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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Origins of firmans in the Ottoman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_of_firmans_in_the_Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_of_Ottoman_firmans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_Ottoman_firmans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Examples of Ottoman firmans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples_of_Ottoman_firmans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples of Ottoman firmans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_Ottoman_firmans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Firman_of_Murad_(26_October_–_23_November_1386)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Firman_of_Murad_(26_October_–_23_November_1386)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Firman of Murad (26 October – 23 November 1386)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Firman_of_Murad_(26_October_–_23_November_1386)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Firman_of_Mehmed_the_Conqueror_(30_August_1473)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Firman_of_Mehmed_the_Conqueror_(30_August_1473)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Firman of Mehmed the Conqueror (30 August 1473)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Firman_of_Mehmed_the_Conqueror_(30_August_1473)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Firman_of_Mehmed_IV_(1648–1687)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Firman_of_Mehmed_IV_(1648–1687)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Firman of Mehmed IV (1648–1687)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Firman_of_Mehmed_IV_(1648–1687)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_firmans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_firmans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other firmans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_firmans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فرمان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرمان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C9%99rman" title="Fərman – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fərman" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ферман – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ферман" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferman" title="Ferman – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ferman" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firman" title="Firman – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Firman" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firman" title="Firman – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Firman" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferman" title="Ferman – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ferman" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9" title="Φιρμάνι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φιρμάνι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firm%C3%A1n" title="Firmán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Firmán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%AD%DA%A9%D9%85)" title="فرمان (حکم) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرمان (حکم)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firman" title="Firman – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Firman" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferman" title="Ferman – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ferman" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmano" title="Firmano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Firmano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9F" title="פירמאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פירמאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ферман – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ферман" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firman" title="Firman – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Firman" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3" title="ファルマーン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ファルマーン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firman" title="Firman – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Firman" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firman" title="Firman – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Firman" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firman" title="Firman – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Firman" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firman" title="Firman – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Firman" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7)" title="Фирман (указ) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фирман (указ)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermani" title="Fermani – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fermani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferman" title="Ferman – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ferman" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ферман – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ферман" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferman" title="Ferman – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ferman" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%8E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="พระราชกฤษฎีกาเฟอร์มัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระราชกฤษฎีกาเฟอร์มัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferman" title="Ferman – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ferman" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Ферман (документ) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ферман (документ)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1130651#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Royal mandate or decree issued by a sovereign in an Islamic state</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the surname, see <a href="/wiki/Firman_(surname)" title="Firman (surname)">Firman (surname)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ferman" redirects here. For the surname or given name, see <a href="/wiki/Ferman_(name)" title="Ferman (name)">Ferman (name)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fath_Ali_Shah_Qajar_Firman_in_Shikasta_Nastaliq_script_January_1831.