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<span>House and early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_and_early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Batonian_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Batonian_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Batonian War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Batonian_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Interim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commander_of_Roman_campaigns_in_Germania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commander_of_Roman_campaigns_in_Germania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Commander of Roman campaigns in Germania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commander_of_Roman_campaigns_in_Germania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_campaign_against_the_Germanic_tribes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_campaign_against_the_Germanic_tribes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>First campaign against the Germanic tribes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_campaign_against_the_Germanic_tribes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_campaign_against_the_Germanic_tribes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_campaign_against_the_Germanic_tribes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Second campaign against the Germanic tribes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_campaign_against_the_Germanic_tribes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_campaign_against_the_Germanic_tribes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_campaign_against_the_Germanic_tribes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Third campaign against the Germanic tribes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_campaign_against_the_Germanic_tribes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Result" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Result"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>Result</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Result-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Recall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Command_in_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Command_in_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Command in Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Command_in_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illness_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illness_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Illness and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illness_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-mortem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-mortem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Post-mortem</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-mortem-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-mortem subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-mortem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trial_of_Piso" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trial_of_Piso"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Trial of Piso</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trial_of_Piso-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Literary activity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historiography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Publius_Cornelius_Tacitus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publius_Cornelius_Tacitus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Publius Cornelius Tacitus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publius_Cornelius_Tacitus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gaius_Suetonius_Tranquillus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaius_Suetonius_Tranquillus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaius_Suetonius_Tranquillus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Germanicus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Germanicus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B3" title="جرمانيكوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جرمانيكوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chulio_C%C3%A9sar_Chermanico" title="Chulio César Chermanico – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chulio César Chermanico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuliu_C%C3%A9sar_Xerm%C3%A1nicu" title="Xuliu César Xermánicu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xuliu César Xermánicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanik" title="Germanik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Germanik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B3_%DA%98%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ژرمنیکوس ژولیوس سزار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ژرمنیکوس ژولیوس سزار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Германік – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Германік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Германік – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Германік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Германик – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Германик" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A0nic_C%C3%A8sar" title="Germànic Cèsar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Germànic Cèsar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Germanicus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Germanicus" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Germanicus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Germanicus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Germanicus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Γερμανικός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γερμανικός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A1nico" title="Germánico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Germánico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniko" title="Germaniko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Germaniko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniko" title="Germaniko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Germaniko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B3_%DA%98%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ژرمنیکوس ژولیوس سزار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژرمنیکوس ژولیوس سزار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Germanicus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanikus" title="Germanikus – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Germanikus" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%8C%EB%A5%B4%EB%A7%88%EB%8B%88%EC%BF%A0%EC%8A%A4" title="게르마니쿠스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="게르마니쿠스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Գերմանիկոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գերմանիկոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanik" title="Germanik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Germanik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Germanicus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanico" title="Germanico – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Germanico" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanico_Giulio_Cesare" title="Germanico Giulio Cesare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Germanico Giulio Cesare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8" title="גרמאניקוס יוליוס קלאודיאנוס קיסר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרמאניקוס יוליוס קלאודיאנוס קיסר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="გერმანიკუსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გერმანიკუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Germanicus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanikas" title="Germanikas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Germanikas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanicus_Iulius_Caesar" title="Germanicus Iulius Caesar – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Germanicus Iulius Caesar" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Германик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Германик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B3" title="جرمانيكوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جرمانيكوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanicus_Julius_Caesar" title="Germanicus Julius Caesar – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Germanicus Julius Caesar" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Germanicus" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="ゲルマニクス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゲルマニクス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Germanicus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanik" title="Germanik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Germanik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanik" title="Germanik – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Germanik" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A2nico" title="Germânico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Germânico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Germanicus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Германик – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Германик" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Germanicus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Germanicus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanik" title="Germanik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Germanik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%88%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Германик Јулије Цезар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Германик Јулије Цезар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanik" title="Germanik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Germanik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Germanicus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Germanicus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Germanicus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Германік – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Германік" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="جرمانیکس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جرمانیکس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Germanicus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%80%B3%E6%9B%BC%E5%B0%BC%E5%BA%AB%E6%96%AF" title="日耳曼尼庫斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="日耳曼尼庫斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q191039#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Germanicus</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:(Toulouse)_Portrait_de_Germanicus_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Raymond_Ra_342_c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="White bust" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/%28Toulouse%29_Portrait_de_Germanicus_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Raymond_Ra_342_c.jpg/220px-%28Toulouse%29_Portrait_de_Germanicus_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Raymond_Ra_342_c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/%28Toulouse%29_Portrait_de_Germanicus_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Raymond_Ra_342_c.jpg/330px-%28Toulouse%29_Portrait_de_Germanicus_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Raymond_Ra_342_c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/%28Toulouse%29_Portrait_de_Germanicus_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Raymond_Ra_342_c.jpg/440px-%28Toulouse%29_Portrait_de_Germanicus_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Raymond_Ra_342_c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11008" data-file-height="16512" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Bust of Germanicus<br />(<a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Raymond" title="Musée Saint-Raymond">Musée Saint-Raymond</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">24 May 15 BC<br /><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">10 October AD 19 (aged 34)<br /><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Roman Syria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Augustus" title="Mausoleum of Augustus">Mausoleum of Augustus</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Agrippina_the_Elder" title="Agrippina the Elder">Agrippina the Elder</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Family_and_early_life">among others</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nero_Julius_Caesar" title="Nero Julius Caesar">Nero Caesar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Drusus_Caesar" title="Drusus Caesar">Drusus Caesar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Gaius Caesar (Caligula)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Agrippina" class="mw-redirect" title="Julia Agrippina">Julia Agrippina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Drusilla" title="Julia Drusilla">Julia Drusilla</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Livilla" title="Julia Livilla">Julia Livilla</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Germanicus Julius Caesar</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian" class="mw-redirect" title="Julio-Claudian">Julio-Claudian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">Nero Claudius Drusus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> (adoptive)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antonia_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonia the Younger">Antonia the Younger</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Illyrian_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Illyrian Revolt">Great Illyrian Revolt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Idistaviso" title="Battle of Idistaviso">Battle of Idistaviso</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Angrivarian_Wall" title="Battle of the Angrivarian Wall">Battle of the Angrivarian Wall</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Germanicus Julius Caesar</b> (24 May 15 BC – 10 October AD 19) was an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman">ancient Roman</a> general and politician most famously known for his campaigns against <a href="/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius">Arminius</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a>. The son of <a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">Nero Claudius Drusus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antonia_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonia the Younger">Antonia the Younger</a>, Germanicus was born into an influential branch of the <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patrician</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Gens_Claudia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gens Claudia">gens Claudia</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Victory_title" title="Victory title">agnomen</a> <i>Germanicus</i> was added to his full name in 9 BC when it was posthumously awarded to his father in honor of his victories in Germania. In AD 4 he was adopted by his paternal uncle <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>, himself the stepson and heir of Germanicus' great-uncle <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>; ten years later, Tiberius succeeded Augustus as <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a>. As a result of his adoption, Germanicus became an official member of the <i><a href="/wiki/Gens_Julia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gens Julia">gens Julia</a></i>, another prominent family, to which he was related on his mother's side. His connection to the <i><a href="/wiki/Julii_Caesares" title="Julii Caesares">Julii Caesares</a></i> was further consolidated through a marriage between him and <a href="/wiki/Agrippina_the_Elder" title="Agrippina the Elder">Agrippina the Elder</a>, a granddaughter of Augustus. He was also the father of <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a>, the maternal grandfather of <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>, and the older brother of <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a>. </p><p>During the reign of Augustus, Germanicus enjoyed an accelerated political career, entering the office of <a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">quaestor</a> five years before the legal age in AD 7. He held that office until AD 11, and was elected <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consul</a> for the first time in AD 12. The year after, he was made <a href="/wiki/Proconsul" title="Proconsul">proconsul</a> of <a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania Superior</a>, and all of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Gaul</a>. From there he commanded eight <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">legions</a>, about one-third of the entire <a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Roman army</a> at the time, which he led against the Germanic tribes in his <a href="/wiki/Roman_campaigns_in_Germania_(12_BC_%E2%80%93_AD_16)" title="Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)">campaigns</a> from AD 14 to 16. He avenged the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>'s defeat <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest" title="Battle of the Teutoburg Forest">in the Teutoburg Forest</a> and retrieved two of the three <a href="/wiki/Aquila_(Roman)" title="Aquila (Roman)">legionary eagles</a> that had been lost during the battle. In AD 17, he returned to Rome, where he received a <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">triumph</a> before leaving to reorganize the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, whereby he incorporated the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_(Roman_province)" title="Cappadocia (Roman province)">Cappadocia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commagene" title="Commagene">Commagene</a> in AD 18. </p><p>While in the eastern provinces, Germanicus came into conflict with the governor of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Calpurnius_Piso_(consul_7_BC)" title="Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso (consul 7 BC)">Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso</a>. During their feud, Germanicus became ill in <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> and died on 10 October AD 19. His death has been attributed to poison by ancient sources, but that was never proven. As a famous general, he was widely popular and regarded as the ideal Roman long after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the Roman people, Germanicus was the Roman equivalent of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> due to the nature of his death at a young age, his virtuous character, his dashing physique, and his military renown.