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mx-auto pb-5 mt-32" data-astro-cid-tnnyocjb> <h1 class="pagetitle" data-astro-cid-tnnyocjb>Cartography of Egypt</h1> </div> <div class="container mx-auto" data-astro-cid-tnnyocjb> <div class="block md:grid grid-cols-12 gap-10 px-3" data-astro-cid-tnnyocjb> <article class="text-base col-span-12 lg:col-span-9 z-10 max-w-3xl leading-7 font-normal" data-astro-cid-tnnyocjb> <section class="page-content" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <div class="container" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <p class="pb-5 text-lg" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Maps of Egypt were primarily based on Claudius Ptolemy's written directions from antiquity, which, while lacking in detail, aided early explorers in discovering the main sites of ancient Egypt. </p> <figure class="float-right w-full sm:w-1/3" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a data-fancybox="Theb" data-caption="Clavdii Ptholemei Alexandrini by Arnold Buckinck, Rome 1478" href="/images/1478-L.webp" title="Arnold Buckinck 1478" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <picture data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <img loading="lazy" src="/images/1478-S.webp" alt="Arnold Buckinck 1478" class="mx-auto" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> </picture> </a> <figcaption data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <div class="figtitle" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Egypt (1478)</div> <div class="figauthor" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>A. Buckinck after Ptolemy</div> </figcaption> </figure> <p data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Before the 1700s, maps of the ancient world were notoriously untrustworthy, incorrect, and imprecise, frequently lacking features and ornamented with fanciful monsters and imaginary things. Surviving manuscripts are full of descriptive texts of places, but very seldom do they include anything but the most rudimentary maps. </p> <p data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> As with the transmission of manuscripts we must keep in mind is that maps, like books, had to be meticulously reproduced by hand, which naturally resulted in (often significant) discrepancies. The quality of new copies depended very much on the skill of the copyist, and how faithfully the original was duplicated. Some authors could not resist the impulse to add details from their own imagination, as people often do. </p> <p data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Claudius Ptolemy (<gr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαῖος</gr>) flourished in the second century in Alexandria where he wrote <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>“Geographia”</i> around 150 CE, a book that gathered the geographical knowledge of the Roman Empire at that time. Each city was given coordinates and a description so that a new map could be created by simply reading the instructions, if the maps themselves were lost or destroyed. The maps in Geographia and its descendants remained in use for the next 1,500 years. </p> <p data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> His work fell into obscurity and was unnoticed in the West during the Middle Ages. Ptolemy's maps and geographical treatise proved to be a fundamental element in the study of geography and mapping during the Middle Ages, inspiring Islamic and Christian scholars alike. The impact of Ptolemy's cartography is evident in the <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Tabula Rogeriana</i>, an atlas produced by the Muslim geographer Al-Idrisi in for the Norman king Roger II of Sicily in 1154. </p> <p class="pb-5" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> It was not until around 1300 that copies of Ptolemy's maps by Byzantine scholars started circulating in Italy. In 1406, Jacopo d'Angelo, an Italian scholar, translated Ptolemy's original work into Latin. However, the first printed edition of the translation did not appear until 1477 in Rome. </p> <figure class="float-right w-full sm:w-1/3" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a data-fancybox="Theb" data-caption="Details of a map by father Claude Sicard 1722" href="/images/1722-Sicard.webp" title="Details of a map by father Claude Sicard 1722" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <picture data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <img loading="lazy" src="/images/1722-SicardSm.webp" alt="Details of a map by father Claude Sicard 1722" class="mx-auto" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> </picture> </a> <figcaption data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <div class="figtitle" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Thebes and the Valley of Kings</div> <div class="figauthor" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>First map showing the correct locations</div> </figcaption> </figure> <p data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Even though it is obvious from Ptolemy’s map that Thebes is located deep south in Upper Egypt, the location was completely forgotten, other remains close to the delta being mistakenly referred to as Thebes. It was not until the Jesuit priest <b data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Claude Sicard</b> (around 1710-20) noticed and marked the vast ruins around Karnak and Luxor as ancient Thebes. </p> <p data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> The ancient Egyptian craftsmen were able to build the pyramids and other impressive structures, which would have required, at a minumum, detailed drawings of what was to be built. These plans were presumably written and drawn on papyri, none of which survives. Accordingly, selected sites must have been surveyed before construction even began, and maps drawn up. There is only one surviving map - the Turin Papyrus Map, showing a 15 km (10 mile) stretch of Wadi Hammamat, with topographical and geological details. </p> <p class="pb-5" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> In 1737-1738, <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Frederic Norden</i>, an exceptionally gifted Danish naval commander and explorer travelled up the Nile. Along the way he created the first detailed maps of the whole Nile valley, mostly drawn from the boat. While sailing upriver he encountered another explorer, <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Richard Pococke</i>, an Englishman who also had journeyed up the Nile and wrote about his adventures. </p> <figure class="float-left w-full sm:w-1/3" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a data-fancybox="Theb" data-caption="Map showing Thebes from 1738" href="/images/1738thebes.webp" title="Map showing Thebes from 1738" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <picture data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <img loading="lazy" src="/images/1738thebest.webp" alt="Map showing Thebes from 1738" class="mx-auto" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> </picture> </a> <figcaption data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <div class="figtitle" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Thebes and surroundings</div> <div class="figauthor" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>by Frederic Norden 1738</div> </figcaption> </figure> <p data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Instead of replicating Ptolemy, as had long been the practice, French cartographer <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon d’Anville</i> (1697–1782) sought reliable data and was content to leave spaces blank rather than fill them with imaginary features. He stressed the significance of utilizing primary sources and meticulously examined and assessed the available geographical data, such as travel records, astronomical observations, and surveys. He diligently corrected errors in existing maps and incorporated new information, resulting in maps that were considered the most accurate of their time and created the first modern map of the Egypt. D'Anville was a pioneer of thematic cartography that concentrate on specific themes that illustrate physical characteristics, political and historical borders. </p> <p data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> In the 19th century, cartography underwent a significant transformation due to technological advancements, increased international collaboration, and the growing recognition of accurate and detailed maps' significance for military, economic, scientific, and educational purposes. These developments formed the basis for further evolution of cartography in the 20th century onwards when highly accurate atlases began to appear. </p> <div id="geo" class="clear-both mx-auto mt-20 w-5/6" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <h2 class="text-center" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Claudius Ptolemy’s <em data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>“Geography”</em> </h2> <p class="text-center text-lg" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Excerpts from Book IV, Chapter 5</p> <p class="pb-5 text-center text-sm" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <em data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Written about 1900 years ago, when Antoninus Pius was the Roman emperor.