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occupation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_career_and_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Service_under_Caesar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Service_under_Caesar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Service under Caesar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Service_under_Caesar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Service under Caesar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Service_under_Caesar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gallic_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallic_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Gallic wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallic_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Civil war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governor_of_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governor_of_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Governor of Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governor_of_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassination_of_Caesar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination_of_Caesar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Assassination of Caesar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assassination_of_Caesar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ides_of_March" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ides_of_March"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Ides of March</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ides_of_March-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leader_of_the_Caesarians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leader_of_the_Caesarians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Leader of the Caesarians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leader_of_the_Caesarians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_conflict_with_Octavian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_conflict_with_Octavian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>First conflict with Octavian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_conflict_with_Octavian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Second_Triumvirate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Second_Triumvirate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The Second Triumvirate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Second_Triumvirate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The Second Triumvirate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_Second_Triumvirate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forming_the_alliance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forming_the_alliance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Forming the alliance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forming_the_alliance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_against_the_Liberators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_against_the_Liberators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>War against the Liberators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_against_the_Liberators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Master_of_the_Roman_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Master_of_the_Roman_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Master of the Roman East</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Master_of_the_Roman_East-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Master of the Roman East subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Master_of_the_Roman_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Division_of_the_republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Division_of_the_republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Division of the republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Division_of_the_republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activities_in_the_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities_in_the_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Activities in the East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activities_in_the_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fulvia's_civil_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fulvia's_civil_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Fulvia's civil war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fulvia's_civil_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antony's_Parthian_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antony's_Parthian_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Antony's Parthian War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antony's_Parthian_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roman–Parthian_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman–Parthian_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Roman–Parthian relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman–Parthian_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parthian_Invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parthian_Invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Parthian Invasion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parthian_Invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict_with_Sextus_Pompey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_with_Sextus_Pompey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.3</span> <span>Conflict with Sextus Pompey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_with_Sextus_Pompey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconquest_of_Judea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconquest_of_Judea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.4</span> <span>Reconquest of Judea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconquest_of_Judea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parthian_Campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parthian_Campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.5</span> <span>Parthian Campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parthian_Campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antony_and_Cleopatra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antony_and_Cleopatra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Antony and Cleopatra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antony_and_Cleopatra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Aftermath and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriages_and_issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriages_and_issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Marriages and issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriages_and_issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descendants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descendants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Descendants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descendants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Artistic_portrayals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artistic_portrayals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Artistic portrayals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Artistic_portrayals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Artistic portrayals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Artistic_portrayals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Novels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Novels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mark Antony</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 89 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">89 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Antonius" title="Marcus Antonius – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Marcus Antonius" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Antonius" title="Marcus Antonius – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Marcus Antonius" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83_%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A" title="مارك أنطوني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مارك أنطوني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcu_Antoniu" title="Marcu Antoniu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Marcu Antoniu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Antoni" title="Mark Antoni – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mark Antoni" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="مارکوس آنتونیوس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مارکوس آنتونیوس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="মার্ক অ্যান্টনি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মার্ক অ্যান্টনি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Марк Антоній – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Марк Антоній" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Марк Антоний – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Марк Антоний" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marko_Antonije" title="Marko Antonije – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Marko Antonije" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Antonius" title="Marcus Antonius – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Marcus Antonius" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Antoni" title="Marc Antoni – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Marc Antoni" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Марк Антоний – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Марк Антоний" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Antonius" title="Marcus Antonius – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Marcus Antonius" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Antonius" title="Marcus Antonius – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Marcus Antonius" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Antonius" title="Marcus Antonius – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Marcus Antonius" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Antonius" title="Marcus Antonius – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Marcus Antonius" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Antonius" title="Marcus Antonius – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Marcus Antonius" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Μάρκος Αντώνιος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάρκος Αντώνιος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Antonio" title="Marco Antonio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Marco Antonio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marko_Antonio" title="Marko Antonio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Marko Antonio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marko_Antonio" title="Marko Antonio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Marko Antonio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="مارک آنتونی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مارک آنتونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Antonius" title="Marcus Antonius – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Marcus Antonius" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Antoine" title="Marc Antoine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Marc Antoine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Antonius" title="Markus Antonius – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Markus Antonius" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcas_Antaine" title="Marcas Antaine – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Marcas Antaine" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Antonio" title="Marco Antonio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Marco Antonio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4%EC%BF%A0%EC%8A%A4_%EC%95%88%ED%86%A0%EB%8B%88%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="마르쿠스 안토니우스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마르쿠스 안토니우스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%BD_%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Մարկոս Անտոնիոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարկոս Անտոնիոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8" title="मार्कस आंतोनियस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मार्कस आंतोनियस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marko_Antonije" title="Marko Antonije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Marko Antonije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Antonius" title="Marcus Antonius – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Marcus Antonius" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Antonius" title="Marcus Antonius – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Marcus Antonius" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Antonius" title="Marcus Antonius – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Marcus Antonius" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Antonio" title="Marco Antonio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Marco Antonio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1" title="מרקוס אנטוניוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרקוס אנטוניוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mark Antony" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="მარკუს ანტონიუსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარკუს ანტონიუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Марк Антоний – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Марк Антоний" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Антоний Марк – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Антоний Марк" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Antonius" title="Marcus Antonius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Marcus Antonius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marks_Antonijs" title="Marks Antonijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Marks Antonijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markas_Antonijus" title="Markas Antonijus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Markas Antonijus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Antonius" title="Marcus Antonius – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Marcus Antonius" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98" title="Марко Антониј – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Марко Антониј" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marko_Ant%C3%B4nio" title="Marko Antônio – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Marko Antônio" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF" title="മാർക്ക് ആന്റണി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാർക്ക് ആന്റണി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="მარკუს ანტონიუსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მარკუს ანტონიუსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86%D9%89" title="مارك انطونى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مارك انطونى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Antonius" title="Marcus Antonius – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Marcus Antonius" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Марк Антони – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Марк Антони" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Antonius" title="Marcus Antonius – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Marcus Antonius" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9" title="マルクス・アントニウス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マルクス・アントニウス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Antonius" title="Marcus Antonius – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Marcus Antonius" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Antonius" title="Marcus Antonius – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Marcus Antonius" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Ant%C3%B2ni" title="Marc Antòni – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Marc Antòni" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Antoniy" title="Mark Antoniy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mark Antoniy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A" title="مارک آنتوني – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مارک آنتوني" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Antonius" title="Marcus Antonius – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Marcus Antonius" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marek_Antoniusz" title="Marek Antoniusz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Marek Antoniusz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Ant%C3%B4nio" title="Marco Antônio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Marco Antônio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Antonius" title="Marcus Antonius – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marcus Antonius" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Марк Антоний – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Марк Антоний" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="مارک انتھونی – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="مارک انتھونی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mark Antony" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Antonius" title="Marcus Antonius – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Marcus Antonius" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Antoni" title="Mark Antoni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mark Antoni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mark Antony" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Antonius" title="Marcus Antonius – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Marcus Antonius" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Antonij" title="Mark Antonij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mark Antonij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Марко Антоније – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Марко Антоније" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marko_Antonije" title="Marko Antonije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Marko Antonije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Antonius" title="Marcus Antonius – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Marcus Antonius" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Antonius" title="Marcus Antonius – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Marcus Antonius" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Antonio" title="Marco Antonio – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Marco Antonio" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="மார்க் ஆண்டனி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மார்க் ஆண்டனி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Марк Антоний – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Марк Антоний" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA" title="มาร์กุส อันโตนิอุส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มาร์กุส อันโตนิอุส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Марк Антоний – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Марк Антоний" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Antonius" title="Marcus Antonius – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Marcus Antonius" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Марк Антоній – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Марк Антоній" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="مارک انتھونی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مارک انتھونی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Antonius" title="Marcus Antonius – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Marcus Antonius" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Antonius" title="Marcus Antonius – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Marcus Antonius" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%E5%B0%BC" title="马克·安东尼 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="马克·安东尼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Mark Antony" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%B1%E5%B0%BC" title="馬克·安東尼 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="馬克·安東尼" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%E5%B0%BC" title="马克·安东尼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="马克·安东尼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Roman politician and general (83–30 BC)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people with similar names, see <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Antonius_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Marcus Antonius (disambiguation)">Marcus Antonius (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marc_Anthony_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Marc Anthony (disambiguation)">Marc Anthony (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Marcus Antonius</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Octavian_and_Antony_denarius_(obverse).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Octavian_and_Antony_denarius_%28obverse%29.jpg/240px-Octavian_and_Antony_denarius_%28obverse%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Octavian_and_Antony_denarius_%28obverse%29.jpg/360px-Octavian_and_Antony_denarius_%28obverse%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Octavian_and_Antony_denarius_%28obverse%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="379" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">Denarius</a> depicting Mark Antony minted by <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_moneyers_during_the_Republic" title="List of Roman moneyers during the Republic">Marcus Barbatius</a>. Legend: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">m(arcus) ant(onius) <abbr title="Imperator">imp</abbr> <abbr title="Augur">aug</abbr> <abbr title="Triumvir Rei Publicae Constituendae">iiivir rpc</abbr> m(arcus) barbatius <abbr title="Quaestor">q</abbr> <abbr title="Praetor">p</abbr><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">14 January 83 BC<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italy</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1 August 30 BC (aged 53)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Ptolemaic Egypt</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">Suicide</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Antony_and_Cleopatra" title="Tomb of Antony and Cleopatra">Unlocated tomb</a> (probably in Egypt)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Roman</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Office</th><td class="infobox-data title"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;line-height:1.2em;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legate</a> (under Caesar)</td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;"> 52–51 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Plebeian_tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian tribune">Plebeian tribune</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;"> 49 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Propraetor" class="mw-redirect" title="Propraetor">Propraetor</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;"> 49 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Magister equitum</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;"> 48 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;"> 44 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Proconsul" title="Proconsul">Proconsul</a> (Gaul)</td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;"> 44–40 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Triumvirate" title="Second Triumvirate">Triumvir</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;"> 43–33 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Consul</td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;"> 34 BC</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;line-height:1.2em;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Fadia</td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;"> dates unknown</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Antonia Hybrida Minor</td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;"> ?–47 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Fulvia" title="Fulvia">Fulvia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;"> 46–40 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Octavia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Octavia Minor">Octavia Minor</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;"> 40–32 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;"> 32–30 BC</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonia_(wife_of_Pythodoros)" title="Antonia (wife of Pythodoros)">Antonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Antonius_Antyllus" title="Marcus Antonius Antyllus">Marcus Antonius Antyllus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iullus_Antonius" title="Iullus Antonius">Iullus Antonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Major" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonia Major">Antonia Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Minor" title="Antonia Minor">Antonia Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Helios" title="Alexander Helios">Alexander Helios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_Selene_II" title="Cleopatra Selene II">Cleopatra Selene II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Philadelphus_(son_of_Cleopatra)" title="Ptolemy Philadelphus (son of Cleopatra)">Ptolemy Philadelphus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Antonius_Creticus" title="Marcus Antonius Creticus">Marcus Antonius Creticus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julia_(mother_of_Mark_Antony)" title="Julia (mother of Mark Antony)">Julia</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years</th><td class="infobox-data">54–30 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_civil_war" title="Caesar's civil war">Caesar's civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forum_Gallorum" title="Battle of Forum Gallorum">Battle of Forum Gallorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mutina" title="Battle of Mutina">Battle of Mutina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberators%27_civil_war" title="Liberators' civil war">Liberators' civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony%27s_Parthian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Antony's Parthian War">Parthian war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony%27s_campaign_against_Armenia" title="Antony's campaign against Armenia">Armenian war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Actium" title="War of Actium">War of Actium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Battle of Actium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alexandria_(30_BC)" title="Battle of Alexandria (30 BC)">Battle of Alexandria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Marcus Antonius</b> (14 January <span class="nowrap">83 BC –</span> 1 August 30 BC), commonly known in English as <b>Mark Antony</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> politician and general who played a critical role in the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Crisis of the Roman Republic">transformation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">constitutional</a> republic into the <a href="/wiki/Autocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocratic">autocratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. </p><p>Antony was a relative and supporter of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>, and he served as one of his generals during the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">conquest of Gaul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_civil_war" title="Caesar's civil war">Caesar's civil war</a>. Antony was appointed administrator of Italy while Caesar eliminated political opponents in Greece, North Africa, and Spain. After <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Assassination of Julius Caesar">Caesar's assassination</a> in 44 BC, Antony joined forces with <a href="/wiki/Lepidus" title="Lepidus">Lepidus</a>, another of Caesar's generals, and <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Octavian</a>, Caesar's great-nephew and adopted son, forming a three-man dictatorship known to historians as the <a href="/wiki/Second_Triumvirate" title="Second Triumvirate">Second Triumvirate</a>. The Triumvirs defeated Caesar's killers, the <i>Liberatores</i>, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Philippi" title="Battle of Philippi">Battle of Philippi</a> in 42 BC, and divided the government of the Republic among themselves. Antony was assigned Rome's eastern provinces, including the <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client kingdom</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Egypt</a>, then ruled by <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra VII Philopator</a>, and was given the command in <a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_Wars" title="Roman–Parthian Wars">Rome's war against Parthia</a>. </p><p>Relations among the triumvirs were strained as the various members sought greater political power. Civil war between Antony and Octavian was averted in 40 BC, when Antony married Octavian's sister, <a href="/wiki/Octavia_the_Younger" title="Octavia the Younger">Octavia</a>. Despite this marriage, Antony carried on a love affair with Cleopatra, who bore him three children, further straining Antony's relations with Octavian. Lepidus was expelled from the association in 36 BC, and in 33 BC, disagreements between Antony and Octavian caused a split between the remaining Triumvirs. Their ongoing hostility <a href="/wiki/War_of_Actium" title="War of Actium">erupted into civil