<sup id="cite_ref-Barrett20_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrett20-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanicus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germanicus_Aureus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Germanicus_Aureus.png/170px-Germanicus_Aureus.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Germanicus_Aureus.png 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="247" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aureus" title="Aureus">Aureus</a> with the portrait of Germanicus</figcaption></figure> <p>Germanicus's <i><a href="/wiki/Praenomen" title="Praenomen">praenomen</a></i> (personal name) at birth is unknown, but he was probably named Nero Claudius Drusus after <a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">his father</a> (conventionally called "Drusus"), or possibly Tiberius Claudius Nero after <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">his paternal uncle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some historians such as <a href="/wiki/Iosif_Constantin_Dr%C4%83gan" title="Iosif Constantin Drăgan">Iosif Constantin Drăgan</a> believe he may have been named Decimus Claudius Nero or Decimus Claudius Drusus at his <i><a href="/wiki/Dies_lustricus" title="Dies lustricus">Dies lustricus</a></i>, since his father's <i>praenomen</i> at birth<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was "<a href="/wiki/Decimus_(praenomen)" title="Decimus (praenomen)">Decimus</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He took the <i><a href="/wiki/Agnomen" title="Agnomen">agnomen</a></i> (nickname) "Germanicus", awarded posthumously to his father in honor of his victories in <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a>, at which point he nominally became head of the family in 9 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Swan249_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swan249-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By AD 4 his uncle Tiberius adopted Germanicus as his son and heir. As a result, Germanicus was adopted out of the <i>gens Claudia</i> and into that of the <i>gens Julia</i>. In accordance with <a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Roman naming conventions</a>, he adopted the name "Julius Caesar" while retaining his <i>agnomen</i>, becoming Germanicus Julius Caesar.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon Germanicus' adoption into the <i>Julii</i>, his brother <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> became the sole legal representative of his father, inheriting the <i>agnomen</i> "Germanicus" as the new head of the family.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="House_and_early_life">House and early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanicus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: House and early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RomaAraPacis_ProcessioneSudParticolare.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/RomaAraPacis_ProcessioneSudParticolare.jpg/330px-RomaAraPacis_ProcessioneSudParticolare.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/RomaAraPacis_ProcessioneSudParticolare.jpg/500px-RomaAraPacis_ProcessioneSudParticolare.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/RomaAraPacis_ProcessioneSudParticolare.jpg/600px-RomaAraPacis_ProcessioneSudParticolare.jpg 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Ara_Pacis" title="Ara Pacis">Ara Pacis</a></i>: processional frieze showing members of the Imperial household (south face). Germanicus is the toddler holding Antonia Minor's hand.</figcaption></figure> <p>Germanicus was born in Rome on 24 May 15 BC to Nero Claudius Drusus and <a href="/wiki/Antonia_Minor" title="Antonia Minor">Antonia Minor</a> and had two younger siblings: a sister, <a href="/wiki/Livilla" title="Livilla">Livilla</a>, and a brother, Claudius. His paternal grandmother was <a href="/wiki/Livia" title="Livia">Livia</a>, who had divorced his grandfather <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Claudius_Nero_(praetor_42_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiberius Claudius Nero (praetor 42 BC)">Tiberius Claudius Nero</a> around 24 years before Germanicus' birth. Livia's second marriage was to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> Augustus. His maternal grandparents were the <a href="/wiki/Second_Triumvirate" title="Second Triumvirate">triumvir</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a> and Augustus' sister <a href="/wiki/Octavia_the_Younger" title="Octavia the Younger">Octavia Minor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germanicus was a key figure in the <a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a> of the early Roman Empire. Tiberius, Germanicus' uncle, became the second Roman emperor and would be succeeded by Germanicus' son <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Gaius</a>. Germanicus was also the brother of the fourth emperor, Claudius, and the grandfather of the fifth emperor, <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Salisbury3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salisbury3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Augustus' chosen successor, <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Caesar" title="Gaius Caesar">Gaius Caesar</a>, died in AD 4, he briefly considered Germanicus as his heir. His wife Livia persuaded him to choose his stepson Tiberius instead. As part of the succession arrangements, Augustus adopted Tiberius on 26 June AD 4, but first required him to adopt Germanicus, thus placing him next in the line of succession after Tiberius.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germanicus married Augustus' granddaughter, <a href="/wiki/Agrippina_the_Elder" title="Agrippina the Elder">Agrippina the Elder</a>, probably the next year, to further strengthen his ties to the imperial family.<sup id="cite_ref-Salisbury3_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salisbury3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple had nine children: <a href="/wiki/Nero_Julius_Caesar" title="Nero Julius Caesar">Nero Julius Caesar</a>; <a href="/wiki/Drusus_Caesar" title="Drusus Caesar">Drusus Caesar</a>; Tiberius Julius Caesar (not to be confused with emperor Tiberius); a child of unknown name (normally referred to as <i>Ignotus</i>); Gaius the Elder; Gaius the Younger (the future emperor "Caligula"); <a href="/wiki/Agrippina_the_Younger" title="Agrippina the Younger">Agrippina the Younger</a> (the future empress); <a href="/wiki/Julia_Drusilla" title="Julia Drusilla">Julia Drusilla</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Julia_Livilla" title="Julia Livilla">Julia Livilla</a>. Only six of his children came of age; Tiberius and the Ignotus died as infants, and Gaius the Elder in his early childhood.<sup id="cite_ref-Salisbury3_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salisbury3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanicus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bust_of_Germanicus,_front_-_Getty_Museum_(2021.66).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Bust_of_Germanicus%2C_front_-_Getty_Museum_%282021.66%29.jpg/250px-Bust_of_Germanicus%2C_front_-_Getty_Museum_%282021.66%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Bust_of_Germanicus%2C_front_-_Getty_Museum_%282021.66%29.jpg/330px-Bust_of_Germanicus%2C_front_-_Getty_Museum_%282021.66%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Bust_of_Germanicus%2C_front_-_Getty_Museum_%282021.66%29.jpg/500px-Bust_of_Germanicus%2C_front_-_Getty_Museum_%282021.66%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9749" data-file-height="12141" /></a><figcaption>Bust of young Germanicus at the time of his adoption by Tiberius in AD 4</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Batonian_War">Batonian War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanicus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Batonian War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bellum_Batonianum" title="Bellum Batonianum">Great Illyrian Revolt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Illyrian_Revolt_(English).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Great_Illyrian_Revolt_%28English%29.svg/220px-Great_Illyrian_Revolt_%28English%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Great_Illyrian_Revolt_%28English%29.svg/330px-Great_Illyrian_Revolt_%28English%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Great_Illyrian_Revolt_%28English%29.svg/440px-Great_Illyrian_Revolt_%28English%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1367" /></a><figcaption>Map of the uprising</figcaption></figure> <p>Germanicus became a <a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">quaestor</a> in AD 7, four years before the legal age of 25.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was sent to <a href="/wiki/Illyricum_(Roman_province)" title="Illyricum (Roman province)">Illyricum</a> the same year to help Tiberius suppress a rebellion by the <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He brought with him an army of levied citizens and former slaves to reinforce Tiberius at <a href="/wiki/Siscia" class="mw-redirect" title="Siscia">Siscia</a>, his base of operations in Illyricum. Towards the end of the year, additional reinforcements arrived; three legions from <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a> commanded by <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Caecina_Severus_(suffect_consul_1_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aulus Caecina Severus (suffect consul 1 BC)">Aulus Caecina Severus</a>, and two legions with Thracian cavalry and auxiliary troops from Anatolia commanded by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Plautius_Silvanus_(consul_2_BC)" title="Marcus Plautius Silvanus (consul 2 BC)">Silvanus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dzino151_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dzino151-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the time Germanicus had arrived in Pannonia, the rebels had resorted to raiding from the mountain fortresses to which they had withdrawn. Because the Roman legions were not so effective at countering this tactic, Tiberius deployed his auxiliary forces and divided his army into small detachments, allowing them to cover more ground and conduct a <a href="/wiki/War_of_attrition" class="mw-redirect" title="War of attrition">war of attrition</a> against the rebels in their strong defensive positions. The Romans also began to drive the rebels out of the countryside, offering amnesty to those tribes that would lay down their arms, and implemented a <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> policy in an effort to starve the enemy out. During this period, Germanicus' detachments were in action against the <a href="/wiki/Mazaei" title="Mazaei">Mazaei</a>, whom he defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-Dzino151_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dzino151-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rebel position in Pannonia collapsed in AD 8 when one of their commanders, <a href="/wiki/Bato_the_Breucian" title="Bato the Breucian">Bato the Breucian</a>, surrendered their leader <a href="/wiki/Pinnes_(Pannonian_chieftain)" title="Pinnes (Pannonian chieftain)">Pinnes</a> to the Romans and laid down his arms in return for amnesty. This was nullified when Bato the Breucian was defeated in battle and subsequently executed by his former ally <a href="/wiki/Bato_the_Daesitiate" title="Bato the Daesitiate">Bato the Daesitiate</a>, but this left the Pannonians divided against each other, and the Romans were able to subdue the Breuci without battle. The pacification of the Breuci, with their large population and resources, was a significant victory for the Romans, who would be reinforced by eight cohorts of Breuci auxiliaries towards the end of the war. Bato the Daesitiate withdrew from Pannonia to Dalmatia, where he occupied the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia">Bosnia</a> and began conducting counter-attacks, most likely against the indigenous people who sided with the Romans. Later in the year, Tiberius left <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aemilius_Lepidus_(consul_6)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (consul 6)">Lepidus</a> in command of Siscia and Silvanus at Sirmium.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dzino151_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dzino151-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roman forces took the initiative in AD 9, and pushed into Dalmatia. Tiberius divided his forces into three divisions: one under Silvanus, which advanced south-east from Sirmium; another commanded by Lepidus, which advanced north-west along the Una Valley from Siscia toward <a href="/wiki/Burnum" title="Burnum">Burnum</a>; and the third led by Tiberius and Germanicus in the Dalmatian hinterland. The divisions under Lepidus and Silvanus practically exterminated the Perustae and Daesitiate in their mountain strongholds.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roman forces captured many cities, and those commanded by Germanicus took Raetinum, near Seretium (although it was destroyed in a fire set by the rebels during the siege), Splonum (in modern-day northern <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>) and Seretium itself (in modern-day western Bosnia). The Roman forces under Tiberius and Germanicus pursued Bato to the fortress of Andretium near <a href="/wiki/Salona" title="Salona">Salona</a>, to which they laid siege. When it became clear Bato would not surrender, Tiberius assaulted the fortress and captured him. While Tiberius negotiated the terms of surrender, Germanicus was sent on a punitive expedition across the surrounding territory, during which he forced the surrender of the fortified town of Arduba and surrounding towns. He then sent a deputy to subdue the remaining districts and returned to Tiberius.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interim">Interim</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanicus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Interim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Otto_Albert_Koch_Varusschlacht_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Otto_Albert_Koch_Varusschlacht_1909.jpg/250px-Otto_Albert_Koch_Varusschlacht_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Otto_Albert_Koch_Varusschlacht_1909.jpg/330px-Otto_Albert_Koch_Varusschlacht_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Otto_Albert_Koch_Varusschlacht_1909.jpg/500px-Otto_Albert_Koch_Varusschlacht_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1506" data-file-height="2109" /></a><figcaption><i>Battle of Teutoburg Forest</i>, by Otto Albert Koch (1909)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>After a distinguished start to his military career, Germanicus returned to Rome in late AD 9 to personally announce his victory. He was honored with a triumphal insignia (without an actual triumph) and the rank (not the actual title) of <a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetor</a>. He was also given permission to be a candidate for <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consul</a> before the regular time and the right to speak first in the Senate after the consuls.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swan249_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swan249-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Cassius Dio, Germanicus was a popular quaestor because he acted as an advocate as much in capital jurisdiction cases before Augustus as he did before lesser judges in standard <i>quaestiones</i> (trials). He successfully defended, for example, a quaestor accused of murder in AD 10 in which the prosecutor, fearing the jurors would find in favor of the defense out of deference for Germanicus, demanded a trial before Augustus.