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href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF" title="তালিক লিপি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তালিক লিপি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliq" title="Taliq – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Taliq" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliq" title="Taliq – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Taliq" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliq" title="Taliq – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Taliq" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82" title="خط تعلیق – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خط تعلیق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%27liq" title="Ta'liq – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ta'liq" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq" title="Taʿlīq – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Taʿlīq" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%CA%BCliq" title="Taʼliq – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Taʼliq" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82" title="خط تعلیق – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="خط تعلیق" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taligh" title="Taligh – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Taligh" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talik_hatt%C4%B1" title="Talik hattı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Talik hattı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82" title="خط تعلیق – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خط تعلیق" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4119938" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Script style in Persian calligraphy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:palegreen;">Taliq<br /><div style="font-weight:normal"></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Calligraphy_by_Kamal_al-Din.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Calligraphy_by_Kamal_al-Din.jpg/220px-Calligraphy_by_Kamal_al-Din.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Calligraphy_by_Kamal_al-Din.jpg/330px-Calligraphy_by_Kamal_al-Din.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Calligraphy_by_Kamal_al-Din.jpg/440px-Calligraphy_by_Kamal_al-Din.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1942" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">Page of calligraphy in <i>taliq</i> script signed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekhtiyar_Monshi_Gonabadi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekhtiyar Monshi Gonabadi (page does not exist)">Ekhtiyar Monshi Gonabadi</a>. Iran, 1541-42 (948 A.H.). <a href="/wiki/Freer_Gallery_of_Art" title="Freer Gallery of Art">Freer Gallery of Art</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjad</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="text-align:left; background:#eee;"><span style="font-size:90%"> This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>taʿlīq</b> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">تعلیق</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'hanging') <b>script</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Book_hand" title="Book hand">calligraphic hand</a> in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a> typically used for official documents written in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>. Literally meaning <i>hanging</i> or <i>suspended</i> script it emerged in the mid-13th century and was widely used, especially in chanceries of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iranian</a> states, although from the early 16th century onward it lost ground to another <i>hanging</i> script, the increasingly popular <i><a href="/wiki/Nastaliq" title="Nastaliq">nastaliq</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair270-271_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair270-271-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Taliq</i> had a long gestation. The Persian style of writing <i><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">naskh</a></i> underwent gradual changes from the 11th century onward, and those changes, together with some borrowings from <i><a href="/wiki/Tawqi" title="Tawqi">tawqi</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Reqa%27" title="Reqa'">riqa'</a></i>, resulted in the emergence of <i>taliq</i> script in the mid-13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair271_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair271-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Taliq</i> shares many peculiarities with these three scripts, "but is more stylized. It revels in curvilinear elements, extraneous loops, extreme contrasts between compression and expansion, and connected letters, all traits that make it difficult for the novice to decipher".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair271_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair271-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>taliq</i> words and detached letters could be joined, which allowed for speedy writing and made it suitable for official correspondence.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late thirteenth century <i>taliq</i> had achieved a definitive style, sometimes called <i>taliq-i qadim</i> (old <i>taliq</i>) or <i>taliq-i asl</i> (original <i>taliq</i>), "probably driven in part by the burgeoning <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanid</a> bureaucracy’s need to standardize written Persian".