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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Homologous_recombination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homologous_recombination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Homologous recombination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homologous_recombination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_transformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_transformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Natural transformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_transformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Clinical 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Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7" title="ريكا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ريكا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/RecA" title="RecA – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="RecA" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/RecA" title="RecA – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="RecA" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/RecA" title="RecA – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="RecA" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="پروتئین رک ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پروتئین رک ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/RecA" title="RecA – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="RecA" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/RecA" title="RecA – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="RecA" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/RecA" title="RecA – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="RecA" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/RecA" title="RecA – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="RecA" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/RecA" title="RecA – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="RecA" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/RecA" title="RecA – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="RecA" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">recA bacterial DNA recombination protein</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Homologous_recombination_3cmt.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Homologous_recombination_3cmt.png/220px-Homologous_recombination_3cmt.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Homologous_recombination_3cmt.png/330px-Homologous_recombination_3cmt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Homologous_recombination_3cmt.png/440px-Homologous_recombination_3cmt.png 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="869" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">Crystal structure</a> of a RecA-DNA complex. <a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a> ID: <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry/pdb/3cmt">3cmt</a></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd; color:inherit;">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; color:inherit;">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; color:inherit;">RecA</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam">Pfam</a></th><td class="infobox-data pfam" style="background-color: #eee; color:inherit;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/pfam/PF00154">PF00154</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam">Pfam</a> clan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; color:inherit;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/set/pfam/CL0023/">CL0023</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/InterPro" title="InterPro">InterPro</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; color:inherit;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR013765">IPR013765</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/PROSITE" title="PROSITE">PROSITE</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; color:inherit;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prosite.expasy.org/PDOC00131">PDOC00131</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Structural_Classification_of_Proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural Classification of Proteins">SCOP2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; color:inherit;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scop2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/search?t=txt;q=2reb">2reb</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scop.berkeley.edu/pdb/code=2reb">SCOPe</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://supfam.org/SUPERFAMILY/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search_field=2reb">SUPFAM</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="background-color: #eee; color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:none; clear:none; margin:0; border-width:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; width:100%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd; color:inherit;">Available protein structures:</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; color:inherit; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam">Pfam</a>  </th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; color:inherit; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pfam.xfam.org/family/PF00154?tab=pdbBlock">structures</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prodata.swmed.edu/ecod/complete/search?kw=PF00154">ECOD</a>  </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; color:inherit; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; color:inherit; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/search?q=rcsb_polymer_entity_annotation.annotation_id:PF00154%20AND%20rcsb_polymer_entity_annotation.type:Pfam">RCSB PDB</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry/search/index?pfam_accession:PF00154">PDBe</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdbj.org/search/pdb?other_db_select=PFam&other_db_field=PF00154">PDBj</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; color:inherit; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/PDBsum" title="PDBsum">PDBsum</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; color:inherit; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/cgi-bin/pdbsum/GetPfamStr.pl?pfam_id=PF00154">structure summary</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>RecA</b> is a 38 <a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">kilodalton</a> <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> essential for the repair and maintenance of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Structural and functional homologs to RecA have been found in all kingdoms of life.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RecA serves as an archetype for this class of homologous <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">DNA repair</a> proteins. The homologous protein is called <a href="/wiki/RAD51" title="RAD51">RAD51</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eukaryotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryotes">eukaryotes</a> and <a href="/wiki/RadA" title="RadA">RadA</a> in <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>RecA has multiple activities, all related to DNA repair. In the bacterial <a href="/wiki/SOS_response" title="SOS response">SOS response</a>, it functions as a co-<a href="/wiki/Protease" title="Protease">protease</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Autocatalytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocatalytic">autocatalytic</a> cleavage of the <a href="/wiki/LexA_repressor" title="LexA repressor">LexA repressor</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lambda_phage" title="Lambda phage">λ</a> repressor.