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In AD 9, three Roman legions commanded by <a href="/wiki/Publius_Quinctilius_Varus" title="Publius Quinctilius Varus">Varus</a> were destroyed by a coalition of German tribes led by <a href="/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius">Arminius</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest" title="Battle of the Teutoburg Forest">Battle of the Teutoburg Forest</a>. As <a href="/wiki/Proconsul" title="Proconsul">proconsul</a>, Germanicus was dispatched with Tiberius to defend the empire against the Germans in AD 11. The two generals crossed the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>, made various excursions into enemy territory and, in the beginning of autumn, recrossed the river. The campaigns of Tiberius and Germanicus in Germania in the years AD 11–12, combined with an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomannic federation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Marbod" class="mw-redirect" title="Marbod">Marbod</a>, prevented the German coalition from crossing the Rhine and invading <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> and Italy. In winter, Germanicus returned to Rome, where he was, after five mandates as quaestor and despite never having been <a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">aedile</a> or praetor, appointed consul for the year AD 12. He shared the consulship with <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Fonteius_Capito_(consul_AD_12)" title="Gaius Fonteius Capito (consul AD 12)">Gaius Fonteius Capito</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Seager37_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seager37-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Swan285_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swan285-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He continued to advocate for defendants in court during his consulship, a popular move reminiscent of his previous work defending the accused in front of Augustus. He also courted popularity by ministering the <i>Ludi Martiales</i> (games of Mars), as mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Historia Naturalis</a></i>, in which he released two hundred lions in the <a href="/wiki/Circus_Maximus" title="Circus Maximus">Circus Maximus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Swan285_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swan285-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gibson82_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibson82-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 23 October AD 12, Tiberius held a triumph for his victory over the Pannonians and Dalmatians, which he had postponed on account of the defeat of Varus at Teutoburg Forest. He was accompanied, among his other generals, by Germanicus, for whom he had obtained the triumphal regalia. Unlike his adoptive brother <a href="/wiki/Drusus_Julius_Caesar" title="Drusus Julius Caesar">Drusus</a>, who received no recognition beyond being the son of a triumphator, Germanicus played a distinguished part in the celebration and was given the opportunity to display his consular insignia and triumphal ornaments.<sup id="cite_ref-Seager37_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seager37-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gibson82_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibson82-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commander_of_Roman_campaigns_in_Germania">Commander of Roman campaigns in Germania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanicus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Commander of Roman campaigns in Germania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Roman_campaigns_in_Germania_(12_BC_%E2%80%93_AD_16)" title="Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)">Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germania_10-12_Tiberio.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Germania_10-12_Tiberio.png/330px-Germania_10-12_Tiberio.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Germania_10-12_Tiberio.png/500px-Germania_10-12_Tiberio.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Germania_10-12_Tiberio.png/960px-Germania_10-12_Tiberio.png 2x" data-file-width="1263" data-file-height="1007" /></a><figcaption>Campaigns of Tiberius and Germanicus in the years AD 10/11-13. In pink the anti-Roman Germanic coalition led by Arminius. In dark green, territories still directly held by the Romans, in yellow the Roman client states</figcaption></figure> <p>In AD 13, Augustus appointed him <a href="/wiki/Roman_campaigns_in_Germania_(12_BC_%E2%80%93_AD_16)" title="Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)">commander of the forces at the Rhine</a>, which totaled eight legions and was about one-third of Rome's total military force.<sup id="cite_ref-Wells204_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wells204-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next year in August, Augustus died and on 17 September the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> met to confirm Tiberius as <a href="/wiki/Princeps" title="Princeps">princeps</a>. That day the Senate also dispatched a delegation to Germanicus' camp to send its condolences for the death of his grandfather and to grant him proconsular <i><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">imperium</a></i>. The delegation would not arrive until October.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">Germany</a> and Illyricum, the legions were in mutiny. In Germany, the legions in mutiny were those of the Lower Rhine under <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Caecina_Severus" title="Aulus Caecina Severus">Aulus Caecina</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Legio_V_Alaudae" title="Legio V Alaudae">V Alaudae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legio_XXI_Rapax" title="Legio XXI Rapax">XXI Rapax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legio_I_Germanica" title="Legio I Germanica">I Germanica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Legio_XX_Valeria_Victrix" title="Legio XX Valeria Victrix">XX Valeria Victrix</a>). The army of the Lower Rhine was stationed in summer quarters on the border of the <a href="/wiki/Ubii" title="Ubii">Ubii</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wells204_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wells204-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had not been paid the bonuses promised them by Augustus and, when it became clear a response from Tiberius was not forthcoming, they revolted. Germanicus dealt with the troops in Germania, and Tiberius' son Drusus dealt with Illyricum.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The army of the Lower Rhine sought an increase in pay, the reduction of their service to 16 years (down from 20) to mitigate the hardship of their military tasks, and vengeance against the centurions for their cruelty. After Germanicus arrived, the soldiers listed their complaints to him and attempted to proclaim him emperor. His open and affable manners made him popular with the soldiers, but he remained loyal to the emperor. When news of the mutiny reached the army of the Upper Rhine under <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Silius_(consul)" title="Gaius Silius (consul)">Gaius Silius</a> (the Legions <a href="/wiki/Legio_II_Augusta" title="Legio II Augusta">II Augusta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legio_XIII_Gemina" title="Legio XIII Gemina">XIII Gemina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legio_XVI_Gallica" title="Legio XVI Gallica">XVI Gallica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Legio_XIV_Gemina" title="Legio XIV Gemina">XIV Gemina</a>) a meeting was held to meet their demands. Germanicus negotiated a settlement:<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alston_1998_25_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alston_1998_25-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>After 20 years of service, a full discharge was given, but after 16 years an immunity from military tasks, except to take part in actions (<i>missio sub vexillo</i>).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Donativum" title="Donativum">donative</a> left by Augustus to the troops was to be doubled and discharged.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_campaign_against_the_Germanic_tribes">First campaign against the Germanic tribes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanicus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: First campaign against the Germanic tribes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Limes1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Limes1.png/250px-Limes1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Limes1.png/330px-Limes1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Limes1.png/500px-Limes1.png 2x" data-file-width="3277" data-file-height="2362" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Lower (Northern) Germanic <i><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">limes</a></i>. Shows the legion camps and forts in Germania Inferior.</figcaption></figure> <p>To satisfy the requisition promised to the legions, Germanicus paid them out of his own pocket. All eight legions were given money, even if they did not demand it. Both the armies of the Lower and Upper Rhine had returned to order. It seemed prudent to satisfy the armies, but Germanicus took it a step further. In a bid to secure the loyalty of his troops, he led them on a raid against the <a href="/wiki/Marsi_(Germanic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marsi (Germanic)">Marsi</a>, a Germanic people on the upper <a href="/wiki/Ruhr_(river)" title="Ruhr (river)">Ruhr</a> river. Germanicus massacred the villages of the Marsi he encountered and pillaged the surrounding territory. On the way back to their winter quarters at <a href="/wiki/Castra_Vetera" class="mw-redirect" title="Castra Vetera">Castra Vetera</a>, they pushed successfully through the opposing tribes (<a href="/wiki/Bructeri" title="Bructeri">Bructeri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tubantes" title="Tubantes">Tubantes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Usipetes" title="Usipetes">Usipetes</a>) between the Marsi and the Rhine.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Back at Rome, Tiberius instituted the <i><a href="/wiki/Sodales_Augustales" title="Sodales Augustales">Sodales Augustales</a></i>, a priesthood of the cult of Augustus, of which Germanicus became a member.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When news arrived of his raid, Tiberius commemorated his services in the Senate. The Senate, in absence of Germanicus, voted that he should be given a triumph.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Fasti_(poem)" title="Fasti (poem)">Fasti</a></i> dates the Senate vote of Germanicus' triumph to 1 January AD 15.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_campaign_against_the_Germanic_tribes">Second campaign against the Germanic tribes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanicus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Second campaign against the Germanic tribes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermannsdenkmal_statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Hermannsdenkmal_statue.jpg/250px-Hermannsdenkmal_statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Hermannsdenkmal_statue.jpg/330px-Hermannsdenkmal_statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Hermannsdenkmal_statue.jpg/500px-Hermannsdenkmal_statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2766" data-file-height="4150" /></a><figcaption><i>Hermannsdenkmal</i> Memorial to Arminius near <a href="/wiki/Detmold" title="Detmold">Detmold</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>For the next two years, he led his legions across the Rhine against the Germans, where they would confront the forces of <a href="/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius">Arminius</a> and his allies. <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> says the purpose of those campaigns was to avenge the defeat of Varus at the Battle of Teutoburg Forest, and not to expand Roman territory.<sup id="cite_ref-Wells204_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wells204-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early spring AD 15, Germanicus crossed the Rhine and struck the <a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a>. He sacked their capital <a href="/wiki/Mattium" title="Mattium">Mattium</a> (modern Maden near <a href="/wiki/Gudensberg" title="Gudensberg">Gudensberg</a>), pillaged their countryside, then returned to the Rhine. Sometime this year, he received word from <a href="/wiki/Segestes" title="Segestes">Segestes</a>, who was held prisoner by Arminius's forces and needed help. Germanicus's troops rescued Segestes and took his pregnant daughter, Arminius's wife <a href="/wiki/Thusnelda" title="Thusnelda">Thusnelda</a>, into captivity. Again he marched back victorious and at the direction of Tiberius, accepted the title of <a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wells204_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wells204-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arminius called his tribe, the <a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a>, and the surrounding tribes to arms. Germanicus coordinated a land and riverine offensive, with troops marching eastward across the Rhine, and sailing from the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> up the <a href="/wiki/Ems_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ems River">Ems River</a> in order to attack the Bructeri and Cherusci.<sup id="cite_ref-Wells1_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wells1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germanicus' forces went through Bructeri territory, where a general, Lucius Stertinius, recovered the lost <a href="/wiki/Aquila_(Roman)" title="Aquila (Roman)">eagle</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Legio_XIX" title="Legio XIX">XIX Legion</a> from among the equipment of the Bructeri after routing them in battle.<sup id="cite_ref-Wells42_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wells42-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Germanicus's legions met up to the north, and ravaged the countryside between the Ems and the <a href="/wiki/Lippe_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Lippe River">Lippe</a>, and penetrated to the Teutoburg Forest, a mountain forest in western Germany situated between these two rivers. There, Germanicus and some of his men visited the site of the disastrous Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, and began burying the remains of the Roman soldiers that had been left in the open. After half a day of the work, he called off the burial of bones so that they could continue their war against the Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He made his way into the heartland of the Cherusci. At a location Tacitus calls the <i>pontes longi</i> ("long causeways"), in boggy lowlands somewhere near the Ems, Arminius's troops <a href="/wiki/Battle_at_Pontes_Longi" title="Battle at Pontes Longi">attacked</a> the Romans. Arminius initially caught Germanicus's cavalry in a trap, inflicting minor casualties, but the Roman infantry reinforced the rout and checked them. The fighting lasted for two days, with neither side achieving a decisive victory. Germanicus's forces withdrew and returned to the Rhine.<sup id="cite_ref-Wells1_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wells1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Third_campaign_against_the_Germanic_tribes">Third campaign against the Germanic tribes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanicus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Third campaign against the Germanic tribes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Idistaviso.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Idistaviso.png/250px-Idistaviso.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Idistaviso.png/330px-Idistaviso.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Idistaviso.png/500px-Idistaviso.png 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of the field of Idistaviso by Dr. Paul Knötel (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1895</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>In preparations for his next campaign, Germanicus sent <a href="/wiki/Publius_Vitellius_the_Younger" title="Publius Vitellius the Younger">Publius Vitellius</a> and Gaius Antius to collect taxes in Gaul, and instructed Silius, Anteius, and Caecina to build a fleet. A fort on the Lippe called <i><a href="/wiki/Aliso_(Roman_camp)" title="Aliso (Roman camp)">Castra Aliso</a></i> was besieged, but the attackers dispersed on sight of Roman reinforcements. The Germans destroyed the nearby mound and altar dedicated to his father Drusus, but he had them both restored and celebrated funerary games with his legions in honor of his father. New barriers and earthworks were put in place, securing the area between Fort Aliso and the Rhine.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Germanicus commanded eight legions with Gallic and Germanic auxiliary units overland across the Rhine, up the Ems and <a href="/wiki/Weser_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Weser River">Weser</a> rivers as part of his last major campaign against Arminius in AD 16. His forces met those of Arminius on the plains of <a href="/wiki/Idistaviso" title="Idistaviso">Idistaviso</a>, by the Weser River near modern <a href="/wiki/Rinteln" title="Rinteln">Rinteln</a>, in an engagement called the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Weser_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Weser River">Battle of the Weser River</a>. Tacitus says that the battle was a Roman victory:<sup id="cite_ref-Wells2_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wells2-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>the enemy were slaughtered from the fifth hour of daylight to nightfall, and for ten miles the ground was littered with corpses and weapons.</p></blockquote> <p>Arminius and his uncle <a href="/wiki/Inguiomer" title="Inguiomer">Inguiomer</a> were both wounded in the battle but evaded capture. The Roman soldiers involved on the battlefield honored Tiberius as <a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a>, and raised a pile of arms as a trophy with the names of the defeated tribes inscribed beneath them.