</em> </p> <hr class="my-5" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <p data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <b data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>§ 10</b> –The seven mouths of the Nile: the Herakleotikon or <em data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Kanobic, Bolbitinon, Sebennytikon, Pathmitikon, Mendesion, Tanitikon</em> and <em data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Pelousiakon</em> mouths. </p> <p data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> In Kassiotis: Kassion, Outlet of the <em data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Sirbonis lake, Ostrakine, Rhinokoroura, Anthedon</em> </p> <p data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> It is bounded on the east by part of Ioudaias (Judaea) which runs from Anthedonos city to Arabia rock as far as the inmost point in the Arabian gulf at Heroon city and by a part of the Arabian gulf, described as follows: </p> <p data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> After the above-mentioned inmost point of the gulf: Arsinoe, Klysma fortress, Cape Drepanon, Myos Reef, Philoteras Harbour, Mount Aias, Leukos harbour, Mount Akabe, Nekhesia, Mount Samaragdos, Point Lepte, Berenike, Mount Pentadaktylon, Point Bazion. </p> <p class="py-5 text-center" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>The principal cities and areas along the Nile river are as follows:</p> <p data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> The so-called Great Delta begins where the Agathodaimon branches off from the Great river and flows through the Herakleotic mouth into the so-called Boubastiakon, which flows out through the Pelusiac mouth. </p> <p data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> The so-called Small Delta is where the Boubastiakos river splits into the Bousiritikos river, which flows out through the Pathmitic mouth. </p> <p data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> There is a third delta between the two aforementioned, where the Bubastis forks into one that flows through Athribis city and the Pineptimi mouth. At the Great Delta two rivers branch off toward the north from the river Agathodaimon.<br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> The first is called the Thermouthiakos river, which flows out through the Sebennytic mouth; the second is the so-called Taly river, which flows through the Bolbitic mouth. </p> <p data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> The Boutikos river which runs along at a nearly equal distance from the seacoast joins the Thermouthiakos, the Athribitikos, the Bousiritikos and the Boubastiakos, from which others springing from adjacent marshes and lakes flow into the sea through the remaining mouths, some of which are connected, as we have said, with the Great river. </p> <p class="py-5 text-center text-lg" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> The area around these rivers is commonly called the<br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5><strong data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Lower Country</strong>, with the following nomes and cities: </p>  <p data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> West of the Great river starting from the sea, in the <u data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Alexandria nome</u>:<br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> the city of <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Hermopolis Mikra</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> in the <u data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Andropolites nome</u>, the city of <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Andropolis</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> In the <u data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Letopolites nome</u>, the inland city of <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Letopolis</i>. </p> <p data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Between the Great river and Taly river in the <u data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Metelites nome</u>, the city of <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Metelis</i>. </p> <p data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Between the Great river and the Thermouthiakos river these cities:<br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> in the <u data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Phthenotes nome</u>, the city of <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Buto</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> in the <u data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Kabasites nome</u>, the city of <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Kabasa</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> in the <u data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Saites nome</u>, the city of <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Sais</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Toward the Great river from the west: the city of <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Naucratis</i>.<br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> From the east toward the Great river: in the <u data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Prosopites nome</u>, the city of <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Nikiou</i>. </p> <p data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Between the Thermouthiakos and the Athribitikos rivers:<br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> in Sebennytes of the Lower Places, the city of <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Pakhneumounis</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> in the <u data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Xoites nome</u>, the city of <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Xois</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> in the <u data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Phthemphonthis</u>, the city of <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Tava</i>. </p> <p data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Between the Athribitikon and the Bousiritikou rivers:<br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> In the <u data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Onouphites nome</u>, the city <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Onouphis</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> in the <u data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Athribites nome</u>, the city <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Athribis</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> in the <u data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Mendesios nome</u>, the city <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Thmouis</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> in the <u data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Sebennytes of the Upper Places</u>, the city <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Sebennytos</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> in the <u data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Bousirites nome</u>, the city <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Busiris</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> in the <u data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Leontopolites nome</u>, the city <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Leontopolis</i>. </p> <p data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Between the Bousiritikos and Boubastiakos rivers:<br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> in the <u data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Neout</u> or <u data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Nesog nome</u>, the city <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Panephysis</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> in the <u data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Tanites nome</u>, the city of <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Tanis</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> in the <u data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Pharbaithites nome</u>, the city of <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Pharbaethos</i>. </p> <p data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> From the east of the Boubastikon river is the <u data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Sethroites nome</u>: the city of <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Herakleopolis Mikra</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> in the <u data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Arabias nome</u>, the city of <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Phakoussa</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> in the <u data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Boubastites nome</u>, the city of <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Bubastis</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> in the <u data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Heliopolites nome</u>, the city of <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Heliou/Oniou</i>. </p> <p data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> In the border area of Arabias and Aphroditopolis, the Traianos river flows through <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Babylon</i>, <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Heliopolis</i>, and <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Heroonpolis</i> </p> <p data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> The area further south from the Great Delta and the Low Country is called the Seven Nomes. The first nome west of the river is Memphites, and the city of <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Memphis</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Inland on the same side of the river, the town <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Akanthon</i>. </p> <p data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Then where the river divides, the <u data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Herakleopoliten nome</u> forms an island and inland on this island the city of <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Nilopolis</i>. </p> <p data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> The city at the westerly section of the river, <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Herakleopolis</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> The west side of the island, the <u data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Arsinoites nome</u>, the inland city of <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Arsinoe</i> and Ptolemais harbour.