war</a> in 31 BC when Octavian induced the republic to declare war on Cleopatra and proclaim Antony a traitor. Later that year, Antony was defeated by Octavian's forces at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Battle of Actium</a>. Antony and Cleopatra fled to Egypt where, having again been defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alexandria_(30_BC)" title="Battle of Alexandria (30 BC)">Battle of Alexandria</a>, they committed <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a>. </p><p>With Antony dead, Octavian became the undisputed master of the Roman world. In 27 BC, Octavian was granted the title of <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">Augustus</a>,</i> marking the final stage in the transformation of the Republic into a monarchy, with himself as the first <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Antony&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A member of the <a href="/wiki/Plebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebs">plebeian</a> <a href="/wiki/Antonia_gens" title="Antonia gens">gens Antonia</a>, Antony was born in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 14 January 83 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father and namesake was <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Antonius_Creticus" title="Marcus Antonius Creticus">Marcus Antonius Creticus</a>, son of the noted <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Antonius_(orator)" title="Marcus Antonius (orator)">orator Marcus Antonius</a> who had been murdered during the purges of <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius" title="Gaius Marius">Gaius Marius</a> in the winter of 87–86 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Huzar-14_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huzar-14-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother was <a href="/wiki/Julia_(mother_of_Mark_Antony)" title="Julia (mother of Mark Antony)">Julia</a>, a third cousin of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>. Antony was an infant at the time of <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Sulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Cornelius Sulla">Lucius Cornelius Sulla</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sulla%27s_civil_war" title="Sulla's civil war">march on Rome in 82 BC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucius_Antonius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Lucius_Antonius.jpg/190px-Lucius_Antonius.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Lucius_Antonius.jpg/285px-Lucius_Antonius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Lucius_Antonius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Antony's brother <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Antonius_(brother_of_Mark_Antony)" title="Lucius Antonius (brother of Mark Antony)">Lucius</a>, on a coin issued at <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a> during his consulship in 41 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the Roman orator <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Tullius_Cicero" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Tullius Cicero">Marcus Tullius Cicero</a>, Antony's father was incompetent and corrupt, and was only given power because he was incapable of using or abusing it effectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Huzar-15_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huzar-15-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 74 BC he was given the military command to defeat the <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">pirates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>, but he died in <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> in 71 BC without making any significant progress.<sup id="cite_ref-Huzar-14_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huzar-14-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Huzar-15_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huzar-15-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scullard-154_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scullard-154-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The elder Antony's death left Antony and his brothers, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Antonius_(brother_of_Mark_Antony)" title="Lucius Antonius (brother of Mark Antony)">Lucius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Antonius" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Antonius">Gaius</a>, in the care of their mother, Julia, who later married <a href="/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Lentulus_Sura" title="Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura">Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura</a>, an eminent member of the old <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patrician</a> nobility. Lentulus, despite exploiting his political success for financial gain, was constantly in debt due to his extravagance. He was a major figure in the <a href="/wiki/Catilinarian_conspiracy" title="Catilinarian conspiracy">Catilinarian conspiracy</a> and was <a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">summarily executed</a> on the orders of the consul <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> in 63 BC for his involvement.<sup id="cite_ref-Huzar-17_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huzar-17-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the historian <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, Antony spent his teenage years wandering through Rome with his brothers and friends gambling, drinking, and becoming involved in scandalous love affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-Scullard-154_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scullard-154-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antony's contemporary and enemy, Cicero, charged that he had a homosexual relationship with <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Scribonius_Curio_(praetor_49_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Scribonius Curio (praetor 49 BC)">Gaius Scribonius Curio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This form of slander was popular during this time in the Roman Republic to demean and discredit political opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is little reliable information on his political activity as a young man, although it is known that he was an associate of <a href="/wiki/Publius_Clodius_Pulcher" title="Publius Clodius Pulcher">Publius Clodius Pulcher</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Street_gang" class="mw-redirect" title="Street gang">street gang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He may also have been involved in the <a href="/wiki/Lupercal" title="Lupercal">Lupercal</a> cult as he was referred to as a priest of this order later in life.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By age twenty, Antony had amassed an enormous debt. Hoping to escape his creditors, Antony fled to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Greece">Greece</a> in 58 BC, where he studied <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a> at <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career_and_occupation">Early career and occupation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Antony&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early career and occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 57 BC, Antony joined the military staff of <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gabinius" title="Aulus Gabinius">Aulus Gabinius</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Proconsul" title="Proconsul">Proconsul</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a>, as commander of the cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This appointment marks the beginning of his military career.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As consul the previous year, Gabinius had consented to the exile of Cicero by Antony's mentor, <a href="/wiki/Publius_Clodius_Pulcher" title="Publius Clodius Pulcher">Publius Clodius Pulcher</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a>, the Roman-supported <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean</a> <a href="/wiki/High_Priest_(Judaism)" class="mw-redirect" title="High Priest (Judaism)">High Priest</a> of <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a>, fled <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> to Gabinius to seek protection against his rival and son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Judaea" title="Alexander of Judaea">Alexander</a>. Years earlier in 63 BC, the Roman general <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> had captured him and his father, King <a href="/wiki/Aristobulus_II" title="Aristobulus II">Aristobulus II</a>, during his war against the declining <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>. Pompey had deposed Aristobulus and installed Hyrcanus as Rome's <a href="/wiki/Client_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Client kingdom">client ruler</a> over Judea.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antony achieved his first military distinctions after securing important victories at <a href="/wiki/Alexandrium" title="Alexandrium">Alexandrium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Machaerus" title="Machaerus">Machaerus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Plutarch,_Antony,_3_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plutarch,_Antony,_3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the rebellion defeated by 56 BC, Gabinius restored Hyrcanus to his position as High Priest in Judea. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marble_bust_of_Mark_Antony_(Vatican_Museums).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Marble_bust_of_Mark_Antony_%28Vatican_Museums%29.jpg/190px-Marble_bust_of_Mark_Antony_%28Vatican_Museums%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Marble_bust_of_Mark_Antony_%28Vatican_Museums%29.jpg/284px-Marble_bust_of_Mark_Antony_%28Vatican_Museums%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Marble_bust_of_Mark_Antony_%28Vatican_Museums%29.jpg/379px-Marble_bust_of_Mark_Antony_%28Vatican_Museums%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1046" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavian</a>-era bust traditionally identified as Mark Antony, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The following year, in 55 BC, Gabinius intervened in the political affairs of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Ptolemaic Egypt</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes" title="Ptolemy XII Auletes">Ptolemy XII Auletes</a> had been deposed in a rebellion led by his daughter <a href="/wiki/Berenice_IV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice IV of Egypt">Berenice IV</a> in 58 BC, forcing him to seek asylum in Rome. During Pompey's conquests years earlier, Ptolemy had received the support of Pompey, who named him an ally of Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gabinius' invasion sought to restore Ptolemy to his throne. This was done against the orders of the senate but with the approval of Pompey, then Rome's leading politician, and only after the deposed king provided a 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Talent_(measurement)" title="Talent (measurement)">talent</a> bribe. The Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> records it was Antony who convinced Gabinius to finally act.<sup id="cite_ref-Plutarch,_Antony,_3_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plutarch,_Antony,_3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After defeating the frontier forces of the Egyptian kingdom, Gabinius' army proceeded to attack the palace guards but they surrendered before a battle commenced.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Ptolemy XII restored as Rome's client king, Gabinius garrisoned two thousand Roman soldiers, later known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Gabiniani" title="Gabiniani">Gabiniani</a></i>, in Alexandria to ensure Ptolemy's authority. In return for its support, Rome exercised considerable power over the kingdom's affairs, particularly control of the kingdom's revenues and crop yields.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antony claimed years later to have first met <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra</a>, the then 14-year-old daughter of Ptolemy XII, during this Egyptian campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Antony was serving Gabinius in the East, the domestic political situation had changed in Rome. In 60 BC, a <a href="/wiki/First_Triumvirate" title="First Triumvirate">secret agreement</a> (known as the "First Triumvirate") was entered into between three men to control the Republic: <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus">Marcus Licinius Crassus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Gnaeus Pompey Magnus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Gaius Julius Caesar</a>. Crassus, Rome's wealthiest man, had defeated the <a href="/wiki/Third_Servile_War" title="Third Servile War">slave rebellion of Spartacus</a> in 70 BC; Pompey <a href="/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War" title="Third Mithridatic War">conquered much of the Eastern Mediterranean</a> in the 60's BC; Caesar was Rome's <a href="/wiki/Pontifex_Maximus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifex Maximus">pontifex maximus</a> and a former general in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Spain">Spain</a>. Caesar, with funding from Crassus, was elected consul for 59 BC to pursue legislation favourable to the allies' interests. Caesar, for his part, was <a href="/wiki/Lex_Vatinia" title="Lex Vatinia">made proconsular governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Illyricum_(Roman_province)" title="Illyricum (Roman province)">Illyricum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transalpine_Gaul" class="mw-redirect" title="Transalpine Gaul">Transalpine Gaul</a> for five years. Caesar used his governorship as a launching point for his <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">conquest of free Gaul</a>. Some years later, in the midst of a breakdown in the alliance, the allies again pursued their interests together: in 55 BC, Crassus and Pompey were elected consuls in disputed elections and Caesar's command was extended for another five years.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his early military service, Antony married his cousin <a href="/wiki/Antonia_Hybrida_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonia Hybrida Minor">Antonia Hybrida Minor</a>, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Antonius_Hybrida" title="Gaius Antonius Hybrida">Gaius Antonius Hybrida</a>. Sometime between 54 and 47 BC, the union produced a single known child, <a href="/wiki/Antonia_(wife_of_Pythodoros)" title="Antonia (wife of Pythodoros)">Antonia</a>. It is unclear if this was Antony's first marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Service_under_Caesar">Service under Caesar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Antony&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Service under Caesar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallic_wars">Gallic wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Antony&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gallic wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_-50.