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RecA&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homologous_recombination">Homologous recombination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RecA&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Homologous recombination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The RecA protein binds strongly and in long clusters to ssDNA to form a nucleoprotein filament.<sup id="cite_ref-RecASynapse_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RecASynapse-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protein has multiple DNA <a href="/wiki/Binding_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="Binding sites">binding sites</a>, and thus can hold a single strand and double strand together. This feature makes it possible to <a href="/wiki/Catalyze" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyze">catalyze</a> a DNA <a href="/wiki/Synapsis" title="Synapsis">synapsis</a> reaction between a DNA double helix and a complementary region of single-stranded DNA. The RecA-ssDNA filament searches for sequence similarity along the dsDNA. A disordered DNA loop in RecA, Loop 2, contains the residues responsible for DNA <a href="/wiki/Homologous_recombination" title="Homologous recombination">homologous recombination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8537348_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8537348-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some bacteria, RecA posttranslational modification via phosphorylation of a serine residue on Loop 2 can interfere with homologous recombination.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid30174294_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid30174294-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are multiple proposed models for how RecA finds complementary DNA.<sup id="cite_ref-RecASynapse_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RecASynapse-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one model, termed <a href="/wiki/Conformational_proofreading" title="Conformational proofreading">conformational proofreading</a>, the DNA duplex is stretched, which enhances sequence complementarity recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21070965_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21070965-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reaction initiates the exchange of strands between two recombining DNA double helices. After the synapsis event, in the heteroduplex region a process called <i>branch migration</i> begins. In branch migration an unpaired region of one of the single strands displaces a paired region of the other single strand, moving the branch point without changing the total number of base pairs. Spontaneous branch migration can occur, however, as it generally proceeds equally in both directions it is unlikely to complete recombination efficiently. The RecA protein catalyzes unidirectional branch migration and by doing so makes it possible to complete recombination, producing a region of heteroduplex DNA that is thousands of base pairs long. </p><p>Since it is a DNA-dependent <a href="/wiki/ATPase" title="ATPase">ATPase</a>, RecA contains an additional site for binding and hydrolyzing <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a>. RecA <a href="/wiki/Binding_constant" title="Binding constant">associates more tightly</a> with DNA when it has ATP bound than when it has <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_diphosphate" title="Adenosine diphosphate">ADP</a> bound.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Homologous_recombination" title="Homologous recombination">Homologous recombination</a> events mediated by RecA can occur in <i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a></i> during the period after <a href="/wiki/DNA_replication" title="DNA replication">DNA replication</a> when <a href="/wiki/Sister_chromatids" title="Sister chromatids">sister loci</a> remain close. RecA can also mediate homology pairing, homologous recombination, and DNA break repair between distant sister loci that had segregated to opposite halves of the <i>E. coli</i> cell.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid24362571_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24362571-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_transformation">Natural transformation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RecA&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Natural transformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Natural_competence" title="Natural competence">Natural competence</a></div> <p>Natural bacterial <a href="/wiki/Transformation_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformation (genetics)">transformation</a> involves the transfer of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> from one bacterium to another (ordinarily of the same <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>) and the integration of the donor DNA into the recipient chromosome by homologous recombination, a process mediated by the RecA protein. In some bacteria, the <i>recA</i> gene is induced in response to the bacterium becoming <a href="/wiki/Natural_competence" title="Natural competence">competent</a>, the physiological state required for transformation.<sup id="cite_ref-RecACompetence_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RecACompetence-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> the length of the transferred DNA can be as great as a third and up to the size of the whole <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11388459_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11388459-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16716928_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16716928-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RecA&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>RecA has been proposed as a potential <a href="/wiki/Drug_target" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug target">drug target</a> for bacterial infections.<sup id="cite_ref-Culyba2015_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Culyba2015-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Small molecules that interfere with RecA function have been identified.<sup id="cite_ref-Merrikh2020_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merrikh2020-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since many antibiotics lead to DNA damage, and all bacteria rely on RecA to fix this damage, inhibitors of RecA could be used to enhance the toxicity of antibiotics. Inhibitors of RecA may also delay or prevent the appearance of bacterial drug resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-Culyba2015_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Culyba2015-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=RecA&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChenYangPavletich2008" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, Zhucheng; Yang, Haijuan; Pavletich, Nikola P. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bioorganic+%26+Medicinal+Chemistry+Letters&rft.atitle=Directed+molecular+screening+for+RecA+ATPase+inhibitors&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3249-%3C%2Fspan%3E3253&rft.date=2007-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1933586%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17499507&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.bmcl.2007.04.013&rft.aulast=Wigle&rft.aufirst=Tim+J.