<br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> The east side of the island, <u data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Aphroditopolites nome</u>, the city of <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Aphroditopolis</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Also on the east side of the island, the city of <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Ankyronpolis</i>. </p> <p data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Adjoining to the west of the river is the <u data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Oxyrynkhites nome</u>, and the inland city of <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Oxyrynkhos(polis)</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Then likewise the <u data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Kynopolites nome</u>, the city west of the river, <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Ko</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Opposite which on the island lies <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Kynonpolis</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>and then on the east bank of the river, <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Akoris</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>and in the interior, <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Alabastron</i> </p> <p data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Then in the <u data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Hermopolites nome</u>, inland, west of the river, the city of <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Hermopolis (Magna)</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> East of the river in the <u data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Antinoites nome</u>, the city of <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Antinoöpolis</i> </p>  <p class="py-5 text-center text-lg" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Further south is Thebes and<br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>the <strong data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Upper Country</strong>. </p> <p data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> There, from west of the river, is the <u data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Lykopolites nome</u>, the inland city <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Lykonpolis</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> in the <u data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Hypselites nome</u>, the city of <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Hypsele</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> in the <u data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Aphroditopolites nome</u>, the inland city of <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Aphroditespolis</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> then, <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Krokodeilonpolis</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> in the <u data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Thinites nome</u>, the city <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Ptolemais</i> or <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Hermeiou</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> then inland, likewise west of the river, <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Abydos</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> in the <u data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Diopolites nome of the Upper Places</u>, the city of <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Diospolis Mikra</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> in the <u data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Tentyrites nome</u>, the city of <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Tentyra</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> and the inland village <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Pampanis</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Next <u data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Memnon</u>, in the interior, the village <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Tathyris</i>.<br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> in the <u data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Hermouthites</u> (or <u data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Hermonthites</u>) <u data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>nome</u>, the city of <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Hermouthis</i> or <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Hermonthis</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> and next <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Latonpolis</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> then <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Apollonospolis</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> then the inland village <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Phthonthis</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> and the island of <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Elephantine</i>. </p> <p data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> East of the river: in the <u data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Antaiopolites nome</u>, the inland city of <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Antaioupolis</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> and next <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Passalos</i> or <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Passalon</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> in the <u data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Panopolites nome</u>, the city of <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Panopolis</i> (or <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Panonpolis</i>)<br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> next, <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Lepidotonpolis</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> then <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Khenoboskia</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> next, <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Kainepolis</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> in the <u data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Koptites nome</u>, the inland city of <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Koptos</i> or <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Koptospolis</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> next, <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Apollonospolis Mikra</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> in the <u data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Theban nome</u>, <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Diospolis Megale</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> then <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Touphion</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> then <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Khnoubis</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> then <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Eilethyiaspolis</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> then inland, <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Toou</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> then <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Omboi</i> or <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Ombroi</i><br data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> then <i data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Syene</i>. </p> <p class="py-5 text-center text-lg" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> End of <em data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Geographia</em>. </p> </div> <div class="py-5" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <h2 class="dark:text-softy text-black" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Cities of ancient Egypt</h2> <p class="py-8" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> The incredibly long history of Egypt saw cities prosper for long periods, only to be abandoned centuries later after being sacked or buried by the ever present sand of the desert. The names also changed with the times, and foreigners approximated the native name into their own language. Most names we know today come