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class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Prester John</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Prester_John" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Prester_John" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Prester+John" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Prester_John&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Prester_John_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Prester John (disambiguation)">Prester John (disambiguation)</a>.</div> Prester John (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Presbyter Ioannes) was a legendary <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a> patriarch, <a href="/wiki/Presbyter" title="Presbyter">presbyter</a>, and king. Stories popular in Europe in the 12th to the 17th centuries told of a <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Nestorian</a> patriarch and king who was said to rule over a <a href="/wiki/Christian_state" title="Christian state">Christian nation</a> lost amid the pagans and Muslims in the <a href="/wiki/Orient" title="Orient">Orient</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>: 28 The accounts were often embellished with various tropes of medieval popular fantasy, depicting Prester John as a descendant of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Magi" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Magi">Three Magi</a>, ruling a kingdom full of riches, marvels, and strange creatures. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prester_John.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Prester_John.jpg/250px-Prester_John.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Prester_John.jpg/375px-Prester_John.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Prester_John.jpg/500px-Prester_John.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="1164"></a><figcaption>"Preste" as the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Emperor of Ethiopia</a>, enthroned on a map of East Africa. From an atlas by the Portuguese cartographer <a href="/wiki/Diogo_Homem" title="Diogo Homem">Diogo Homem</a> for <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Queen Mary</a>, c. 1555–1559. (<a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>)</figcaption></figure> At first, Prester John was imagined to reside in India. Tales of the Nestorian Christians' evangelistic success there and of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas the Apostle</a>'s subcontinental travels as documented in works like the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Thomas" title="Acts of Thomas">Acts of Thomas</a> probably provided the first seeds of the legend. After the coming of the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> to the Western world, accounts placed the king in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, and eventually Portuguese explorers came to believe that the term was a reference to <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a>, by which time it had been an isolated Christian "exclave" distant from any other Christian-ruled territory. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Origin_of_the_legend">1 Origin of the legend</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Letter_of_Prester_John">2 Letter of Prester John</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Mongol_Empire">3 Mongol Empire</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Ethiopia">4 Ethiopia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#The_Americas">5 The Americas</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#End_of_the_legend_and_cultural_legacy">6 End of the legend and cultural legacy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Heraldry">7 Heraldry</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References">9 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Citations">9.1 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#General_and_cited_sources">9.2 General and cited sources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Further_reading">10 Further reading</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Nonfiction">10.1 Nonfiction</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Fiction">10.2 Fiction</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#External_links">11 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Origin_of_the_legend">Origin of the legend</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Prester_John&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin of the legend" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Though its immediate genesis is unclear, officially the origin of the legend of Prester John originates from a letter that the Byzantine emperor <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a> received in 1165. The sender was: "John, Christian Sovereign and Lord of Lords". The letter described the very rich lands of this monarch located in central Asia. The king said he lived in an immense palace made of gems and gold and said he governed a huge territory extending from Persia to China. For many years the myth of Prester John was associated with the dream of reaching a sumptuous kingdom, where all material pleasures were fulfilled and people lived in opulence.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The legend of Prester John drew strongly from earlier accounts of the Orient and of Westerners' travels there. Particularly influential were the stories of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Saint Thomas the Apostle's</a> proselytizing in India, recorded especially in the third-century work known as the Acts of Thomas. This text inculcated in Westerners an image of India as a place of exotic wonders and offered the earliest description of Saint Thomas establishing a Christian sect there, motifs that loomed large over later accounts of Prester John.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverberg197217%E2%80%9318-3">[3]</a> Similarly, distorted reports of movements in Asia of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> (Nestorianism) informed the legend as well. This church had gained a wide following in the Eastern nations and engaged the Western imagination as an assemblage both exotic and familiarly Christian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverberg197220-4">[4]</a> Particularly inspiring were the Church of the East's missionary successes among the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turks</a> of Central Asia; French historian <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Grousset" title="René Grousset">René Grousset</a> suggests that the Prester John story may have had its origins in the <a href="/wiki/Keraites" title="Keraites">Kerait</a> clan, which had thousands of its members join the Church of the East shortly after the year 1000. By the 12th century, the Kerait rulers were still following a custom of bearing Christian names, which may have fueled the legend.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset1970191-5">[5]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PriesterJohannes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/PriesterJohannes.jpg/250px-PriesterJohannes.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="311" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="466"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 311px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/PriesterJohannes.jpg/250px-PriesterJohannes.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="311" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/PriesterJohannes.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Prester John from <a href="/wiki/Hartmann_Schedel" title="Hartmann Schedel">Hartmann Schedel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Chronicle" title="Nuremberg Chronicle">Nuremberg Chronicle</a>, 1493</figcaption></figure> Additionally, the tradition may have drawn from the shadowy early Christian figure <a href="/wiki/John_the_Presbyter" title="John the Presbyter">John the Presbyter</a> of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, whose existence is first inferred by the ecclesiastical historian and bishop <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a> based on his reading of earlier church fathers.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> This man, said in one document to be the author of two of the <a href="/wiki/Epistles_of_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistles of John">Epistles of John</a>,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> was supposed to have been the teacher of the martyr bishop <a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias</a>, who had in turn taught <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a>. However, little links this figure, supposedly active in the late first century, to the Prester John legend beyond the name.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverberg197235%E2%80%9339-8">[8]</a> The title "Prester" is an adaptation of the Greek word "πρεσβύτερος, presbiteros", literally meaning "elder" and used as a title of <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priests</a> holding a high office (indeed, presbyter is the origin of the English word priest).<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Later accounts of Prester John borrowed heavily from literary texts concerning the East, including the great body of ancient and medieval geographical and travel literature. Details were often lifted from literary and pseudohistorical accounts, such as the tale of <a href="/wiki/Sinbad_the_Sailor" title="Sinbad the Sailor">Sinbad the Sailor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverberg197216,_49%E2%80%9350-11">[11]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Alexander_romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander romance">Alexander Romance</a>, a fabulous account of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s conquests, was especially influential in this regard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverberg197246%E2%80%9348-12">[12]</a> The Prester John legend as such began in the early 12th century with reports of visits of an archbishop of India to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, and of a Patriarch of India to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> at the time of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_II" title="Pope Callixtus II">Pope Callixtus II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverberg197229%E2%80%9334-13">[13]</a> These visits, apparently from the Saint Thomas Christians of India, cannot be confirmed, evidence of both being secondhand reports. What is certain is that German chronicler <a href="/wiki/Otto_of_Freising" title="Otto of Freising">Otto of Freising</a> reported in his Chronicon of 1145 that the previous year he had met <a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Jabala" title="Hugh of Jabala">Hugh</a>, bishop of <a href="/wiki/Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabala">Jabala</a> in Syria, at the court of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_III" title="Pope Eugene III">Pope Eugene III</a> in <a href="/wiki/Viterbo" title="Viterbo">Viterbo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-halsall-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverberg19723%E2%80%937-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2007177-16">[16]</a> Hugh was an emissary of Prince <a href="/wiki/Raymond_of_Poitiers" title="Raymond of Poitiers">Raymond of Antioch</a>, sent to seek Western aid against the <a href="/wiki/Saracens" class="mw-redirect" title="Saracens">Saracens</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Edessa_(1144)" title="Siege