CINXE.COM

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class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/equine/manure-and-nutrient-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-165" >Manure and Nutrient Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/equine/facilities-and-technology" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-168" >Facilities and Technology</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/equine/personal-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-171" >Personal Safety </a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/equine/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-174" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/swine" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-195" >Swine</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Swine</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-195"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/swine" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/swine/production-and-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-198" >Production and Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/swine/product-quality" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-201" >Product Quality</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/swine/nutrition-and-feeding" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-204" >Nutrition and Feeding</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/swine/health-and-care" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-207" >Health and Care</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/swine/reproduction-and-genetics" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-210" >Reproduction and Genetics</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/swine/manure-and-nutrient-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-213" >Manure and Nutrient Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/swine/facilities-and-technology" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-216" >Facilities and Technology</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/swine/personal-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-219" >Personal Safety </a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/swine/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-222" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/goats" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-243" >Goats</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Goats</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-243"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/goats" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/goats/production-and-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-246" >Production and Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/goats/product-quality" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-249" >Product Quality</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/goats/nutrition-and-feeding" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-252" >Nutrition and Feeding</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/goats/health-and-care" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-255" >Health and Care</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/goats/reproduction-and-genetics" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-258" >Reproduction and Genetics</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/goats/manure-and-nutrient-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-261" >Manure and Nutrient Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/goats/facilities-and-technology" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-264" >Facilities and Technology</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/goats/personal-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-267" >Personal Safety </a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/goats/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-270" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/sheep" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-291" >Sheep</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Sheep</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-291"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/sheep" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/sheep/production-and-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-294" >Production and Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/sheep/product-quality" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-297" >Product Quality</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/sheep/nutrition-and-feeding" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-300" >Nutrition and Feeding</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/sheep/health-and-care" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-303" >Health and Care</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/sheep/reproduction-and-genetics" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-306" >Reproduction and Genetics</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/sheep/manure-and-nutrient-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-309" >Manure and Nutrient Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/sheep/facilities-and-technology" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-312" >Facilities and Technology</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/sheep/personal-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-315" >Personal Safety</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/sheep/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-318" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/llamas-and-alpacas" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-339" >Llamas and Alpacas</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Llamas and Alpacas</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-339"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/llamas-and-alpacas" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/llamas-and-alpacas/nutrition-and-feeding" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-348" >Nutrition and Feeding</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/llamas-and-alpacas/health-and-care" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-351" >Health and Care</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/llamas-and-alpacas/manure-and-nutrient-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-357" >Manure and Nutrient Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/llamas-and-alpacas/facilities-and-technology" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-360" >Facilities and Technology</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/llamas-and-alpacas/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-366" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/canine" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-2608" >Canine</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Canine</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-2608"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/canine" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/canine/nutrition-and-feeding" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-2611" >Nutrition and Feeding</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/canine/behavior-and-welfare" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-2614" >Behavior and Welfare</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/canine/health-and-care" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-2617" >Health