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Europe_-50.png/350px-Europe_-50.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Europe_-50.png/525px-Europe_-50.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Europe_-50.png/700px-Europe_-50.png 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="1181" /></a><figcaption>The ancient Mediterranean in 50 BC at the end of Caesar's <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a>, with the territory of Rome in yellow.</figcaption></figure> <p>Antony's association with <a href="/wiki/Publius_Clodius_Pulcher" title="Publius Clodius Pulcher">Publius Clodius Pulcher</a> allowed him to achieve greater prominence. Clodius, through the influence of his benefactor <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus">Marcus Licinius Crassus</a>, had developed a positive political relationship with <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>. Clodius secured Antony a position on Caesar's <a href="/wiki/Military_staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Military staff">military staff</a> in 54 BC, joining his <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">conquest of Gaul</a>. Serving under Caesar, Antony demonstrated excellent military leadership. Despite a temporary alienation later in life, Antony and Caesar developed friendly relations which would continue until Caesar's assassination in 44 BC. Caesar's influence secured greater political advancement for Antony. After a year of service in Gaul, Caesar dispatched Antony to Rome to formally begin his <a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">political career</a>, receiving election as <a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">quaestor</a> for 52 BC. Assigned to assist Caesar, Antony returned to Gaul and commanded Caesar's cavalry during his victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alesia" title="Battle of Alesia">Battle of Alesia</a> against the Gallic chieftain <a href="/wiki/Vercingetorix" title="Vercingetorix">Vercingetorix</a>. Following his year in office, Antony was made one of Caesar's <a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">legates</a> and assigned command of two legions (approximately 7,500 total soldiers).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the alliance among Caesar, Pompey and Crassus had effectively ended. Caesar's glory in conquering Gaul had served to further strain his alliance with Pompey,<sup id="cite_ref-Holland,_Rubicon,_p._287_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holland,_Rubicon,_p._287-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who, having grown jealous of his former ally, had drifted away from Caesar and towards Cato and his allies. The domestic political situation in Rome was tense, with multiple politicians leading large street gangs. Two important ones, were led by Clodius and his rival <a href="/wiki/Titus_Annius_Milo" title="Titus Annius Milo">Titus Annius Milo</a>. In 52 BC with elections unable to be held by the gangs' open violence and obstruction from radical tribunes, Milo encountered Clodius on a road outside Rome (both with entourages), which ended with Clodius' death. The violent ad hoc funeral held for Clodius resulted in widespread rioting and the destruction of the senate house, the <a href="/wiki/Curia_Hostilia" title="Curia Hostilia">curia Hostilia</a>. Elevating Pompey to restore order and hold elections, the senate induced his election as sole consul.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fully secure in his political position, Pompey distanced himself from Caesar over the following years. </p><p>Antony remained on Caesar's military staff until 50 BC, helping mopping-up actions across Gaul to secure Caesar's conquest. With the war largely over, Antony was sent back to Rome to act as Caesar's protector. With the support of Caesar, Antony was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Augur" title="Augur">College of Augurs</a>, an important priestly office responsible for interpreting the will of <a href="/wiki/Roman_gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman gods">the gods</a> by studying the flight of birds. All public actions required favorable auspices, granting the college considerable influence. Antony was then elected as one of the ten <a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs" title="Tribune of the plebs">plebeian tribunes</a> for 49 BC. In this position, Antony could protect Caesar from his political enemies, by vetoing actions unfavorable to his patron. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_war">Civil war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Antony&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Civil war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar's Civil War">Caesar's Civil War</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Busto_de_Cat%C3%B3n_el_Joven_-_Museo_Arqueol%C3%B3gico_de_Rabat_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Busto_de_Cat%C3%B3n_el_Joven_-_Museo_Arqueol%C3%B3gico_de_Rabat_%281%29.jpg/199px-Busto_de_Cat%C3%B3n_el_Joven_-_Museo_Arqueol%C3%B3gico_de_Rabat_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Busto_de_Cat%C3%B3n_el_Joven_-_Museo_Arqueol%C3%B3gico_de_Rabat_%281%29.jpg/299px-Busto_de_Cat%C3%B3n_el_Joven_-_Museo_Arqueol%C3%B3gico_de_Rabat_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Busto_de_Cat%C3%B3n_el_Joven_-_Museo_Arqueol%C3%B3gico_de_Rabat_%281%29.jpg/399px-Busto_de_Cat%C3%B3n_el_Joven_-_Museo_Arqueol%C3%B3gico_de_Rabat_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Younger" title="Cato the Younger">Cato the Younger</a> was one of Caesar's chief opponents before the outbreak of the civil war.</figcaption></figure> <p>The feud between Caesar and Pompey erupted into open confrontation by early 49 BC. The consuls for the year, <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Claudius_Marcellus_(consul_49_BC)" title="Gaius Claudius Marcellus (consul 49 BC)">Gaius Claudius Marcellus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Lentulus_Crus" title="Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus">Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus</a>, opposed Caesar.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pompey, though remaining in Rome, was then serving as the governor of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Spain">Spain</a> and commanded several legions. Throughout 50 BC an uneasy set of negotiations had been ongoing between Caesar and the senate, with Caesar demanding the right to stand for the consulship while in command of his forces <i>in absentia</i>. Antony again brought up the proposal of the <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Scribonius_Curio_(tribune_50_BC)" title="Gaius Scribonius Curio (tribune 50 BC)">younger Curio</a> that Caesar and Pompey lay down their commands and return to the status of <a href="/wiki/Privatus" title="Privatus">private citizens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His proposal was well received by most of the senators but the consuls and Cato vehemently opposed it. Antony then made a new proposal: Caesar would retain only two of his eight legions and the governorship of <a href="/wiki/Illyricum_(Roman_province)" title="Illyricum (Roman province)">Illyricum</a> if he was allowed to stand for the consulship <i>in absentia</i>. Though Pompey found the concession satisfactory, Cato and Lentulus refused to back down. Antony fled Rome, claiming to fear for his life, and returned to Caesar's camp in Cisalpine Gaul. </p><p>Within days of Antony's withdrawal, 7 January 49 BC, the senate reconvened. Under the leadership of Cato and with the tacit support of Pompey, the senate passed a <i><a href="/wiki/Senatus_consultum_ultimum" title="Senatus consultum ultimum">senatus consultum ultimum</a></i>, a decree stripping Caesar of his command and ordering him to return to Rome and stand trial. The senate further declared Caesar a <a href="/wiki/Public_enemy" title="Public enemy">public enemy</a> if he did not immediately disband his army.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With all hopes of finding a peaceful solution gone, Caesar used Antony as a pretext for marching on Rome. As tribune, Antony's person was <a href="/wiki/Sacrosanct" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacrosanct">sacrosanct</a>, so it was unlawful to harm him or to refuse to recognize his veto. Three days later, on 10 January, Caesar <a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_Rubicon" title="Crossing the Rubicon">crossed the Rubicon</a>, initiating the <a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar's Civil War">civil war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Caesar's rapid advance surprised Pompey, who withdrew from Italy to Greece. After entering Rome, instead of pursuing Pompey, Caesar marched to <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Spain</a> to defeat the Pompeian loyalists there. Meanwhile, Antony, with the rank of <a href="/wiki/Propraetor" class="mw-redirect" title="Propraetor">propraetor</a>, was installed as governor of Italy and commander of the army, stationed there while <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aemilius_Lepidus_(triumvir)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir)">Marcus Aemilius Lepidus</a>, one of Caesar's staff officers, ran the provisional administration of Rome itself.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Antony was well liked by his soldiers, most other citizens despised him for his lack of interest in the hardships they faced from the civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the year 49 BC, Caesar, already the ruler of Gaul, had captured Italy, Spain, Sicily, and Sardinia from his enemies. In early 48 BC, he prepared to sail with seven legions to Greece to face Pompey. Caesar had entrusted the defense of <a href="/wiki/Illyricum_(Roman_province)" title="Illyricum (Roman province)">Illyricum</a> to <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Antonius_(brother_of_Mark_Antony)" title="Gaius Antonius (brother of Mark Antony)">Gaius Antonius</a>, Antony's younger brother, and <a href="/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Dolabella_(consul_44_BC)" title="Publius Cornelius Dolabella (consul 44 BC)">Publius Cornelius Dolabella</a>. Pompey's forces, however, defeated them and assumed control of the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> along with it. Additionally, the two legions they commanded defected to Pompey. Without their fleet, Caesar lacked the necessary transport ships to cross into Greece with his seven legions. Instead, he sailed with only two and placed Antony in command of the remaining five at <a href="/wiki/Brundisium" class="mw-redirect" title="Brundisium">Brundisium</a> with instructions to join him as soon as he was able. In early 48 BC, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Scribonius_Libo_(consul_34_BC)" title="Lucius Scribonius Libo (consul 34 BC)">Lucius Scribonius Libo</a> was given command of Pompey's fleet, comprising some fifty galleys.<sup id="cite_ref-Broughton,_pg._281_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broughton,_pg._281-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moving off to Brundisium, he blockaded Antony. Antony, however, managed to trick Libo into pursuing some decoy ships, causing Libo's squadron to be trapped and attacked. Most of Libo's fleet managed to escape, but several of his ships were trapped and captured.<sup id="cite_ref-Broughton,_pg._281_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broughton,_pg._281-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Libo gone, Antony joined Caesar in Greece by March 48 BC. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Pharsalus,_48_BC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Battle_of_Pharsalus%2C_48_BC.png/350px-Battle_of_Pharsalus%2C_48_BC.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Battle_of_Pharsalus%2C_48_BC.png/525px-Battle_of_Pharsalus%2C_48_BC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Battle_of_Pharsalus%2C_48_BC.png/700px-Battle_of_Pharsalus%2C_48_BC.png 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="429" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pharsalus" title="Battle of Pharsalus">Battle of Pharsalus</a>: the decisive battle of Caesar's Civil War. Antony commanded the left wing of Caesar's army.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the Greek campaign, Plutarch records that Antony was Caesar's top general, and second only to him in reputation.<sup id="cite_ref-Plutarch,_Antony,_10_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plutarch,_Antony,_10-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antony joined Caesar at the western <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan Peninsula">Balkan peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dyrrhachium_(48_BC)" title="Battle of Dyrrhachium (48 BC)">besieged Pompey's larger army</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dyrrhachium" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyrrhachium">Dyrrhachium</a>. With food sources running low, Caesar, in July, ordered a nocturnal assault on Pompey's camp, but Pompey's larger forces pushed back the assault. Though an indecisive result, the victory was a tactical win for Pompey. Pompey, however, did not order a counterassault on Caesar's camp, allowing Caesar to retreat unhindered. Caesar would later remark the civil war would have ended that day if only Pompey had attacked him.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caesar managed to retreat to <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a>, with Pompey in pursuit. </p><p>Assuming a defensive position at the plain of <a href="/wiki/Farsala" title="Farsala">Pharsalus</a>, Caesar's army prepared for pitched battle with Pompey's, which outnumbered his own two to one. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pharsalus" title="Battle of Pharsalus">Battle of Pharsalus</a> on 9 August 48 BC, Caesar commanded the right wing opposite Pompey while Antony commanded the left.