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Fath_Ali_Shah_Qajar_Firman_in_Shikasta_Nastaliq_script_January_1831.jpg/220px-Fath_Ali_Shah_Qajar_Firman_in_Shikasta_Nastaliq_script_January_1831.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Fath_Ali_Shah_Qajar_Firman_in_Shikasta_Nastaliq_script_January_1831.jpg/330px-Fath_Ali_Shah_Qajar_Firman_in_Shikasta_Nastaliq_script_January_1831.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Fath_Ali_Shah_Qajar_Firman_in_Shikasta_Nastaliq_script_January_1831.jpg/440px-Fath_Ali_Shah_Qajar_Firman_in_Shikasta_Nastaliq_script_January_1831.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1918" data-file-height="2888" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Fat%27h_Ali_Shah_Qajar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fat'h Ali Shah Qajar">Fat'h Ali Shah Qajar</a> <i>firman</i> in <i><a href="/wiki/Shekasteh_Nasta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq" class="mw-redirect" title="Shekasteh Nastaʿlīq">Shekaste Nastaliq</a></i> script, January 1831</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/firman" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:firman"> firman</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <p>A <b>firman</b> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">فرمان</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">farmān</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">ferman</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitutional</a> level, was a royal mandate or <a href="/wiki/Decree" title="Decree">decree</a> issued by a sovereign in an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a>. During various periods such firmans were collected and applied as traditional bodies of law. The English word <i>firman</i> comes from the Persian <span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn">farmān</i></span> meaning "decree" or "order". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firman&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Farmān</i> is the <a href="/wiki/New_Persian" title="New Persian">modern Persian</a> form of the word and descends from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> (Pahlavi) <span title="Middle Persian-language text"><i lang="pal-Latn">framān</i></span>, ultimately from <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> <span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text"><i lang="peo-Latn">framānā</i></span> (<span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text"><i lang="peo-Latn">fra</i></span> = "fore").<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EI2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The difference between the modern Persian and Old Persian forms stems from "dropping the ending <i>ā</i> and insertion of a vowel owing to the initial double consonant".<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This feature (i.e. <i>fra-</i>) was still used in the Middle Persian form.<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> form of the word <i>farmān</i> is <i>fermān</i>, whereas the Arabized plural form of the word is <span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn">farāmīn</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EI2_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_of_firmans_in_the_Ottoman_Empire">Origins of firmans in the Ottoman Empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firman&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins of firmans in the Ottoman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Ottoman Empire, the Sultan derived his authority from his role as upholder of the Shar'ia, but the Shar'ia did not cover all aspects of Ottoman social and political life. Therefore, in order to regulate relations and status, duties, and the dress of aristocracy and subjects, the Sultan created firmans.<sup id="cite_ref-Lapidus_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lapidus-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firman&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StMaryOfTheMongols20071010_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/StMaryOfTheMongols20071010_02.jpg/300px-StMaryOfTheMongols20071010_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/StMaryOfTheMongols20071010_02.jpg/450px-StMaryOfTheMongols20071010_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/StMaryOfTheMongols20071010_02.jpg/600px-StMaryOfTheMongols20071010_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Firmans of <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bayazid_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayazid II">Bayazid II</a> – kept at the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Mary_of_the_Mongols_(Istanbul)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Saint Mary of the Mongols (Istanbul)">Church of Saint Mary of the Mongols</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> – which granted the ownership of the building to the Greek community</figcaption></figure> <p>Firmans were gathered in codes called "<i><a href="/wiki/Qanun_(law)" title="Qanun (law)">kanun</a></i>". The <i>kanun</i> were "a form of secular and administrative law considered to be a valid extension of religious law as a result of the ruler's right to exercise legal judgement on behalf of the community."<sup id="cite_ref-Lapidus_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lapidus-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When issued by the sultan in the Ottoman Empire, firmans' importance was often displayed by the layout of the document; the more blank space at the top of the document, the more important the firman was. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples_of_Ottoman_firmans">Examples of Ottoman firmans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firman&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Examples of Ottoman firmans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Firman_of_Murad_(26_October_–_23_November_1386)"><span id="Firman_of_Murad_.2826_October_.E2.80.93_23_November_1386.29"></span>Firman of Murad (26 October – 23 November 1386)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firman&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Firman of Murad (26 October – 23 November 1386)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In this firman, Sultan Murad I recognises a decree created by his father Sultan Orhan (c. 1324–1360). He gives the monks all they owned during his father's reign, ordering that no one can oppress them or claim their land.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Firman_of_Mehmed_the_Conqueror_(30_August_1473)"><span id="Firman_of_Mehmed_the_Conqueror_.2830_August_1473.29"></span>Firman of Mehmed the Conqueror (30 August 1473)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firman&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Firman of Mehmed the Conqueror (30 August 1473)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fetihname_Fatih.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Fetihname_Fatih.jpg/220px-Fetihname_Fatih.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Fetihname_Fatih.jpg/330px-Fetihname_Fatih.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Fetihname_Fatih.jpg/440px-Fetihname_Fatih.jpg 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>Mehmed the Conqueror's bilingual (Ottoman and <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a>) <i>Fetihname</i> (Declaration of conquest) after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Otlukbeli" title="Battle of Otlukbeli">Battle of Otlukbeli</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Uzun_Hasan" title="Uzun Hasan">Uzun Hasan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed the Conqueror">Mehmed the Conqueror</a> took over <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eebinkarahisar" title="Şebinkarahisar">Şebinkarahisar</a></i></span> and consolidated his rule over the area. From <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Şebinkarahisar</i></span> he sent a series of letters announcing his victory, including an unusual missive in the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur language</a> addressed to the <a href="/wiki/Turkoman_(ethnonym)" title="Turkoman (ethnonym)">Turkomans</a> of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The decree (<i><a href="/wiki/Jarlig" title="Jarlig">yarlık</a></i>) had 201 lines and was written by <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Şeyhzade Abdurrezak Bahşı</i></span> on 30 August 1473:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Completed when Karahisar was reached on the date of eight hundred and seventy eight, 5th day of the month Rebiülahir, the year of the Snake.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Firman_of_Mehmed_IV_(1648–1687)"><span id="Firman_of_Mehmed_IV_.281648.E2.80.931687.29"></span>Firman of Mehmed IV (1648–1687)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firman&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Firman of Mehmed IV (1648–1687)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In this firman, the monks of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a> report that the administrative officials charged with the collection of taxes come at a later date than they are supposed to and demand more money than the value assessed. They also make illegal demands for additional food supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_firmans">Other firmans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firman&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other firmans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the most important firmans governing relations between Muslims and Christians is a document kept at the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a> in Egypt. This monastery is <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greek Orthodox</a> and constitutes the autonomous Sinai Orthodox Church. The firman bears the hand print of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, and requests the Muslims do not destroy the monastery for God-fearing men live there. To this day there is a protected zone around the monastery administered by the Egyptian government, and there are very good relations between the 20 or so monks, mainly from Greece, and the local community there. </p><p>Firmans were issued in some Islamic empires and kingdoms in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nizam" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam">Nizam</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_Deccan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad Deccan">Hyderabad</a>. Notable were Emperor <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>'s various firmans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firman&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "firman" was used by the <a href="/wiki/Archeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeologist">archeologist</a>/<a href="/wiki/Novelist" title="Novelist">novelist</a> <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Mertz" title="Barbara Mertz">Elizabeth Peters</a> for official permission from the Egyptian Department of Antiquities to carry on an excavation. A similar authority was cited by <a href="/wiki/Austen_Henry_Layard" title="Austen Henry Layard">Austen Henry Layard</a> for excavations at <a href="/wiki/Nimrud" title="Nimrud">Nimrud</a> which he mistakenly believed was <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a> Court Museum is held a firman for the 1890 opening of the printing business of Eliezer Menahem Goldberg, Jerusalem resident. The firman was translated into Hebrew from Turkish by Advocate Yosef Hai Fenizil, and shows that the business was located in Rehov Hayehudim and had permission to undertake printing in Turkish, Arabic, Hebrew, English, German, French and Italian.