and Care</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/animals-and-livestock/canine/reproduction-and-genetics" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-2620" >Reproduction and Genetics</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__item  main-menu__item--parent level0"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops" class="main-menu__link menu-link-level-0" data-menu="menu-387" >Forage and Food Crops </a> </div><div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div class="back" data-role="back"><span>Forage and Food Crops </span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div> <div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level1" data-menu="menu-387"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level1 1"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-0" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-390" >Agronomic Crops</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Agronomic Crops</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-390"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops/production-and-harvesting" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-393" >Production and Harvesting</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops/species-and-varieties" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-396" >Species and Varieties</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops/soil-fertility-and-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-399" >Soil Fertility and Management </a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops/pests-and-diseases" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-402" >Pests and Diseases</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops/weed-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-405" >Weed Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops/organic-production" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-408" >Organic Production</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops/sustainable-agriculture" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-411" >Sustainable Agriculture</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops/personal-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-414" >Personal Safety</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/agronomic-crops/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-417" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/cover-crops" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-438" >Cover Crops</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Cover Crops</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-438"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/cover-crops" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/cover-crops/production-and-harvesting" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-441" >Production and Harvesting</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/cover-crops/species-and-varieties" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-444" >Species and Varieties</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/cover-crops/soil-fertility-and-management" class="main-menu__inner-link current menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-447" >Soil Fertility and Management </a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/cover-crops/pests-and-diseases" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-450" >Pests and Diseases</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/cover-crops/weed-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-453" >Weed Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/cover-crops/organic-production" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-456" >Organic Production</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/cover-crops/sustainable-agriculture" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-459" >Sustainable Agriculture</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/cover-crops/personal-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-462" >Personal Safety</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/cover-crops/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-465" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-483" >Forages</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Forages</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-483"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages/production-and-harvesting" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-486" >Production and Harvesting</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages/species-and-varieties" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-489" >Species and Varieties</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages/soil-fertility-and-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-492" >Soil Fertility and Management </a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages/forage-quality-and-testing" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-495" >Forage Quality and Testing</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages/pests-and-diseases" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-498" >Pests and Diseases</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages/weed-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-501" >Weed Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages/organic-production" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-504" >Organic Production</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages/sustainable-agriculture" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-507" >Sustainable Agriculture</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages/personal-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-510" >Personal Safety</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/forages/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-513" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/fruit" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-537" >Fruit</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Fruit</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-537"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/fruit" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/fruit/production-and-harvesting" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-540" >Production and Harvesting</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/fruit/cultivars-and-rootstocks" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-543" >Cultivars and Rootstocks</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/fruit/soil-fertility-and-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-546" >Soil Fertility and Management </a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/fruit/pests-and-diseases" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-549" >Pests and Diseases</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/fruit/weed-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-552" >Weed Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/fruit/organic-production" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-555" >Organic Production</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/fruit/sustainable-agriculture" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-558" >Sustainable Agriculture</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/fruit/personal-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-561" >Personal