<sup id="cite_ref-Plutarch,_Antony,_10_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plutarch,_Antony,_10-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting battle was a decisive victory for Caesar. Though the civil war did not end at Pharsalus, the battle marked the pinnacle of Caesar's power and effectively ended the Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The battle gave Caesar a much needed boost in legitimacy, as prior to the battle much of the Roman world outside Italy supported Pompey and the senators around him as the legitimate Roman government. After Pompey's defeat, most of the senate defected to Caesar, including many of the soldiers who had fought under Pompey. Pompey himself fled to <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Ptolemaic Egypt</a>, but Pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIII_Theos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator">Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator</a> feared retribution from Caesar and had Pompey assassinated upon his arrival. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governor_of_Italy">Governor of Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Antony&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Governor of Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CdM,_marcantonio_raffigurato_come_alessandro,_sardonice,_40_ac._circa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/CdM%2C_marcantonio_raffigurato_come_alessandro%2C_sardonice%2C_40_ac._circa.JPG/180px-CdM%2C_marcantonio_raffigurato_come_alessandro%2C_sardonice%2C_40_ac._circa.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/CdM%2C_marcantonio_raffigurato_come_alessandro%2C_sardonice%2C_40_ac._circa.JPG/270px-CdM%2C_marcantonio_raffigurato_come_alessandro%2C_sardonice%2C_40_ac._circa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/CdM%2C_marcantonio_raffigurato_come_alessandro%2C_sardonice%2C_40_ac._circa.JPG/359px-CdM%2C_marcantonio_raffigurato_come_alessandro%2C_sardonice%2C_40_ac._circa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1081" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Cameo_(carving)" title="Cameo (carving)">cameo carving</a> of Mark Antony depicted as <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, c. 40 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>After the battle, Caesar was made <a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">dictator</a> in absentia, and appointed Antony as <a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">master of horse</a> (his lieutenant).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2021309_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2021309-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caesar without returning to Rome sailed for Egypt, where he took part in the <a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_war" title="Alexandrian war">Alexandrian war</a>, deposing <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy XIII">Ptolemy XIII</a> in favour of Cleopatra, who became Caesar's mistress and bore him a son, <a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Caesarion</a>. Caesar's actions further strengthened Roman control over the already Roman-dominated kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Caesar was away in Egypt, Antony remained in Rome to govern Italy and restore order.<sup id="cite_ref-Hinard,_2000,_pg_796_and_798_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hinard,_2000,_pg_796_and_798-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without Caesar to guide him, however, Antony quickly faced political difficulties and proved himself unpopular. The chief cause of his political challenges concerned <a href="/wiki/Debt_forgiveness" class="mw-redirect" title="Debt forgiveness">debt forgiveness</a>. One of the tribunes for 47 BC, <a href="/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Dolabella_(consul_44_BC)" title="Publius Cornelius Dolabella (consul 44 BC)">Publius Cornelius Dolabella</a>, proposed a law which would have canceled all outstanding debts. Antony opposed the law for political and personal reasons: he believed Caesar would not support such massive relief and suspected Dolabella had seduced his wife Antonia Hybrida. When Dolabella sought to enact the law by force and seized the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Forum" title="Roman Forum">Forum</a>, Antony responded by unleashing his soldiers upon the assembled masses, killing hundreds.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting instability, especially among Caesar's veterans who would have benefited from the law, forced Caesar to return to Italy by October 47 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Hinard,_2000,_pg_796_and_798_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hinard,_2000,_pg_796_and_798-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Antony's handling of the affair with Dolabella led to a cooling of his relationship with Caesar. Antony's violent reaction had caused Rome to fall into a state of <a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">anarchy</a>. Caesar sought to mend relations with Dolabella; he was elected to a third term as consul for 46 BC, but proposed the senate should transfer the consulship to Dolabella. When Antony protested, Caesar was forced to withdraw the motion. Later, Caesar sought to exercise his prerogatives as dictator and directly proclaim Dolabella as consul instead.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antony again protested and, in his capacity as an augur, declared the omens were unfavorable and Caesar again backed down.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeing the expediency of removing Dolabella from <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Caesar ultimately pardoned him for his role in the riots and took him as one of his generals in his campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-Plutarch,_Antony,_10_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plutarch,_Antony,_10-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antony, however, was stripped of all official positions and received no appointments for the year 46 BC or 45 BC. Instead of Antony, Caesar appointed <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aemilius_Lepidus_(triumvir)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir)">Marcus Aemilius Lepidus</a> to be his consular colleague for 46 BC; Lepidus also replaced Antony as master of horse for Caesar's various dictatorships.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2021309_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2021309-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Caesar campaigned in <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">North Africa</a>, Antony remained in Rome as a mere <a href="/wiki/Privatus" title="Privatus">private citizen</a>. After returning victorious from North Africa, Caesar was appointed <a href="/wiki/Roman_Dictator" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Dictator">dictator</a> for ten years and brought Cleopatra and their son to Rome. Antony again remained in Rome while Caesar, in 45 BC, sailed to Spain to defeat the final opposition to his rule; successful, the civil war ended. </p><p>Following the scandal with Dolabella, Antony had divorced his second wife and quickly married <a href="/wiki/Fulvia" title="Fulvia">Fulvia</a>. Fulvia had previously been married to both <a href="/wiki/Publius_Clodius_Pulcher" title="Publius Clodius Pulcher">Publius Clodius Pulcher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Scribonius_Curio_(praetor_49_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Scribonius Curio (praetor 49 BC)">Gaius Scribonius Curio</a>, having been a widow since Curio's death in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bagradas_(49_BC)" title="Battle of the Bagradas (49 BC)">battle of the Bagradas</a> in 49 BC. Though Antony and Fulvia were formally married in 47 BC, Cicero suggests the two had been in a relationship since at least 58 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The union produced two children: <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Antonius_Antyllus" title="Marcus Antonius Antyllus">Marcus Antonius Antyllus</a> (born 47) and <a href="/wiki/Iullus_Antonius" title="Iullus Antonius">Iullus Antonius</a> (born 45). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assassination_of_Caesar">Assassination of Caesar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Antony&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Assassination of Caesar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Assassination of Julius Caesar">Assassination of Julius Caesar</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ides_of_March">Ides of March</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Antony&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ides of March"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whatever conflicts existed between himself and Caesar, Antony remained faithful to Caesar, ensuring their estrangement did not last long. Antony reunited with Caesar at <a href="/wiki/Narbo" class="mw-redirect" title="Narbo">Narbo</a> in 45 BC with full reconciliation coming in 44 BC when Antony was elected consul alongside Caesar. Caesar planned a new <a href="/wiki/Roman-Parthian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman-Parthian Wars">invasion of Parthia</a> and desired to leave Antony in Italy to govern Rome in his name. The reconciliation came soon after Antony is said to have rejected an offer from <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Trebonius" title="Gaius Trebonius">Gaius Trebonius</a>, one of Caesar's generals, to join a conspiracy to assassinate Caesar.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If such an offer was made, Antony made no mention of the matter to Caesar. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vincenzo_Camuccini_-_La_morte_di_Cesare.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vincenzo_Camuccini_-_La_morte_di_Cesare.jpg/440px-Vincenzo_Camuccini_-_La_morte_di_Cesare.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vincenzo_Camuccini_-_La_morte_di_Cesare.jpg/660px-Vincenzo_Camuccini_-_La_morte_di_Cesare.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vincenzo_Camuccini_-_La_morte_di_Cesare.jpg/880px-Vincenzo_Camuccini_-_La_morte_di_Cesare.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1161" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Julius_Caesar_(Camuccini)" title="The Death of Julius Caesar (Camuccini)">The Death of Julius Caesar</a></i>, as depicted by <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Camuccini" title="Vincenzo Camuccini">Vincenzo Camuccini</a>. Caesar was assassinated on the <a href="/wiki/Ides_of_March" title="Ides of March">Ides of March</a> (15 March) 44 BC.</figcaption></figure> <p>Soon after they assumed office together, the <a href="/wiki/Lupercalia" title="Lupercalia">Lupercalia</a> was held on 15 February 44 BC. The festival was held in honor of <a href="/wiki/Lupa_Capitolina" class="mw-redirect" title="Lupa Capitolina">Lupa</a>, the she-wolf who suckled the infant orphans <a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a>, the founders of Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The political atmosphere of Rome at the time of the festival was deeply divided. Caesar had by this point centralised almost all political powers into his own hands. He was granted further honors, including a form of semi-official <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">cult</a>, with Antony as his high priest.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, on 1 January 44 BC, Caesar had been named <a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator"><i>dictator perpetuo</i></a>, removing any formal end to his autocratic powers. Caesar's political rivals feared this dictatorship with no end date would transform the Republic into a monarchy, abolishing the centuries of rule by the <a href="/wiki/SPQR" title="SPQR">senate and people</a>. During the festival's activities, Antony publicly offered Caesar a <a href="/wiki/Diadem_(personal_wear)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diadem (personal wear)">diadem</a>, which Caesar threw off. When Antony placed the diadem in his lap, Caesar ordered the diadem to be placed in the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_Optimus_Maximus" title="Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus">Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Antony offered Caesar the crown, there had been minor applause but mostly silence from the crowd. When Caesar refused it, however, the crowd was enthusiastic.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The event presented a powerful message: a diadem was a symbol of a king. By refusing it, Caesar demonstrated he had no intention of making himself king. Antony's motive for such actions is not clear and it is unknown if he acted with Caesar's prior approval or on his own.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While commonly described as an event that was "scripted", who was central to planning it is unclear. One argument is that Antony moved forward with the gesture on his own accord, possibly to embarrass or flatter Caesar. A later claim was that he was actually trying to convince Caesar not to go through with a kingship. By other accounts, it was Caesar's enemies who planned the incident as a way to frame him, with it being claimed two enemies of Caesar approached him to argue he should take the diadem. Another theory, one especially popular at the time, was that Caesar himself had orchestrated the event to test public support on him becoming king.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marc_Antony%27s_Oration_at_Caesar%27s_Funeral_by_George_Edward_Robertson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Marc_Antony%27s_Oration_at_Caesar%27s_Funeral_by_George_Edward_Robertson.jpg/440px-Marc_Antony%27s_Oration_at_Caesar%27s_Funeral_by_George_Edward_Robertson.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Marc_Antony%27s_Oration_at_Caesar%27s_Funeral_by_George_Edward_Robertson.jpg/660px-Marc_Antony%27s_Oration_at_Caesar%27s_Funeral_by_George_Edward_Robertson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Marc_Antony%27s_Oration_at_Caesar%27s_Funeral_by_George_Edward_Robertson.jpg/880px-Marc_Antony%27s_Oration_at_Caesar%27s_Funeral_by_George_Edward_Robertson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="807" /></a><figcaption>"Marc Antony's Oration at Caesar's Funeral" as depicted by <a href="/wiki/George_Edward_Robertson" title="George Edward Robertson">George Edward Robertson</a>. </figcaption></figure> <p>A group of senators resolved to kill Caesar to prevent him from establishing a monarchy. Chief among them were <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus" title="Marcus Junius Brutus">Marcus Junius Brutus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Cassius_Longinus" title="Gaius Cassius Longinus">Gaius Cassius Longinus</a>. Although Cassius was "the moving spirit" in the plot, winning over the chief assassins to the cause of <a href="/wiki/Tyrannicide" title="Tyrannicide">tyrannicide</a>, Brutus, with his family's history of deposing Rome's kings, became their leader.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, though not personally involved in the conspiracy, later claimed Antony's actions sealed Caesar's fate as such an obvious display of Caesar's preeminence motivated them to act.