of Edessa (1144)">Siege of Edessa</a>; his counsel inspired Eugene to call for the <a href="/wiki/Second_Crusade" title="Second Crusade">Second Crusade</a>. Hugh told Otto, in the presence of the pope, that Prester John, a Nestorian Christian who served in the dual position of priest and king, had regained the city of <a href="/wiki/Ecbatana" title="Ecbatana">Ecbatana</a> from the brother monarchs of <a href="/wiki/Media_(region)" title="Media (region)">Media</a> and Persia, the Samiardi, in a great battle "not many years ago". Afterwards Prester John allegedly set out for <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> to rescue the Holy Land, but the swollen waters of the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> compelled him to return to his own country. His fabulous wealth was demonstrated by his emerald scepter; his holiness by his descent from the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Three Magi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Otto_1928-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Silverberg" title="Robert Silverberg">Robert Silverberg</a> connects this account with historic events of 1141, when the <a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a> khanate under <a href="/wiki/Yel%C3%BC_Dashi" title="Yelü Dashi">Yelü Dashi</a> defeated the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turks">Seljuk Turks</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qatwan" title="Battle of Qatwan">Battle of Qatwan</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>. The Seljuks ruled over Persia at the time and were the most powerful force in the Muslim world; the defeat at Samarkand weakened them substantially. The Qara Khitai at the time were <a href="/wiki/Buddhists" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhists">Buddhists</a>, not Christians, and there is no reason to suppose Yelü Dashi was ever called Prester John.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi19925-18">[18]</a> However, several vassals of the Qara Khitai practiced Nestorian Christianity, which may have contributed to the legend. It is also possible that the Europeans, who were unfamiliar with Buddhism, assumed that if the leader was not Muslim, he must be Christian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverberg197212%E2%80%9313-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200520%E2%80%9321-20">[20]</a> The defeat encouraged the Crusaders and inspired a notion of deliverance from the East. It is possible Otto recorded Hugh's confused report to prevent complacency in the Crusade's European backers – according to his account, no help could be expected from a powerful Eastern king.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverberg19728-21">[21]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Letter_of_Prester_John">Letter of Prester John</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Prester_John&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Letter of Prester John" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> No more of the tale is recorded until about 1165 when copies of what was likely a forged Letter of Prester John started spreading throughout Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossabi19925-18">[18]</a> An epistolary wonder tale with parallels suggesting its author knew the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander romance">Romance of Alexander</a> and the above-mentioned Acts of Thomas, the Letter was supposedly written to the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Comnenus" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel I Comnenus">Manuel I Comnenus</a> by Prester John, descendant of one of the Three Magi and King of India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverberg197240%E2%80%9373-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUebel2016-23">[23]</a> The many marvels of richness and magic it contained captured the imagination of Europeans, and it was translated into numerous languages, including <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>. It circulated in ever more embellished form for centuries in manuscripts, examples of which still exist. The invention of printing perpetuated the letter's popularity in printed form; it was still current in popular culture during the period of <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">European exploration</a>. Part of the letter's essence was that a lost kingdom of Nestorian Christians still existed in the vastness of Central Asia. The credence given to the reports was such that <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_III" title="Pope Alexander III">Pope Alexander III</a> sent a letter to Prester John via his physician Philip on September 27, 1177. Nothing more is recorded of Philip, but it is most probable that he did not return with word from Prester John.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverberg197258%E2%80%9363-24">[24]</a> The Letter continued to circulate, accruing more embellishments with each copy. In modern times, <a href="/wiki/Content_analysis" title="Content analysis">textual analysis</a> of the letter's variant Hebrew versions has suggested an origin among the <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> of northern Italy or <a href="/wiki/Languedoc" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a>: several Italian words remained in the Hebrew texts.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> At any rate, the Letter's author was most likely a Westerner. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Mongol_Empire">Mongol Empire</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Prester_John&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mongol Empire" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WangKhan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/WangKhan.JPG/250px-WangKhan.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2386" data-file-height="1490"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 156px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/WangKhan.JPG/250px-WangKhan.JPG" data-width="250" data-height="156" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/WangKhan.JPG/375px-WangKhan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/WangKhan.JPG/500px-WangKhan.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Keraite" class="mw-redirect" title="Keraite">Keraite</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Toghrul" title="Toghrul">Toghrul</a> as "Prester John" in "Le Livre des Merveilles", 15th century</figcaption></figure> In 1221, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Vitry" title="Jacques de Vitry">Jacques de Vitry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_Catholic_Diocese_of_Acre" title="Latin Catholic Diocese of Acre">Bishop of Acre</a>, returned from the disastrous <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Crusade" title="Fifth Crusade">Fifth Crusade</a> with good news: King David of India, the son or grandson of Prester John, had mobilized his armies against the Saracens. He had already conquered Persia, then under the <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a>'s control, and was moving on towards <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> as well. This descendant of the great king who had defeated the Seljuks <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qatwan" title="Battle of Qatwan">in 1141</a> planned to reconquer and rebuild Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverberg197271%E2%80%9373-27">[27]</a> Controversial Soviet historian and ethnologist <a href="/wiki/Lev_Gumilev" title="Lev Gumilev">Lev Gumilev</a> speculated that the much reduced <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">crusader</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> resuscitated this legend in order to raise Christian hopes and to persuade European monarchs who had lost interest by that time in getting involved in costly crusades in a distant region that was far removed from their own states and affairs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGumilev2009342-28">[28]</a> The bishop of Acre was correct in thinking that a great king had conquered Persia; however "King David", as it turned out, was the <a href="/wiki/Tengrist" class="mw-redirect" title="Tengrist">Tengrist</a> Mongol ruler, <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverberg197273-29">[29]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>'s rise gave Western Christians the opportunity to visit lands that they had never seen before, and they set out in large numbers along the empire's secure roads. Belief that a lost Nestorian kingdom existed in the east, or that the <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader states</a>' salvation depended on an <a href="/wiki/Franco-Mongol_alliance" title="Franco-Mongol alliance">alliance with an Eastern monarch</a>, was one reason for the numerous Christian ambassadors and missionaries sent to the Mongols. These include <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> explorers <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Pian_del_Carpine" title="Giovanni da Pian del Carpine">Giovanni da Pian del Carpine</a> in 1245 and <a href="/wiki/William_of_Rubruck" title="William of Rubruck">William of Rubruck</a> in 1253.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverberg197286,_101-30">[30]</a> The link between Prester John and Genghis Khan was elaborated upon at this time, as the Prester became identified with Genghis' foster father, <a href="/wiki/Toghrul" title="Toghrul">Toghrul</a>, king of the <a href="/wiki/Keraites" title="Keraites">Keraites</a>, given the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin</a> title Ong Khan Toghrul. Fairly truthful chroniclers and explorers such as <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoloRustichello_da_Pisa193084%E2%80%9388-31">[31]</a> Crusader-historian <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Joinville" title="Jean de Joinville">Jean de Joinville</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Joinville_1977-32">[32]</a> and the Franciscan voyager <a href="/wiki/Odoric_of_Pordenone" title="Odoric of Pordenone">Odoric of Pordenone</a><a href="#cite_note-Odoric_1913-33">[33]</a>: 244–247 stripped Prester John of much of his otherworldly veneer, portraying him as a more realistic earthly monarch. Odoric places John's land to the west of <a href="/wiki/Cathay" title="Cathay">Cathay</a> en route to Europe, and identifies its capital as "Cosan", variously interpreted by translators as a number of names and locations.<a href="#cite_note-Odoric_1913-33">[33]</a>: 245–246 Joinville describes Genghis Khan in his chronicle as a "wise man" who unites all the Tartar tribes and leads them to victory against their strongest enemy, Prester John.<a href="#cite_note-Joinville_1977-32">[32]</a>: 283–288 William of Rubruck says a certain "Vut", lord of the Keraites and brother to the Nestorian King John, was defeated by the Mongols under Genghis Khan. Genghis Khan made off with Vut's daughter and married her to his son, and their union produced <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke</a>, the Khan at the time William wrote.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> According to Marco Polo's <a href="/wiki/The_Travels_of_Marco_Polo" title="The Travels of Marco Polo">Travels</a>, the war between the Prester and Genghis Khan started when Genghis Khan, new ruler of the rebellious Tartars, asked for the hand of Prester John's daughter in marriage. Angered that his lowly vassal would make such a request, Prester John denied him in no uncertain terms. In the war that followed, Genghis Khan triumphed, and Prester John perished.