Safety</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/fruit/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-564" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/mushrooms" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-636" >Mushrooms</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Mushrooms</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-636"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/mushrooms" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/mushrooms/production-and-harvesting" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-639" >Production and Harvesting</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/mushrooms/substrate-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-645" >Substrate Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/mushrooms/pests-and-diseases" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-648" >Pests and Diseases</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/mushrooms/food-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-651" >Food Safety</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/mushrooms/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-657" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/vegetables" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-585" >Vegetables</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Vegetables</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-585"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/vegetables" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/vegetables/production-and-harvesting" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-588" >Production and Harvesting</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/vegetables/species-and-varieties" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-591" >Species and Varieties</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/vegetables/soil-fertility-and-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-594" >Soil Fertility and Management </a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/vegetables/pests-and-diseases" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-597" >Pests and Diseases</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/vegetables/weed-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-600" >Weed Management</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/vegetables/organic-production" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-603" >Organic Production</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/vegetables/sustainable-agriculture" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-606" >Sustainable Agriculture</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/vegetables/personal-safety" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-609" >Personal Safety</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/vegetables/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-612" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__item  main-menu__item--parent level0"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping" class="main-menu__link menu-link-level-0" data-menu="menu-675" >Trees, Lawns, and Landscaping</a> </div><div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div class="back" data-role="back"><span>Trees, Lawns, and Landscaping</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div> <div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level1" data-menu="menu-675"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level1 1"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-0" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/aquatic-plants-and-algae" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-2431" >Aquatic Plants and Algae</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Aquatic Plants and Algae</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-2431"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/aquatic-plants-and-algae" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/aquatic-plants-and-algae/species-and-varieties" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-828" >Species and Varieties</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/aquatic-plants-and-algae/pests-and-diseases" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-831" >Pests and Diseases</a> </div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/aquatic-plants-and-algae/business-management" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-837" >Business Management</a> </div></li> </ul></div></div></li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/christmas-trees" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-2434" >Christmas Trees</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Christmas Trees</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-2434"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/christmas-trees" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level2 level2 no-children"><div data-role="title" class=""> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/trees-lawns-and-landscaping/christmas-trees/production-and-harvesting" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-2" data-menu="menu-909" >Production and Harvesting</a> </div></li> <li 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href="https://extension.psu.edu/water" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-0" >View All</a> </li> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--level1 level1 main-menu__inner-item--parent"><div data-role="title" class="parent-category-title"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/water/drinking-and-residential-water" class="main-menu__inner-link menu-link-level-1" data-menu="menu-1437" >Drinking and Residential Water</a> </div> <div data-role="content" class="menu-item"><div class="menu-title"><div data-role="back" class="back"><span>Drinking and Residential Water</span></div><div class="close-menu" data-action="toggle-nav"><span>Close</span></div></div><div class="menu-content"> <ul class="main-menu__inner-list main-menu__inner-list--level2" data-menu="menu-1437"> <li class="main-menu__inner-item main-menu__inner-item--all view-all main-menu__inner-item--level2 2"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/water/drinking-and-residential-water" class="main-menu__inner-link 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<strong>Biofuels</strong> </li> </ul></nav> <div class="widget block block-static-block"><div data-content-type="html" data-appearance="default" data-element="main" data-decoded="true"><style> @media print { .noprint { display: none !important; } } </style></div></div> <div class="widget block block-static-block"><div data-content-type="html" data-appearance="default" data-element="main" data-decoded="true"><style> @media print { .noprint { display: none !important; } } </style></div></div><main id="maincontent" class="page-main"> <a id="contentarea" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="parent-category-name">Renewable and Alternative Energy</span> <div class="page-title-wrapper"><h1 class="page-title" id="page-title-heading" aria-labelledby="page-title-heading toolbar-amount" ><span class="base" data-ui-id="page-title-wrapper" >Biofuels</span></h1> </div><div class="page messages"> <div data-placeholder="messages"></div> <div data-bind="scope: 'messages'"><div aria-atomic="true" role="alert" class="messages" data-bind="foreach: { data: cookieMessagesObservable(), as: 'message' }"><div data-bind="attr: { class: 'message-' + message.type + ' ' + message.type + ' message', 'data-ui-id': 'message-' + message.type }"><div data-bind="html: $parent.prepareMessageForHtml(message.text)"></div></div></div><div aria-atomic="true" role="alert" class="messages" data-bind="foreach: { data: messages().messages, as: 'message' }, afterRender: purgeMessages"><div data-bind="attr: { class: 'message-' + message.type + ' ' + message.type + ' message', 'data-ui-id': 'message-' + message.type }"><div data-bind="html: $parent.prepareMessageForHtml(message.text)"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="category-view"> <div class="category-description"><p>Discover more about biofuels and biodiesel as alternative energy resources with Penn State Extension. Find educational information and advice on generating biofuel energy from sorghum, canola or rapeseed, switchgrass, giant miscanthus, willow, and wood. Tips on fuel pellets production, anaerobic digesters, biomass energy, and biodiesel safety are available.