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sight of the Roman trophy constructed on the battlefield enraged the Germans who were preparing to retreat beyond the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a>, and they launched an attack on the Roman positions at the <a href="/wiki/Angrivarian_Wall" title="Angrivarian Wall">Angrivarian Wall</a>, thus beginning a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Angrivarian_Wall" title="Battle of the Angrivarian Wall">second battle</a>. The Romans had anticipated the attack and again routed the Germans. Germanicus stated that he did not want any prisoners, as the <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">extermination</a> of the Germanic tribes was the only conclusion he saw for the war. The victorious Romans then raised a mound with the inscription: "The army of Tiberius Caesar, after thoroughly conquering the tribes between the Rhine and the Elbe, has dedicated this monument to <a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Germanicus sent some troops back to the Rhine, with some of them taking the land route, but most of them took the fast route and traveled by boat. They went down the Ems toward the North Sea, but as they reached the sea, a storm struck, sinking many of the boats and killing many men and horses.<sup id="cite_ref-Wells2_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wells2-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Then Germanicus ordered <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Silius_(consul)" title="Gaius Silius (consul)">Gaius Silius</a> to march against the Chatti with a mixed force of 3,000 cavalry and 33,000 infantry and lay waste to their territory, while he himself, with a larger army, invaded the Marsi for the third time and devastated their land. He forced <a href="/wiki/Mallovendus" title="Mallovendus">Mallovendus</a>, the defeated leader of the Marsi, to reveal the location of another of the three legion's eagles lost in AD 9. Immediately Germanicus despatched troops to recover it. The Romans advanced into the country, defeating any foe they encountered.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Germanicus's successes in Germany had made him popular with the soldiers. He had dealt a significant blow to Rome's enemies, quelled an uprising of troops, and returned lost standards to Rome. His actions had increased his fame, and he had become very popular with the Roman people. Tiberius took notice, and had Germanicus recalled to Rome and informed him that he would be given a triumph and reassigned to a different command.<sup id="cite_ref-Shotter_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shotter-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Result">Result</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanicus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Result"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The effort it would have taken to conquer <a href="/wiki/Germania_Magna" class="mw-redirect" title="Germania Magna">Germania Magna</a> was deemed too great when compared with the low potential for profit from acquiring the new territory. Rome regarded Germany as a wild territory of forests and swamps, with little wealth compared to territories Rome already had.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the campaign significantly healed the Roman psychological trauma from the Varus disaster, and greatly recovered Roman prestige. In addition to the recovery of two of the three lost eagles, Germanicus had fought Arminius, the leader who destroyed the three Roman legions in AD 9. In leading his troops across the Rhine without recourse to Tiberius, he contradicted the advice of Augustus to keep that river as the boundary of the empire, and opened himself to potential doubts from Tiberius about his motives in taking such independent action. This error in political judgment gave Tiberius reason to controversially recall his nephew.<sup id="cite_ref-Shotter_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shotter-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tacitus attributed the recall to Tiberius' jealousy of the glory Germanicus had acquired, and, with some bitterness, claims that Germanicus could have completed the conquest of Germania had he been given full operational independence.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recall">Recall</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanicus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Recall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_Theodor_von_Piloty_Thusnelda_im_Triumphzug_des_Germanicus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Carl_Theodor_von_Piloty_Thusnelda_im_Triumphzug_des_Germanicus.jpg/300px-Carl_Theodor_von_Piloty_Thusnelda_im_Triumphzug_des_Germanicus.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Carl_Theodor_von_Piloty_Thusnelda_im_Triumphzug_des_Germanicus.jpg/450px-Carl_Theodor_von_Piloty_Thusnelda_im_Triumphzug_des_Germanicus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Carl_Theodor_von_Piloty_Thusnelda_im_Triumphzug_des_Germanicus.jpg/600px-Carl_Theodor_von_Piloty_Thusnelda_im_Triumphzug_des_Germanicus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2059" /></a><figcaption><i>Thusnelda at the Triumph of Germanicus</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Piloty" title="Karl von Piloty">Karl von Piloty</a>, 1873<sup id="cite_ref-Beard108_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beard108-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>At the beginning of AD 17, Germanicus returned to the capital and on 26 May he celebrated a triumph. He had captured a few important prisoners, but Arminius was still at large. And yet, Strabo, who may have been in Rome at the time, in mentioning the name of <a href="/wiki/Thusnelda" title="Thusnelda">Thusnelda</a>, the captured pregnant wife of Arminius, draws attention to the fact that her husband, the victor at Teutoburg Forest, had not been captured and the war itself had not been won.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/miscellanea/teutoburg/thusnelda.html">[1]</a> Nonetheless, this did not take away from the spectacle of his triumph: a near contemporary calendar marks 26 May as the day in "which Germanicus Caesar was borne into the city in triumph", while coins issued under his son Gaius (Caligula) depicted him on a triumphal chariot, with the reverse reading "Standards Recovered. Germans Defeated."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caligula_-_M%C3%BCnzkabinett,_Berlin_-_5482995.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Caligula_-_M%C3%BCnzkabinett%2C_Berlin_-_5482995.jpg/220px-Caligula_-_M%C3%BCnzkabinett%2C_Berlin_-_5482995.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Caligula_-_M%C3%BCnzkabinett%2C_Berlin_-_5482995.jpg/330px-Caligula_-_M%C3%BCnzkabinett%2C_Berlin_-_5482995.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Caligula_-_M%C3%BCnzkabinett%2C_Berlin_-_5482995.jpg/440px-Caligula_-_M%C3%BCnzkabinett%2C_Berlin_-_5482995.jpg 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Dupondius" title="Dupondius">dupondius</a> from 37 to 41 CE, showing the Triumph of Germanicus on the obverse, and Germanicus holding an <a href="/wiki/Aquila_(Roman)" title="Aquila (Roman)">aquila</a> on the reverse</figcaption></figure> <p>His triumph included a long procession of captives including the wife of Arminius, Thusnelda, and her three-year-old son, among others of the defeated German tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The procession displayed replicas of mountains, rivers, and battles; and the war was considered closed.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tiberius gave money out to the people of Rome in Germanicus' name, and Germanicus was scheduled to hold the consulship next year with the emperor. As a result, in AD 18, Germanicus was granted the eastern part of the empire, just as <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa" title="Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa">Agrippa</a> and Tiberius had received before, when they were successors to the emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-Alston_1998_25_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alston_1998_25-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Command_in_Asia">Command in Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanicus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Command in Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_East_50-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Roman_East_50-en.svg/250px-Roman_East_50-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Roman_East_50-en.svg/330px-Roman_East_50-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Roman_East_50-en.svg/500px-Roman_East_50-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2717" data-file-height="1595" /></a><figcaption>Map of Armenia and the Roman client states in eastern Asia Minor</figcaption></figure> <p>Following his triumph, Germanicus was sent to <a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">Asia</a> to reorganize the provinces and kingdoms there, which were in such disarray that the attention of a <i>domus Augusta</i> was deemed necessary to settle matters.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germanicus was given <i>imperium maius</i> (extraordinary command) over the other governors and commanders of the area he was to operate; however, Tiberius had replaced the governor of <a href="/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria (Roman province)">Syria</a> with <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Calpurnius_Piso_(consul_7_BC)" title="Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso (consul 7 BC)">Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso</a>, who was meant to be his helper (<i>adiutor</i>), but turned out to be hostile.<sup id="cite_ref-Lott1_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lott1-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Tacitus, this was an attempt to separate Germanicus from his familiar troops and weaken his influence, but the historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_Alston_(classicist)" title="Richard Alston (classicist)">Richard Alston</a> says Tiberius had little reason to undermine his heir.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Germanicus had a busy year in 17. He restored a temple of <a href="/wiki/Spes" title="Spes">Spes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lott1_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lott1-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and allegedly won a chariot race in the name of Tiberius at the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> that year. However, Eusebius, our main reference for this, does not name Germanicus, and Tacitus makes no reference to this occasion either, which would have required Germanicus to make two trips to Greece within a year.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, not waiting to take up his consulship in Rome, he left after his triumph but before the end of AD 17. He sailed down the Illyrian coast of the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Greece">Greece</a>. He arrived at <a href="/wiki/Nicopolis" title="Nicopolis">Nicopolis</a> near the site of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Battle of Actium</a>, where he took up his second consulship on 18 January AD 18.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He visited the sites associated with his adoptive grandfather Augustus and his natural grandfather <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a>, before crossing the sea to <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a> and then to Asia Minor. There he visited the site of <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a> and the oracle of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo Claros</a> near <a href="/wiki/Colophon_(city)" title="Colophon (city)">Colophon</a>. Piso left at the same time as Germanicus, but traveled directly to Athens and then to <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a> where he and Germanicus met for the first time. From there Piso left for Syria where he immediately began replacing the officers with men loyal to himself in a bid to win the loyalty of his soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-Lott1_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lott1-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Next Germanicus traveled through Syria to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Armenia</a> where he installed king <a href="/wiki/Artaxias_III" title="Artaxias III">Artaxias</a> as a replacement for <a href="/wiki/Vonones_I" title="Vonones I">Vonones</a>, whom Augustus had deposed and placed under house arrest at the request of the king of <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus</a>. The king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a> died too, whereupon Germanicus sent <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Veranius_(governor_of_Cappadocia)" title="Quintus Veranius (governor of Cappadocia)">Quintus Veranius</a> to organize Cappadocia as a province – a profitable endeavor as Tiberius was able to reduce the sales tax down to .5% from 1%. The revenue from the new province was enough to make up the difference lost from lowering the sales tax. The kingdom of Commagene was split on whether or not to remain free or to become a province with both sides sending deputations, so Germanicus sent <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Servaeus" title="Quintus Servaeus">Quintus Servaeus</a> to organize the province.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having settled these matters he traveled to <a href="/wiki/Cyrrhus" title="Cyrrhus">Cyrrhus</a>, a city in Syria between Antioch and the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>, where he spent the rest of AD 18 in the winter quarters of the <a href="/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis" title="Legio X Fretensis">Legion X Fretensis</a>. Evidently here Piso attended Germanicus, and quarreled because he failed to send troops to Armenia when ordered. Artabanus sent an envoy to Germanicus requesting that Vonones be moved further from Armenia as to not incite trouble there. Germanicus complied, moving Vonones to <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>, both to please Artabanus and to insult Piso, with whom Vonones was friendly.<sup id="cite_ref-Lott343_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lott343-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Egypt">Egypt</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanicus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolas_Poussin_-_La_Mort_de_Germanicus,_1627_(vers).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Nicolas_Poussin_-_La_Mort_de_Germanicus%2C_1627_%28vers%29.jpg/330px-Nicolas_Poussin_-_La_Mort_de_Germanicus%2C_1627_%28vers%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Nicolas_Poussin_-_La_Mort_de_Germanicus%2C_1627_%28vers%29.jpg/500px-Nicolas_Poussin_-_La_Mort_de_Germanicus%2C_1627_%28vers%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Nicolas_Poussin_-_La_Mort_de_Germanicus%2C_1627_%28vers%29.jpg/960px-Nicolas_Poussin_-_La_Mort_de_Germanicus%2C_1627_%28vers%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3176" data-file-height="2341" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Poussin" title="Nicolas Poussin">Nicolas Poussin</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Germanicus" title="The Death of Germanicus">The Death of Germanicus</a></i> (1627), oil painting. Collection <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis_Institute_of_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Minneapolis Institute of Arts">Minneapolis Institute of Arts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>He then made his way to <a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Egypt</a>, arriving to a tumultuous reception in January AD 19. He had gone there to relieve a famine in the country vital to Rome's food supply. The move upset Tiberius, because it had violated an order by Augustus that no senator shall enter the province without consulting the emperor and the Senate (Egypt was an <a href="/wiki/Imperial_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial province">imperial province</a>, and belonged to the emperor).<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germanicus entered the province in his capacity as proconsul without first seeking permission to do so. He returned to Syria by summer, where he found that Piso had either ignored or revoked his orders to the cities and legions. Germanicus in turn ordered Piso's recall to Rome, although this action was probably beyond his authority.<sup id="cite_ref-Lott343_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lott343-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illness_and_death">Illness and death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanicus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Illness and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the midst of this feud, Germanicus became ill and despite the fact Piso had removed himself to the port of <a href="/wiki/Seleucia_Pieria" title="Seleucia Pieria">Seleucia</a>, he was convinced that Piso was somehow poisoning him. <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> reports that there were signs of black magic in Piso's house with hidden body-parts and Germanicus's name inscribed on lead tablets. Germanicus sent Piso a letter formally renouncing their friendship (<i>amicitia</i>). Germanicus died soon after on 10 October of that year.<sup id="cite_ref-Lott343_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lott343-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His death aroused much speculation, with several sources blaming Piso, acting under orders from Emperor Tiberius. This was never proven, and Piso killed himself while facing trial.