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally, the conspirators had planned to eliminate not only Caesar but also many of his supporters, including Antony, but Brutus rejected the proposal, limiting the conspiracy to Caesar alone.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Caesar preparing to depart for <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a> in late March, the conspirators prepared to act when Caesar appeared for the senate meeting on the <a href="/wiki/Ides_of_March" title="Ides of March">Ides of March</a> (15 March). </p><p>Antony also went with Caesar, but was waylaid at the door of the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Pompey" title="Theatre of Pompey">Theatre of Pompey</a> by Trebonius and was distracted from aiding Caesar. According to the Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, as Caesar arrived at the senate, <a href="/wiki/Tillius_Cimber" class="mw-redirect" title="Tillius Cimber">Lucius Tillius Cimber</a> presented him with a petition to recall his exiled brother.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other conspirators crowded round to offer their support. Within moments, the group of five conspirators stabbed Caesar one by one. Caesar attempted to get away, but, being drenched by blood, he tripped and fell. According to Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a>, around 60 or more men participated in the assassination. Caesar was stabbed 23 times and died from the blood loss attributable to multiple stab wounds.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Leader_of_the_Caesarians">Leader of the Caesarians</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Antony&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Leader of the Caesarians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the turmoil surrounding the assassination, Antony escaped Rome dressed as a slave, fearing Caesar's death would be the start of a bloodbath among his supporters. When this did not occur, he soon returned to Rome. The conspirators, who styled themselves the <i>liberatores</i> ("liberators"), had barricaded themselves on the <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Hill" title="Capitoline Hill">Capitoline hill</a>. Although they believed Caesar's death would restore the Republic, Caesar had been immensely popular with the <a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Roman middle and lower classes</a>, who became enraged upon learning a small group of aristocrats had killed their champion. </p><p>Antony, as the sole consul, soon took the initiative and seized the state treasury. <a href="/wiki/Calpurnia_(wife_of_Caesar)" title="Calpurnia (wife of Caesar)">Calpurnia</a>, Caesar's widow, presented him with Caesar's personal papers and custody of his extensive property, clearly marking him as Caesar's heir and leader of the Caesarians.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caesar's master of horse <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aemilius_Lepidus_(triumvir)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir)">Marcus Aemilius Lepidus</a> marched over 6,000 troops into Rome on 16 March to restore order and intimidate the <i>liberatores</i>. Lepidus wanted to storm the Capitol, but Antony preferred a peaceful solution as a majority of both the <i>liberatores</i> and Caesar's own supporters preferred a settlement over renewed civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 17 March, at Antony's arrangement, the senate met to discuss a compromise, which, due to the presence of Caesar's veterans in the city, was quickly reached. Caesar's assassins would be pardoned of their crimes and, in return, all of Caesar's actions would be ratified.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, the offices assigned to both Brutus and Cassius by Caesar were likewise ratified. Antony also agreed to accept the appointment of his rival Dolabella as his consular colleague to replace Caesar.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This compromise was a great success for Antony, who managed to simultaneously appease Caesar's veterans, reconcile the senate majority, and appear to the <i>liberatores</i> as their partner.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Augustus_Bevilacqua_Glyptothek_Munich_317.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Augustus_Bevilacqua_Glyptothek_Munich_317.jpg/225px-Augustus_Bevilacqua_Glyptothek_Munich_317.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Augustus_Bevilacqua_Glyptothek_Munich_317.jpg/338px-Augustus_Bevilacqua_Glyptothek_Munich_317.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Augustus_Bevilacqua_Glyptothek_Munich_317.jpg/450px-Augustus_Bevilacqua_Glyptothek_Munich_317.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1529" data-file-height="2209" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Octavian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>'s adopted son. Antony would struggle with Octavian for leadership of the Caesarians after Caesar's assassination.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 19 March, Caesar's will was opened and read. In it, Caesar posthumously adopted his great-nephew <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Gaius Octavius</a> and named him his principal heir. Then only nineteen years old and stationed with Caesar's army in Macedonia, the youth became a member of Caesar's <a href="/wiki/Julia_gens" title="Julia gens">gens Julia</a> with the name "Gaius Julius Caesar"; for clarity, it is historical convention to call him Octavian. Though not the chief beneficiary, Antony did receive some bequests.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after the compromise was reached, as a sign of good faith, Brutus, against the advice of Cassius and Cicero, agreed Caesar would be given a public funeral and his will would be validated. Caesar's funeral was held on 20 March. Antony, as Caesar's faithful lieutenant and incumbent consul, was chosen to preside over the ceremony and to recite a <a href="/wiki/Eulogy" title="Eulogy">eulogy</a>. In a <a href="/wiki/Demagogue" title="Demagogue">demagogic</a> speech, he enumerated the deeds of Caesar and, publicly reading his will, detailed the donations Caesar had left to the Roman people. Antony then seized the blood-stained <a href="/wiki/Toga" title="Toga">toga</a> from Caesar's body and presented it to the crowd. Worked into a fury by the bloody spectacle, the assembly turned into a <a href="/wiki/Rioted" class="mw-redirect" title="Rioted">riot</a>. Several buildings in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Forum" title="Roman Forum">Forum</a> and some houses of the conspirators were burned to the ground. Panicked, many of the conspirators fled Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the pretext of not being able to guarantee their safety, Antony relieved Brutus and Cassius of their judicial duties in Rome and instead assigned them responsibility for procuring wheat for Rome from Sicily and Asia. Such an assignment, in addition to being unworthy of their rank, would have kept them far from Rome and shifted the balance towards Antony. Refusing such secondary duties, the two traveled to Greece instead. Additionally, Cleopatra left Rome to return to Egypt. </p><p>Despite the provisions of Caesar's will, Antony proceeded to act as leader of the Caesarians, including appropriating for himself a portion of Caesar's fortune rightfully belonging to Octavian. Antony enacted the <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Antonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lex Antonia">lex Antonia</a></i>, which formally abolished the dictatorship, in an attempt to consolidate his support among those who opposed Caesar's dictatorial rule. He also enacted a number of laws he purported to have found in Caesar's papers to ensure his popularity with Caesar's veterans, particularly by providing <a href="/wiki/Land_grants" class="mw-redirect" title="Land grants">land grants</a> to them. Lepidus, with Antony's support, was elected <a href="/wiki/Pontifex_Maximus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifex Maximus">pontifex maximus</a>, succeeding Caesar. To solidify the alliance between Antony and Lepidus, Antony's daughter <a href="/wiki/Antonia_(wife_of_Pythodoros)" title="Antonia (wife of Pythodoros)">Antonia Prima</a> was engaged to <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aemilius_Lepidus_Minor" title="Marcus Aemilius Lepidus Minor">Lepidus' homonymous son</a>. Surrounding himself with a bodyguard of over six thousand of Caesar's veterans, Antony presented himself as Caesar's true successor, largely ignoring Octavian.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_conflict_with_Octavian">First conflict with Octavian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Antony&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: First conflict with Octavian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Octavian arrived in Rome in May to claim his inheritance. Although Antony had amassed political support, Octavian still had opportunity to rival him as the leading member of the Caesarian faction. The senate increasingly viewed Antony as a new tyrant; Antony had also lost the support of many supporters of Caesar when he opposed the motion to elevate Caesar to divine status.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Antony refused to relinquish Caesar's vast fortune to him, Octavian borrowed heavily to fulfill the bequests in Caesar's will to the Roman people and to his veterans, as well as to establish his own bodyguard of veterans.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This earned him the support of Caesarian sympathizers who hoped to use him as a means of eliminating Antony.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The senate, and Cicero in particular, viewed Antony as the greater danger of the two. By summer 44 BC, Antony was in a difficult political position: he could either denounce the <i>liberatores</i> as murderers and alienate the senate or he could maintain his support for the compromise and risk betraying Caesar's legacy, strengthening Octavian's position. In either case, his situation as ruler of Rome would be weakened. Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> later recorded that while Antony, as consul, maintained the advantage in the relationship, the general affection of the Roman people was shifting to Octavian due to his status as Caesar's son.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MarcusAntoniusCVibiusVarus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/MarcusAntoniusCVibiusVarus.jpg/311px-MarcusAntoniusCVibiusVarus.jpg" decoding="async" width="311" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/MarcusAntoniusCVibiusVarus.jpg/467px-MarcusAntoniusCVibiusVarus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/MarcusAntoniusCVibiusVarus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="253" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarius</a> of Marcus Antonius struck in 42 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>Supporting the senatorial faction against Antony, Octavian, in September 44 BC, encouraged the eminent senator <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Marcus Tullius Cicero</a> to attack Antony in a <a href="/wiki/Philippicae" title="Philippicae">series of speeches</a> portraying him as a threat to the republic.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Risk of civil war between Antony and Octavian grew. Octavian continued to recruit Caesar's veterans to his side, away from Antony, with two of Antony's legions defecting in November 44 BC. At that time, Octavian, only a <a href="/wiki/Privatus" title="Privatus">private citizen</a>, lacked legal authority to command the Republic's armies, making his command illegal. With popular opinion in Rome turning against him and his consular term nearing its end, Antony attempted to secure a favorable military assignment to secure an army to protect himself. The senate, as was custom, assigned Antony and Dolabella the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Macedonia">Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a>, respectively, to govern in 43 BC after their consular terms expired. Antony, however, objected to the assignment, preferring to govern <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a> which was already controlled by <a href="/wiki/Decimus_Junius_Brutus_Albinus" title="Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus">Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus</a>, one of Caesar's assassins.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Decimus refused to surrender his province, Antony marched north in December 44 BC with his remaining soldiers to take the province by force, besieging Decimus at <a href="/wiki/Mutina" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutina">Mutina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The senate, led by a fiery Cicero, denounced Antony's actions and declared him an <a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_state" title="Enemy of the state">enemy of the state</a>. </p><p>Ratifying Octavian's extraordinary command on 1 January 43 BC, the senate dispatched him along with consuls <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Hirtius" title="Aulus Hirtius">Hirtius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Vibius_Pansa_Caetronianus" title="Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus">Pansa</a> to <a href="/wiki/War_of_Mutina" title="War of Mutina">defeat Antony</a> and his exhausted five legions.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antony's forces were defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mutina" title="Battle of Mutina">Battle of Mutina</a> in April 43 BC, forcing Antony to retreat to <a href="/wiki/Transalpine_Gaul" class="mw-redirect" title="Transalpine Gaul">Transalpine Gaul</a>. Both consuls were killed, however, leaving Octavian in sole command of their armies, some eight legions.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Second_Triumvirate">The Second Triumvirate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Antony&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Second Triumvirate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Triumvirate" title="Second Triumvirate">Second Triumvirate</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forming_the_alliance">Forming the alliance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Antony&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Forming the alliance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Octavian_and_Antony_denarius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Octavian_and_Antony_denarius.jpg/300px-Octavian_and_Antony_denarius.