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firman&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaykhatu_Farman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Firman of Sadr al-Din Zanjani, vizier of ilkhan Gaykhatu, dated Jumada II 692/June 1292. Art and History Collection on loan to the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery"><img alt="Firman of Sadr al-Din Zanjani, vizier of ilkhan Gaykhatu, dated Jumada II 692/June 1292. Art and History Collection on loan to the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gaykhatu_Farman.jpg/34px-Gaykhatu_Farman.jpg" decoding="async" width="34" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gaykhatu_Farman.jpg/51px-Gaykhatu_Farman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Gaykhatu_Farman.jpg/68px-Gaykhatu_Farman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="3013" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Firman of Sadr al-Din Zanjani, vizier of ilkhan <a href="/wiki/Gaykhatu" title="Gaykhatu">Gaykhatu</a>, dated Jumada II 692/June 1292. Art and History Collection on loan to the <a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Sackler_Gallery" title="Arthur M. Sackler Gallery">Arthur M. Sackler Gallery</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Firman_of_Sultan_Muhammad_b._Tughlaq_Shah_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Firman of Muhammad bin Tughluq dated Shawwal 725 AH/September–October 1325. Keir Collection"><img alt="Firman of Muhammad bin Tughluq dated Shawwal 725 AH/September–October 1325. Keir Collection" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Firman_of_Sultan_Muhammad_b._Tughlaq_Shah_%28cropped%29.jpg/30px-Firman_of_Sultan_Muhammad_b._Tughlaq_Shah_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Firman_of_Sultan_Muhammad_b._Tughlaq_Shah_%28cropped%29.jpg/45px-Firman_of_Sultan_Muhammad_b._Tughlaq_Shah_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Firman_of_Sultan_Muhammad_b._Tughlaq_Shah_%28cropped%29.jpg/60px-Firman_of_Sultan_Muhammad_b._Tughlaq_Shah_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2097" data-file-height="8391" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Firman of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Tughluq" title="Muhammad bin Tughluq">Muhammad bin Tughluq</a> dated Shawwal 725 AH/September–October 1325. <a href="/wiki/Edmund_de_Unger" title="Edmund de Unger">Keir Collection</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Farman_Of_Feroz_Shah_Bahmani_-_14_-05_-1406_A.D.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Firman of Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah of the Bahmani Sultanate dated 1405–06. Andhra Pradesh State Archives"><img alt="Firman of Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah of the Bahmani Sultanate dated 1405–06. Andhra Pradesh State Archives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Farman_Of_Feroz_Shah_Bahmani_-_14_-05_-1406_A.D.jpg/38px-Farman_Of_Feroz_Shah_Bahmani_-_14_-05_-1406_A.D.jpg" decoding="async" width="38" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Farman_Of_Feroz_Shah_Bahmani_-_14_-05_-1406_A.D.jpg/57px-Farman_Of_Feroz_Shah_Bahmani_-_14_-05_-1406_A.D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Farman_Of_Feroz_Shah_Bahmani_-_14_-05_-1406_A.D.jpg/76px-Farman_Of_Feroz_Shah_Bahmani_-_14_-05_-1406_A.D.jpg 2x" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="2062" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Firman of <a href="/wiki/Taj_ud-Din_Firuz_Shah" title="Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah">Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmani Sultanate">Bahmani Sultanate</a> dated 1405–06. <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> State Archives</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Firman_of_the_Emperor_Aurangzeb,_Arthur_M._Sackler_Gallery.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Firman of Aurangzeb dated 25th Jumadi II of 1072 AH/15 February 1662. Arthur M. Sackler Gallery"><img alt="Firman of Aurangzeb dated 25th Jumadi II of 1072 AH/15 February 1662. Arthur M. Sackler Gallery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Firman_of_the_Emperor_Aurangzeb%2C_Arthur_M._Sackler_Gallery.jpg/53px-Firman_of_the_Emperor_Aurangzeb%2C_Arthur_M._Sackler_Gallery.jpg" decoding="async" width="53" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Firman_of_the_Emperor_Aurangzeb%2C_Arthur_M._Sackler_Gallery.jpg/80px-Firman_of_the_Emperor_Aurangzeb%2C_Arthur_M._Sackler_Gallery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Firman_of_the_Emperor_Aurangzeb%2C_Arthur_M._Sackler_Gallery.jpg/106px-Firman_of_the_Emperor_Aurangzeb%2C_Arthur_M._Sackler_Gallery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1597" data-file-height="3600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Firman of <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> dated 25th Jumadi II of 1072 AH/15 February 1662. Arthur M. Sackler Gallery</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:An_imperial_order,_farman,_from_the_time_of_Shah_%27Alam_II,_dated_1776.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A firman issued by the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II"><img alt="A firman issued by the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/An_imperial_order%2C_farman%2C_from_the_time_of_Shah_%27Alam_II%2C_dated_1776.jpg/51px-An_imperial_order%2C_farman%2C_from_the_time_of_Shah_%27Alam_II%2C_dated_1776.jpg" decoding="async" width="51" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/An_imperial_order%2C_farman%2C_from_the_time_of_Shah_%27Alam_II%2C_dated_1776.jpg/76px-An_imperial_order%2C_farman%2C_from_the_time_of_Shah_%27Alam_II%2C_dated_1776.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/An_imperial_order%2C_farman%2C_from_the_time_of_Shah_%27Alam_II%2C_dated_1776.jpg/102px-An_imperial_order%2C_farman%2C_from_the_time_of_Shah_%27Alam_II%2C_dated_1776.