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair271_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair271-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see <a href="/wiki/Firman" title="Firman">firman</a> of Sadr al-Din Zanjani, vizier of ilkhan <a href="/wiki/Gaykhatu" title="Gaykhatu">Gaykhatu</a>). In order to write even faster, chancery clerks (<i>munshi</i>) streamlined the script by increasing the number of unorthodox ligatures and dropping the pointing on many letters. Some letters were reduced in size, while others were written with thinner strokes or in new shapes. This new style known as <i>shikasta taliq</i> (broken, i.e., truncated and simplified <i>taliq</i>) (sometimes also called <i>khatt-i tarassol</i> - "correspondence script") was used systematically from the end of the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair273_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair273-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a> authors (like <a href="/wiki/Dust_Muhammad" title="Dust Muhammad">Dust Muhammad</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Monshi_Ghomi" title="Ahmad Monshi Ghomi">Qadi Ahmad</a>) <i>shikasta taliq</i> have been invented, or at least defined, by Taj al-Din Salmani, a scribe working in the court of <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a> (r. 1370-1405), and perfected by ʿAbd-al-Hayy Astarabadi, chief clerk under Timur's grandson <a href="/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_Mirza" title="Abu Sa'id Mirza">Abu Sa'id</a> (r. 1451-1469). ʿAbd-al-Hayy developed two varieties of <i>taliq</i> – a more flowing style associated with the <a href="/wiki/Timurids" class="mw-redirect" title="Timurids">Timurids</a> in Khurasan and a more linear and solid style associated with <a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a> in Iraq and Azerbaijan.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair270,_273_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair270,_273-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The biographers mention Darvish 'Abdallah Munshi as the most famous calligrapher in the Khurasan style<sup id="cite_ref-Hamid_Reza_Afsari_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamid_Reza_Afsari-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see letter by his hand). The most important <i>taliq</i> calligrapher of Safavid period was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekhtiyar_Monshi_Gonabadi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekhtiyar Monshi Gonabadi (page does not exist)">Ekhtiyar Monshi Gonabadi</a> (d. 1582), after whom "no calligraphers dedicated themselves with the same seriousness to Ta‘liq calligraphy because the same century saw the flowering of the Nasta‘liq script".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gholam-Hosayn_Yusofi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gholam-Hosayn Yusofi (page does not exist)">Gholam-Hosayn Yusofi</a> stressed that <i>shikasta taliq</i> "is a script devised for rapid writing and therefore one in which intertwining is allowed, that is, unjoinable letters as well as two or more words are joined together. The strokes, except in certain contexts, are predominantly round, and the pen is moved smoothly. The sizes of letters and words are not uniform, and if there is any consistency in the composition, it is very different from the neat symmetry to be seen in other scripts".<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 15th century <i>taliq</i> was also used in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. Following the expansion of imperial chancery after <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">conquest of Constantinople</a> in 1453 Ottoman scribes began to elaborate <i>taliq</i> script, developing the distinctive Ottoman style known as <i><a href="/wiki/Diwani" title="Diwani">divani</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair508_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair508-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Taliq</i> is also generally used as the name for the <i>nastaliq</i> script in the Turkish language<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and often in the Arabic language.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally <i>taliq</i> was considered to be the basis of the <i>nastaliq</i>, but more recent research derive this script from the <i><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">naskh</a></i> alone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair274-277_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair274-277-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaykhatu_Farman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Firman of Sadr al-Din Zanjani, vizier of ilkhan Gaykhatu, dated Jumada II 692/June 1292. Art and History Collection on loan to the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery"><img alt="Firman of Sadr al-Din Zanjani, vizier of ilkhan Gaykhatu, dated Jumada II 692/June 1292. Art and History Collection on loan to the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gaykhatu_Farman.jpg/34px-Gaykhatu_Farman.jpg" decoding="async" width="34" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gaykhatu_Farman.jpg/51px-Gaykhatu_Farman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gaykhatu_Farman.jpg/68px-Gaykhatu_Farman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="3013" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Firman" title="Firman">Firman</a> of Sadr al-Din Zanjani, vizier of ilkhan <a href="/wiki/Gaykhatu" title="Gaykhatu">Gaykhatu</a>, dated Jumada II 692/June 1292. Art and History Collection on loan to the <a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Sackler_Gallery" title="Arthur M. Sackler Gallery">Arthur M. Sackler Gallery</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Opening_page_from_the_manuscript_of_%22Hikmat_al-%CA%BFIshraq%22_by_al-Suhrawardi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Opening