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Octavian_and_Antony_denarius.jpg/450px-Octavian_and_Antony_denarius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Octavian_and_Antony_denarius.jpg/600px-Octavian_and_Antony_denarius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">Denarius</a> struck at <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a> in 41 B.C. commemorating the Second Triumvirate. On one side is <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Octavian</a>, later Caesar Augustus. </figcaption></figure> <p>With Antony defeated, the senate assigned command of the legions in northern Italy to Decimus. <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompey" title="Sextus Pompey">Sextus Pompey</a>, son of Caesar's old rival <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey Magnus</a>, was given command of the Republic's fleet from his base in Sicily while Brutus and Cassius were granted the governorships of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Macedonia">Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a> respectively. These appointments attempted to renew the "republican" cause.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the eight legions serving under Octavian, composed largely of Caesar's veterans, refused to follow one of Caesar's murderers, allowing Octavian to retain his command. Meanwhile, Antony recovered his position by joining forces with Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, who had been assigned the governorship of <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Narbonensis" title="Gallia Narbonensis">Transalpine Gaul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Citerior" title="Hispania Citerior">Nearer Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antony sent Lepidus to Rome to broker a conciliation. Though he was an ardent Caesarian, Lepidus had maintained friendly relations with the senate and with Sextus Pompey. His legions, however, quickly joined Antony, giving him control over seventeen legions, the largest army in the West.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman-Empire-43BC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Roman-Empire-43BC.png/450px-Roman-Empire-43BC.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Roman-Empire-43BC.png/675px-Roman-Empire-43BC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Roman-Empire-43BC.png/900px-Roman-Empire-43BC.png 2x" data-file-width="1976" data-file-height="1150" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> in 43 BC after the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Triumvirate" title="Second Triumvirate">Second Triumvirate</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 200px;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#81EE5B; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Antony</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C19666; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Lepidus</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DE8DE0; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Octavian</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF925E; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Triumvirs collectively</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7D87FF; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Sextus Pompey</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ED1C24; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> The Liberators</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FED250; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Rome's client kingdoms</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF8C8C; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Ptolemaic Egypt</div></div></figcaption></figure> <p>By mid-May, Octavian began secret negotiations to form an alliance with Antony to unify the Caesarians against the <i>liberatores</i>. Remaining in Cisalpine Gaul, Octavian dispatched emissaries to Rome in July 43 BC demanding he be appointed consul to succeed Hirtius and Pansa and that the senate rescind the decree declaring Antony a public enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the senate refused, Octavian marched on Rome with his eight legions and assumed control of the city in August 43 BC. Octavian had himself irregularly elected consul with <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Pedius_(consul)" title="Quintus Pedius (consul)">a cousin</a>, rewarded his soldiers, and then set about prosecuting Caesar's murderers. Under the <i><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Pedius_(consul)#Lex_Pedia" title="Quintus Pedius (consul)">lex Pedia</a></i>, all of the conspirators and Sextus Pompey were convicted "in absentia" and declared public enemies. Then, at the instigation of Lepidus, Octavian went to Cisalpine Gaul to meet Antony. </p><p>In November 43 BC, Octavian, Lepidus, and Antony met near <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bononia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After two days of discussions, the group agreed to establish a three man dictatorship to govern the Republic for five years, known to modern historians as the <a href="/wiki/Second_Triumvirate" title="Second Triumvirate">Second Triumvirate</a>. They shared military command of the republic's armies and provinces among themselves: Antony received Gaul, Lepidus Spain, and Octavian (as the junior partner) Africa. They jointly governed Italy. The triumvirate would have to conquer the rest of Rome's holdings; Brutus and Cassius held the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a>, and Sextus Pompey held the Mediterranean islands.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 November 43 BC, the triumvirate was formally established by a new law, the <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Titia" title="Lex Titia">lex Titia</a></i>. Octavian and Antony reinforced their alliance through Octavian's marriage to Antony's stepdaughter, <a href="/wiki/Claudia_(wife_of_Octavian)" title="Claudia (wife of Octavian)">Claudia</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fulvia_y_Marco_Antonio,_o_La_venganza_de_Fulvia_(Museo_del_Prado).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Fulvia_y_Marco_Antonio%2C_o_La_venganza_de_Fulvia_%28Museo_del_Prado%29.jpg/440px-Fulvia_y_Marco_Antonio%2C_o_La_venganza_de_Fulvia_%28Museo_del_Prado%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Fulvia_y_Marco_Antonio%2C_o_La_venganza_de_Fulvia_%28Museo_del_Prado%29.jpg/660px-Fulvia_y_Marco_Antonio%2C_o_La_venganza_de_Fulvia_%28Museo_del_Prado%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Fulvia_y_Marco_Antonio%2C_o_La_venganza_de_Fulvia_%28Museo_del_Prado%29.jpg/880px-Fulvia_y_Marco_Antonio%2C_o_La_venganza_de_Fulvia_%28Museo_del_Prado%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="1142" /></a><figcaption>The vengeance of Fulvia by Francisco Maura y Montaner, 1888, depicting Fulvia, Antony's wife, inspecting the severed head of Cicero</figcaption></figure> <p>The primary objective of the triumvirate was to avenge Caesar's death and to make war upon his murderers. Before marching against Brutus and Cassius in the East, the triumvirs issued <a href="/wiki/Proscription" title="Proscription">proscriptions</a> against their enemies in Rome. The dictator <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Sulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Cornelius Sulla">Lucius Cornelius Sulla</a> had taken similar action to purge Rome of his opponents in 82 BC. The proscribed were named on public lists, stripped of citizenship, and outlawed. Their wealth and property were confiscated by the state, and rewards were offered to anyone who secured their arrest or death. With such encouragements, the proscription produced deadly results; two thousand <a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">equites</a> were executed, and one third of the senate. Antony forced Octavian to give up <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, a personal enemy of Antony and friend of Octavian, who was then killed on 7 December. The confiscations helped replenish the <a href="/wiki/Aerarium" title="Aerarium">state treasury</a>, which had been depleted by Caesar's civil war the decade before; when this seemed insufficient to fund the imminent war against Brutus and Cassius, the triumvirs imposed new taxes, especially on the wealthy. By January 42 BC the proscription had ended; it had lasted two months, and though less bloody than Sulla's, it traumatized Roman society. A number of those named and outlawed had fled to either Sextus Pompey in Sicily or to the <i>liberatores</i> in the East.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senators who swore loyalty to the triumvirate were allowed to keep their positions; on 1 January 42 BC, the senate officially deified Caesar as "<a href="/wiki/Divus_Julius" class="mw-redirect" title="Divus Julius">The Divine Julius</a>", and confirmed Antony's position as his high priest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_against_the_Liberators">War against the Liberators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Antony&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: War against the Liberators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Liberators%27_civil_war" title="Liberators' civil war">Liberators' civil war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Philippi" title="Battle of Philippi">Battle of Philippi</a></div> <p>Due to the infighting within the triumvirate during 43 BC, Brutus and Cassius had assumed control of much of Rome's eastern territories, and amassed a large army. Before the triumvirate could cross the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic</a> into Greece, the triumvirate had to address the threat posed by Sextus Pompey and his fleet. From his base in Sicily, Sextus raided the Italian coast and blockaded the triumvirs. Octavian's friend and admiral <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Salvidienus_Rufus" class="mw-redirect" title="Quintus Salvidienus Rufus">Quintus Salvidienus Rufus</a> thwarted an attack by Sextus against the southern Italian mainland at <a href="/wiki/Rhegium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhegium">Rhegium</a>, but Salvidienus was then defeated in the resulting naval battle because of the inexperience of his crews. Only when Antony arrived with his fleet was the blockade broken. Though the blockade was defeated, control of Sicily remained in Sextus' hand, but the defeat of the <i>liberatores</i> was the triumvirate's first priority. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phil2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Phil2.png/300px-Phil2.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Phil2.png/450px-Phil2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Phil2.png/600px-Phil2.png 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>First Battle of Philippi – 3 October 42 BC</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phil3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Phil3.png/300px-Phil3.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Phil3.png/450px-Phil3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Phil3.png/600px-Phil3.png 2x" data-file-width="761" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>Second Battle of Philippi – 23 October 42 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>In the summer of 42 BC, Octavian and Antony sailed for Macedonia to face the <i>liberatores</i> with nineteen legions, the vast majority of their army<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (approximately 100,000 regular infantry plus supporting cavalry and irregular auxiliary units), leaving Rome under the administration of Lepidus. Likewise, the army of the <i>liberatores</i> also commanded an army of nineteen legions; their legions, however, were not at full strength while the legions of Antony and Octavian were.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the triumvirs commanded a larger number of infantry, the Liberators commanded a larger cavalry contingent.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>liberatores</i>, who controlled Macedonia, did not wish to engage in a decisive battle, but rather to attain a good defensive position and then use their naval superiority to block the Triumvirs' communications with their supply base in Italy. They had spent the previous months plundering Greek cities to swell their war-chest and had gathered in Thrace with the Roman legions from the Eastern provinces and levies from Rome's client kingdoms. </p><p>Brutus and Cassius held a position on the high ground along both sides of the <i><a href="/wiki/Via_Egnatia" title="Via Egnatia">via Egnatia</a></i> west of the city of <a href="/wiki/Philippi" title="Philippi">Philippi</a>. The south position was anchored to a supposedly impassable marsh, while the north was bordered by impervious hills. They had plenty of time to fortify their position with a rampart and a ditch. Brutus put his camp on the north while Cassius occupied the south of the via Egnatia. Antony arrived shortly and positioned his army on the south of the via Egnatia, while Octavian put his legions north of the road. Antony offered battle several times, but the <i>liberatores</i> were not lured to leave their defensive stand. Thus, Antony tried to secretly outflank the Brutus and Cassius' position through the marshes in the south. This provoked a pitched battle on 3 October 42 BC. Antony commanded the triumvirate's army due to Octavian's sickness on the day, with Antony directly controlling the right flank opposite Cassius. Because of his health, Octavian remained in camp while his lieutenants assumed a position on the left flank opposite Brutus. In the resulting first battle of Philippi, Antony defeated Cassius and captured his camp while Brutus overran Octavian's troops and penetrated into the Triumvirs' camp but was unable to capture the sick Octavian. The battle was a tactical draw, but due to poor communications Cassius believed the battle was a complete defeat and committed suicide to prevent being captured. </p><p>Brutus assumed sole command of the army and preferred a <a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">war of attrition</a> over open conflict. His officers, however, were dissatisfied with these defensive tactics and his Caesarian veterans threatened to defect, forcing Brutus to give battle at the second battle of Philippi on 23 October. While the battle was initially evenly matched, Antony's leadership routed Brutus' forces. Brutus committed suicide the day after the defeat and the remainder of his army swore allegiance to the Triumvirate. Over fifty thousand Romans died in the two battles. While Antony treated the losers mildly, Octavian dealt cruelly with his prisoners and even beheaded Brutus' corpse.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The battles of Philippi ended the civil war in favor of the triumvirs. With the defeat of Brutus and Cassius, only Sextus Pompey and his fleet remained to challenge the triumvirate's control of the Roman world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Master_of_the_Roman_East">Master of the Roman East</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Antony&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Master of the Roman East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Division_of_the_republic">Division of the republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Antony&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Division of the republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman-Empire-42BC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Roman-Empire-42BC.png/450px-Roman-Empire-42BC.