</p> <h2>Biofuels</h2> <p>Biofuels are liquid fuels derived from biological materials such as animal wastes, forest residues, and <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/newbio-feedstocks-comparison">perennial crops</a>. They can reduce greenhouse emissions and increase energy security by providing an alternative to conventional fossil fuels, including coal, natural gas, and petroleum.</p> <p>Among the most common types of biofuels in use is biodiesel. <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/biodiesel-a-renewable-domestic-energy-resource">Biodiesel</a> is a renewable substitute for petroleum-based diesel fuel that can be made from animal or plant oil. About 90% of the biodiesel produced in the US comes from soybean oil. A number of other <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/field-crops-for-energy">alternative field crops</a> – including switchgrass and miscanthus – can also help meet the increasing demand for both food and fuel.</p> <p><a href="https://extension.psu.edu/newbio-energy-crop-profile-switchgrass">Switchgrass</a> grows well on a variety of soil types, is drought tolerant, and can be used as a biomass energy crop. Miscanthus tolerates drought as well, although it does better under wetter conditions. <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/newbio-energy-crop-profile-giant-miscanthus">Miscanthus plants</a> are ideal for soils that are too wet for growing crops like soybean or corn. Learn more with Penn State Extension’s resources on new, alternative biofuel sources, including <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/canola-or-rapeseed-production-in-pennsylvania">canola</a>, camelina, sorghum, <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/hemp-and-bioenergy">industrial hemp</a>, and sugarbeets.</p> <p>In this section, access detailed information on a variety of topics, including utilizing <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/wood-energy">woody biomass resources</a> for wood-based ethanol and using <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/using-waste-grain-as-a-fuel-for-a-forage-sample-drying-system">waste grain as a fuel source</a> for drying ovens.</p> <h2>Biomass Energy Production</h2> <p>Biomass energy is generated by natural materials and can be used to create heat or electricity.</p> <p>Wood pellets are an increasingly popular source of heat. Numerous biomass materials can be utilized to make heating pellets. Perennial grasses, such as switchgrass, can be grown and made into <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/on-farm-production-of-biomass-grass-pellets-a-case-study">biomass pellets on the farm</a>. What’s more, as pellet-making equipment comes in a variety of sizes and scales, both smaller-scale and commercial plants can effectively <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/manufacturing-fuel-pellets-from-biomass">manufacture fuel pellets</a>.</p> <p>Anaerobic digestion is another common method of turning biomass into energy. In this process, organic material is broken down by bacteria to <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/agricultural-anaerobic-digesters-design-and-operation">create methane-rich biogas</a>. In Pennsylvania, <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/on-farm-anaerobic-digestion-biogas-production-in-pennsylvania-30-years">on-farm anaerobic digesters</a> with power production are a solution for many farmers looking to make their operations more energy-efficient and productive.</p> <p>Join the <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/applied-biogas-technology-converting-organic-waste-to-energy">Converting Organic Waste to Energy</a> online course to uncover how biogas is produced, as well as learn what equipment is needed and how to estimate yield. In addition, discover Penn State’s <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/penn-state-biodiesel-plant">biodiesel program</a> and find tips on <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/cleaning-and-storage-of-oilseed">cleaning and storing oilseeds</a> intended for edible oil or fuel.</p> <h2>Biodiesel Safety and Best Management Practices</h2> <p>As more agricultural producers begin to adopt and/or produce fossil fuel substitutes, it’s important to note that there are several <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/biofuels">biofuel energy issues</a> that should be considered beforehand. A particularly important consideration is the impact of biodiesel on engine reliability, performance, and maintenance.</p> <p>Additionally, before learning how to make biodiesel, <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/making-your-own-biodiesel-brief-procedures-and-safety-precautions">procedure and safety precautions</a> should be established to avoid poisoning, fire, and soil and water contamination. As every facility is different and faces different challenges, staying up to date on process improvements and governmental regulations is crucial.</p> <p>Penn State Extension offers valuable resources on assessing <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/assessing-biomass-processing-fire-hazards-and-community-response-capabilities">biomass processing fire hazards</a> and learning <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/biodiesel-safety-and-best-management-practices">biodiesel best management practices</a> to protect the health and safety of the producer and the environment.</p></div> </div><div class="columns"><div class="sidebar sidebar-main"> <div class="block filter" id="layered-filter-block" data-mage-init='{"collapsible":{"openedState": "active", "collapsible": true, "active": false, "collateral": { "openedState": "filter-active", "element": "body" } }}'> <div class="block-title filter-title" data-count="0"><strong data-role="title">Narrow By</strong></div><div class="block-content 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srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/2/e/2e49187d458e6068ed0b979ef3b7d9f5.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/2/e/2e49187d458e6068ed0b979ef3b7d9f5.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/2/e/2e49187d458e6068ed0b979ef3b7d9f5.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="NEWBio Feedstocks Comparison"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-511167bf1b52374a2 { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-511167bf1b52374a2 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-511167bf1b52374a2 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/newbio-feedstocks-comparison">NEWBio Feedstocks Comparison</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Michael Jacobson, Ph.D.</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">This article compares the feedstocks鈥攕witchgrass, giant miscanthus, and willow鈥攗sed in the NEWBio program.