&rft.au=Singleton%2C+Scott+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1933586&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARecA" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:DNA_repair" title="Template:DNA repair"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:DNA_repair" title="Template talk:DNA repair"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:DNA_repair" title="Special:EditPage/Template:DNA repair"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="DNA_repair245" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">DNA repair</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/DNA_repair#Single-strand_damage" title="DNA repair">Excision repair</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Base_excision_repair" title="Base excision repair">Base excision repair</a>/<a href="/wiki/AP_site" title="AP site">AP site</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DNA_glycosylase" title="DNA glycosylase">DNA glycosylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uracil-DNA_glycosylase" title="Uracil-DNA glycosylase">Uracil-DNA glycosylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly_ADP_ribose_polymerase" class="mw-redirect" title="Poly ADP ribose polymerase">Poly ADP ribose polymerase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleotide_excision_repair" title="Nucleotide excision repair">Nucleotide excision repair</a>/<a href="/wiki/Excision_repair_cross-complementing" title="Excision repair cross-complementing">ERCC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XPA" title="XPA">XPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPB" title="XPB">XPB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPC_(gene)" title="XPC (gene)">XPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERCC2" title="ERCC2">XPD/ERCC2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DDB1" title="DDB1">XPE/DDB1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERCC4" title="ERCC4">XPF/DDB1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERCC5" title="ERCC5">XPG/ERCC5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERCC1" title="ERCC1">ERCC1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replication_protein_A" title="Replication protein A">RPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAD23A" title="RAD23A">RAD23A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAD23B" title="RAD23B">RAD23B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excinuclease" title="Excinuclease">Excinuclease</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_mismatch_repair" title="DNA mismatch repair">DNA mismatch repair</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MLH1" title="MLH1">MLH1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSH2" title="MSH2">MSH2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Homologous_recombination" title="Homologous recombination">Homologous recombination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">RecA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RecBCD" title="RecBCD">RecBCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RecF_pathway" title="RecF pathway">RecF pathway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RecQ_helicase" title="RecQ helicase">RecQ helicase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAD51" title="RAD51">RAD51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sgs1" title="Sgs1">Sgs1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slx4" class="mw-redirect" title="Slx4">Slx4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LexA" class="mw-redirect" title="LexA">LexA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other pathways</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transcription-coupled_repair" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription-coupled repair">Transcription-coupled repair</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ERCC6" title="ERCC6">ERCC6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERCC8_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="ERCC8 (gene)">ERCC8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homology_directed_repair" title="Homology directed repair">Homology directed repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-homologous_end_joining" title="Non-homologous end joining">Non-homologous end joining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ku_(protein)" title="Ku (protein)">Ku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microhomology-mediated_end_joining" title="Microhomology-mediated end joining">Microhomology-mediated end joining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postreplication_repair" title="Postreplication repair">Postreplication repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photolyase" title="Photolyase">Photolyase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CRY1" class="mw-redirect" title="CRY1">CRY1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRY2" class="mw-redirect" title="CRY2">CRY2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SOS_box" title="SOS box">SOS box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOS_response" title="SOS response">SOS response</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other/ungrouped</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protein_O-GlcNAc_transferase" title="Protein O-GlcNAc transferase">Ogt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PcrA" title="PcrA">PcrA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proliferating_cell_nuclear_antigen" title="Proliferating cell nuclear antigen">Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-Oxoguanine" title="8-Oxoguanine">8-Oxoguanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_response" title="Adaptive response">Adaptive response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiotic_recombination_checkpoint" title="Meiotic recombination checkpoint">Meiotic recombination checkpoint</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helicase" title="Helicase">DNA helicase</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bloom_syndrome_protein" title="Bloom syndrome protein">BLM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_syndrome_ATP-dependent_helicase" class="mw-redirect" title="Werner syndrome ATP-dependent helicase">WRN</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FANC_proteins" title="FANC proteins">FANC proteins</a>: <i>core protein complex</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FANCA" title="FANCA">FANCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FANCB" title="FANCB">FANCB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanconi_anemia,_complementation_group_C" title="Fanconi anemia, complementation group C">FANCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FANCE" title="FANCE">FANCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FANCF" title="FANCF">FANCF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FANCG" title="FANCG">FANCG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FANCL" title="FANCL">FANCL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FANCM" title="FANCM">FANCM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRCA1" title="BRCA1">FANCD1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FANCD2" title="FANCD2">FANCD2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FANCI" title="FANCI">FANCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRIP1" title="BRIP1">FANCJ</a></li> <li><a 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