from the Greek variants used in antiquity, but can often be traced back to their original name in ancient Egyptian. </p> <div data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <table class="mx-auto my-10 w-11/12 min-w-[75%] text-base" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <tr class="border-b-2 font-sans" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <th class="text-left dark:text-white" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>City</th> <th class="text-left dark:text-white" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Greek</th> <th class="text-left dark:text-white" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Coptic</th> <th class="text-left dark:text-white" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Egyptian</th> <th class="text-left dark:text-white" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Map</th> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a href="https://www.google.com/maps?ll=30.470701,31.184251&t=h&z=16" target="_blank" title="View map on Google Maps" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Athribis </a> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <gr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Ἀθριβις</gr> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <coptic data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Ⲁⲑⲣⲏⲃⲓ</coptic> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <tlit data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>ḥw.t-ḥry-ib</tlit> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a class="fill-red hover:fill-green" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/727078" target="_blank" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1.75em" height="1.75em" style="vertical-align:middle" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path d="M12 12q.825 0 1.413-.588Q14 10.825 14 10t-.587-1.413Q12.825 8 12 8q-.825 0-1.412.587Q10 9.175 10 10q0 .825.588 1.412Q11.175 12 12 12Zm0 10q-4.025-3.425-6.012-6.363Q4 12.7 4 10.2q0-3.75 2.413-5.975Q8.825 2 12 2t5.587 2.225Q20 6.45 20 10.2q0 2.5-1.987 5.437Q16.025 18.575 12 22Z" /><title>View external map</title></svg></a> </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="px-5 pb-8" colspan="5" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> The town lies around 40 km north of Cairo, on the eastern bank of the Damietta branch of the Nile. It was mainly occupied during the Ptolemaic, Roman, and Byzantine eras. </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a href="https://www.google.com/maps?ll=30.786228,31.82253&t=h&z=16" target="_blank" title="View map on Google Maps" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Avaris </a> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <gr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Αὔαρις</gr> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <coptic data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5></coptic> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <tlit data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>ḥw.t-wꜤrt</tlit> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a class="fill-red hover:fill-green" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/727080" target="_blank" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1.75em" height="1.75em" style="vertical-align:middle" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path d="M12 12q.825 0 1.413-.588Q14 10.825 14 10t-.587-1.413Q12.825 8 12 8q-.825 0-1.412.587Q10 9.175 10 10q0 .825.588 1.412Q11.175 12 12 12Zm0 10q-4.025-3.425-6.012-6.363Q4 12.7 4 10.2q0-3.75 2.413-5.975Q8.825 2 12 2t5.587 2.225Q20 6.45 20 10.2q0 2.5-1.987 5.437Q16.025 18.575 12 22Z" /><title>View external map</title></svg></a> </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="px-5 pb-8" colspan="5" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> The site was originally founded by Amenemhat I. it became the capital for the Hyksos located in the northeastern region of the Nile Delta. </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a href="https://www.google.com/maps?ll=30.572382,31.511085&t=h&z=16" target="_blank" title="View map on Google Maps" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Bubastis </a> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <gr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Βούβαστις πόλις</gr> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <coptic data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Ⲡⲟⲩⲃⲁⲥϯ</coptic> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <tlit data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>pr-bꜢstt</tlit> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a class="fill-red hover:fill-green" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/727088" target="_blank" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1.75em" height="1.75em" style="vertical-align:middle" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path d="M12 12q.825 0 1.413-.588Q14 10.825 14 10t-.587-1.413Q12.825 8 12 8q-.825 0-1.412.587Q10 9.175 10 10q0 .825.588 1.412Q11.175 12 12 12Zm0 10q-4.025-3.425-6.012-6.363Q4 12.7 4 10.2q0-3.75 2.413-5.975Q8.825 2 12 2t5.587 2.225Q20 6.45 20 10.2q0 2.5-1.987 5.437Q16.025 18.575 12 22Z" /><title>View external map</title></svg></a> </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="px-5 pb-8" colspan="5" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Bubastis served as the capital of the nome of the 18th nome of Lower Egypt. Bubastis was situated southwest of Tanis, upon the eastern side of the Pelusiac branch of the Nile. It became a royal residence after Shoshenq I, the first ruler and founder of the 22nd Dynasty, in 943 BC. </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a href="https://www.google.com/maps?ll=31.196159,30.744074&t=h&z=16" target="_blank" title="View map on Google Maps" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Buto </a> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <gr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Βουτώ - Βοῦτος</gr> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <coptic data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5></coptic> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <tlit data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>pr-wꜢḏy.t</tlit> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a class="fill-red hover:fill-green" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/727094" target="_blank" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1.75em" height="1.75em" style="vertical-align:middle" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path d="M12 12q.825 0 1.413-.588Q14 10.825 14 10t-.587-1.413Q12.825 8 12 8q-.825 0-1.412.587Q10 9.175 10 10q0 .825.588 1.412Q11.175 12 12 12Zm0 10q-4.025-3.425-6.012-6.363Q4 12.7 4 10.2q0-3.75 2.413-5.975Q8.825 2 12 2t5.587 2.225Q20 6.45 20 10.2q0 2.5-1.987 5.437Q16.025 18.575 12 22Z" /><title>View external map</title></svg></a> </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="px-5 pb-8" colspan="5" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Egyptian sources first name the region Djebout, which grew into the twin cities Pe and Dep. From the Ramesside period and on it became known as Per-Wadjet. Based on the descriptions, the mythological floating island of Khemmis (Akh-bit) was close to Buto. </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a href="https://www.google.com/maps?ll=31.108961,30.93728&t=h&z=16" target="_blank" title="View map on Google Maps" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Heliopolis </a> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <gr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Ἡλιούπολις</gr> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <coptic data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>ⲱⲛ</coptic> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <tlit data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>iwnw</tlit> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a class="fill-red hover:fill-green" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/727117" target="_blank" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1.75em" height="1.75em" style="vertical-align:middle" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path d="M12 12q.825 0 1.413-.588Q14 10.825 14 10t-.587-1.413Q12.825 8 12 8q-.825 0-1.412.587Q10 9.175 10 10q0 .825.588 1.412Q11.175 12 12 12Zm0 10q-4.025-3.425-6.012-6.363Q4 12.7 4 10.2q0-3.75 2.413-5.975Q8.825 2 12 2t5.587 2.225Q20 6.45 20 10.2q0 2.5-1.987 5.437Q16.025 18.575 12 22Z" /><title>View external map</title></svg></a> </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="px-5 pb-8" colspan="5" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> The major surviving remnant of Heliopolis is the obelisk of the Temple of Ra-Atum still standing in its original position, erected by Senusret I of Dynasty XII. Known from the Bible as the city of On. </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a href="https://www.google.com/maps?ll=29.085373,30.934478&t=h&z=16" target="_blank" title="View map on Google Maps" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Herakleopolis </a> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <gr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Ἡρακλέους πόλις μεγάλη</gr> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <coptic data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Ϩⲛⲏⲥ</coptic> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <tlit data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>ḥw.t-nn-nsw</tlit> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a class="fill-red