquest_of_California" title="Category:People of the Conquest of California">People of the Conquest of California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_the_California_Gold_Rush" title="Category:People of the California Gold Rush">People of the California Gold Rush</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Mariposa_County,_California" title="Category:History of Mariposa County, California">History of Mariposa County, California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Mariposa_County,_California" title="Category:People from Mariposa County, California">People from Mariposa County, California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_personnel_from_California" title="Category:Military personnel from California">Military personnel from California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_California_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Category:People of California in the American Civil War">People of California in the American Civil War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Sleepy_Hollow,_New_York" title="Category:People from Sleepy Hollow, New York">People from Sleepy Hollow, New York</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_St._George,_Staten_Island" title="Category:People from St. George, Staten Island">People from St. George, Staten Island</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_York_(state)_Republicans" title="Category:New York (state) Republicans">New York (state) Republicans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Radical_Republicans" title="Category:Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_American_presidential_pardons" title="Category:Recipients of American presidential pardons">Recipients of American presidential pardons</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite_(civil_class)" title="Category:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)">Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Republican_Party_(United_States)_presidential_nominees" title="Category:Republican Party (United States) presidential nominees">Republican Party (United States) presidential nominees</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Candidates_in_the_1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="Category:Candidates in the 1856 United States presidential election">Candidates in the 1856 United States presidential election</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Union_army_generals" title="Category:Union army generals">Union army generals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Army_Corps_of_Topographical_Engineers" title="Category:United States Army Corps of Topographical Engineers">United States Army Corps of Topographical Engineers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Army_personnel_who_were_court-martialed" title="Category:United States Army personnel who were court-martialed">United States Army personnel who were court-martialed</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_military_governors_of_California" title="Category:United States military governors of California">United States military governors of California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_peritonitis" title="Category:Deaths from peritonitis">Deaths from peritonitis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1813_births" title="Category:1813 births">1813 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1890_deaths" title="Category:1890 deaths">1890 deaths</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_Appleton%27s_Cyclopedia" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Appleton's Cyclopedia">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Appleton's Cyclopedia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_containing_links_to_subscription-only_content" title="Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content">Pages containing links to subscription-only content</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_March_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from March 2023">Articles with dead external links from March 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_August_2017" title="Category:Use mdy dates from August 2017">Use mdy dates from August 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_factual_verification" title="Category:All pages needing factual verification">All pages needing factual verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_May_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from May 2023">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_that_are_excessively_detailed_from_June_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from June 2022">Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from June 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_are_excessively_detailed" title="Category:All articles that are excessively detailed">All articles that are excessively detailed</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_style_issues_from_June_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with style issues from June 2022">Wikipedia articles with style issues from June 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_style_issues" title="Category:All articles with style issues">All articles with style issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_cleanup" title="Category:All pages needing cleanup">All pages needing cleanup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Project_Gutenberg_links" title="Category:Articles with Project Gutenberg links">Articles with Project Gutenberg links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Internet_Archive_links" title="Category:Articles with Internet Archive links">Articles with Internet Archive links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_New_International_Encyclopedia" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_Popular_Science_Monthly" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Popular Science Monthly">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Popular Science Monthly</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Botanists_with_author_abbreviations" title="Category:Botanists with author abbreviations">Botanists with author abbreviations</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 November 2024, at 22:41 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-d465dfd78-nn4gq","wgBackendResponseTime":186,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.836","walltime":"3.296","ppvisitednodes":{"value":41608,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":807751,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":71546,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":27,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":40,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":566225,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2586.475 1 -total"," 20.75% 536.675 222 Template:Sfn"," 17.37% 449.247 2 Template:Reflist"," 12.41% 321.092 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 11.07% 286.344 52 Template:Cite_book"," 6.06% 156.813 14 Template:Navbox"," 4.88% 126.169 12 Template:Fix"," 4.78% 123.636 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 4.32% 111.675 29 Template:Cite_web"," 3.64% 94.220 9 Template:Verify_source"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.444","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17071759,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREF\u0026quot;Jessie_Benton_Fremont:_Wife_of_Union_General_John_C._Fremont\u0026quot;\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmerica\u0026#039;s_Successful_Men_of_Affairs\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBach1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBancroft1886\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnes2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorneman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrands2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrands2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBreckenridge1894\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrowning2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurrous2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell_Grant1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarson1924\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarwardine2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCary2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChicago_and_North_Western_Railway_Company1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDenton2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDenton2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDivjak,_Helen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEgan1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrémont1887\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrémont1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGannett,_Henry1905\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorgia_Historical_Society\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenspun2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrivas1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHampton_Sides2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeidenreich2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHembree\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaninCarlson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Charles_Frémont1845\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadley2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcFeely1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNamara2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillerLanier1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNevins1931\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNevins1939a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNevins1939b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOates1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolk1910\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichards2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogers1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRolle1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSabin1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSides2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolnit2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpence1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTenney1865\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTustin1880\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUpham1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinks2000\"] = 1,\n [\"Catton\"] = 1,\n [\"Dellenbaugh\"] = 1,\n [\"EERM\"] = 1,\n [\"EERM1853\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"American Civil War\"] = 1,\n [\"American frontier\"] = 1,\n [\"Anti-slavery parties (US)\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 2,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite Appletons'\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite NIE\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite PSM\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 52,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 28,\n [\"Cleanup gallery\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear\"] = 2,\n [\"Columns-list\"] = 2,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"CongBio\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 5,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Fremont, John C.\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 10,\n [\"Flag\"] = 1,\n [\"Format price\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 7,\n [\"Governors of Arizona\"] = 1,\n [\"Governors of California\"] = 1,\n [\"Gutenberg author\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 7,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 9,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation/year\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"LCCN\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"OCLC\"] = 1,\n [\"Overly detailed\"] = 2,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect-distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 5,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 3,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-new\"] = 2,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-par\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ppo\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 5,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 222,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 14,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 3,\n [\"Spaced ndash\"] = 1,\n [\"Subscription required\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"USDCY\"] = 1,\n [\"USRepPresNominees\"] = 1,\n [\"USSenCA\"] = 1,\n [\"United States presidential election, 1856\"] = 1,\n [\"Unsuccessful major party pres candidates\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Verify source\"] = 9,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 9,\n [\"Wikisource-inline\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","320","19.0"],["?","240","14.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","200","11.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","140","8.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","100","6.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","6.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","80","4.8"],["[main chunk] \u003Cpackage.lua\u003E","60","3.6"],["attr \u003Cmw.html.lua:248\u003E","40","2.4"],["type","40","2.4"],["[others]","360","21.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-tfcqj","timestamp":"20241125134931","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"John C. Fr\u00e9mont","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q169011","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q169011","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-09-25T16:31:46Z","dateModified":"2024-11-22T22:41:26Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b3\/John_Charles_Fremont_Oval.png","headline":"American politician, explorer and military officer (1813\u20131890)"}</script> </body> </html>