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_63316" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/grants-loans-and-funding-available-for-digesters" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-63316-67bf1b5238981"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/f/4/f48d2b85c62423598fdbb4ed365cf7d7_1.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/f/4/f48d2b85c62423598fdbb4ed365cf7d7_1.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/f/4/f48d2b85c62423598fdbb4ed365cf7d7_1.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Grants, Loans and Funding Available for Digesters"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-6331667bf1b5238981 { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-6331667bf1b5238981 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-6331667bf1b5238981 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="810"></span> Webinars</div> <div class="price-box price-final_price" data-role="priceBox" data-product-id="63316" data-price-box="product-id-63316"> <p class="minimal-price"> <span class="price-container price-final_price tax weee" > <span class="price-label"></span> <span id="from-63316" data-price-amount="0" data-price-type="" class="price-wrapper " ><span class="price">Free</span></span> </span> </p></div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/grants-loans-and-funding-available-for-digesters">Grants, Loans and Funding Available for Digesters</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute when'><span class='label'>When </span><span class='value'>Watch Now</span></div> <div class='attribute length'><span class='label'>Length </span><span class='value'>1 hour</span></div> <div class='attribute recorded'><span class='label'>Recorded </span><span class='value'>Aug 21, 2024</span></div> <div class='attribute cvent_event_format'><span class='label'>Event Format </span><span class='value'>On-Demand | Recorded</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">Are you wondering how to fund an anaerobic digester project for your farming, energy or conservation practice? Our instructive webinar has your answers!</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_3786" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/newbio-switchgrass-budget-for-biomass-production" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-3786-67bf1b523d680"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/0/3/03d30a414f2bba545715d679e6f02798.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/0/3/03d30a414f2bba545715d679e6f02798.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/0/3/03d30a414f2bba545715d679e6f02798.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="USDA ARS Photo Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Bugwood.org"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-378667bf1b523d680 { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-378667bf1b523d680 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-378667bf1b523d680 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/newbio-switchgrass-budget-for-biomass-production">NEWBio Switchgrass Budget for Biomass Production</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Michael Jacobson, Ph.D.</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">This article provides an enterprise budget for growing switchgrass as a dedicated energy crop to help growers to understand the inputs, costs, and potential revenues.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_5110" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/miscanthus-budget-for-biomass-production" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-5110-67bf1b523e8b9"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/3/e/3e6b00aa01048492a7d75641c2dcafbc.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/3/e/3e6b00aa01048492a7d75641c2dcafbc.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/3/e/3e6b00aa01048492a7d75641c2dcafbc.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Miscanthus rhizomes. Photo courtesy of David Marrison."/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-511067bf1b523e8b9 { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-511067bf1b523e8b9 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-511067bf1b523e8b9 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/miscanthus-budget-for-biomass-production">Miscanthus Budget for Biomass Production</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Michael Jacobson, Ph.D.</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">Giant miscanthus is a sterile hybrid perennial warm-season grass that grows relatively fast on less-than-ideal soils, making it a preferred energy crop.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_5112" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/shrub-willow-budget-for-biomass-production" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-5112-67bf1b523f99a"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/i/m/image_3232.jpg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/i/m/image_3232.jpg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/i/m/image_3232.jpg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Establishing willow biomass crops by planting one-year-old stems of selected willow cultivars."/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-511267bf1b523f99a { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-511267bf1b523f99a span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-511267bf1b523f99a span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/shrub-willow-budget-for-biomass-production">Shrub Willow Budget for Biomass Production</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Michael Jacobson, Ph.D.</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">Shrub willow is a fast-growing woody plant with excellent potential as a feedstock for bioenergy production.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_2960" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/wood-heat-for-your-home-does-it-pay-off" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-2960-67bf1b52409f8"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/5/1/51ffc7b357a88a627546a9b85b9cd716_1.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/5/1/51ffc7b357a88a627546a9b85b9cd716_1.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/5/1/51ffc7b357a88a627546a9b85b9cd716_1.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Wood Heat for Your Home: Does It Pay Off?"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-296067bf1b52409f8 { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-296067bf1b52409f8 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-296067bf1b52409f8 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/wood-heat-for-your-home-does-it-pay-off">Wood Heat for Your Home: Does It Pay Off?</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Daniel Ciolkosz, P.E.</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">This article takes a look at what kind of savings you can expect if you switch to wood heat.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_5109" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/using-your-wood-stove-efficiently-and-effectively" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-5109-67bf1b5241aa5"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/c/0/c0a3bbc2fb8c341a065694c295f4ae51.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/c/0/c0a3bbc2fb8c341a065694c295f4ae51.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/c/0/c0a3bbc2fb8c341a065694c295f4ae51.