hover:fill-green" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/736920" target="_blank" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1.75em" height="1.75em" style="vertical-align:middle" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path d="M12 12q.825 0 1.413-.588Q14 10.825 14 10t-.587-1.413Q12.825 8 12 8q-.825 0-1.412.587Q10 9.175 10 10q0 .825.588 1.412Q11.175 12 12 12Zm0 10q-4.025-3.425-6.012-6.363Q4 12.7 4 10.2q0-3.75 2.413-5.975Q8.825 2 12 2t5.587 2.225Q20 6.45 20 10.2q0 2.5-1.987 5.437Q16.025 18.575 12 22Z" /><title>View external map</title></svg></a> </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="px-5 pb-8" colspan="5" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Herakleopolis (also called Herakleopolis Magna), was the captial of the Twentieth nome of Upper Egypt. </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a href="https://www.google.com/maps?ll=25.616667,32.533333&t=h&z=16" target="_blank" title="View map on Google Maps" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Hermonthis </a> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <gr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Ἑρμωνθις</gr> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <coptic data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>ⲉⲣⲙⲟⲛⲧ</coptic> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <tlit data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>iwnw-šmꜤ</tlit> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a class="fill-red hover:fill-green" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/786036" target="_blank" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1.75em" height="1.75em" style="vertical-align:middle" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path d="M12 12q.825 0 1.413-.588Q14 10.825 14 10t-.587-1.413Q12.825 8 12 8q-.825 0-1.412.587Q10 9.175 10 10q0 .825.588 1.412Q11.175 12 12 12Zm0 10q-4.025-3.425-6.012-6.363Q4 12.7 4 10.2q0-3.75 2.413-5.975Q8.825 2 12 2t5.587 2.225Q20 6.45 20 10.2q0 2.5-1.987 5.437Q16.025 18.575 12 22Z" /><title>View external map</title></svg></a> </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="px-5 pb-8" colspan="5" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> An important town of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom that was enlarged during the Eighteenth Dynasty. </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a href="https://www.google.com/maps?ll=27.78173,30.803775&t=h&z=16" target="_blank" title="View map on Google Maps" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Hermopolis Magna </a> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <gr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Ἑρμοῦ πόλις μεγάλη</gr> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <coptic data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Ϣⲙⲟⲩⲛ</coptic> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <tlit data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>ḫmnw</tlit> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a class="fill-red hover:fill-green" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/756574" target="_blank" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1.75em" height="1.75em" style="vertical-align:middle" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path d="M12 12q.825 0 1.413-.588Q14 10.825 14 10t-.587-1.413Q12.825 8 12 8q-.825 0-1.412.587Q10 9.175 10 10q0 .825.588 1.412Q11.175 12 12 12Zm0 10q-4.025-3.425-6.012-6.363Q4 12.7 4 10.2q0-3.75 2.413-5.975Q8.825 2 12 2t5.587 2.225Q20 6.45 20 10.2q0 2.5-1.987 5.437Q16.025 18.575 12 22Z" /><title>View external map</title></svg></a> </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="px-5 pb-8" colspan="5" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> The capital city of the fifteenth nome of Upper Egypt). The ancient Egyptians called the site Khmun after the group of eight divinities (Ogdoad) that represented the primordial world. </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a href="https://www.google.com/maps?ll=25.097222,32.779444&t=h&z=16" target="_blank" title="View map on Google Maps" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Hierakonpolis </a> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <gr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Ἱεράκων πόλις</gr> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <coptic data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5></coptic> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <tlit data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>nḫn</tlit> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a class="fill-red hover:fill-green" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/786037" target="_blank" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1.75em" height="1.75em" style="vertical-align:middle" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path d="M12 12q.825 0 1.413-.588Q14 10.825 14 10t-.587-1.413Q12.825 8 12 8q-.825 0-1.412.587Q10 9.175 10 10q0 .825.588 1.412Q11.175 12 12 12Zm0 10q-4.025-3.425-6.012-6.363Q4 12.7 4 10.2q0-3.75 2.413-5.975Q8.825 2 12 2t5.587 2.225Q20 6.45 20 10.2q0 2.5-1.987 5.437Q16.025 18.575 12 22Z" /><title>View external map</title></svg></a> </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="px-5 pb-8" colspan="5" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Nekhen was an important city in Upper Egypt during the Predynastic period, center for the worship of Horus. </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a href="https://www.google.com/maps?ll=25.995994,32.816253&t=h&z=16" target="_blank" title="View map on Google Maps" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Koptos </a> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <gr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Κοπτος</gr> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <coptic data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>ⲕⲉⲃⲧⲱ - Ⲕⲉϥⲧ</coptic> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <tlit data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>gbtyw - ḳbt </tlit> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a class="fill-red hover:fill-green" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/786010" target="_blank" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1.75em" height="1.75em" style="vertical-align:middle" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path d="M12 12q.825 0 1.413-.588Q14 10.825 14 10t-.587-1.413Q12.825 8 12 8q-.825 0-1.412.587Q10 9.175 10 10q0 .825.588 1.412Q11.175 12 12 12Zm0 10q-4.025-3.425-6.012-6.363Q4 12.7 4 10.2q0-3.75 2.413-5.975Q8.825 2 12 2t5.587 2.225Q20 6.45 20 10.2q0 2.5-1.987 5.437Q16.025 18.575 12 22Z" /><title>View external map</title></svg></a> </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="px-5 pb-8" colspan="5" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Its proximity to the Red Sea made it an important trading center between India and Punt, as well as for nearby gold and quartzite mines in the Eastern Desert, and as a starting point for expeditions to Punt. </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a href="https://www.google.com/maps?ll=25.296055,32.55747&t=h&z=16" target="_blank" title="View map on Google Maps" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Latopolis </a> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <gr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Λάτων πόλις</gr> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <coptic data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>ⲥⲛⲏ - ⲗⲁⲧⲱⲛ</coptic> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <tlit data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>iwny.t - sn.t</tlit> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a class="fill-red hover:fill-green" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/786059" target="_blank" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1.75em" height="1.75em" style="vertical-align:middle" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path d="M12 12q.825 0 1.413-.588Q14 10.825 14 10t-.587-1.413Q12.825 8 12 8q-.825 0-1.412.587Q10 9.175 10 10q0 .825.588 1.412Q11.175 12 12 12Zm0 10q-4.025-3.425-6.012-6.363Q4 12.7 4 10.2q0-3.75 2.413-5.975Q8.825 2 12 2t5.587 2.225Q20 6.45 20 10.2q0 2.5-1.987 5.437Q16.025 18.575 12 22Z" /><title>View external map</title></svg></a> </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="px-5 pb-8" colspan="5" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a href="https://www.google.com/maps?ll=30.682587,31.35424&t=h&z=16" target="_blank" title="View map on Google Maps" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Leontopolis </a> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <gr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Λεόντων πόλις</gr> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <coptic data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5></coptic> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <tlit data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>tꜢ-rmw</tlit> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a class="fill-red hover:fill-green" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/727147" target="_blank" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1.75em" height="1.75em" style="vertical-align:middle" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path d="M12 12q.825 0 1.413-.588Q14 10.825 14 10t-.587-1.413Q12.825 8 12 8q-.825 0-1.412.587Q10 9.175 10 10q0 .825.588 1.412Q11.175 12 12 12Zm0 10q-4.025-3.425-6.012-6.363Q4 12.7 4 10.2q0-3.75 2.413-5.975Q8.825 2 12 2t5.587 2.225Q20 6.45 20 10.2q0 2.5-1.987 5.437Q16.025 18.575 12 22Z" /><title>View external