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoloRustichello_da_Pisa193084%E2%80%9388-31">[31]</a> The historical figure behind these accounts, Toghrul, was in fact a Nestorian Christian monarch defeated by Genghis Khan. He had fostered the future Khan after the death of his father <a href="/wiki/Yesugei" title="Yesugei">Yesugei</a> and was one of his early allies, but the two had a falling-out. After Toghrul rejected a proposal to wed his son and daughter to Genghis Khan's children, the rift between them grew until war broke out in 1203. Genghis Khan captured <a href="/wiki/Sorghaghtani_Beki" title="Sorghaghtani Beki">Sorghaghtani Beki</a>, daughter of Toghrul's brother Jaqa Gambu, and married her to his son <a href="/wiki/Tolui" title="Tolui">Tolui</a>; they had several children, including Möngke, <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hulagu_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulagu Khan">Hulagu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ariq_B%C3%B6ke" title="Ariq Böke">Ariq Böke</a>. The major characteristic of Prester John tales from this period is the king's portrayal not as an invincible hero, but merely one of many adversaries defeated by the Mongols. But as the Mongol Empire collapsed, Europeans began to shift away from the idea that Prester John had ever really been a Central Asian king.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverberg1972139-35">[35]</a> At any rate they had little hope of finding him there, as travel in the region became dangerous without the security the empire had provided. In works such as <a href="/wiki/John_Mandeville" class="mw-redirect" title="John Mandeville">The Travels of Sir John Mandeville</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> and Historia Trium Regum by <a href="/wiki/John_of_Hildesheim" title="John of Hildesheim">John of Hildesheim</a>,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Prester John's domain tends to regain its fantastic aspects and finds itself located not on the steppes of Central Asia, but back in India proper, or some other exotic locale. <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_von_Eschenbach" title="Wolfram von Eschenbach">Wolfram von Eschenbach</a> tied the history of Prester John to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Grail" title="Holy Grail">Holy Grail</a> legend in his poem <a href="/wiki/Parzival" title="Parzival">Parzival</a>, in which the Prester is the son of the Grail maiden and the Saracen knight <a href="/wiki/Feirefiz" title="Feirefiz">Feirefiz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> A theory was put forward by the Russian scholar Ph. Bruun in 1876, who suggested that Prester John might be found among the kings of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, which, at the time of Crusades, experienced military resurgence challenging the Muslim power. However, this theory, though regarded with certain indulgence by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Yule" title="Henry Yule">Henry Yule</a> and some modern Georgian historians, was summarily dismissed by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Karl_Theodor_Zarncke" title="Friedrich Karl Theodor Zarncke">Friedrich Zarncke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a>: 184 The connection with Georgia is unlikely, considering that country was Orthodox, rather than Nestorian, and due to the fact that it and its predecessor states <a href="/wiki/Colchis" title="Colchis">Colchis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lazica" title="Lazica">Lazica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia_(antiquity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Iberia (antiquity)">Iberia</a> were well known and documented at the time, with Episcopoi of Kartli having regular epistolary conversions with Bishops of Rome. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Prester_John&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ethiopia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prester_John_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Prester_John_map.jpg/250px-Prester_John_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2420" data-file-height="2072"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 214px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Prester_John_map.jpg/250px-Prester_John_map.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="214" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Prester_John_map.jpg/375px-Prester_John_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Prester_John_map.jpg/500px-Prester_John_map.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A map of Prester John's kingdom as Ethiopia</figcaption></figure> Prester John had been considered the ruler of India since the legend's beginnings, but "India" was a vague concept to the medieval Europeans. Writers often spoke of the "<a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Three Indias</a>", and lacking any real knowledge of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> they sometimes considered <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> one of the three. Westerners knew that Ethiopia was a powerful Christian nation, but contact had been sporadic since the rise of Islam. No Prester John was to be found in Asia, so Europeans began to suggest that the legend was a reference to the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverberg1972163%E2%80%93164-41">[41]</a> Evidence has suggested that locating Prester John's kingdom in Ethiopia entered the collective consciousness around 1250.<a href="#cite_note-:1-42">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> had discussed Ethiopia as a magnificent Christian land<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoloRustichello_da_Pisa1930316%E2%80%93319-43">[43]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christians</a> had a legend that the nation would one day rise up and invade <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverberg1972176%E2%80%93177-44">[44]</a> but they did not place Prester John there. Then in 1306, 30 Ethiopian ambassadors from Emperor <a href="/wiki/Wedem_Arad" title="Wedem Arad">Wedem Arad</a> came to Europe, and Prester John was mentioned as the patriarch of their church in a record of their visit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverberg1972164%E2%80%93165-45">[45]</a> Another description of an African Prester John is in the Mirabilia Descripta of <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> missionary <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Catala" title="Jordan Catala">Jordanus</a>, around 1329. In discussing the "Third India", Jordanus records a number of fanciful stories about the land and its king, whom he says Europeans call Prester John.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordanus186342-46">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prester_John_of_the_Indies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Prester_John_of_the_Indies.jpg/220px-Prester_John_of_the_Indies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="675"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 149px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Prester_John_of_the_Indies.jpg/220px-Prester_John_of_the_Indies.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="149" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Prester_John_of_the_Indies.jpg/330px-Prester_John_of_the_Indies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Prester_John_of_the_Indies.jpg/440px-Prester_John_of_the_Indies.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>"Preste Iuan de las Indias" (Prester John of the Indies) positioned in East Africa on a 16th-century Spanish <a href="/wiki/Portolan_chart" title="Portolan chart">Portolan chart</a></figcaption></figure> After this point, an African location became increasingly popular. This may have resulted from increasing ties between Europe and Africa as 1428 saw the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Kings of Aragon</a> and Ethiopia actively negotiating the possibility of a strategic marriage between the two kingdoms.<a href="#cite_note-:1-42">[42]</a> On 7 May 1487, two Portuguese envoys, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%AAro_da_Covilh%C3%A3" title="Pêro da Covilhã">Pêro da Covilhã</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Paiva" title="Afonso de Paiva">Afonso de Paiva</a>, were sent traveling secretly overland to gather information on a possible sea route to India, but also to inquire about Prester John. Covilhã managed to reach Ethiopia. Although well received, he was forbidden to depart. <a href="/wiki/First_contact_(anthropology)" title="First contact (anthropology)">Contact</a> for the purpose of finding allies, such as with Prester John increasingly fueled early European exploration and colonialism.<a href="#cite_note-Knobler_2016_p._70-71-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crotty-48">[48]</a> More envoys were sent in 1507, after the island of <a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a> was taken by the Portuguese. As a result of this mission, and facing Muslim expansion, regent queen <a href="/wiki/Eleni_of_Ethiopia" title="Eleni of Ethiopia">Eleni of Ethiopia</a> sent ambassador <a href="/wiki/Mateus_(Ethiopia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mateus (Ethiopia)">Mateus</a> to king <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I of Portugal</a> and to the pope, in search of a coalition. Mateus reached Portugal via <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, having returned with a Portuguese embassy, along with priest <a href="/wiki/Francisco_%C3%81lvares" title="Francisco Álvares">Francisco Álvares</a> in 1520. Francisco Álvares's book, which included the testimony of Covilhã, the Verdadeira Informação das Terras do Preste João das Indias ("A True Relation of the Lands of Prester John of the Indies") was the first direct account of Ethiopia, greatly increasing European knowledge at the time, as it was presented to the pope, published and quoted by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Ramusio" title="Giovanni Battista Ramusio">Giovanni Battista Ramusio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> By the time Emperor <a href="/wiki/Dawit_II_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawit II of Ethiopia">Lebna Dengel</a> and the Portuguese had established diplomatic contact with each other in 1520, Prester John was the name by which Europeans knew the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Emperor of Ethiopia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverberg1972188%E2%80%93189-50">[50]</a> The Ethiopians, though, had never called their emperor that. When ambassadors from Emperor <a href="/wiki/Zara_Yaqob" title="Zara Yaqob">Zara Yaqob</a> attended the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a> in 1441, they were confused when (Roman Catholic-led) council prelates insisted to the Ethiopians to refer to themselves as representatives of their monarch Prester John. They tried to explain that nowhere in Zara Yaqob's list of regnal names did that title occur. However, their admonitions did little to stop Europeans from calling the King of Ethiopia Prester John.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverberg1972189-51">[51]</a> Some writers who used the title did understand it was not an indigenous honorific; for instance Jordanus seems to use it simply because his readers would have been familiar with it, not because he thought it authentic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverberg1972166%E2%80%93167-52">[52]</a> Ethiopia has been claimed for many years as the origin of the Prester John legend, but most modern experts believe that the legend was simply adapted to fit that nation in the same fashion that it had been projected upon Ong Khan and Central Asia during the 13th century.