page from the manuscript of Hikmat al-ʿIshraq transcribed by Sayyid Muhammad Munshi for the library of sultan Mehmed II. Istanbul, dated 882 AH (1477-8 CE). Topkapı Palace Museum"><img alt="Opening page from the manuscript of Hikmat al-ʿIshraq transcribed by Sayyid Muhammad Munshi for the library of sultan Mehmed II. Istanbul, dated 882 AH (1477-8 CE). Topkapı Palace Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Opening_page_from_the_manuscript_of_%22Hikmat_al-%CA%BFIshraq%22_by_al-Suhrawardi.jpg/69px-Opening_page_from_the_manuscript_of_%22Hikmat_al-%CA%BFIshraq%22_by_al-Suhrawardi.jpg" decoding="async" width="69" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Opening_page_from_the_manuscript_of_%22Hikmat_al-%CA%BFIshraq%22_by_al-Suhrawardi.jpg/104px-Opening_page_from_the_manuscript_of_%22Hikmat_al-%CA%BFIshraq%22_by_al-Suhrawardi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Opening_page_from_the_manuscript_of_%22Hikmat_al-%CA%BFIshraq%22_by_al-Suhrawardi.jpg/138px-Opening_page_from_the_manuscript_of_%22Hikmat_al-%CA%BFIshraq%22_by_al-Suhrawardi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="1821" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Opening page from the manuscript of <i>Hikmat al-ʿIshraq</i> transcribed by Sayyid Muhammad Munshi for the library of sultan <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a>. <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, dated 882 AH (1477-8 CE). <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace</a> Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Encomium_to_the_sultan_Ya%CA%BFqub_Aqqoyunlu,.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Encomium to the sultan Yaʿqub Aqqoyunlu (r. 1478-1490), copied in shikasta taliq by ʿAbd al- Hayy ibn Hafiz Shaykh Muhammad al-Bukhari. Topkapı Palace Museum"><img alt="Encomium to the sultan Yaʿqub Aqqoyunlu (r. 1478-1490), copied in shikasta taliq by ʿAbd al- Hayy ibn Hafiz Shaykh Muhammad al-Bukhari. Topkapı Palace Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Encomium_to_the_sultan_Ya%CA%BFqub_Aqqoyunlu%2C.jpg/120px-Encomium_to_the_sultan_Ya%CA%BFqub_Aqqoyunlu%2C.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Encomium_to_the_sultan_Ya%CA%BFqub_Aqqoyunlu%2C.jpg/180px-Encomium_to_the_sultan_Ya%CA%BFqub_Aqqoyunlu%2C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Encomium_to_the_sultan_Ya%CA%BFqub_Aqqoyunlu%2C.jpg/240px-Encomium_to_the_sultan_Ya%CA%BFqub_Aqqoyunlu%2C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="1025" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Encomium" title="Encomium">Encomium</a> to the sultan <a href="/wiki/Yaqub_Aq_Qoyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaqub Aq Qoyunlu">Yaʿqub Aqqoyunlu</a> (r. 1478-1490), copied in shikasta taliq by ʿAbd al- Hayy ibn Hafiz Shaykh Muhammad al-Bukhari. <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace</a> Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Letter_in_Ta%27liq_Script_MET_DP-12721-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Letter in taliq by Darvish 'Abdallah Munshi. Iran, A.H. 911 (1505–6 CE). Metropolitan Museum of Art"><img alt="Letter in taliq by Darvish 'Abdallah Munshi. Iran, A.H. 911 (1505–6 CE). Metropolitan Museum of Art" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Letter_in_Ta%27liq_Script_MET_DP-12721-001.jpg/85px-Letter_in_Ta%27liq_Script_MET_DP-12721-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Letter_in_Ta%27liq_Script_MET_DP-12721-001.jpg/127px-Letter_in_Ta%27liq_Script_MET_DP-12721-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Letter_in_Ta%27liq_Script_MET_DP-12721-001.jpg/169px-Letter_in_Ta%27liq_Script_MET_DP-12721-001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2822" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Letter in <i>taliq</i> by Darvish 'Abdallah Munshi. Iran, A.H. 911 (1505–6 CE). <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Closing_page_from_a_ziyaratnama_(letter_of_recommendation)_issued_by_the_shrine_of_Imam_Riza_at_Mashhad_on_5_July_1533.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Closing page from a ziyaratnama (letter of recommendation) issued by the shrine of Imam Reza at Mashhad on 14 Dhu'l Hijja 944/5 July 1533. Letter recommend Darvish Khidr Shah as a worthy person who had performed the pilgrimage to Mashhad. British Museum"><img alt="Closing page from a ziyaratnama (letter of recommendation) issued by the shrine of Imam Reza at Mashhad on 14 Dhu'l Hijja 944/5 July 1533. Letter recommend Darvish Khidr Shah as a worthy person who had performed the pilgrimage to Mashhad. British Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Closing_page_from_a_ziyaratnama_%28letter_of_recommendation%29_issued_by_the_shrine_of_Imam_Riza_at_Mashhad_on_5_July_1533.jpg/82px-Closing_page_from_a_ziyaratnama_%28letter_of_recommendation%29_issued_by_the_shrine_of_Imam_Riza_at_Mashhad_on_5_July_1533.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Closing_page_from_a_ziyaratnama_%28letter_of_recommendation%29_issued_by_the_shrine_of_Imam_Riza_at_Mashhad_on_5_July_1533.jpg/123px-Closing_page_from_a_ziyaratnama_%28letter_of_recommendation%29_issued_by_the_shrine_of_Imam_Riza_at_Mashhad_on_5_July_1533.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Closing_page_from_a_ziyaratnama_%28letter_of_recommendation%29_issued_by_the_shrine_of_Imam_Riza_at_Mashhad_on_5_July_1533.jpg/164px-Closing_page_from_a_ziyaratnama_%28letter_of_recommendation%29_issued_by_the_shrine_of_Imam_Riza_at_Mashhad_on_5_July_1533.