map</title></svg></a> </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="px-5 pb-8" colspan="5" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a href="https://www.google.com/maps?ll=30.121507,31.134532&t=h&z=16" target="_blank" title="View map on Google Maps" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Letopolis </a> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <gr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Λητοῦς πόλις</gr> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <coptic data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>ⲃⲟⲩϣⲏⲙ</coptic> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <tlit data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>ḫm, sḫm</tlit> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a class="fill-red hover:fill-green" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/727149" target="_blank" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1.75em" height="1.75em" style="vertical-align:middle" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path d="M12 12q.825 0 1.413-.588Q14 10.825 14 10t-.587-1.413Q12.825 8 12 8q-.825 0-1.412.587Q10 9.175 10 10q0 .825.588 1.412Q11.175 12 12 12Zm0 10q-4.025-3.425-6.012-6.363Q4 12.7 4 10.2q0-3.75 2.413-5.975Q8.825 2 12 2t5.587 2.225Q20 6.45 20 10.2q0 2.5-1.987 5.437Q16.025 18.575 12 22Z" /><title>View external map</title></svg></a> </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="px-5 pb-8" colspan="5" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Center of worship of Khenty-khem, a form of Horus. Mentioned in texts from as far back as the Old Kingdom. Only blocks of stone remains, there is no site as such. </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a href="https://www.google.com/maps?ll=29.849491,31.255061&t=h&z=16" target="_blank" title="View map on Google Maps" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Memphis </a> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <gr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Μέμφις</gr> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <coptic data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>ⲙⲉⲙϥⲓ</coptic> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <tlit data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>mn-nfr, inb-ḥḏ</tlit> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a class="fill-red hover:fill-green" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/736963" target="_blank" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1.75em" height="1.75em" style="vertical-align:middle" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path d="M12 12q.825 0 1.413-.588Q14 10.825 14 10t-.587-1.413Q12.825 8 12 8q-.825 0-1.412.587Q10 9.175 10 10q0 .825.588 1.412Q11.175 12 12 12Zm0 10q-4.025-3.425-6.012-6.363Q4 12.7 4 10.2q0-3.75 2.413-5.975Q8.825 2 12 2t5.587 2.225Q20 6.45 20 10.2q0 2.5-1.987 5.437Q16.025 18.575 12 22Z" /><title>View external map</title></svg></a> </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="px-5 pb-8" colspan="5" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> The capital of Ancient Egypt for much of its history. </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a href="https://www.google.com/maps?ll=30.958333,31.515833&t=h&z=16" target="_blank" title="View map on Google Maps" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Mendes </a> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <gr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Μενδης</gr> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <coptic data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5></coptic> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <tlit data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>pr-bꜢ-nb-ḏd.t</tlit> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a class="fill-red hover:fill-green" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/727156" target="_blank" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1.75em" height="1.75em" style="vertical-align:middle" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path d="M12 12q.825 0 1.413-.588Q14 10.825 14 10t-.587-1.413Q12.825 8 12 8q-.825 0-1.412.587Q10 9.175 10 10q0 .825.588 1.412Q11.175 12 12 12Zm0 10q-4.025-3.425-6.012-6.363Q4 12.7 4 10.2q0-3.75 2.413-5.975Q8.825 2 12 2t5.587 2.225Q20 6.45 20 10.2q0 2.5-1.987 5.437Q16.025 18.575 12 22Z" /><title>View external map</title></svg></a> </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="px-5 pb-8" colspan="5" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a href="https://www.google.com/maps?ll=30.900306,30.592078&t=h&z=16" target="_blank" title="View map on Google Maps" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Naucratis </a> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <gr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Ναύκρατις</gr> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <coptic data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Ⲡⲓⲉⲙⲣⲱ</coptic> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <tlit data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>nꜢyw-krḏ</tlit> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a class="fill-red hover:fill-green" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/727169" target="_blank" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1.75em" height="1.75em" style="vertical-align:middle" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path d="M12 12q.825 0 1.413-.588Q14 10.825 14 10t-.587-1.413Q12.825 8 12 8q-.825 0-1.412.587Q10 9.175 10 10q0 .825.588 1.412Q11.175 12 12 12Zm0 10q-4.025-3.425-6.012-6.363Q4 12.7 4 10.2q0-3.75 2.413-5.975Q8.825 2 12 2t5.587 2.225Q20 6.45 20 10.2q0 2.5-1.987 5.437Q16.025 18.575 12 22Z" /><title>View external map</title></svg></a> </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="px-5 pb-8" colspan="5" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Naucratis was the site of permanent Greek habitation from the sixth century BC onward. </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a href="https://www.google.com/maps?ll=24.459374,32.931083&t=h&z=16" target="_blank" title="View map on Google Maps" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Ombos </a> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <gr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Ὀμβοι - Ὀμβος</gr> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <coptic data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>ⲙⲃⲱ</coptic> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <tlit data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>nb.t</tlit> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a class="fill-red hover:fill-green" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/786079" target="_blank" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1.75em" height="1.75em" style="vertical-align:middle" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path d="M12 12q.825 0 1.413-.588Q14 10.825 14 10t-.587-1.413Q12.825 8 12 8q-.825 0-1.412.587Q10 9.175 10 10q0 .825.588 1.412Q11.175 12 12 12Zm0 10q-4.025-3.425-6.012-6.363Q4 12.7 4 10.2q0-3.75 2.413-5.975Q8.825 2 12 2t5.587 2.225Q20 6.45 20 10.2q0 2.5-1.987 5.437Q16.025 18.575 12 22Z" /><title>View external map</title></svg></a> </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="px-5 pb-8" colspan="5" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Located 50 kilometres (31 mi) north of Syene, gave it some control over trade routes from Nubia, but its main rise to prominence came with the erection of the Temple of Kom Ombo in the second century BC. </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a href="https://www.google.com/maps?ll=25.49098,32.482951&t=h&z=16" target="_blank" title="View map on Google Maps" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Aphroditopolis </a> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <gr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Ἀφροδίτης πόλις - Παθυρις</gr> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <coptic data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>ⲡⲁⲑⲩⲣⲓⲥ</coptic> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <tlit data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>pr-ḥw.t-ḥr - inr.ty</tlit> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a class="fill-red hover:fill-green" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/786084" target="_blank" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1.75em" height="1.75em" style="vertical-align:middle" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path d="M12 12q.825 0 1.413-.588Q14 10.825 14 10t-.587-1.413Q12.825 8 12 8q-.825 0-1.412.587Q10 9.175 10 10q0 .825.588 1.412Q11.175 12 12 12Zm0 10q-4.025-3.425-6.012-6.363Q4 12.7 4 10.2q0-3.75 2.413-5.975Q8.825 2 12 2t5.587 2.225Q20 6.45 20 10.2q0 2.5-1.987 5.437Q16.025 18.575 12 22Z" /><title>View external map</title></svg></a> </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="px-5 pb-8" colspan="5" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Was a Nile settlement some 40 kilometres south of Thebes. Many objects from the city and the temple of Hathor were sold on the antiquities market in the nineteenth century and are now housed in museums around the world. </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a href="https://www.google.com/maps?ll=30.801553,31.835833&t=h&z=16" target="_blank" title="View map on Google Maps" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Pi-Ramesses </a> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <gr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Ῥαμεσση</gr> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <coptic data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>ϩⲣⲁⲙⲉⲥⲥⲏ</coptic> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <tlit