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Modern scholars find nothing about Prester John or his country in the early material that would make Ethiopia a more suitable identification than any place else, and furthermore, specialists in Ethiopian history have effectively demonstrated that the story was not widely known there until the Portuguese began to circumnavigate around Africa, which is how they reached Ethiopia (via the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea). <a href="/wiki/Czech_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech people">Czech</a> Franciscan Remedius Prutky asked Emperor <a href="/wiki/Iyasu_II_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iyasu II of Ethiopia">Iyasu II</a> about this identification in 1751, and Prutky states that the man was "astonished, and told me that the kings of Abyssinia had never been accustomed to call themselves by this name." In a footnote to this passage, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pankhurst_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Pankhurst (academic)">Richard Pankhurst</a> states that this is apparently the first recorded statement by an Ethiopian monarch about this tale, and they were likely unaware of the title until Prutky's inquiry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrutky1991115-54">[54]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="The_Americas">The Americas</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Prester_John&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Americas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> The Italian historian <a href="/wiki/Peter_Martyr_d%27Anghiera" title="Peter Martyr d'Anghiera">Peter Martyr d'Anghiera</a> identified the land of Prester John with <a href="/wiki/Chicora" title="Chicora">Chicora</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Decades_of_the_New_World" title="Decades of the New World">Decades of the New World</a>. <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Chicora" title="Francisco de Chicora">Francisco de Chicora</a>, a native of what is now <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, who was captured by Spaniards and taken to Spain by <a href="/wiki/Lucas_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Ayll%C3%B3n" title="Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón">Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón</a>, had told Anghiera that his land was ruled by priests.<a href="#cite_note-Weckmann-55">[55]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="End_of_the_legend_and_cultural_legacy">End of the legend and cultural legacy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Prester_John&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: End of the legend and cultural legacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Seventeenth-century academics like German <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">orientalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Hiob_Ludolf" title="Hiob Ludolf">Hiob Ludolf</a> demonstrated that there was no actual native connection between Prester John and the Ethiopian monarchs,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudolf1684-56">[56]</a> and search for the fabled king gradually ceased. But the legend had affected several hundred years of European and world history, directly and indirectly, by encouraging Europe's explorers, missionaries, scholars, and treasure hunters. The prospect of finding Prester John had long since vanished, but the tales continued to inspire through the 20th century. <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s 1600 play <a href="/wiki/Much_Ado_About_Nothing" title="Much Ado About Nothing">Much Ado About Nothing</a> contains an early modern reference to the legendary king,<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> as does <a href="/wiki/Tirso_de_Molina" title="Tirso de Molina">Tirso de Molina</a>'s <a href="/wiki/El_Burlador_de_Sevilla" class="mw-redirect" title="El Burlador de Sevilla">El Burlador de Sevilla</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In 1910, Scottish novelist and politician <a href="/wiki/John_Buchan" title="John Buchan">John Buchan</a> used the legend in his sixth book, <a href="/wiki/Prester_John_(novel)" title="Prester John (novel)">Prester John</a>, to supplement a plot about a <a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulu</a> uprising in South Africa. This book is an archetypal example of the early 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Adventure_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventure novel">adventure novel</a>, and proved very popular in its day. Throughout the rest of the century, Prester John appeared sporadically in <a href="/wiki/Pulp_magazine" title="Pulp magazine">pulp fiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comics" title="Comics">comics</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Comics" title="Marvel Comics">Marvel Comics</a> has featured "<a href="/wiki/Prester_John_(comics)" title="Prester John (comics)">Prester John</a>" in issues of <a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Four" title="Fantastic Four">Fantastic Four</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thor_(Marvel_Comics)" title="Thor (Marvel Comics)">Thor</a>. He was a significant supporting character in several issues of the <a href="/wiki/DC_Comics" title="DC Comics">DC Comics</a> fantasy series <a href="/wiki/Arak_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arak (comics)">Arak: Son of Thunder</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Williams_(UK_writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Williams (UK writer)">Charles Williams</a>, a member of the 20th-century literary group the <a href="/wiki/Inklings" title="Inklings">Inklings</a>, made Prester John a messianic protector of the Holy Grail in his 1930 novel War in Heaven. Prester John and his kingdom feature in two works by <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Umberto Eco</a>. The first is the 2000 novel <a href="/wiki/Baudolino" title="Baudolino">Baudolino</a>, in which the titular protagonist enlists his friends to write the Letter of Prester John for his adoptive father <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa" title="Frederick Barbarossa">Frederick Barbarossa</a>, but it is stolen before they can send it out. The second is in <a href="/wiki/Serendipities" title="Serendipities">Serendipities</a>: Language and Lunacy (1998) on the chapter 'The Force of Falsity' where Eco pronounces that the letter from Prester John "... served as an alibi for the expansion of the Christian world..."<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> In July 1986 issues, <a href="/wiki/Avram_Davidson" title="Avram Davidson">Avram Davidson</a> published both a nonfiction essay, "Postscript on Prester John" in <a href="/wiki/Asimov%27s_Science_Fiction" title="Asimov's Science Fiction">Asimov's Science Fiction</a> (part of his "Adventures in Unhistory" series, and later republished in his 1993 book of that title<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a>), and a fantasy short story featuring Prester John's realm secretly still ruled by his descendant, "The King Across the Mountains" in <a href="/wiki/Amazing_Stories" title="Amazing Stories">Amazing Stories</a> (later republished in <a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Doctor_Eszterhazy" title="The Adventures of Doctor Eszterhazy">The Adventures of Doctor Eszterhazy</a>, 1990<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a>). In 1988, <a href="/wiki/Tad_Williams" title="Tad Williams">Tad Williams</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/The_Dragonbone_Chair" title="The Dragonbone Chair">The Dragonbone Chair</a> of his <a href="/wiki/Memory,_Sorrow_and_Thorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory, Sorrow and Thorn">Memory, Sorrow and Thorn</a> series would use the name Prester John as the name of the recently deceased High King of the fantasy world of Osten Ard.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">circular reference</a>] He is also mentioned in the Vertigo imprint comic <a href="/wiki/Fables_(comics)" title="Fables (comics)">Fables</a>. The first single from American experimental pop band <a href="/wiki/Animal_Collective" title="Animal Collective">Animal Collective</a>'s 2022 album <a href="/wiki/Time_Skiffs" title="Time Skiffs">Time Skiffs</a> is called "Prester John".<a href="#cite_note-ruiz-2021-63">[63]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Heraldry">Heraldry</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Prester_John&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Heraldry" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prester_John_Emblem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Engraving of a lion rampant holding a cross in its paws." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Prester_John_Emblem.jpg/220px-Prester_John_Emblem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="334"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 243px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Prester_John_Emblem.jpg/220px-Prester_John_Emblem.jpg" data-alt="Engraving of a lion rampant holding a cross in its paws." data-width="220" data-height="243" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Prester_John_Emblem.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Prester John's coat of arms in an Italian edition of <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_M%C3%BCnster" title="Sebastian Münster">Sebastian Münster</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cosmographia_(Sebastian_M%C3%BCnster)" title="Cosmographia (Sebastian Münster)">Cosmographia</a>, 1575.</figcaption></figure> Various <a href="/wiki/Attributed_arms" title="Attributed arms">attributed arms</a> have been given to Prester John. The nave of <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a>, which is adorned with heraldic <a href="/wiki/Shield_boss" title="Shield boss">bosses</a>, represents Prester John with <a href="/wiki/Azure_(heraldry)" title="Azure (heraldry)">Azure</a>, the Saviour on the Cross <a href="/wiki/Or_(heraldry)" title="Or (heraldry)">or</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> In the 16th century, cartographer <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Ortelius" title="Abraham Ortelius">Abraham Ortelius</a> produced a speculative map of John's empire in Africa, featuring A lion rampant facing to the sinister holding in its paws a quasi-Tau cross of full height.