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Using Your Wood Stove Efficiently and Effectively"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-510967bf1b5241aa5 { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-510967bf1b5241aa5 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-510967bf1b5241aa5 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/using-your-wood-stove-efficiently-and-effectively">Using Your Wood Stove Efficiently and Effectively</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Daniel Ciolkosz, P.E.</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">Wood Stove Efficiency: Using a high-efficiency stove, using dry wood, keeping the fire hot, and not starving the fire.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_2954" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/using-biodiesel-fuel-in-your-engine" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-2954-67bf1b5242bfe"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/f/a/fa1d866e9e1c6a31921953b8a85b70e5_1.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/f/a/fa1d866e9e1c6a31921953b8a85b70e5_1.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/f/a/fa1d866e9e1c6a31921953b8a85b70e5_1.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Using Biodiesel Fuel in Your Engine"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-295467bf1b5242bfe { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-295467bf1b5242bfe span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-295467bf1b5242bfe span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/using-biodiesel-fuel-in-your-engine">Using Biodiesel Fuel in Your Engine</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Daniel Ciolkosz, P.E.</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">Pros and cons of using biodiesel fuel in your diesel engines, covering engine performance, fuel quality, and potential problems.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_2957" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/whats-so-different-about-biodiesel-fuel" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-2957-67bf1b5243c90"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/b/f/bfd7a2a9bf0fc179fd74fadad2d82c0f_1.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/b/f/bfd7a2a9bf0fc179fd74fadad2d82c0f_1.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/b/f/bfd7a2a9bf0fc179fd74fadad2d82c0f_1.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="What's So Different about Biodiesel Fuel?"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-295767bf1b5243c90 { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-295767bf1b5243c90 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-295767bf1b5243c90 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/whats-so-different-about-biodiesel-fuel">What's So Different about Biodiesel Fuel?</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Daniel Ciolkosz, P.E.</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">This article compares biodiesel with traditional petroleum diesel fuel, discussing properties, quality, blends, and enhancement additives.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_5028" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/renewable-and-alternative-energy-fact-sheet-wood-energy-kids-page" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-5028-67bf1b5244dee"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/i/m/image_224.png?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/i/m/image_224.png?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/i/m/image_224.png?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Spot the Differences: There are 8 differences between these two drawings of Chipper the Energy Beaver. Can you find them all?"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-502867bf1b5244dee { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-502867bf1b5244dee span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-502867bf1b5244dee span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/renewable-and-alternative-energy-fact-sheet-wood-energy-kids-page">Renewable and Alternative Energy Fact Sheet: Wood Energy Kids' Page</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Daniel Ciolkosz, P.E., Michael Jacobson, Ph.D.</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">This article provides activities and a story about the forest for kids.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_3780" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/on-farm-production-of-biomass-grass-pellets-a-case-study" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-3780-67bf1b5245f24"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/e/d/ed2cc6ec06cf842784928c04245f8283.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/e/d/ed2cc6ec06cf842784928c04245f8283.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/e/d/ed2cc6ec06cf842784928c04245f8283.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Wood Crest Farm in Wapwallopen, Pennsylvania"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-378067bf1b5245f24 { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-378067bf1b5245f24 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-378067bf1b5245f24 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/on-farm-production-of-biomass-grass-pellets-a-case-study">On-Farm Production of Biomass Grass Pellets: A Case Study</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Daniel Ciolkosz, P.E.</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">This article describes an operation where switchgrass is grown and pelletized, covering all aspects of the operation, from crop establishment to marketing the crop, and an analysis of costs.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_5302" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/is-biomass-heat-right-for-you" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-5302-67bf1b5246f4c"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/2/4/24274fc34c7d1c40d54a81c2ae4bc07f.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/2/4/24274fc34c7d1c40d54a81c2ae4bc07f.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/2/4/24274fc34c7d1c40d54a81c2ae4bc07f.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Is Biomass Heat Right for You?"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-530267bf1b5246f4c { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-530267bf1b5246f4c span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-530267bf1b5246f4c span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/is-biomass-heat-right-for-you">Is Biomass Heat Right for You?</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Daniel Ciolkosz, P.E.</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">Information to help homeowners, schools and institutions, and industries determine whether biomass heat would be effective and cost-efficient for them.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_2944" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/fuel-ethanol-hero-or-villain" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-2944-67bf1b52481ef"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/i/m/image_99.png?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/i/m/image_99.png?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/i/m/image_99.png?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Figure 1. Atomic composition by mass of gasoline (left) and ethanol (right)."/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-294467bf1b52481ef { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-294467bf1b52481ef span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-294467bf1b52481ef span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/fuel-ethanol-hero-or-villain">Fuel Ethanol: Hero or Villain?</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Daniel Ciolkosz, P.E.