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tacitus says Tiberius was involved in a conspiracy against Germanicus, and Tiberius's jealousy and fear of his nephew's popularity and increasing power was the true motive.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The death of Germanicus in dubious circumstances greatly affected Tiberius's popularity in Rome, leading to the creation of a climate of fear in Rome itself. Also suspected of connivance in his death was Tiberius's chief advisor, <a href="/wiki/Sejanus" title="Sejanus">Sejanus</a>, who would, in the 20s, create an atmosphere of fear in Roman noble and administrative circles by the use of treason trials and the role of <i><a href="/wiki/Delator" title="Delator">delatores</a>,</i> or informers.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-mortem">Post-mortem</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanicus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Post-mortem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin_West_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Benjamin_West_001.jpg/300px-Benjamin_West_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Benjamin_West_001.jpg/450px-Benjamin_West_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Benjamin_West_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_West" title="Benjamin West">Benjamin West</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Agrippina_Landing_at_Brundisium_with_the_Ashes_of_Germanicus" title="Agrippina Landing at Brundisium with the Ashes of Germanicus">Agrippina Landing at Brundisium with the Ashes of Germanicus</a></i> (1768), oil on canvas. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> Art Gallery, <a href="/wiki/New_Haven" class="mw-redirect" title="New Haven">New Haven</a><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>When Rome had received word of Germanicus' death, the people began observing a <i><a href="/wiki/Justitium" title="Justitium">iustitium</a></i> before the Senate had officially declared it. Tacitus says this shows the true grief that the people of Rome felt, and this also shows that by this time the people already knew the proper way to commemorate dead princes without an edict from a magistrate. At his funeral, there were no procession statues of Germanicus. There were abundant eulogies and reminders of his fine character and a particular eulogy was given by Tiberius himself in the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-Lott19_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lott19-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historians Tacitus and <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a> record the funeral and posthumous honors of Germanicus. His name was placed into the <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Saliare" title="Carmen Saliare">Carmen Saliare</a>, and onto the <a href="/wiki/Curule_seat" title="Curule seat">curule seats</a> that were placed with oaken garlands over them as honorary seats for the Augustan priesthood. His ivory statue was at the head of the procession during the Circus Games; his posts as priest of Augustus and <a href="/wiki/Augur" title="Augur">Augur</a> were to be filled by members of the imperial family; knights of Rome gave his name to a block of seats at a theatre in Rome, and rode behind his effigy on 15 July AD 20.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After consulting with his family, Tiberius made his wishes known whereupon the Senate collected the honors into a commemorative decree, the <i>Senatus Consultum de memoria honoranda Germanini Caesaris</i>, and ordered the consuls of AD 20 to issue a public law honoring the death of Germanicus, the <i>Lex Valeria Aurelia</i>. Although Tacitus stressed the honors paid to him, the funeral and processions were carefully modeled after those of <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Caesar" title="Gaius Caesar">Gaius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Caesar" title="Lucius Caesar">Lucius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vispanius_Agrippa" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Vispanius Agrippa">Agrippa's</a> sons. This served to emphasize the continuation of the <i>domus Augusta</i> across the transition from Augustus to Tiberius. Commemorative arches were built in his honor and not just in Rome, but at the frontier on the Rhine and in Asia where he had governed in life. The arch of the Rhine was placed alongside that of his father, where the soldiers had built a funerary monument honoring him. Portraits of him and his natural father were placed in the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_Palatinus" title="Temple of Apollo Palatinus">Temple of Apollo</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Palatine" title="Palatine">Palatine</a> in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-Lott19_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lott19-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several cities in Asia Minor were named <a href="/wiki/Germanicopolis_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Germanicopolis (disambiguation)">Germanicopolis</a> in honor of the general (among them <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ank%C4%B1r%C4%B1" title="Çankırı">Gangra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kahramanmara%C5%9F" title="Kahramanmaraş">Germanicia</a>). </p><p>On the day of Germanicus' death his sister Livilla gave birth to twins by Drusus. The oldest was named Germanicus and died young. In 37, Germanicus' only remaining son, Caligula, became emperor and renamed September <i>Germanicus</i> in honor of his father.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Romans, in the account of Tacitus, considered Germanicus to be their equivalent to Alexander the Great, and believed that he would have easily surpassed the achievements of Alexander had he become emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-Barrett20_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrett20-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In book eight of his <i>Natural History</i>, Pliny connects Germanicus, Augustus, and Alexander as fellow equestrians: when Alexander's horse <a href="/wiki/Bucephalus" title="Bucephalus">Bucephalus</a> died he named a city, <a href="/wiki/Bucephalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bucephalia">Bucephalia</a>, in his honor. Less monumental, Augustus' horse received a funeral mound, which Germanicus wrote a poem about.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trial_of_Piso">Trial of Piso</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanicus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Trial of Piso"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Piso was rumored to have been responsible for Germanicus' death. As accusations accumulated, it was not long before the well known accuser, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Fulcinius_Trio" title="Lucius Fulcinius Trio">Lucius Fulcinius Trio</a>, brought charges against him. The continued support of the Pisones and his own friendship with Piso made Tiberius hesitant to hear the case himself. After briefly hearing both sides, Tiberius referred the case to the Senate, making no effort to hide his deep anger toward Piso. Tiberius made allowances for Piso to summon witnesses of all social orders, including slaves, and he was given more time to plead than the prosecutors, but it made no difference: before the trial was over Piso died; ostensibly by suicide, but Tacitus supposes Tiberius may have had him murdered before he could implicate the emperor in Germanicus' death.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The accusations brought against Piso are numerous, including:<sup id="cite_ref-Rowe_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowe-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 27em;"> <ul><li>Insubordination</li> <li>Corruption</li> <li>Abandoning and reentering a province</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summary_judgment" title="Summary judgment">Summary justice</a></li> <li>Destroying military discipline</li> <li>Misusing the <i>fiscus principis</i> (emperor's money)</li> <li>Fomenting civil war</li> <li>Violating the divinity of <i><a href="/wiki/Divus_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Divus Augustus">Divus Augustus</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sacrilege" title="Sacrilege">sacrilege</a>).</li></ul> </div> <p>He was found guilty and punished posthumously for <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>. The Senate had his property proscribed, forbade mourning on his account, removed images of his likeness, such as statues and portraits, and his name was erased from the base of one statue in particular as part of his <i><a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">damnatio memoriae</a></i>. Yet, in a show of clemency not unlike that of the emperor, the Senate had Piso's property returned and divided equally between his two sons, on condition that his daughter Calpurnia be given 1,000,000 <a href="/wiki/Sesterces" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesterces">sesterces</a> as dowry and a further 4,000,000 as personal property. His wife Plancina was absolved.<sup id="cite_ref-Rowe_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowe-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_activity">Literary activity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanicus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Literary activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aratea_42v.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aratea_42v.jpg/220px-Aratea_42v.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aratea_42v.jpg/330px-Aratea_42v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aratea_42v.jpg/440px-Aratea_42v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="1144" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Pleiades" title="Pleiades">Pleiades</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Leiden_Aratea" title="Leiden Aratea">Leiden Aratea</a>, an illustrated manuscript of Germanicus' <i>Phaenomena</i> dating to the 9th century</figcaption></figure> <p>In AD 4, Germanicus wrote a Latin version of <a href="/wiki/Aratus" title="Aratus">Aratus</a>'s <i>Phainomena</i>, which survives, wherein he rewrites the contents of the original. For example, he replaces the opening hymn to <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> with a passage in honor of the Roman emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He avoided writing in the poetic style of <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, who had translated his own version of the <i>Phainomena</i>, and he wrote in a new style to meet the expectations of a Roman audience whose tastes were shaped by "modern" authors like Ovid and <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For his work, Germanicus is ranked among Roman writers on <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astronomy</a>, and his work was popular enough for <a href="/wiki/Scholia" title="Scholia">scholia</a> to be written on it well into the Medieval era.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanicus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Germanicus and Tiberius are often contrasted by ancient historians and poets who wrote using themes found in <a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">drama</a>, with Germanicus playing the <a href="/wiki/Tragic_hero" title="Tragic hero">tragic hero</a> and Tiberius the <a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">tyrant</a>. The endurance of the <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a> is challenged in these narratives, by the emperor's jealous trepidation toward competent commanders such as Germanicus. Attention is paid particularly to their leadership styles, i.e., in their relationship with the masses. Germanicus is painted as a competent leader able to handle the masses whereas Tiberius is indecisive and envious.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the poetics attached to Germanicus by ancient authors, it is accepted by historians such as <a href="/wiki/Anthony_A._Barrett" title="Anthony A. Barrett">Anthony A. Barrett</a> that Germanicus was an able general. He fought against the Pannonians under Tiberius, quelled the mutiny in the Rhine, and led three successful campaigns into Germania. As for his popularity, he was popular enough that the mutinous legions of the Rhine attempted to proclaim him emperor in AD 14; however, he remained loyal and led them against the German tribes instead. Tacitus and Suetonius claim that Tiberius was jealous of Germanicus' popularity, but Barrett suggests their claim might be contradicted by the fact that, following his campaigns in Germany, Germanicus was given command of the eastern provinces – a sure sign he was intended to rule. In accordance with the precedent set by Augustus, Agrippa had been given command of those same provinces in the east when Agrippa was the intended successor to the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Barrett1_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrett1-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publius_Cornelius_Tacitus">Publius Cornelius Tacitus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanicus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Publius Cornelius Tacitus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_statue_of_Germanicus_at_Amelia_April_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Bronze_statue_of_Germanicus_at_Amelia_April_2016.jpg/250px-Bronze_statue_of_Germanicus_at_Amelia_April_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Bronze_statue_of_Germanicus_at_Amelia_April_2016.jpg/330px-Bronze_statue_of_Germanicus_at_Amelia_April_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Bronze_statue_of_Germanicus_at_Amelia_April_2016.jpg/500px-Bronze_statue_of_Germanicus_at_Amelia_April_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2322" data-file-height="4128" /></a><figcaption>Bronze statue of Germanicus on display at <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_civico_di_Amelia" class="extiw" title="it:Museo civico di Amelia">Museo civico di Amelia</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Amelia,_Umbria" title="Amelia, Umbria">Amelia, Umbria</a></i>, Italy</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Annals_(Tacitus)" title="Annals (Tacitus)">Annals (Tacitus)</a></div> <p>The <i>Annals</i> by Tacitus is one of the most detailed accounts of Germanicus' campaigns against the Germans. He wrote his account in the early years of the second century. Tacitus described Germanicus as a fine general who was kind and temperate, saying that his early death had taken a great ruler from Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-Wells42_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wells42-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Book 1 of <i>Annals</i> extensively focuses on the mutinies of the legions in Pannonia and Germany (AD 14). The riotous army figures into the unpredictable wrath of the Roman people giving Tiberius the chance to reflect on what it means to lead. It serves to contrast the "old-fashioned" <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republican</a> values assigned to Germanicus, and the imperial values possessed by Tiberius. The mood of the masses is a recurring theme, with their reactions to the fortunes of Germanicus being a prominent feature of the relationship between him and Tiberius well into the <i>Annals</i> (as far as <i>Annals</i> 3.19).<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gaius_Suetonius_Tranquillus">Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanicus&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a> was an equestrian who held administrative posts during the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Caesars" title="The Twelve Caesars">The Twelve Caesars</a></i> details a biographical history of the Principate from the birth of Julius Caesar to the death of <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a> in AD 96. Like Tacitus, he drew upon the imperial archives, as well as histories by <a href="/wiki/Aufidius_Bassus" title="Aufidius Bassus">Aufidius Bassus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cluvius_Rufus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluvius Rufus">Cluvius Rufus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fabius_Rusticus" title="Fabius Rusticus">Fabius Rusticus</a> and Augustus' own letters.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The attitude of Suetonius toward Germanicus' personality and moral temperament is that of adoration. He dedicates a good portion of his <i>Life of Caligula</i> to Germanicus, claiming Germanicus' physical and moral excellence surpassed that of his contemporaries. Suetonius also says that Germanicus was a gifted writer, and that despite all these talents, he remained humble and kind.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanicus&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to his prominence as heir to the imperial succession, he is depicted in many works of art. He often appears in literature as the archetypal ideal Roman.