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Prester_John&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eldad_ha-Dani" title="Eldad ha-Dani">Eldad ha-Dani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandering_Jew" title="Wandering Jew">Wandering Jew</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Prester_John&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Prester_John&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDelaney2012" class="citation book cs1">Delaney, Carol (2012). Columbus and the Quest for Jerusalem: How Religion Drove the Voyages that Led to America. New York: Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439102374" title="Special:BookSources/978-1439102374"><bdi>978-1439102374</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Columbus+and+the+Quest+for+Jerusalem%3A+How+Religion+Drove+the+Voyages+that+Led+to+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1439102374&rft.aulast=Delaney&rft.aufirst=Carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.neperos.com/article/s8ydb945643216a6">"In search of the kingdom of Prester John • Neperos"</a>. Neperos.com. 16 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Neperos.com&rft.atitle=In+search+of+the+kingdom+of+Prester+John+%E2%80%A2+Neperos&rft.date=2024-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.neperos.com%2Farticle%2Fs8ydb945643216a6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverberg197217–18-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverberg197217%E2%80%9318_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSilverberg1972">Silverberg 1972</a>, pp. 17–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverberg197220-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverberg197220_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSilverberg1972">Silverberg 1972</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset1970191-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset1970191_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrousset1970">Grousset 1970</a>, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEusebius1926" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> (1926) [c. 300]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ecclesiasticalhi01euseuoft">The Ecclesiastical History, in Two Volumes</a>. Vol. I. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Kirsopp_Lake" title="Kirsopp Lake">Lake, Kirsopp</a>. London: William Heinemann. p. 293. Retrieved 2021-06-17 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecclesiastical+History%2C+in+Two+Volumes&rft.place=London&rft.pages=293&rft.pub=William+Heinemann&rft.date=1926&rft.au=Eusebius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fecclesiasticalhi01euseuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tertullian.org/decretum_eng.htm">"Decretum Gelasianum"</a>. The Tertullian Project. Translated by von Dobschütz, Ernst. 2000-12-02 [c. fifth century]. Retrieved 2021-06-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Tertullian+Project&rft.atitle=Decretum+Gelasianum&rft.date=2000-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tertullian.org%2Fdecretum_eng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverberg197235–39-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverberg197235%E2%80%9339_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSilverberg1972">Silverberg 1972</a>, pp. 35–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=Prester+John">"Prester John"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Prester+John&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3DPrester%2BJohn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg2004" class="citation web cs1">Rosenberg, Matt (2004-08-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161108034648/http://geography.about.com/od/historyofgeography/a/presterjohn.htm">"Prester John"</a>. 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Cambridge University Press. pp. 16–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521727341" title="Special:BookSources/9780521727341"><bdi>9780521727341</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Cultural+History+of+the+Atlantic+World%2C+1250%E2%80%931820&rft.pages=16-17&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780521727341&rft.aulast=Thornton&rft.aufirst=John+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoloRustichello_da_Pisa1930316–319-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoloRustichello_da_Pisa1930316%E2%80%93319_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPoloRustichello_da_Pisa1930">Polo & Rustichello da Pisa 1930</a>, pp. 316–319. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverberg1972176–177-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverberg1972176%E2%80%93177_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSilverberg1972">Silverberg 1972</a>, pp. 176–177. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverberg1972164–165-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverberg1972164%E2%80%93165_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSilverberg1972">Silverberg 1972</a>, pp. 164–165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJordanus186342-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJordanus186342_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJordanus1863">Jordanus 1863</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-Knobler_2016_p._70-71-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Knobler_2016_p._70-71_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnobler2016" class="citation book cs1">Knobler, A. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ztKYDQAAQBAJ">Mythology and Diplomacy in the Age of Exploration</a>. European Expansion and Indigenous Response. Brill. pp. 70–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-32490-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-32490-9"><bdi>978-90-04-32490-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2021-12-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mythology+and+Diplomacy+in+the+Age+of+Exploration&rft.series=European+Expansion+and+Indigenous+Response&rft.pages=70-71&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-90-04-32490-9&rft.aulast=Knobler&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DztKYDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crotty-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Crotty_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrotty2004" class="citation thesis cs1">Crotty, Kenneth (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/5310/">The role of myth and representation in the origins of colonialism</a> (Thesis). Maynooth University. Retrieved 2021-12-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+role+of+myth+and+representation+in+the+origins+of+colonialism&rft.inst=Maynooth+University&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Crotty&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmural.maynoothuniversity.ie%2F5310%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckingham1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fraser_Beckingham" title="Charles Fraser Beckingham">Beckingham, C. F.</a> (1994). "Ethiopia and Europe 1200-1650". In Clough, Cecil H.; Hair, P.E.H. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europeanoutthrus0000unse">The European Outthrust and Encounter: The First Phase c. 1400-c. 1700: Essays in Tribute to David Beers Quinn on His 85th Birthday</a>. Liverpool: Liverpool University. pp. 78–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0853232296" title="Special:BookSources/0853232296"><bdi>0853232296</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2021-06-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethiopia+and+Europe+1200-1650&rft.btitle=The+European+Outthrust+and+Encounter%3A+The+First+Phase+c.+1400-c.+1700%3A+Essays+in+Tribute+to+David+Beers+Quinn+on+His+85th+Birthday&rft.place=Liverpool&rft.pages=78-95&rft.pub=Liverpool+University&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0853232296&rft.aulast=Beckingham&rft.aufirst=C.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feuropeanoutthrus0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverberg1972188–189-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverberg1972188%E2%80%93189_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSilverberg1972">Silverberg 1972</a>, pp. 188–189. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverberg1972189-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverberg1972189_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSilverberg1972">Silverberg 1972</a>, p. 189. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverberg1972166–167-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverberg1972166%E2%80%93167_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSilverberg1972">Silverberg 1972</a>, pp. 166–167. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalvadore2017" class="citation book cs1">Salvadore, Matteo (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/25983362">"Introduction"</a>. The African Prester John and the Birth of Ethiopian-European Relations. London: Routledge. pp. 1–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315612294">10.4324/9781315612294</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317045465" title="Special:BookSources/9781317045465"><bdi>9781317045465</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+African+Prester+John+and+the+Birth+of+Ethiopian-European+Relations&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1-17&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315612294&rft.isbn=9781317045465&rft.aulast=Salvadore&rft.aufirst=Matteo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F25983362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrutky1991115-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrutky1991115_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrutky1991">Prutky 1991</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-Weckmann-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Weckmann_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeckmann1992" class="citation book cs1">Weckmann, Luis (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E8CEBrLnh4UC&pg=25">The Medieval Heritage of Mexico</a>. Fordham Univ Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-1324-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-1324-5"><bdi>978-0-8232-1324-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 August 2023. <q>(Dec. VII, from McNutt, De orbe novo, II, 260 ; and Quattlebaum, 18)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medieval+Heritage+of+Mexico&rft.pub=Fordham+Univ+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8232-1324-5&rft.aulast=Weckmann&rft.aufirst=Luis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE8CEBrLnh4UC%26pg%3D25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELudolf1684-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudolf1684_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLudolf1684">Ludolf 1684</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Shakespeare, William (1600). Much Ado About Nothing, act II, scene 1, line 225. '...bring you the length of Prester John’s foot...' </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> de Molina, Tirso (1630). El Burlador de Sevilla y convidado de piedra, jornada II. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEco1998" class="citation book cs1">Eco, Umberto (October 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cup.columbia.edu/book/serendipities/9780231111348">Serendipities: Language and Lunacy</a>. Translated by Weaver, William. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50014-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50014-2"><bdi>978-0-231-50014-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serendipities%3A+Language+and+Lunacy&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1998-10&rft.isbn=978-0-231-50014-2&rft.aulast=Eco&rft.aufirst=Umberto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcup.columbia.edu%2Fbook%2Fserendipities%2F9780231111348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Avram_Davidson" title="Avram Davidson">Davidson, Avram</a> (1993). Adventures in Unhistory: Conjectures on the Factual Foundations of Several Ancient Legends. Philadelphia: Owlswick Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0913896334" title="Special:BookSources/978-0913896334"><bdi>978-0913896334</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adventures+in+Unhistory%3A+Conjectures+on+the+Factual+Foundations+of+Several+Ancient+Legends&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Owlswick+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0913896334&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Avram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Avram_Davidson" title="Avram Davidson">Davidson, Avram</a> (1990). <a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Doctor_Eszterhazy" title="The Adventures of Doctor Eszterhazy">The Adventures of Doctor Eszterhazy</a>. Philadelphia: Owlswick Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0913896280" title="Special:BookSources/978-0913896280"><bdi>978-0913896280</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Adventures+of+Doctor+Eszterhazy&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Owlswick+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0913896280&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Avram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dragonbone_Chair">"The Dragonbone Chair"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Dragonbone+Chair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FThe_Dragonbone_Chair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ruiz-2021-63"><a href="#cite_ref-ruiz-2021_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuiz2021" class="citation web cs1">Ruiz, Matthew Ismael (2021-10-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pitchfork.com/news/animal-collective-announce-new-album-time-skiffs-share-new-video-watch/">"Animal Collective Announce New Album Time Skiffs, Share New Video"</a>. Pitchfork. Condé Nast.