</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">This article provides the advantages and disadvantages of using fuel ethanol to help give engine owners a balanced view and make the most of their fuel.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_2145" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/commercial-scale-biomass-combustion-equipment" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-2145-67bf1b524922f"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/i/m/image_41.png?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/i/m/image_41.png?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/i/m/image_41.png?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Figure 1: Diagram of the major components of a commercial-scale biomass combustor system"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-214567bf1b524922f { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-214567bf1b524922f span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-214567bf1b524922f span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/commercial-scale-biomass-combustion-equipment">Commercial-Scale Biomass Combustion Equipment</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Daniel Ciolkosz, P.E.</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">Overview of the equipment common to most commercial-scale biomass combustors and discusses some of the considerations in selecting a biomass combustor.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_5197" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/co-firing-biomass-with-coal" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-5197-67bf1b524a4ce"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/0/f/0f6b9a7dbfa3b4dd55ef7346d80f1db2.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/0/f/0f6b9a7dbfa3b4dd55ef7346d80f1db2.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/0/f/0f6b9a7dbfa3b4dd55ef7346d80f1db2.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Coal-fired power plant"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-519767bf1b524a4ce { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-519767bf1b524a4ce span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-519767bf1b524a4ce span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/co-firing-biomass-with-coal">Co-firing Biomass with Coal</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Daniel Ciolkosz, P.E.</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">One of the more promising options for PA farmers and foresters interested in growing biomass is to sell your biomass for co-firing with other fuels, especially coal.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_5193" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/characteristics-of-biomass-as-a-heating-fuel" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-5193-67bf1b524b868"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/i/m/image_3300.jpg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/i/m/image_3300.jpg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/i/m/image_3300.jpg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Characteristics of Biomass as a Heating Fuel"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-519367bf1b524b868 { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-519367bf1b524b868 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-519367bf1b524b868 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/characteristics-of-biomass-as-a-heating-fuel">Characteristics of Biomass as a Heating Fuel</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Daniel Ciolkosz, P.E.</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">Biomass is a promising option for providing locally produced, renewable energy in Pennsylvania.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_5186" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/an-introduction-to-biomass-heating" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-5186-67bf1b524c8a6"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/2/6/261da19a0614af3578733313b625f110_1.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/2/6/261da19a0614af3578733313b625f110_1.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/2/6/261da19a0614af3578733313b625f110_1.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Diagram of the Franklin Stove, 1769"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-518667bf1b524c8a6 { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-518667bf1b524c8a6 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-518667bf1b524c8a6 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/an-introduction-to-biomass-heating">An Introduction to Biomass Heating</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Daniel Ciolkosz, P.E.</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">Combustion process, fuel choices, equipment, obtaining biomass fuels, and emissions and pollution.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_5185" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/alternate-markets-for-dedicated-grass-energy-crops" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-5185-67bf1b524d9b3"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/i/m/image_3294.jpg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/i/m/image_3294.jpg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/i/m/image_3294.jpg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Baled switchgrass stored in a field"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-518567bf1b524d9b3 { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-518567bf1b524d9b3 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-518567bf1b524d9b3 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/alternate-markets-for-dedicated-grass-energy-crops">Alternate Markets for Dedicated Grass Energy Crops</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Daniel Ciolkosz, P.E.</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">Growing renewable biomass feedstocks like perennial grasses that can be converted into energy (electricity, liquid transportation fuels, or heat).</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_5225" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/a-primer-on-woody-biomass-energy-for-forest-landowners" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-5225-67bf1b524eb0b"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/7/7/772536da87af39a39ff85151f5b005fb.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/7/7/772536da87af39a39ff85151f5b005fb.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/7/7/772536da87af39a39ff85151f5b005fb.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="A Primer on Woody Biomass Energy for Forest Landowners"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-522567bf1b524eb0b { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-522567bf1b524eb0b span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-522567bf1b524eb0b span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/a-primer-on-woody-biomass-energy-for-forest-landowners">A Primer on Woody Biomass Energy for Forest Landowners</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Daniel Ciolkosz, P.E., Michael Jacobson, Ph.D.</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">This article gives an overview of the scope and issues involved when considering whether managing a forest for energy production is a good option.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_62691" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/wood-to-gasoline-on-the-horizon" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-62691-67bf1b524fcdd"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/f/c/fc83c0b070996cc77cb95484e11fe6c6.