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1201" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A firman issued by the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Emperor">Mughal Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam_II" title="Shah Alam II">Shah Alam II</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Farman_by_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A firman issued by Ahmad Shah Durrani, the founder of the Durrani Empire"><img alt="A firman issued by Ahmad Shah Durrani, the founder of the Durrani Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Farman_by_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani.jpg/70px-Farman_by_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Farman_by_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani.jpg/106px-Farman_by_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Farman_by_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani.jpg/141px-Farman_by_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1565" data-file-height="2660" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A firman issued by <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firman&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firman_of_Karamano%C4%9Flu_Mehmet_Bey" title="Firman of Karamanoğlu Mehmet Bey">Firman of Karamanoğlu Mehmet Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahbub_Ali_Khan,_Asaf_Jah_VI#Attempt_to_abolish_practice_of_Sati" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahbub Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VI">Firman of Mahbub Ali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">Waqf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decree_of_Muharram" title="Decree of Muharram">Decree of Muharram</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firman&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seslisozluk.com/?word=firman">"firman"</a>. Seslisozluk. 1999–2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080619051937/http://www.seslisozluk.com/?word=firman">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=firman&rft.pub=Seslisozluk&rft.date=1999%2F2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seslisozluk.com%2F%3Fword%3Dfirman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iranica-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFragner1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fragner, Bert G. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/farman">"Farmān"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition</i>. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Farm%C4%81n&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Online+Edition&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica+Foundation&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Fragner&rft.aufirst=Bert+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Ffarman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EI2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusseHeydHardy1965" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Busse, H.; Heyd, U. & Hardy, P. (1965). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/farman-COM_0213">"Farmān"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schacht" title="Joseph Schacht">Schacht, J.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume II:<i> C–G</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/495469475">495469475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Farm%C4%81n&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+II%3A+C%E2%80%93G&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F495469475&rft.aulast=Busse&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Heyd%2C+U.&rft.au=Hardy%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Ffarman-COM_0213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lapidus-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lapidus_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lapidus_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ira M. Lapidus, <i>A History of Islamic Societies</i>, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2002, pp. 260-261</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culture.gr/2/21/218/218dn/e218dn00.html">"Firman of Sultan Murad I," Ottoman Documents, Hellenic Ministry of Culture, 11 Mar 2007</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061212014219/http://www.culture.gr/2/21/218/218dn/e218dn00.html">Archived</a> 12 December 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabinger1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Babinger" title="Franz Babinger">Babinger, Franz</a> (1978). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mehmedconqueror00fran/page/316"><i>Mehmed the Conqueror and his Time</i></a></span>. Bollingen Series XCVI. ed. by William C. Hickman, trans. by Ralph Manheim. Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mehmedconqueror00fran/page/316">316</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-09900-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-09900-6"><bdi>0-691-09900-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mehmed+the+Conqueror+and+his+Time&rft.series=Bollingen+Series+XCVI&rft.pages=316&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-691-09900-6&rft.aulast=Babinger&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmehmedconqueror00fran%2Fpage%2F316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyşe_Gül_Sertkaya2002" class="citation book cs1">Ayşe Gül Sertkaya (2002). "Şeyhzade Abdurrezak Bahşı". In György Hazai (ed.). <i>Archivum Ottomanicum</i>. Vol. 20. p. 112.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C5%9Eeyhzade+Abdurrezak+Bah%C5%9F%C4%B1&rft.btitle=Archivum+Ottomanicum&rft.pages=112&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Ay%C5%9Fe+G%C3%BCl+Sertkaya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culture.gr/2/21/218/218dn/e218dn00.html">"Firman of Sultan Mehmed IV," Ottoman Documents, Hellenic Ministry of Culture, 11 Mar. 2007</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061212014219/http://www.culture.gr/2/21/218/218dn/e218dn00.html">Archived</a> 12 December 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAusten_Henry_Layard1849" class="citation book cs1">Austen Henry Layard (1849). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=llVFb6qLmsgC"><i>Nineveh and Its Remains: With an Account of a Visit to the Chaldaean Christians of Kurdistan, and the Yezidis, Or Devil-worshippers, and an Enquiry Into the Manners and Arts of the Ancient Assyrians</i></a>. Vol. II. J. Murray. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614220641/https://books.google.com/books?id=llVFb6qLmsgC">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nineveh+and+Its+Remains%3A+With+an+Account+of+a+Visit+to+the+Chaldaean+Christians+of+Kurdistan%2C+and+the+Yezidis%2C+Or+Devil-worshippers%2C+and+an+Enquiry+Into+the+Manners+and+Arts+of+the+Ancient+Assyrians&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1849&rft.au=Austen+Henry+Layard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DllVFb6qLmsgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191011234006/http://www.museums.gov.il/en/items/Pages/ItemCard.aspx?IdItem=ICMS-OYC-D2005">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museums.gov.il/en/items/Pages/ItemCard.aspx?IdItem=ICMS-OYC-D2005">the original</a> on 11 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museums.gov.il%2Fen%2Fitems%2FPages%2FItemCard.aspx%3FIdItem%3DICMS-OYC-D2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirman" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Firman&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshraf2019" class="citation journal cs1">Ashraf, Assef (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/292328">"Copied and Collected: Firmans, Petitions, and the Political History of Qajar Iran"</a>. <i>Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient</i>. <b>62</b> (5–6): 963–997. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685209-12341498">10.1163/15685209-12341498</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214018418">214018418</a>.</cite><span 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hijazi_script" title="Hijazi script">Hijazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeli_Thuluth" title="Jeli Thuluth">Jeli Thuluth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kairouani_calligraphy" title="Kairouani calligraphy">Kairouani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_script" title="Maghrebi script">Maghrebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhaqqaq" title="Muhaqqaq">Muhaqqaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashq" title="Mashq">Mashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuluth" title="Thuluth">Thuluth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_calligraphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman calligraphy">Ottoman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwani" title="Diwani">Diwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawqi" title="Tawqi">Tawqi (Tevki)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruq%27ah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruq'ah script">Ruq'ah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Persian_calligraphy" title="Persian calligraphy">Persian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasta%27liq" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasta'liq">Nasta'liq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Taʿlīq script">Taʿlīq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sini_(script)" title="Sini (script)">Sini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basmalah-1wm.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Basmalah"><img alt="Basmalah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Basmalah-1wm.svg/80px-Basmalah-1wm.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Basmalah-1wm.svg/120px-Basmalah-1wm.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Basmalah-1wm.svg/160px-Basmalah-1wm.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="672" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calligraffiti" title="Calligraffiti">Arabic calligraffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_miniature" title="Arabic miniature">Arabic miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmala" title="Basmala">Basmala</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Firman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilya" title="Hilya">Hilya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Islamic illuminated manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_miniature" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal miniature">Mughal miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muraqqa" title="Muraqqa">Muraqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_illumination" title="Ottoman illumination">Ottoman illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Ottoman miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoomorphism#Zoomorphic_representation_in_Islamic_art" title="Zoomorphism">Islamic zoomorphism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Calligraphers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_calligraphers" title="List of Ottoman calligraphers">List of Ottoman calligraphers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Persian_calligraphers" title="List of Persian calligraphers">List of Persian calligraphers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Tools</li><li>Techniques</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kasheeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasheeda">Kasheeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalam" title="Qalam">Qalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_heaping" title="Word heaping">Word heaping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Furqan_Islamic_Heritage_Foundation" title="Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation">Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Turkish_Calligraphy_Art" title="Museum of Turkish Calligraphy Art">Museum of Turkish Calligraphy Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Iranian_Calligraphists" title="Society of Iranian Calligraphists">Society of Iranian Calligraphists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Kufic" title="Pseudo-Kufic">Pseudo-Kufic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Part of <a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_art" title="Template:Islamic art">Islamic arts</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Firman&oldid=1252426848">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Firman&oldid=1252426848</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Government of the Ottoman 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