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His life and character have been portrayed in many works of art, the most notable of which include: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Germanico_in_Germania" title="Germanico in Germania">Germanico in Germania</a></i> (1732), an Italian opera by Nicola Porpora. He was played by <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Annibali" title="Domenico Annibali">Domenico Annibali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Death of Germanicus</i> (1773–1774), a marble sculpture by British sculptor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Banks_(sculptor)" title="Thomas Banks (sculptor)">Thomas Banks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Thusnelda im Triumphzug des Germanicus</i> (1873), a painting by German painter <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Piloty" title="Karl von Piloty">Karl von Piloty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Beard108_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beard108-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I,_Claudius" title="I, Claudius">I, Claudius</a></i> (1934), a historical fiction novel by classicist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Graves" title="Robert Graves">Robert Graves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Caesars_(TV_series)" title="The Caesars (TV series)">The Caesars</a></i> (1968), a British television series by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Mackie" title="Philip Mackie">Philip Mackie</a>. He was played by <a href="/wiki/Eric_Flynn" title="Eric Flynn">Eric Flynn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I,_Claudius_(TV_series)" title="I, Claudius (TV series)">I, Claudius</a></i> (1976), a British television series by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Pulman" title="Jack Pulman">Jack Pulman</a>. He was played by <a href="/wiki/David_Robb" title="David Robb">David Robb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanicus&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The time and reason for the elder Drusus' name change is unknown. See <a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus#Name" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">Nero Claudius Drusus#Name</a> for more information.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">His <i>agnomen</i>, "Germanicus", was a <i>cognomen ex virtute</i>, and would at first be a suffix at the end of his full name, and became the first part of his full name following his adoption into the <i>Julii</i>, as his original <i>praenomen</i> and <i>nomen</i> were removed, "Germanicus" was retained, and thus attained usage as his <i>praenomen</i> preceding the new additions (the <i>nomen</i> "Julius", and <i>cognomen</i> "Caesar", respectively) (<a href="#CITEREFPossanza2004">Possanza 2004</a>, p. 225).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tiberius had to adopt Germanicus first because his own adoption by Augustus resulted in the loss of <i><a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></i>, which included the legal right to adopt (<a href="#CITEREFSwan2004">Swan 2004</a>, p. 142).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, Augustus sent Germanicus to Illyricum because Tiberius' lack of activity led to suspicions that he was deliberately dragging his feet, using the pretense of war to remain under arms as long as possible.<a href="#CITEREFPettinger2012">Pettinger 2012</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tacitus claims that the Romans won the battle at <i>pontes longi</i> (<a href="#CITEREFTacitusBarrett2008">Tacitus & Barrett 2008</a>, p. 39); however, Wells says the battle was inconclusive (<a href="#CITEREFWells2003">Wells 2003</a>, p. 206).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Captives featured in the triumph include: "Segimuntus, the son of Segestes, the chief of the Cherusci, and his sister, named Thusnelda, the wife of Armenius, who led on the Cherusci when they treacherously attacked Quintilius Varus, and even to this day continues the war; likewise his son Thumelicus, a boy three years old, as also Sesithacus, the son of <a href="/wiki/Segimer" title="Segimer">Segimerus</a>, chief of the Cherusci, and his wife Rhamis, the daughter of Ucromirus, chief of the Chatti, and Deudorix, the son of Bætorix, the brother of Melon, of the nation of the Sicambri; but Segestes, the father-in-law of Armenius, from the commencement opposed the designs of his son-in-law, and taking advantage of a favorable opportunity, went over to the Roman camp and witnessed the triumphal procession over those who were dearest to him, he being held in honor by the Romans. There was also led in triumph Libes the priest of the Chatti, and many other prisoners of the various vanquished nations, the Cathylci and the Ampsani, the Bructeri, the Usipi, the Cherusci, the Chatti, the Chattuarii, the Landi, the Tubattii." (<a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <i>Geography</i>, VII.4.33–38).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Domus Augusta</i> (lit. "House of Augustus") was the family of Tiberius including cognate relations (<a href="#CITEREFCascio2005">Cascio 2005</a>, p. 140).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">That he violated this order is possibly confirmed by the fact that the trip is omitted in Germanicus' <i><a href="/wiki/Res_gestae" title="Res gestae">res gestae</a></i> in the <i>Senatus Consultum de memoria honoranda Germanini Caesaris</i>, a commemorative decree issued by the Senate and approved by Tiberius following his death (<a href="#CITEREFLott2012">Lott 2012</a>, p. 343).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Despite the exhaustive list only two statutes are mentioned: that of Piso violating the <i><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">imperium</a></i> of Germanicus, as Germanicus officially held greater authority despite both of them being of proconsular rank; and <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>, which violated the <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Iulia_maiestatis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lex Iulia maiestatis">lex Iulia maiestatis</a></i>, for moving troops out of his province without authorization to wage war (<a href="#CITEREFRowe2002">Rowe 2002</a>, p. 11 and <a href="#CITEREFAndoTuoriPlessis2016">Ando, Tuori & Plessis 2016</a>, p. 340).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanicus&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrett1993">Barrett 1993</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barrett20-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barrett20_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrett20_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrett2015">Barrett 2015</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimpson1981">Simpson 1981</a>, p. 368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDrăgan1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Drăgan, Iosif (1986). <i>Mileniul imperial al Daciei</i> (in Russian). Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică. p. 264.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mileniul+imperial+al+Daciei&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=Editura+%C8%98tiin%C8%9Bific%C4%83+%C8%99i+Enciclopedic%C4%83&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Dr%C4%83gan&rft.aufirst=Iosif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanicus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swan249-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Swan249_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swan249_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwan2004">Swan 2004</a>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevick2012">Levick 2012</a>, pp. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibson2013">Gibson 2013</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeijer1990">Meijer 1990</a>, pp. 576–577.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salisbury3-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salisbury3_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salisbury3_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salisbury3_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSalisbury2001">Salisbury 2001</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwan2004">Swan 2004</a>, pp. 142–144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevick1999">Levick 1999</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPettinger2012">Pettinger 2012</a>, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPettinger2012">Pettinger 2012</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrook1996">Crook 1996</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dzino151-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dzino151_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dzino151_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dzino151_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDzino2010">Dzino 2010</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRadman-LivajaDizda2010">Radman-Livaja & Dizda 2010</a>, pp. 47–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDzino2010">Dzino 2010</a>, pp. 151–152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwan2004">Swan 2004</a>, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwan2004">Swan 2004</a>, pp. 239–241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDzino2010">Dzino 2010</a>, pp. 152–153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChrystal2015">Chrystal 2015</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowmanChamplinLintott1996">Bowman, Champlin & Lintott 1996</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwan2004">Swan 2004</a>, p. 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells2003">Wells 2003</a>, pp. 202–203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seager37-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seager37_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seager37_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeager2008">Seager 2008</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibson2013">Gibson 2013</a>, pp. 80–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swan285-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Swan285_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swan285_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSwan2004">Swan 2004</a>, p. 285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibson82-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gibson82_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibson82_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibson2013">Gibson 2013</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wells204-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wells204_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wells204_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wells204_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wells204_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells2003">Wells 2003</a>, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevick1999">Levick 1999</a>, pp. 50–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPettinger2012">Pettinger 2012</a>, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPettinger2012">Pettinger 2012</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alston_1998_25-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alston_1998_25_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alston_1998_25_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlston1998">Alston 1998</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShotter2004">Shotter 2004</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAttemaBolhuisLantingPrummel2010">Attema et al. 2010</a>, pp. 63–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDando-Collins2010">Dando-Collins 2010</a>, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowe2002">Rowe 2002</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDando-Collins2008">Dando-Collins 2008</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerbert-Brown1994">Herbert-Brown 1994</a>, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeager2008">Seager 2008</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wells1-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wells1_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wells1_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells2003">Wells 2003</a>, pp. 204–205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wells42-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wells42_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wells42_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells2003">Wells 2003</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells2003">Wells 2003</a>, pp. 196–197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitusBarrett2008">Tacitus & Barrett 2008</a>, pp. 52–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wells2-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wells2_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wells2_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells2003">Wells 2003</a>, p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitusBarrett2008">Tacitus & Barrett 2008</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitusBarrett2008">Tacitus & Barrett 2008</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeager2008">Seager 2008</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitusBarrett2008">Tacitus & Barrett 2008</a>, pp. 58–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDyck2015">Dyck 2015</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitusBarrett2008">Tacitus & Barrett 2008</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeager2008">Seager 2008</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shotter-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shotter_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shotter_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShotter2004">Shotter 2004</a>, pp. 35–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells2003">Wells 2003</a>, pp. 206–207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBowmanChamplinLintott1996">Bowman, Champlin & Lintott 1996</a>, p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beard108-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beard108_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beard108_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeard2007">Beard 2007</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeard2007">Beard 2007</a>, pp. 107–109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeard2007">Beard 2007</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lott1-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lott1_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lott1_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lott1_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLott2012">Lott 2012</a>, p. 342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlston1998">Alston 1998</a>, pp. 25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="#CITEREFBarrett1993">Barrett 1993</a>, p. 12); Eusebius, Chronicon 70, List of the Olympiad victors, cited also by Golden, M., (2004) Sport in the Ancient World from A to Z, Routledge, London.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tacitus, Annals 2.53ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrett1993">Barrett 1993</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrett1993">Barrett 1993</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrett2015">Barrett 2015</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeager2008">Seager 2008</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lott343-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lott343_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lott343_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lott343_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLott2012">Lott 2012</a>, p. 343.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrett1993">Barrett 1993</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFacos2011">Facos 2011</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShotter2004">Shotter 2004</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTacitus" class="citation book cs1">Tacitus. <i>Annals, 3.15</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annals%2C+3.15&rft.au=Tacitus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanicus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLott2012">Lott 2012</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWardHeichelheimYeo2010">Ward, Heichelheim & Yeo 2010</a>, p. 297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFacos2011">Facos 2011</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lott19-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lott19_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lott19_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLott2012">Lott 2012</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevick2012">Levick 2012</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLott2012">Lott 2012</a>, p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndoTuoriPlessis2016">Ando, Tuori & Plessis 2016</a>, p. 302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibson2013">Gibson 2013</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrett1993">Barrett 1993</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeckelTritle2009">Heckel & Tritle 2009</a>, p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShotter2004">Shotter 2004</a>, pp. 41–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevick1999">Levick 1999</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rowe-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rowe_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rowe_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowe2002">Rowe 2002</a>, pp. 9–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndoTuoriPlessis2016">Ando, Tuori & Plessis 2016</a>, p. 340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPossanza2004">Possanza 2004</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPossanza2004">Possanza 2004</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDekker2013">Dekker 2013</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillerWoodman2010">Miller & Woodman 2010</a>, pp. 11–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMehl2011">Mehl 2011</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barrett1-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barrett1_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrett1993">Barrett 1993</a>, pp. 19–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSuetoniusEdwards2008">Suetonius & Edwards 2008</a>, p. ii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRutledge2013">Rutledge 2013</a>, p. xxxii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarret1989" class="citation book cs1">Barret, Anthony (1989). <i>"Caligula – The Corruption of Power"</i>. Routledge. p. 64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Caligula+%E2%80%93+The+Corruption+of+Power%22&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Barret&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanicus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerrottet2002">Perrottet 2002</a>, p. 369.