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/f/c/fc83c0b070996cc77cb95484e11fe6c6.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/f/c/fc83c0b070996cc77cb95484e11fe6c6.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Pennsylvania's Forests Could be a Future Source For Biofuels"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-6269167bf1b524fcdd { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-6269167bf1b524fcdd span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-6269167bf1b524fcdd span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="805"></span> News</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/wood-to-gasoline-on-the-horizon">Wood to Gasoline on the Horizon?</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute publish_date'><span class='label'>Date Posted </span><span class='value'>7/8/2024</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">Group seeking to innovate in Pennsylvania鈥檚 North Woods</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_60859" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/new-directions-for-biorenewables" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-60859-67bf1b5251144"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/c/0/c03a62b20641feb1ff68183793ab18b3.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/c/0/c03a62b20641feb1ff68183793ab18b3.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/c/0/c03a62b20641feb1ff68183793ab18b3.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Image of a farm. Photo credit: Pexels.com"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-6085967bf1b5251144 { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-6085967bf1b5251144 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-6085967bf1b5251144 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/new-directions-for-biorenewables">New Directions for Biorenewables</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Matthew Svetz, Daniel Ciolkosz, P.E.</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">Overview of energy and materials opportunities discussed at the 2024 Bio Renewables symposium.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_3782" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/waste-biogas-production-from-stackable-long-stem-materials" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-3782-67bf1b52521f5"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/b/0/b02561f55ff2f52b60baa67d73d23e4a.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/b/0/b02561f55ff2f52b60baa67d73d23e4a.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/b/0/b02561f55ff2f52b60baa67d73d23e4a.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Waste Biogas Production From Stackable Long Stem Materials"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-378267bf1b52521f5 { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-378267bf1b52521f5 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-378267bf1b52521f5 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/waste-biogas-production-from-stackable-long-stem-materials">Waste Biogas Production From Stackable Long Stem Materials</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Daniel Ciolkosz, P.E.</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">The ideal materials for these systems are those that can be handled with a front end loader and stored in piles, wet bales or bunker type storages.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_3781" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/using-waste-grain-as-a-fuel-for-a-forage-sample-drying-system" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-3781-67bf1b525337f"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/c/2/c2e95babad49b8658be9fa48b5f9002d.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/c/2/c2e95babad49b8658be9fa48b5f9002d.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/c/2/c2e95babad49b8658be9fa48b5f9002d.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Using Waste Grain as a Fuel for a Forage Sample Drying System"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-378167bf1b525337f { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-378167bf1b525337f span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-378167bf1b525337f span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/using-waste-grain-as-a-fuel-for-a-forage-sample-drying-system">Using Waste Grain as a Fuel for a Forage Sample Drying System</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> <div class='attribute authors'><span class='label'>By </span><span class='value'>Daniel Ciolkosz, P.E.</span></div> </div> <div class="product-short-description">Learn how unmarketable grain was tested as a potential fuel source for drying ovens.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_5106" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/tinedale-farm-kaukauna-wisconsin" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-5106-67bf1b52543a4"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/placeholder/websites/2/Product_Person_Icon_3x2_1.png?dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/placeholder/websites/2/Product_Person_Icon_3x2_1.png?dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/placeholder/websites/2/Product_Person_Icon_3x2_1.png" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Tinedale Farm - Kaukauna, Wisconsin"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-510667bf1b52543a4 { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-510667bf1b52543a4 span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-510667bf1b52543a4 span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/tinedale-farm-kaukauna-wisconsin">Tinedale Farm - Kaukauna, Wisconsin</a></h5><div class="product-attributes"> </div> <div class="product-short-description">Tinesdale Farm is a dairy operation in Kaukauna, Wisconsin. They have about 1,800 milking cows and and about 600 dry.</div> </div></div></li> <li class="item product product-item"> <div class="product-item-info" id="product-item-info_5102" data-container="product-list"> <a href="https://extension.psu.edu/renew-your-homes-heat" class="product photo product-item-photo" tabindex="-1"> <span class="product-image-container product-image-container-5102-67bf1b525549a"><span class="product-image-wrapper"><img class="product-image-photo" srcset="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/b/f/bff0a32388bab2b57941183461d4e24c.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=2 2x,https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/b/f/bff0a32388bab2b57941183461d4e24c.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448&dpr=3 3x" src="https://extension.psu.edu/media/catalog/product/b/f/bff0a32388bab2b57941183461d4e24c.jpeg?quality=80&bg-color=255,255,255&fit=bounds&height=448&width=676&canvas=676:448" loading="lazy" width="676" height="448" alt="Renew Your Home's Heat"/></span></span> <style>.product-image-container-510267bf1b525549a { width: 676px; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 676 / 448; } .product-image-container-510267bf1b525549a span.product-image-wrapper { height: 100%; width: 100%; } @supports not (aspect-ratio: auto) { .product-image-container-510267bf1b525549a span.product-image-wrapper { padding-bottom: 66.272189349112%; } }</style> </a> <div class="product details product-item-details"> <div class="product-type-wrapper"> <div class="product-type"><span class="product-type-icon" data-icon="801"></span> Articles</div> </div> <h5 class="product name product-item-name"><a class="product-item-link" href="https://extension.psu.edu/renew-your-homes-heat">Renew Your Home's Heat</a></h5><div 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