data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>pr-rꜤmssw mry-imn</tlit> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a class="fill-red hover:fill-green" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/727080" target="_blank" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1.75em" height="1.75em" style="vertical-align:middle" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path d="M12 12q.825 0 1.413-.588Q14 10.825 14 10t-.587-1.413Q12.825 8 12 8q-.825 0-1.412.587Q10 9.175 10 10q0 .825.588 1.412Q11.175 12 12 12Zm0 10q-4.025-3.425-6.012-6.363Q4 12.7 4 10.2q0-3.75 2.413-5.975Q8.825 2 12 2t5.587 2.225Q20 6.45 20 10.2q0 2.5-1.987 5.437Q16.025 18.575 12 22Z" /><title>View external map</title></svg></a> </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="px-5 pb-8" colspan="5" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Ramesses II constructed the city of Pi-Ramesses roughly 2 km to the north of Avaris, which became its harbour as well as a cemetery. </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a href="https://www.google.com/maps?ll=30.552892,32.099321&t=h&z=16" target="_blank" title="View map on Google Maps" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Pithom </a> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <gr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Πιθωμ - Ηρώων πόλις</gr> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <coptic data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5></coptic> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <tlit data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>pr-itm</tlit> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a class="fill-red hover:fill-green" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/727124" target="_blank" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1.75em" height="1.75em" style="vertical-align:middle" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path d="M12 12q.825 0 1.413-.588Q14 10.825 14 10t-.587-1.413Q12.825 8 12 8q-.825 0-1.412.587Q10 9.175 10 10q0 .825.588 1.412Q11.175 12 12 12Zm0 10q-4.025-3.425-6.012-6.363Q4 12.7 4 10.2q0-3.75 2.413-5.975Q8.825 2 12 2t5.587 2.225Q20 6.45 20 10.2q0 2.5-1.987 5.437Q16.025 18.575 12 22Z" /><title>View external map</title></svg></a> </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="px-5 pb-8" colspan="5" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> The exact location is still somewhat uncertain. </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a href="https://www.google.com/maps?ll=30.965051,30.76837&t=h&z=16" target="_blank" title="View map on Google Maps" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Sais </a> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <gr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Σάις</gr> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <coptic data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>ⲥⲁⲓ</coptic> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <tlit data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>sꜢw</tlit> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a class="fill-red hover:fill-green" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/727217" target="_blank" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1.75em" height="1.75em" style="vertical-align:middle" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path d="M12 12q.825 0 1.413-.588Q14 10.825 14 10t-.587-1.413Q12.825 8 12 8q-.825 0-1.412.587Q10 9.175 10 10q0 .825.588 1.412Q11.175 12 12 12Zm0 10q-4.025-3.425-6.012-6.363Q4 12.7 4 10.2q0-3.75 2.413-5.975Q8.825 2 12 2t5.587 2.225Q20 6.45 20 10.2q0 2.5-1.987 5.437Q16.025 18.575 12 22Z" /><title>View external map</title></svg></a> </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="px-5 pb-8" colspan="5" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Sais was an town located in the Western Nile Delta. </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a href="https://www.google.com/maps?ll=30.964129,31.239982&t=h&z=16" target="_blank" title="View map on Google Maps" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Sebennytos </a> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <gr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Σεβεννυτος</gr> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <coptic data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>ϫⲉⲙⲛⲟⲩϯ</coptic> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <tlit data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>ṯb-nṯr</tlit> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a class="fill-red hover:fill-green" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/727227" target="_blank" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1.75em" height="1.75em" style="vertical-align:middle" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path d="M12 12q.825 0 1.413-.588Q14 10.825 14 10t-.587-1.413Q12.825 8 12 8q-.825 0-1.412.587Q10 9.175 10 10q0 .825.588 1.412Q11.175 12 12 12Zm0 10q-4.025-3.425-6.012-6.363Q4 12.7 4 10.2q0-3.75 2.413-5.975Q8.825 2 12 2t5.587 2.225Q20 6.45 20 10.2q0 2.5-1.987 5.437Q16.025 18.575 12 22Z" /><title>View external map</title></svg></a> </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="px-5 pb-8" colspan="5" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> An ancient city in Lower Egypt located on the Sebennytic branch of the Nile river. </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a href="https://www.google.com/maps?ll=30.97584,31.874266&t=h&z=16" target="_blank" title="View map on Google Maps" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Tanis </a> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <gr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Τάνις</gr> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <coptic data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>ϫⲁⲛⲏ</coptic> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <tlit data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>ḏꜤn.t</tlit> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a class="fill-red hover:fill-green" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/727236" target="_blank" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1.75em" height="1.75em" style="vertical-align:middle" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path d="M12 12q.825 0 1.413-.588Q14 10.825 14 10t-.587-1.413Q12.825 8 12 8q-.825 0-1.412.587Q10 9.175 10 10q0 .825.588 1.412Q11.175 12 12 12Zm0 10q-4.025-3.425-6.012-6.363Q4 12.7 4 10.2q0-3.75 2.413-5.975Q8.825 2 12 2t5.587 2.225Q20 6.45 20 10.2q0 2.5-1.987 5.437Q16.025 18.575 12 22Z" /><title>View external map</title></svg></a> </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="px-5 pb-8" colspan="5" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> A city in the north-eastern Nile Delta founded during the Nineteenth dynasty. </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a href="https://www.google.com/maps?ll=31.089001,30.951001&t=h&z=16" target="_blank" title="View map on Google Maps" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Xois </a> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <gr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Ξόις</gr> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <coptic data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>ⲥϦⲱⲟⲩ</coptic> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <tlit data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>ḫꜤswt</tlit> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a class="fill-red hover:fill-green" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/727256" target="_blank" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1.75em" height="1.75em" style="vertical-align:middle" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path d="M12 12q.825 0 1.413-.588Q14 10.825 14 10t-.587-1.413Q12.825 8 12 8q-.825 0-1.412.587Q10 9.175 10 10q0 .825.588 1.412Q11.175 12 12 12Zm0 10q-4.025-3.425-6.012-6.363Q4 12.7 4 10.2q0-3.75 2.413-5.975Q8.825 2 12 2t5.587 2.225Q20 6.45 20 10.2q0 2.5-1.987 5.437Q16.025 18.575 12 22Z" /><title>View external map</title></svg></a> </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="px-5 pb-8" colspan="5" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Xois sat upon an island belonging to the Sebennytic Nome, and later was the capital of its own nome, the Xoite nome. It has been populated since the Old Kingdom. According to Manetho, Xois was the capital of the invading Hyksos. </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a href="https://www.google.com/maps?ll=25.720556,32.610278&t=h&z=16" target="_blank" title="View map on Google Maps" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Thebes </a> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <gr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>Θῆβαι - Διὸς πόλις Μεγάλη</gr> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <coptic data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>ⲛⲏ - ⲛⲉ</coptic> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <tlit data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5>wꜢst - niwt (imn)</tlit> </td> <td class="border-t border-stone-400 dark:border-shark-800" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <a class="fill-red hover:fill-green" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/836839127" target="_blank" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1.75em" height="1.75em" style="vertical-align:middle" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path d="M12 12q.825 0 1.413-.588Q14 10.825 14 10t-.587-1.413Q12.825 8 12 8q-.825 0-1.412.587Q10 9.175 10 10q0 .825.588 