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobinsonMonson1992">Robinson & Monson 1992</a>, pp. 1065–1067.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFacos2011">Facos 2011</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerrottet2002">Perrottet 2002</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVahimagiGrade1996">Vahimagi & Grade 1996</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewcomb1997">Newcomb 1997</a>, p. 1157.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanicus&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanicus&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSuetoniusEdwards2008" class="citation cs2">Suetonius (2008), Edwards, Catherine (ed.), <i>Lives of the Caesars</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0191609107" title="Special:BookSources/978-0191609107"><bdi>978-0191609107</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Caesars&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0191609107&rft.au=Suetonius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanicus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTacitusBarrett2008" class="citation cs2">Tacitus, Cornelius (2008), Barrett, Anthony (ed.), <i>The Annals: The Reigns of Tiberius, Claudius, and Nero</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0192824219" title="Special:BookSources/978-0192824219"><bdi>978-0192824219</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annals%3A+The+Reigns+of+Tiberius%2C+Claudius%2C+and+Nero&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0192824219&rft.aulast=Tacitus&rft.aufirst=Cornelius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanicus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanicus&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlston1998" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Alston_(classicist)" title="Richard Alston (classicist)">Alston, Richard</a> (1998), <i>Aspects of Roman History AD 14–117</i>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-20095-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-20095-0"><bdi>0-203-20095-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Roman+History+AD+14%E2%80%93117&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-203-20095-0&rft.aulast=Alston&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanicus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndoTuoriPlessis2016" class="citation cs2">Ando, Clifford; Tuori, Kaius; Plessis, Paul J. du, eds. (2016), <i>Oxford Handbook of Law and Society</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-872868-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-872868-9"><bdi>978-0-19-872868-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Handbook+of+Law+and+Society&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-872868-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanicus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAttemaBolhuisLantingPrummel2010" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Attema, Paj; Bolhuis, E.; Lanting, Jn; Prummel, W. (2010), <i>Palaeohistoria 51/52 (2009/2010)</i> (in German), Barkhuis, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9077922736" title="Special:BookSources/978-9077922736"><bdi>978-9077922736</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palaeohistoria+51%2F52+%282009%2F2010%29&rft.pub=Barkhuis&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9077922736&rft.aulast=Attema&rft.aufirst=Paj&rft.au=Bolhuis%2C+E.&rft.au=Lanting%2C+Jn&rft.au=Prummel%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanicus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarrett1993" class="citation cs2">Barrett, Anthony A. (1993), <i>Caligula: The Corruption of Power</i>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-21485-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-21485-8"><bdi>0-415-21485-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caligula%3A+The+Corruption+of+Power&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-415-21485-8&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=Anthony+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanicus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarrett2015" class="citation cs2">Barrett, Anthony A. (2015), <i>Caligula: The Abuse of Power</i>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-65844-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-65844-7"><bdi>978-0-415-65844-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caligula%3A+The+Abuse+of+Power&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-415-65844-7&rft.aulast=Barrett&rft.aufirst=Anthony+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanicus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeard2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Beard_(classicist)" title="Mary Beard (classicist)">Beard, Mary</a> (2007), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romantriumph00bear_0"><i>The Roman Triumph</i></a></span>, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02613-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02613-1"><bdi>978-0-674-02613-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Triumph&rft.pub=The+Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02613-1&rft.aulast=Beard&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fromantriumph00bear_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanicus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBowmanChamplinLintott1996" class="citation cs2">Bowman, Alan K.; Champlin, Edward; Lintott, Andrew (1996), <i>The Cambridge Ancient History</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-26430-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-26430-8"><bdi>0-521-26430-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-521-26430-8&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Alan+K.&rft.au=Champlin%2C+Edward&rft.au=Lintott%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanicus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCascio2005" class="citation cs2">Cascio, Elio Lo, ed. (2005), "The <i>Domus Augusta</i> and the Dynastic Ideology", <i>The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 12, The Crisis of Empire, AD 193–337</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-30199-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-30199-8"><bdi>0-521-30199-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History%3A+Volume+12%2C+The+Crisis+of+Empire%2C+AD+193%E2%80%93337&rft.atitle=The+Domus+Augusta+and+the+Dynastic+Ideology&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-521-30199-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanicus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChrystal2015" class="citation cs2">Chrystal, Paul (2015), <i>Roman Military Disasters: Dark Days & Lost Legions</i>, Pen & Sword Military, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-47382-357-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-47382-357-0"><bdi>978-1-47382-357-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Military+Disasters%3A+Dark+Days+%26+Lost+Legions&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Military&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-47382-357-0&rft.aulast=Chrystal&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanicus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrook1996" class="citation cs2">Crook, J.A., ed. (1996), "Political History, 30 B.C. to A.D. 14", <i>The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume X, The Augustan Empire, 43 B.C. – A.D. 69</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-26430-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-26430-8"><bdi>0-521-26430-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History%3A+Volume+X%2C+The+Augustan+Empire%2C+43+B.C.+%E2%80%93+A.D.+69&rft.atitle=Political+History%2C+30+B.C.+to+A.D.+14&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-521-26430-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanicus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDando-Collins2008" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Dando-Collins" title="Stephen Dando-Collins">Dando-Collins, Stephen</a> (2008), <i>Blood of the Caesars: How the Murder of Germanicus Led to the Fall of Rome</i>, Wiley, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470137413" title="Special:BookSources/978-0470137413"><bdi>978-0470137413</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+of+the+Caesars%3A+How+the+Murder+of+Germanicus+Led+to+the+Fall+of+Rome&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0470137413&rft.aulast=Dando-Collins&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanicus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDando-Collins2010" class="citation cs2">Dando-Collins, Stephen (2010), <i>Legions of Rome</i>, Quercus, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62365-201-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62365-201-2"><bdi>978-1-62365-201-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legions+of+Rome&rft.pub=Quercus&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-62365-201-2&rft.aulast=Dando-Collins&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanicus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDekker2013" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Elly_Dekker" title="Elly Dekker">Dekker, Elly</a> (2013), <i>Illustrating the Phaenomena: Celestial Cartography in Antiquity and the Middle Ages</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960969-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960969-7"><bdi>978-0-19-960969-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illustrating+the+Phaenomena%3A+Celestial+Cartography+in+Antiquity+and+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-960969-7&rft.aulast=Dekker&rft.aufirst=Elly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanicus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDyck2015" class="citation cs2">Dyck, Ludwig Heinrich (2015), <i>The Roman Barbarian Wars: The Era of Roman Conquest</i>, Pen and Sword, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1473877887" title="Special:BookSources/978-1473877887"><bdi>978-1473877887</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Barbarian+Wars%3A+The+Era+of+Roman+Conquest&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1473877887&rft.aulast=Dyck&rft.aufirst=Ludwig+Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanicus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDzino2010" class="citation cs2">Dzino, Danijel (2010), <i>Illyricum in Roman Politics, 229 BC–AD 68</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19419-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19419-8"><bdi>978-0-521-19419-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illyricum+in+Roman+Politics%2C+229+BC%E2%80%93AD+68&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-19419-8&rft.aulast=Dzino&rft.aufirst=Danijel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanicus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFacos2011" class="citation cs2">Facos, Michelle (2011), <i>An Introduction to Nineteenth-Century Art</i>, Taylor & Francis, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136840715" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136840715"><bdi>978-1136840715</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Nineteenth-Century+Art&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1136840715&rft.aulast=Facos&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanicus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGibson2013" class="citation cs2">Gibson, Alisdair (2013), <i>The Julio-Claudian Succession: Reality and Perception of the "Augustan Model"</i>, Brill, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23191-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23191-7"><bdi>978-90-04-23191-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Julio-Claudian+Succession%3A+Reality+and+Perception+of+the+%22Augustan+Model%22&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-90-04-23191-7&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Alisdair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanicus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeckelTritle2009" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Waldemar_Heckel" title="Waldemar Heckel">Heckel, Waldemar</a>; Tritle, Lawrence A. (2009), <i>Alexander the Great: A New History</i>, Blackwell Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3081-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3081-3"><bdi>978-1-4051-3081-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+the+Great%3A+A+New+History&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-3081-3&rft.aulast=Heckel&rft.aufirst=Waldemar&rft.au=Tritle%2C+Lawrence+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanicus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbert-Brown1994" class="citation cs2">Herbert-Brown, Geraldine (1994), <i>Ovid and the Fasti: An Historical Study</i>, Clarendon Press Oxford, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814935-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814935-2"><bdi>0-19-814935-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ovid+and+the+Fasti%3A+An+Historical+Study&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press+Oxford&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-19-814935-2&rft.aulast=Herbert-Brown&rft.aufirst=Geraldine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanicus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevick1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Levick" title="Barbara Levick">Levick, Barbara</a> (1999), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tiberiuspolitici00levi_0"><i>Tiberius the Politician</i></a></span>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-21753-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-21753-9"><bdi>0-415-21753-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tiberius+the+Politician&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-415-21753-9&rft.aulast=Levick&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftiberiuspolitici00levi_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanicus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevick2012" class="citation cs2">Levick, Barbara (2012), <i>Claudius</i>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-41516619-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-41516619-5"><bdi>978-0-41516619-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Claudius&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-41516619-5&rft.aulast=Levick&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanicus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLott2012" class="citation cs2">Lott, J. Bert (2012), <i>Death and Dynasty in Early Imperial Rome: Key Sources, with Text, Translation, and Commentary</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86044-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86044-4"><bdi>978-0-521-86044-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+and+Dynasty+in+Early+Imperial+Rome%3A+Key+Sources%2C+with+Text%2C+Translation%2C+and+Commentary&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86044-4&rft.aulast=Lott&rft.aufirst=J.+Bert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanicus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMehl2011" class="citation cs2">Mehl, Andreas (2011), <i>Roman Historiography</i>, translated by Mueller, Hans-Friedrich, Blackwell Publishers, Ltd., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-2183-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-2183-5"><bdi>978-1-4051-2183-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Historiography&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-2183-5&rft.aulast=Mehl&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanicus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeijer1990" class="citation cs2">Meijer, J. W. (Trans.) (1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PQm5AAAACAAJ"><i>Jaarboeken: Ab excessu divi Augusti Annales</i></a>, Ambo, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-263-1065-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-263-1065-2"><bdi>978-90-263-1065-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jaarboeken%3A+Ab+excessu+divi+Augusti+Annales&rft.pub=Ambo&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-90-263-1065-2&rft.aulast=Meijer&rft.aufirst=J.+W.+%28Trans.