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1610" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Closing page from a <i>ziyaratnama</i> (letter of recommendation) issued by the <a href="/wiki/Imam_Reza_shrine" title="Imam Reza shrine">shrine of Imam Reza</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a> on 14 Dhu'l Hijja 944/5 July 1533. Letter recommend Darvish Khidr Shah as a worthy person who had performed the pilgrimage to Mashhad. <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Farman_of_Jalal-ud-Din_Mohammad_Akbar_92.28_Paper_1560_C.E._Persian;_Taliq_52_x_26_cm.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Firman of Mughal Emperor Akbar, dated 1560 CE. National Museum of India"><img alt="Firman of Mughal Emperor Akbar, dated 1560 CE. National Museum of India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Farman_of_Jalal-ud-Din_Mohammad_Akbar_92.28_Paper_1560_C.E._Persian%3B_Taliq_52_x_26_cm.jpg/65px-Farman_of_Jalal-ud-Din_Mohammad_Akbar_92.28_Paper_1560_C.E._Persian%3B_Taliq_52_x_26_cm.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Farman_of_Jalal-ud-Din_Mohammad_Akbar_92.28_Paper_1560_C.E._Persian%3B_Taliq_52_x_26_cm.jpg/97px-Farman_of_Jalal-ud-Din_Mohammad_Akbar_92.28_Paper_1560_C.E._Persian%3B_Taliq_52_x_26_cm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Farman_of_Jalal-ud-Din_Mohammad_Akbar_92.28_Paper_1560_C.E._Persian%3B_Taliq_52_x_26_cm.jpg/130px-Farman_of_Jalal-ud-Din_Mohammad_Akbar_92.28_Paper_1560_C.E._Persian%3B_Taliq_52_x_26_cm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3695" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Firman" title="Firman">Firman</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>, dated 1560 CE. <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_India" title="National Museum of India">National Museum of India</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taliq_script&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlair" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Blair" title="Sheila Blair">Blair, Sheila</a> (2008). <i>Islamic Calligraphy</i>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0748612123" title="Special:BookSources/978-0748612123"><bdi>978-0748612123</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Calligraphy&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0748612123&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliq+script" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taliq_script&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Taliq" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Taliq">Taliq</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Iranica-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGholam-Hosayn_Yusofi" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gholam-Hosayn_Yusofi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gholam-Hosayn Yusofi (page does not exist)">Gholam-Hosayn Yusofi</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/calligraphy">"CALLIGRAPHY"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.atitle=CALLIGRAPHY&rft.au=Gholam-Hosayn+Yusofi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fcalligraphy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliq+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair270-271-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair270-271_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair">Blair</a>, p. 270-271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair271-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair271_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair271_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair271_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair">Blair</a>, p. 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair273-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair273_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair">Blair</a>, p. 273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair270,_273-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair270,_273_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair">Blair</a>, p. 270, 273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamid_Reza_Afsari-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hamid_Reza_Afsari_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamid_Reza_Afsari2021" class="citation web cs1">Hamid Reza Afsari (17 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-islamica/calligraphy-COM_05000067?s.num=3">"Calligraphy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Islamica" title="Encyclopaedia Islamica">Encyclopaedia Islamica</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Islamica&rft.atitle=Calligraphy&rft.date=2021-06-17&rft.au=Hamid+Reza+Afsari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-islamica%2Fcalligraphy-COM_05000067%3Fs.num%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliq+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reed.edu/persian-calligraphy/en/ekhtiyar-monshi-gonabadi/index.html">"Ekhtiyār Monshi Gonābādi"</a>. <i>Anthology of Iranian Masters of Calligraphy</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anthology+of+Iranian+Masters+of+Calligraphy&rft.atitle=Ekhtiy%C4%81r+Monshi+Gon%C4%81b%C4%81di&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reed.edu%2Fpersian-calligraphy%2Fen%2Fekhtiyar-monshi-gonabadi%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliq+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair508-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair508_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair">Blair</a>, p. 508.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerman1998" class="citation book cs1">Derman, M. Uğur (1998). <i>Letters in Gold: Ottoman Calligraphy from the Sakıp Sabancı Collection, Istanbul</i>. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0810965267" title="Special:BookSources/0810965267"><bdi>0810965267</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+in+Gold%3A+Ottoman+Calligraphy+from+the+Sak%C4%B1p+Sabanc%C4%B1+Collection%2C+Istanbul&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0810965267&rft.aulast=Derman&rft.aufirst=M.