1.412Q11.175 12 12 12Zm0 10q-4.025-3.425-6.012-6.363Q4 12.7 4 10.2q0-3.75 2.413-5.975Q8.825 2 12 2t5.587 2.225Q20 6.45 20 10.2q0 2.5-1.987 5.437Q16.025 18.575 12 22Z" /><title>View external map</title></svg></a> </td> </tr> <tr data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> <td class="px-5 pb-8" colspan="5" data-astro-cid-7qlulwv5> Thebes was the capital of Egypt for long periods during the Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom eras and many impressive structures were built there. It was sacked by the Assyrians in 663 BC, leaving it completely destroyed and in ruins, and it never recovered. </td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="py-10 my-5 print:hidden" aria-hidden="true"> <img src="/svg/thoth.svg" loading="lazy" class="mx-auto h-28 opacity-50 transition duration-300 hover:opacity-100" alt="Thoth" title="You have reached the end of the page. This is Thoth, the wise God of writing and hieroglyphs." srcset=""> <p class="text-center uppercase font-sans text-xs pt-3"> <abbr class="text-stone-400 dark:text-shark-700 no-underline" title="Latin for: Nothing comes from nothing">Ex nihilo nihil fit</abbr> </p> </div> <div class="hidden print:block print:py-20 text-center"> <h3>Original text from:</h3><a href="https://pharaoh.se{currentPath}" class="font-mono text-sm text-black"><img src="/svg/pharaohse.svg" alt="Pharaoh.SE" class="w-60 mx-auto block">https://pharaoh.se/ancient-egypt/cartography/</a> </div> </article> <aside class="hidden lg:grid lg:col-span-3 print:hidden border-s border-stone-300 dark:border-shark-900 dark:bg-darky" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f> <div class="flex h-full px-5 overflow-y-auto sm:w-64 w-80 font-sans" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f> <nav class="-mx-3 space-y-8 pb-36" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f> <div class="space-y-1" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f> <label for="pharaohs" class="px-3 text-base font-bold text-stone-800 uppercase dark:text-shark-400" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Pharaohs</label> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/pharaohs" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Pharaohs</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/dynasties" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Dynasties</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/chronology" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Chronology</a> </div> <div class="space-y-1" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f> <label for="Egyptian king lists" class="px-3 text-base font-bold text-stone-800/80 uppercase dark:text-shark-400" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Egyptian king lists</label> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglists" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Overview</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/abydos-canon" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Abydos Canon</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/karnak-canon" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Karnak Canon</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/saqqara-canon" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Saqqara Canon</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/compare-canons" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Compare canons</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/medinet-habu-canon" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Medinet Habu Canon</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/ramesseum-canon" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Ramesseum Canon</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/marseille" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Marseille offering table</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/other" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Minor king lists</a> </div> <div class="space-y-1" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f> <label for="Turin king list" class="px-3 text-base font-bold text-stone-800/80 uppercase dark:text-shark-400" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Turin king list</label> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/turin" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Overview</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/turin-history" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>History</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/turin-contents" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Contents</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/turin-fragments" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Fragments</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/turin-vorlage" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Vorlage</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/turin-gallery" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Gallery</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/turin-recto" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Recto</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/turin/library" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Library</a> </div> <div class="space-y-1" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f> <label for="Historians" class="px-3 text-base font-bold text-stone-800 uppercase dark:text-shark-400" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Historians</label> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/herodotus" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Herodotus</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/manetho" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Manetho</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/manetho-king-list" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Manetho’s king list</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/africanus" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Africanus</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/eusebius" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Eusebius</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/josephus" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Josephus</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/diodorus" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Diodorus</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/jerome" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>St. Jerome</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/eratosthenes" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Eratosthenes</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/kinglist/syncellus" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Syncellus</a> </div> <div class="space-y-1" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f> <label for="Ancient Egypt: Miscellaneous" class="px-3 text-base font-bold text-stone-800 uppercase dark:text-shark-400" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Ancient Egypt</label> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/obelisks" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Obelisks</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/temples-and-monuments" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Monuments & Temples</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/hieroglyphs" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Hieroglyphs</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/cartography" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Cartography</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/egyptology" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Egyptology</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/titles-and-epithets" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Titles & epithets</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/book-series" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Important books</a>  <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/battle-of-kadesh" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Battle of Kadesh</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/bibliography" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Bibliography</a> </div> <div class="space-y-1" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f> <label for="Ancient Egypt Periods" class="px-3 text-base font-bold text-stone-800 uppercase dark:text-shark-400" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Periods</label> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/period/old-kingdom" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Old Kingdom</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/period/first-intermediate-period" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>First Intermediate</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/period/middle-kingdom" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Middle Kingdom</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/period/second-intermediate-period" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Second Intermediate</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/period/new-kingdom" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>New Kingdom</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/period/third-intermediate-period" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Third Intermediate</a> <a class="list-link" href="/ancient-egypt/period/late-period" data-astro-cid-ssfzsv2f>Late Period</a> <a class="list-link" 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