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPQm5AAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanicus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMillerWoodman2010" class="citation cs2">Miller, John; Woodman, Anthony (2010), <i>Latin Historiography and Poetry in the Early Empire: Generic Interactions</i>, Brill, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17755-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17755-0"><bdi>978-90-04-17755-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+Historiography+and+Poetry+in+the+Early+Empire%3A+Generic+Interactions&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17755-0&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Woodman%2C+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanicus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNewcomb1997" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Horace_Newcomb" title="Horace Newcomb">Newcomb, Horace</a> (1997), <i>Encyclopedia of Television</i>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-93734-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-93734-1"><bdi>978-0-203-93734-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Television&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-203-93734-1&rft.aulast=Newcomb&rft.aufirst=Horace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanicus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPerrottet2002" class="citation cs2">Perrottet, Tony (2002), <i>Pagan Holiday: On the Trail of Ancient Roman Tourists</i>, Random House Trade Paperbacks, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-75639-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-75639-6"><bdi>0-375-75639-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pagan+Holiday%3A+On+the+Trail+of+Ancient+Roman+Tourists&rft.pub=Random+House+Trade+Paperbacks&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-375-75639-6&rft.aulast=Perrottet&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanicus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPettinger2012" class="citation cs2">Pettinger, Andrew (2012), <i>The Republic in Danger: Drusus Libo and the Succession of Tiberius</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960174-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960174-5"><bdi>978-0-19-960174-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republic+in+Danger%3A+Drusus+Libo+and+the+Succession+of+Tiberius&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-960174-5&rft.aulast=Pettinger&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanicus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPossanza2004" class="citation cs2">Possanza, D. Mark (2004), <i>Translating the Heavens: Aratus, Germanicus, and the Poetics of Latin Translation</i>, translated by Peter Lang, Classical Studies, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8204-6939-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8204-6939-4"><bdi>0-8204-6939-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Translating+the+Heavens%3A+Aratus%2C+Germanicus%2C+and+the+Poetics+of+Latin+Translation&rft.pub=Classical+Studies&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8204-6939-4&rft.aulast=Possanza&rft.aufirst=D.+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanicus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRadman-LivajaDizda2010" class="citation conference cs1">Radman-Livaja, I.; Dizda, M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/512324">"Archaeological Traces of the Pannonian Revolt 6–9 AD: Evidence and Conjectures"</a>. In Aßkamp, Rudolf; Esch, Tobias (eds.). <i>Imperium – Varus und seine Zeit</i>. Internationalen Kolloquiumdes LWL-Römermuseumsam, 28–29 April 2008. Münster: Aschendorff Verlag. pp. <span class="nowrap">47–</span>58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Archaeological+Traces+of+the+Pannonian+Revolt+6%E2%80%939+AD%3A+Evidence+and+Conjectures&rft.btitle=Imperium+%E2%80%93+Varus+und+seine+Zeit&rft.place=M%C3%BCnster&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.pub=Aschendorff+Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Radman-Livaja&rft.aufirst=I.&rft.au=Dizda%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F512324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanicus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobinsonMonson1992" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Michael_F._Robinson" title="Michael F. Robinson">Robinson, Michael F.</a>; Monson, Dale E. (1992), "Porpora Nicola (Antonio)", <i><a href="/wiki/New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Opera" class="mw-redirect" title="New Grove Dictionary of Opera">The New Grove Dictionary of Opera</a></i>, vol. 3, Grove's Dictionaries of Music, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-93585-992-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-93585-992-8"><bdi>978-0-93585-992-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Porpora+Nicola+%28Antonio%29&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Opera&rft.pub=Grove%27s+Dictionaries+of+Music&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-93585-992-8&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Michael+F.&rft.au=Monson%2C+Dale+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanicus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRowe2002" class="citation cs2">Rowe, Greg (2002), <i>Princes and Political Cultures: The New Tiberian Senatorial Decrees</i>, University of Michigan Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-11230-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-11230-9"><bdi>0-472-11230-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Princes+and+Political+Cultures%3A+The+New+Tiberian+Senatorial+Decrees&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-472-11230-9&rft.aulast=Rowe&rft.aufirst=Greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanicus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRutledge2013" class="citation cs2">Rutledge, Steven H. (2013), <i>A Tacitus Reader: Selections from Agricola, Germania, Dialogus, Historiae, and Annales</i>, Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1610411059" title="Special:BookSources/978-1610411059"><bdi>978-1610411059</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Tacitus+Reader%3A+Selections+from+Agricola%2C+Germania%2C+Dialogus%2C+Historiae%2C+and+Annales&rft.pub=Bolchazy-Carducci+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1610411059&rft.aulast=Rutledge&rft.aufirst=Steven+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanicus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSalisbury2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Joyce_E._Salisbury" title="Joyce E. Salisbury">Salisbury, Joyce E.</a> (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HF0m3spOebcC&pg=PA3"><i>Women in the Ancient World</i></a>, ABC-CLIO, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-092-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-092-5"><bdi>978-1-57607-092-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+the+Ancient+World&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-092-5&rft.aulast=Salisbury&rft.aufirst=Joyce+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHF0m3spOebcC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanicus" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSeager2008" class="citation cs2">Seager, Robin (2008), <i>Tiberius</i>, John Wiley & Sons, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470775417" title="Special:BookSources/978-0470775417"><bdi>978-0470775417</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tiberius&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0470775417&rft.aulast=Seager&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanicus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShotter2004" class="citation cs2">Shotter, David (2004), <i>Tiberius Caesar</i>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1134364180" title="Special:BookSources/1134364180"><bdi>1134364180</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tiberius+Caesar&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1134364180&rft.aulast=Shotter&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanicus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimpson1981" class="citation cs2">Simpson, Ch. 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(1981), "The Early Name of the Emperor Claudius", <i>Acta antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae</i>, Magyar Tudományos Akadémia</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Early+Name+of+the+Emperor+Claudius&rft.btitle=Acta+antiqua+Academiae+Scientiarum+Hungaricae&rft.pub=Magyar+Tudom%C3%A1nyos+Akad%C3%A9mia&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Ch.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanicus" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSwan2004" class="citation cs2">Swan, Michael Peter (2004), <i>The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio's Roman History</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516774-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516774-0"><bdi>0-19-516774-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Augustan+Succession%3A+An+Historical+Commentary+on+Cassius+Dio%27s+Roman+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-516774-0&rft.aulast=Swan&rft.aufirst=Michael+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanicus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVahimagiGrade1996" class="citation cs2">Vahimagi, Tise; Grade, Michael Ian (1996), <i>British television: an illustrated guide</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-815926-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-815926-1"><bdi>978-0-19-815926-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+television%3A+an+illustrated+guide&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-815926-1&rft.aulast=Vahimagi&rft.aufirst=Tise&rft.au=Grade%2C+Michael+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanicus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWardHeichelheimYeo2010" class="citation cs2">Ward, Allen M.; Heichelheim, Fritz M.; Yeo, Cedric A. (2010), <i>A History of the Roman People</i> (5th ed.), Prentice Hall, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0205846795" title="Special:BookSources/978-0205846795"><bdi>978-0205846795</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Roman+People&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0205846795&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Allen+M.&rft.au=Heichelheim%2C+Fritz+M.&rft.au=Yeo%2C+Cedric+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanicus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWells2003" class="citation cs2">Wells, Peter S. (2003), <i>The Battle That Stopped Rome</i>, Norton, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32643-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32643-7"><bdi>978-0-393-32643-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+That+Stopped+Rome&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32643-7&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Peter+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanicus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanicus&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Germanicus" class="extiw" title="commons:Germanicus"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Germanicus</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/120px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Germanicus_Caesar" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Germanicus Caesar">Germanicus Caesar</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/home.html">Cassius Dio, <i>Roman History</i> (Loeb Classical Library English translation)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Tiberius*.html">Suetonius, <i>Life of Tiberius</i> (Loeb Classical Library English translation)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/home.html">Velleius Paterculus, <i>Roman History</i> Book II (Loeb Classical Library English translation)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Caligula*.html">Suetonius, <i>Life of Caligula</i> (Loeb Classical Library translation)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caligula.okdek.com/index.php?id=suetonius">Suetonius, <i>Life of Caligula</i>(Alexander Thomson translation)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140112003403/http://caligula.okdek.com/index.php?id=suetonius">Archived</a> 12 January 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Germanicus Cæsar"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Germanicus_C%C3%A6sar">"Germanicus Cæsar" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Cyclopædia">The American Cyclopædia</a></i>. 1879.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Germanicus+C%C3%A6sar&rft.btitle=The+American+Cyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.date=1879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermanicus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/miscellanea/teutoburg/teutoburg.html,">"Thusnelda"</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Germanicus </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 24 May 15 BC</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 10 Oct 19</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cassius_Longinus_(consul_11)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Cassius Longinus (consul 11)">L. Cassius Longinus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Titus_Statilius_Taurus_(consul_11)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titus Statilius Taurus (consul 11)">T. Statilius Taurus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_early_imperial_Roman_consuls" class="mw-redirect" title="List of early imperial Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> </b><br />12<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Fonteius_Capito_(consul_AD_12)" title="Gaius Fonteius Capito (consul AD 12)">G. Fonteius Capito</a></i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Silius_(consul)" title="Gaius Silius (consul)">Gaius Silius</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Munatius_Plancus_(consul_13)" title="Lucius Munatius Plancus (consul 13)">L. Munatius Plancus</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Vibius_Marsus" title="Gaius Vibius Marsus">G. Vibius Marsus</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucius_Voluseius_Proculus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucius Voluseius Proculus (page does not exist)">L. Voluseius Proculus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_early_imperial_Roman_consuls" class="mw-redirect" title="List of early imperial Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> II </b><br />18<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Seius_Tubero" title="Lucius Seius Tubero">L. 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/56580498">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/8216153063153419320001">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/8077153063228919320001">3</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/102684/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118538748">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82158317">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007261625605171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058525442606706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13949878">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500339777">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1042002">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118538748.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118538748">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02688903X">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germanicus&oldid=1281450610">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germanicus&oldid=1281450610</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Germanicus" title="Category:Germanicus">Germanicus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:15_BC_births" title="Category:15 BC births">15 BC births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19_deaths" title="Category:19 deaths">19 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1st-century_BC_Romans" title="Category:1st-century BC Romans">1st-century BC Romans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1st-century_Roman_poets" title="Category:1st-century Roman poets">1st-century Roman poets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Roman_adoptees" title="Category:Ancient Roman adoptees">Ancient Roman adoptees</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_the_Mausoleum_of_Augustus" title="Category:Burials at the Mausoleum of Augustus">Burials at the Mausoleum of Augustus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Children_of_Tiberius" title="Category:Children of Tiberius">Children of Tiberius</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Claudii_Nerones" title="Category:Claudii Nerones">Claudii Nerones</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Generals_of_Augustus" title="Category:Generals of Augustus">Generals of Augustus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Generals_of_Tiberius" title="Category:Generals of Tiberius">Generals of Tiberius</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Roman_heirs_apparent_who_never_acceded" title="Category:Ancient Roman heirs apparent who never acceded">Ancient Roman heirs apparent who never acceded</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Imperial_Roman_consuls" title="Category:Imperial Roman consuls">Imperial Roman consuls</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Julii_Caesares" title="Category:Julii Caesares">Julii Caesares</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Category:Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poisoned_ancient_Romans" title="Category:Poisoned ancient Romans">Poisoned ancient Romans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Roman_triumphators" title="Category:Ancient Roman triumphators">Ancient Roman triumphators</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roman_campaigns_in_Germania_(12_BC_%E2%80%93_AD_16)" title="Category:Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)">Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language 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