+U%C4%9Fur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliq+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Khattat1977" class="citation book cs1">al-Khattat, Hashim Muhammad (1977). <i>Qawa'id al-Khatt al-'Arabi</i>. Baghdad. p. 51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qawa%27id+al-Khatt+al-%27Arabi&rft.place=Baghdad&rft.pages=51&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=al-Khattat&rft.aufirst=Hashim+Muhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaliq+script" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair274-277-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair274-277_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair">Blair</a>, p. 274-277.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_calligraphy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_calligraphy" title="Template:Islamic calligraphy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_calligraphy" title="Template talk:Islamic calligraphy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_calligraphy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic calligraphy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_calligraphy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hijazi_script" title="Hijazi script">Hijazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeli_Thuluth" title="Jeli Thuluth">Jeli Thuluth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kairouani_calligraphy" title="Kairouani calligraphy">Kairouani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_script" title="Maghrebi script">Maghrebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhaqqaq" title="Muhaqqaq">Muhaqqaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashq" title="Mashq">Mashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuluth" title="Thuluth">Thuluth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_calligraphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman calligraphy">Ottoman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwani" title="Diwani">Diwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawqi" title="Tawqi">Tawqi (Tevki)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruq%27ah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruq'ah script">Ruq'ah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Persian_calligraphy" title="Persian calligraphy">Persian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasta%27liq" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasta'liq">Nasta'liq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Taʿlīq script">Taʿlīq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sini_(script)" title="Sini (script)">Sini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basmalah-1wm.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Basmalah"><img alt="Basmalah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Basmalah-1wm.svg/80px-Basmalah-1wm.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Basmalah-1wm.svg/120px-Basmalah-1wm.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Basmalah-1wm.svg/160px-Basmalah-1wm.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="672" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calligraffiti" title="Calligraffiti">Arabic calligraffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_miniature" title="Arabic miniature">Arabic miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmala" title="Basmala">Basmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firman" title="Firman">Firman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilya" title="Hilya">Hilya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Islamic illuminated manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_miniature" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal miniature">Mughal miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muraqqa" title="Muraqqa">Muraqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_illumination" title="Ottoman illumination">Ottoman illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Ottoman miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoomorphism#Zoomorphic_representation_in_Islamic_art" title="Zoomorphism">Islamic zoomorphism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Calligraphers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_calligraphers" title="List of Ottoman calligraphers">List of Ottoman calligraphers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Persian_calligraphers" title="List of Persian calligraphers">List of Persian calligraphers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Tools</li><li>Techniques</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kasheeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasheeda">Kasheeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalam" title="Qalam">Qalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_heaping" title="Word heaping">Word heaping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Furqan_Islamic_Heritage_Foundation" title="Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation">Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Turkish_Calligraphy_Art" title="Museum of Turkish Calligraphy Art">Museum of Turkish Calligraphy Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Iranian_Calligraphists" title="Society of Iranian Calligraphists">Society of Iranian Calligraphists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Kufic" title="Pseudo-Kufic">Pseudo-Kufic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Part of <a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_art" title="Template:Islamic art">Islamic arts</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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