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pitchfork&rft.atitle=Animal+Collective+Announce+New+Album+Time+Skiffs%2C+Share+New+Video&rft.date=2021-10-20&rft.aulast=Ruiz&rft.aufirst=Matthew+Ismael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpitchfork.com%2Fnews%2Fanimal-collective-announce-new-album-time-skiffs-share-new-video-watch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillement1827" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Willement" title="Thomas Willement">Willement, Thomas</a> (1827). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heraldicnotices00willgoog/page/n162/mode/1up">Heraldic Notices of Canterbury Cathedral; with Genealogical and Topographical Notes</a>. London: Harding, Lepard, and Co. p. 140. Retrieved 2021-06-20 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heraldic+Notices+of+Canterbury+Cathedral%3B+with+Genealogical+and+Topographical+Notes&rft.place=London&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Harding%2C+Lepard%2C+and+Co.&rft.date=1827&rft.aulast=Willement&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheraldicnotices00willgoog%2Fpage%2Fn162%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox" class="citation web cs1">Fox, Paul A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201201210925/https://www.drpaulfoxfsa.com/bay-32">"Bay 32"</a>. Dr Paul A Fox, FSA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drpaulfoxfsa.com/bay-32">the original</a> on 2020-12-01. Retrieved 2021-06-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dr+Paul+A+Fox%2C+FSA&rft.atitle=Bay+32&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Paul+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drpaulfoxfsa.com%2Fbay-32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelaney2007" class="citation web cs1">Delaney, John (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.princeton.edu/visual_materials/maps/websites/africa/maps-central/central.html">"Prester John"</a>. To the Mountains of the Moon: Mapping African Exploration, 1541-1880. Princeton University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828084849/http://libweb5.princeton.edu/visual_materials/maps/websites/africa/maps-central/central.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-08-28. Retrieved 2021-06-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=To+the+Mountains+of+the+Moon%3A+Mapping+African+Exploration%2C+1541-1880&rft.atitle=Prester+John&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Delaney&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.princeton.edu%2Fvisual_materials%2Fmaps%2Fwebsites%2Fafrica%2Fmaps-central%2Fcentral.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Prester_John&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: General and cited sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaring-Gould1877" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sabine_Baring-Gould" title="Sabine Baring-Gould">Baring-Gould, Sabine</a> (1877). "Prester John". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/curiousmythsofmi00bariuoft/">Curious Myths of the Middle Ages</a>. London: Rivingtons. pp. 32–54. Retrieved 2021-06-17 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prester+John&rft.btitle=Curious+Myths+of+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=London&rft.pages=32-54&rft.pub=Rivingtons&rft.date=1877&rft.aulast=Baring-Gould&rft.aufirst=Sabine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcuriousmythsofmi00bariuoft%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowden2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Bowden_(theologian)" title="John Bowden (theologian)">Bowden, John</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chronologyofworl0000bowd">A Chronology of World Christianity</a>. <a href="/wiki/Continuum_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuum Books">Continuum Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-9633-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-9633-1"><bdi>978-0-8264-9633-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Chronology+of+World+Christianity&rft.pub=Continuum+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-9633-1&rft.aulast=Bowden&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchronologyofworl0000bowd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrousset1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Grousset" title="René Grousset">Grousset, René</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou">The Empire of the Steppes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1304-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1304-1"><bdi>978-0-8135-1304-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Steppes&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-1304-1&rft.aulast=Grousset&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireofsteppes00grou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGumilev2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lev_Gumilyov" class="mw-redirect" title="Lev Gumilyov">Gumilev, Lev Nikolaevich</a> (2009) [1970]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N608AAAAIAAJ&q=arrows+dashi+khitan&pg=PA1">Searches for an Imaginary Kingdom: The Legend of the Kingdom of Prester John</a>. Cambridge University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521322140" title="Special:BookSources/9780521322140"><bdi>9780521322140</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Searches+for+an+Imaginary+Kingdom%3A+The+Legend+of+the+Kingdom+of+Prester+John&rft.pub=Cambridge+University&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780521322140&rft.aulast=Gumilev&rft.aufirst=Lev+Nikolaevich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN608AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Darrows%2Bdashi%2Bkhitan%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson_(historian)" title="Peter Jackson (historian)">Jackson, Peter</a> (2005). The Mongols and the West: 1221–1410. <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longman</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-36896-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-36896-5"><bdi>978-0-582-36896-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mongols+and+the+West%3A+1221%E2%80%931410&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-582-36896-5&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordanus1863" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Catala" title="Jordan Catala">Jordanus</a> (1863) [c. 1330]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mirabiliadescrip00jord">Mirabilia Descripta. The Wonders of the East</a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Yule" title="Henry Yule">Yule, Henry</a>. London: Hakluyt Society. Retrieved 2021-06-17 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mirabilia+Descripta.+The+Wonders+of+the+East.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hakluyt+Society&rft.date=1863&rft.au=Jordanus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmirabiliadescrip00jord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossabi1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Morris_Rossabi" title="Morris Rossabi">Rossabi, Morris</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/voyagerfromxanad00ross">Voyager from Xanadu: Rabban Sauma and the first journey from China to the West</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kodansha_International_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Kodansha International Ltd.">Kodansha International Ltd.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-7700-1650-6" title="Special:BookSources/4-7700-1650-6"><bdi>4-7700-1650-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voyager+from+Xanadu%3A+Rabban+Sauma+and+the+first+journey+from+China+to+the+West&rft.pub=Kodansha+International+Ltd.&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=4-7700-1650-6&rft.aulast=Rossabi&rft.aufirst=Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvoyagerfromxanad00ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudolf1684" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hiob_Ludolf" title="Hiob Ludolf">Ludolf, Hiob</a> (1684) [1681]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_buNBAQAAMAAJ">A New History of Ethiopia. Being a full and accurate description of the kingdom of Abessinia, vulgarly, though erroneously called the empire of Prester John</a>. Translated by J. P. London: Samuel Smith. Retrieved 2021-06-17 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Ethiopia.+Being+a+full+and+accurate+description+of+the+kingdom+of+Abessinia%2C+vulgarly%2C+though+erroneously+called+the+empire+of+Prester+John.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Samuel+Smith&rft.date=1684&rft.aulast=Ludolf&rft.aufirst=Hiob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_buNBAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrutky1991" class="citation book cs1">Prutky, Remedius (1991). Prutky's travels to Ethiopia and other countries. Translated by Arrowsmith-Brown, J. H. London: Hakluyt Society. pp. 115–117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0904180301" title="Special:BookSources/0904180301"><bdi>0904180301</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prutky%27s+travels+to+Ethiopia+and+other+countries&rft.place=London&rft.pages=115-117&rft.pub=Hakluyt+Society&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0904180301&rft.aulast=Prutky&rft.aufirst=Remedius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoloRustichello_da_Pisa1930" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Polo, Marco</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rustichello_da_Pisa" title="Rustichello da Pisa">Rustichello da Pisa</a> (1930) [c. 1300]. <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Komroff" title="Manuel Komroff">Komroff, Manuel</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/travelsofmarcopo00polo_2">The Travels of Marco Polo</a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/William_Marsden_(orientalist)" title="William Marsden (orientalist)">Marsden, William</a>. Garden City, New York: Garden City Publishing. Retrieved 2021-06-17 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Travels+of+Marco+Polo&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Garden+City+Publishing&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Polo&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft.au=Rustichello+da+Pisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftravelsofmarcopo00polo_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverberg1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Silverberg" title="Robert Silverberg">Silverberg, Robert</a> (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/realmofpresterjo00silv">The Realm of Prester John</a>. Garden City, New York: Doubleday. Retrieved 2021-06-17 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Realm+of+Prester+John&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Silverberg&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frealmofpresterjo00silv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUebel2016" class="citation book cs1">Uebel, M. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=quYYDAAAQBAJ">Ecstatic Transformation: On the Uses of Alterity in the Middle Ages</a>. The New Middle Ages. Palgrave Macmillan US. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-11140-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-11140-1"><bdi>978-1-137-11140-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecstatic+Transformation%3A+On+the+Uses+of+Alterity+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.series=The+New+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+US&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-137-11140-1&rft.aulast=Uebel&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DquYYDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Prester_John&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Prester John <hr></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Prester+John">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Prester+John&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nonfiction">Nonfiction</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Prester_John&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Nonfiction" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckinghamHamilton1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fraser_Beckingham" title="Charles Fraser Beckingham">Beckingham, C.F.</a>; Hamilton, Bernard, eds. (1996). Prester John, the Mongols and the Ten Lost Tribes. Aldershot, Hampshire: Variorum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86078-553-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-86078-553-X"><bdi>0-86078-553-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prester+John%2C+the+Mongols+and+the+Ten+Lost+Tribes&rft.place=Aldershot%2C+Hampshire&rft.pub=Variorum&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-86078-553-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"> Assembly of the essential source texts and studies.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrerewood1674" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Brerewood" title="Edward Brerewood">Brerewood, Edward</a> (1674) [1614]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/enquiriestouchin00breruoft">Enquiries touching the diversity of languages and religions through the chief parts of the world</a>. Retrieved 2021-06-19 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enquiries+touching+the+diversity+of+languages+and+religions+through+the+chief+parts+of+the+world&rft.date=1674&rft.aulast=Brerewood&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenquiriestouchin00breruoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1986" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Avram_Davidson" title="Avram Davidson">Davidson, Avram</a> (July 1986) [July 1982]. Gardner Dozois (ed.). "Postscript on Prester John". Adventures in Unhistory. Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine. Vol. 10, no. 7 (106). Davis Publications. pp. 16–61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isaac+Asimov%27s+Science+Fiction+Magazine&rft.atitle=Postscript+on+Prester+John&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=7+%28106%29&rft.pages=16-61&rft.date=1986-07&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Avram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJubber2005" class="citation book cs1">Jubber, Nicholas (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lq_Ifd7iqTEC">The Prester Quest</a>. London: Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-60702-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-60702-4"><bdi>0-385-60702-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2021-06-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prester+Quest&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-385-60702-4&rft.aulast=Jubber&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLq_Ifd7iqTEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2011" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Christopher (2011). "Prester John, Christian Enclosure, and the Spatial Transmission of Islamic Alterity in the Twelfth-Century West". In Frakes, J. C. (ed.). Contextualizing the Muslim Other in Medieval Christian Discourse. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 39–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230370517_3">10.1057/9780230370517_3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230370517" title="Special:BookSources/9780230370517"><bdi>9780230370517</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prester+John%2C+Christian+Enclosure%2C+and+the+Spatial+Transmission+of+Islamic+Alterity+in+the+Twelfth-Century+West&rft.btitle=Contextualizing+the+Muslim+Other+in+Medieval+Christian+Discourse&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=39-63&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9780230370517_3&rft.isbn=9780230370517&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorndike1923" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Thorndike" title="Lynn Thorndike">Thorndike, Lynn</a> (1923). "Prester John and the Marvels of India". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmagicex02thor/">A History of Magic and Experimental Science During the First Thirteen Centuries of Our Era</a>. Vol. II. New York: Columbia University. pp. 236–245. Retrieved 2021-06-19 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prester+John+and+the+Marvels+of+India&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Magic+and+Experimental+Science+During+the+First+Thirteen+Centuries+of+Our+Era&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=236-245&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Thorndike&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmagicex02thor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZarncke1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Karl_Theodor_Zarncke" title="Friedrich Karl Theodor Zarncke">Zarncke, Friedrich</a> (1980) [1879-1883]. Der Priester Johannes. Abhandlungen der philologisch-historischen Classe der Koeniglichen Sachsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften (in German). Vol. VII–VIII. Hildesheim; New York: G. Olms. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-487-07013-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-487-07013-1"><bdi>978-3-487-07013-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Priester+Johannes&rft.place=Hildesheim%3B+New+York&rft.series=Abhandlungen+der+philologisch-historischen+Classe+der+Koeniglichen+Sachsischen+Gesellschaft+der+Wissenschaften&rft.pub=G.+Olms&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-3-487-07013-1&rft.aulast=Zarncke&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiction">Fiction</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Prester_John&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Fiction" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchan1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Buchan,_1st_Baron_Tweedsmuir" class="mw-redirect" title="John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir">Buchan, John</a> (1996) [1910]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/611">Prester John</a>. Project Gutenberg. Retrieved 2021-06-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prester+John&rft.pub=Project+Gutenberg&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Buchan&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEco2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco, Umberto</a> (2000). <a href="/wiki/Baudolino" title="Baudolino">Baudolino</a>. Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-602906-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-602906-5"><bdi>0-15-602906-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baudolino&rft.pub=Harcourt&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-15-602906-5&rft.aulast=Eco&rft.aufirst=Umberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox1953" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gardner_F._Fox" class="mw-redirect" title="Gardner F. Fox">Fox, Gardner F.</a> (December 1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gardnerfrancisfoxlibrary.com/one-sword-for-love-gardner-f-fox">One Sword for Love</a>. Number 360. New York: <a href="/wiki/Gold_Medal_Books" title="Gold Medal Books">Gold Medal Books</a>. Retrieved 2021-06-19 – via The Gardner Francis Fox Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Sword+for+Love&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Number+360&rft.pub=Gold+Medal+Books&rft.date=1953-12&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Gardner+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gardnerfrancisfoxlibrary.com%2Fone-sword-for-love-gardner-f-fox&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankowski1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Frankowski" title="Leo Frankowski">Frankowski, Leo</a> (1986). The Cross-Time Engineer. New York: Ballantine Del Rey.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cross-Time+Engineer&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ballantine+Del+Rey&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Frankowski&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brooks_Hansen" title="Brooks Hansen">Hansen, Brooks</a> (2003). The Monsters of St. Helena. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-42201-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-42201-6"><bdi>0-312-42201-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monsters+of+St.+Helena&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-312-42201-6&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Brooks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLafferty1970" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/R_A_Lafferty" class="mw-redirect" title="R A Lafferty">Lafferty, R. A.</a> (July 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Galaxy_v30n04_1970-07/page/n76/mode/1up">"The All-at-Once Man"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Science_Fiction" title="Galaxy Science Fiction">Galaxy Science Fiction</a>. Vol. 30, no. 4. New York: Universal Publishing. pp. 73–87. Retrieved 2021-06-19 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Galaxy+Science+Fiction&rft.atitle=The+All-at-Once+Man&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=73-87&rft.date=1970-07&rft.aulast=Lafferty&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FGalaxy_v30n04_1970-07%2Fpage%2Fn76%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValente2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Catherynne_M._Valente" title="Catherynne M. Valente">Valente, Catherynne M.</a> (2010). The Habitation of the Blessed. Night Shade. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59780-199-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59780-199-7"><bdi>978-1-59780-199-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Habitation+of+the+Blessed&rft.pub=Night+Shade&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59780-199-7&rft.aulast=Valente&rft.aufirst=Catherynne+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Prester_John&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStockmann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Stockmann, Alois (1913). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Prester_John">"Prester John" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prester+John&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Stockmann&rft.aufirst=Alois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Prester_John">"Prester John" </a>. <a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prester+John&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCerulli" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cerulli, Enrico. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dacb.org/stories/ethiopia/prester-john/">"Prester John"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_African_Christian_Biography" title="Dictionary of African Christian Biography">Dictionary of African Christian Biography</a>. Retrieved 2021-06-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prester+John&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+African+Christian+Biography&rft.aulast=Cerulli&rft.aufirst=Enrico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdacb.org%2Fstories%2Fethiopia%2Fprester-john%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrester+John" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scalar.usc.edu/works/prester-john/index">The International Prester John Project: How A Global Legend Was Created Across Six Centuries</a></li> <li>The Letter of Prester John</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044035012046&view=1up&seq=91">Latin (interpolated)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scalar.usc.edu/works/prester-john/the-letter-of-prester-john">English (unabridged, interpolated)</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <div 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src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prester_John&oldid=1258051071">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prester_John&oldid=1258051071</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Prester_John&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 17 November 2024, at 22:17 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priester_Jan" title="Priester Jan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Priester Jan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%86_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A7" title="الكاهن يوحنا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الكاهن يوحنا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preste_Xuan" title="Preste Xuan – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Preste Xuan" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Презвитер Йоан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Презвитер Йоан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preste_Joan" title="Preste Joan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Preste Joan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kn%C4%9Bz_Jan" title="Kněz Jan – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kněz Jan" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Preutur_Si%C3%B4n" title="Y Preutur Siôn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Preutur Siôn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A6stekongen_Johannes" title="Præstekongen Johannes – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Præstekongen Johannes" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priesterk%C3%B6nig_Johannes" title="Priesterkönig Johannes – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Priesterkönig Johannes" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%89%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%BF_%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B2%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_(%CE%BC%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%AC%CF%82)" title="Ιωάννης ο Πρεσβύτερος (μυθικός βασιλιάς) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιωάννης ο Πρεσβύτερος (μυθικός βασιλιάς)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preste_Juan" title="Preste Juan – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Preste Juan" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastro_Johano" title="Pastro Johano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pastro Johano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanes_bereterra" title="Joanes bereterra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Joanes bereterra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="یوحنای کشیش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یوحنای کشیش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume_du_pr%C3%AAtre_Jean" title="Royaume du prêtre Jean – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royaume du prêtre Jean" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Sagart" title="Seán Sagart – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Seán Sagart" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preste_Xo%C3%A1n" title="Preste Xoán – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Preste Xoán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%A0%9C%EC%99%95_%EC%9A%94%ED%95%9C" title="사제왕 요한 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사제왕 요한" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbiter_Yohanes" title="Presbiter Yohanes – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Presbiter Yohanes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prete_Gianni" title="Prete Gianni – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Prete Gianni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%9F" title="הכומר יוחנן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הכומר יוחנן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_pap_orsz%C3%A1ga" title="János pap országa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="János pap országa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA" title="പ്രെസ്റ്റർ ജോൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രെസ്റ്റർ ജോൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape_Jan" title="Pape Jan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pape Jan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3" title="プレスター・ジョン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プレスター・ジョン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestekongen_Johannes" title="Prestekongen Johannes – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Prestekongen Johannes" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A8ire_Joan" title="Prèire Joan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Prèire Joan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%85dz_Jan" title="Ksiądz Jan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ksiądz Jan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preste_Jo%C3%A3o" title="Preste João – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Preste João" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%83rintele_Ioan" title="Părintele Ioan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Părintele Ioan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD" title="Пресвитер Иоанн – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пресвитер Иоанн" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prester_John" title="Prester John – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Prester John" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%88%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Презвитер Јован – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Презвитер Јован" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prezbiter_Ivan" title="Prezbiter Ivan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prezbiter Ivan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pappiskuningas_Johannes" title="Pappiskuningas Johannes – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pappiskuningas Johannes" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Pr%C3%A4sten" title="Johannes Prästen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Johannes Prästen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пресвітер Йоан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пресвітер Йоан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%AD%E5%8F%B8%E7%8E%8B%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0" title="祭司王約翰 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="祭司王約翰" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 November 2024, at 22:17 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-wfhcx","wgBackendResponseTime":216,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.932","walltime":"1.118","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7519,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":151962,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5168,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":209233,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 996.629 1 -total"," 28.66% 285.658 44 Template:Cite_book"," 25.75% 256.676 1 Template:Reflist"," 11.87% 118.344 34 Template:Sfn"," 11.56% 115.259 3 Template:Navbox"," 11.37% 113.270 1 Template:Historicity"," 9.25% 92.217 1 Template:Langx"," 5.87% 58.504 1 Template:Short_description"," 3.64% 36.269 2 Template:Pagetype"," 3.56% 35.466 1 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[\"CITEREFHansen2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacques_de_Vitry1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_of_Hildesheim1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoinville1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJordanus1863\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJubber2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnobler2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLafferty1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLudolf1684\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMandeville1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOdoric_of_Pordenone1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOtto_I_Bishop_of_Freising1928\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoloRustichello_da_Pisa1930\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrutky1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenberg2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRossabi1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuiz2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalvadore2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilverberg1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStockmann1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThorndike1923\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThornton2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUebel2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValente2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeckmann1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillement1827\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_of_Rubruck1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolfram_von_Eschenbach1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZarncke1980\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Circular reference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite CE1913\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite DACB\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite NIE\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 44,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 9,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Historicity\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"OEtymD\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 3,\n [\"Refend\"] = 3,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 5,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 34,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-knhz5","timestamp":"20241124161136","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script 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