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Roman-Empire-42BC.png/675px-Roman-Empire-42BC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Roman-Empire-42BC.png/900px-Roman-Empire-42BC.png 2x" data-file-width="1971" data-file-height="1153" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> in 42 BC after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Philippi" title="Battle of Philippi">Battle of Philippi</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 200px;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#81EE5B; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Antony</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C19666; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Lepidus</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DE8DE0; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Octavian</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF925E; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Triumvirs collectively</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7D87FF; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Sextus Pompey</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ED1C24; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Parthian Empire</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FED250; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Rome's client kingdoms</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF8C8C; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Ptolemaic Egypt</div></div></figcaption></figure> <p>The victory at Philippi left the members of the triumvirate as masters of the republic, save <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompey" title="Sextus Pompey">Sextus Pompey</a> in Sicily. Upon returning to Rome, the triumvirate repartitioned rule of Rome's provinces among themselves, with Antony as the clear senior partner. He received the largest distribution, governing all of the Eastern provinces while retaining <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Gaul</a> in the West. Octavian's position improved, as he received Spain, which was taken from Lepidus. Lepidus was then reduced to holding only Africa, and he assumed a clearly tertiary role in the triumvirate. Rule over Italy remained undivided, but Octavian was assigned the difficult and unpopular task of demobilizing their veterans and providing them with land distributions in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antony assumed direct control of the East while he installed one of his lieutenants as the ruler of Gaul. During his absence, several of his supporters held key positions in Rome to protect his interests there. </p><p>The East was in need of reorganization. In addition, Rome contended with the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> for dominance of the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>. The Parthian threat to the triumvirate's rule was urgent due to the fact that the Parthians supported the <i>liberatores</i> in the recent civil war, aid which included the supply of troops at Philippi.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As ruler of the East, Antony also assumed responsibility for overseeing Caesar's planned invasion of Parthia to avenge the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus">Marcus Licinius Crassus</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carrhae" title="Battle of Carrhae">Battle of Carrhae</a> in 53 BC. </p><p>In 42 BC, the Roman East was composed of several directly controlled provinces and <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client kingdoms</a>. The provinces included <a href="/wiki/Roman_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Macedonia">Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bithynia_et_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bithynia et Pontus">Bithynia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Cilicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Cilicia">Cilicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Cyprus" title="Roman Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Creta_et_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Creta et Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a>. Approximately half of the eastern territory was controlled by Rome's client kingdoms, nominally independent kingdoms subject to Roman direction. These kingdoms included: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odrysian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Odrysian Kingdom">Odrysian Thrace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Bosporan_Kingdom" title="Bosporan Kingdom">Bosporan Kingdom</a> along the northern coast of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artaxiad_dynasty" title="Artaxiad dynasty">Armenia</a>, and several smaller kingdoms in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Judea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commagene" title="Commagene">Commagene</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Nabataean_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabataean kingdom">Nabataean kingdom</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Egypt</a> in Africa</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activities_in_the_East">Activities in the East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Antony&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Activities in the East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Cleopatra_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Early life of Cleopatra VII">Early life of Cleopatra VII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Cleopatra_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Reign of Cleopatra VII">Reign of Cleopatra VII</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:403px;max-width:403px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:-0035_Altes_Museum_Portrait_Kleopatra_VII_anagoria.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/-0035_Altes_Museum_Portrait_Kleopatra_VII_anagoria.JPG/175px--0035_Altes_Museum_Portrait_Kleopatra_VII_anagoria.JPG" decoding="async" width="175" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/-0035_Altes_Museum_Portrait_Kleopatra_VII_anagoria.JPG/263px--0035_Altes_Museum_Portrait_Kleopatra_VII_anagoria.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/-0035_Altes_Museum_Portrait_Kleopatra_VII_anagoria.JPG/350px--0035_Altes_Museum_Portrait_Kleopatra_VII_anagoria.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2693" data-file-height="4752" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cleopatra_VII,_Marble,_40-30_BC,_Vatican_Museums_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cleopatra_VII%2C_Marble%2C_40-30_BC%2C_Vatican_Museums_001.jpg/220px-Cleopatra_VII%2C_Marble%2C_40-30_BC%2C_Vatican_Museums_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cleopatra_VII%2C_Marble%2C_40-30_BC%2C_Vatican_Museums_001.jpg/330px-Cleopatra_VII%2C_Marble%2C_40-30_BC%2C_Vatican_Museums_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cleopatra_VII%2C_Marble%2C_40-30_BC%2C_Vatican_Museums_001.jpg/440px-Cleopatra_VII%2C_Marble%2C_40-30_BC%2C_Vatican_Museums_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="932" data-file-height="1323" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left image: <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VII">Cleopatra VII</a> bust in the <a href="/wiki/Altes_Museum" title="Altes Museum">Altes Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antikensammlung_Berlin" title="Antikensammlung Berlin">Antikensammlung Berlin</a>, Roman artwork, 1st century BC<br />Right: bust of Cleopatra VII, dated 40–30 BC, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a>, showing her with a 'melon' hairstyle and <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> royal <a href="/wiki/Diadem" title="Diadem">diadem</a> worn over her head</div></div></div></div> <p>Antony spent the winter of 42 BC in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, where he ruled generously towards the Greek cities. A proclaimed <i><a href="/wiki/Philhellene" class="mw-redirect" title="Philhellene">philhellene</a></i> ("Friend of all things Greek"), Antony supported Greek culture to win the loyalty of the inhabitants of the Greek East. He attended religious festivals and ceremonies, including initiation into the <a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian Mysteries</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a secret cult dedicated to the worship of the goddesses <a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a>. Beginning in 41 BC, he traveled across the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> to <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, leaving his friend <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Marcius_Censorinus_(consul_39_BC)" title="Lucius Marcius Censorinus (consul 39 BC)">Lucius Marcius Censorius</a> as governor of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Macedonia">Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Achaea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaea (Roman province)">Achaea</a>. Upon his arrival in <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a> in Asia, Antony was worshiped as the god <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a> born anew.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He demanded heavy taxes from the Hellenic cities in return for his pro-Greek culture policies, but exempted those cities which had remained loyal to Caesar during the <a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar's Civil War">civil war</a> and compensated those cities which had suffered under <a href="/wiki/Liberators%27_civil_war" title="Liberators' civil war">Caesar's assassins</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lycia_et_Pamphylia" title="Lycia et Pamphylia">Lycia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin" title="Tarsus, Mersin">Tarsus</a>. He granted pardons to all Roman nobles living in the East who had supported Pompey, except for Caesar's assassins. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_The_Meeting_of_Antony_and_Cleopatra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_The_Meeting_of_Antony_and_Cleopatra.jpg/400px-Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_The_Meeting_of_Antony_and_Cleopatra.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_The_Meeting_of_Antony_and_Cleopatra.jpg/600px-Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_The_Meeting_of_Antony_and_Cleopatra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_The_Meeting_of_Antony_and_Cleopatra.jpg/800px-Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_The_Meeting_of_Antony_and_Cleopatra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2838" /></a><figcaption><i>Antony and Cleopatra</i> (1883) by <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema">Lawrence Alma-Tadema</a> depicting Antony's meeting with Cleopatra in 41 BC.</figcaption></figure><p>Ruling from Ephesus, Antony consolidated Rome's hegemony in the East, receiving envoys from Rome's client kingdoms and intervening in their dynastic affairs, extracting enormous financial "gifts" from them in the process. Though King <a href="/wiki/Deiotarus" title="Deiotarus">Deiotarus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a> supported Brutus and Cassius following Caesar's assassination, Antony allowed him to retain his position. He also confirmed <a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_X_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes X of Cappadocia">Ariarathes X</a> as king of <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a> after the execution of his brother <a href="/wiki/Ariobarzanes_III_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariobarzanes III of Cappadocia">Ariobarzanes III of Cappadocia</a> by Cassius before the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Philippi" title="Battle of Philippi">Battle of Philippi</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean Judea</a>, several <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelite</a> delegations complained to Antony of the harsh rule of <a href="/wiki/Phasael" title="Phasael">Phasael</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod</a>, the sons of Rome's assassinated chief minister in the territory of <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judaea</a>, who was an <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edomite</a> called <a href="/wiki/Antipater_the_Idumaean" title="Antipater the Idumaean">Antipater the Idumaean</a>. After Herod offered him a large financial gift, Antony confirmed the brothers in their positions. Subsequently, influenced by the beauty and charms of <a href="/wiki/Glaphyra_(hetaera)" title="Glaphyra (hetaera)">Glaphyra</a>, the widow of <a href="/wiki/Archelaus_(father_of_Archelaus_of_Cappadocia)" title="Archelaus (father of Archelaus of Cappadocia)">Archelaüs</a> (formerly the high priest of <a href="/wiki/Comana_(Cappadocia)" title="Comana (Cappadocia)">Comana</a>), Antony deposed Ariarathes X, and appointed Glaphyra's son, <a href="/wiki/Archelaus_of_Cappadocia" title="Archelaus of Cappadocia">Archelaüs</a>, to rule Cappadocia.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 41, Antony requested Rome's chief eastern vassal, the queen of Ptolemaic Egypt <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra</a>, meet him at Tarsus in Cilicia. Antony had first met a young Cleopatra while campaigning in Egypt in 55 BC and again in 48 BC when Caesar had backed her as queen of Egypt over the claims of her half-sister <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_IV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsinoe IV of Egypt">Arsinoe</a>. Cleopatra would bear Caesar a son, <a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Caesarion</a>, in 47 BC and the two were living in Rome as Caesar's guests until his assassination in 44 BC. After Caesar's assassination, Cleopatra and Caesarion returned to Egypt, where she named the child as her co-ruler. In 42 BC, the Triumvirate, in recognition for Cleopatra's help towards <a href="/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Dolabella_(consul_44_BC)" title="Publius Cornelius Dolabella (consul 44 BC)">Publius Cornelius Dolabella</a> in opposition to the Liberators, granted official recognition to Caesarion's position as king of Egypt. Arriving in Tarsus aboard her magnificent ship, Cleopatra invited Antony to a grand banquet to solidify their alliance.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the most powerful of Rome's eastern vassals, Egypt was indispensable in Rome's planned military invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a>. At Cleopatra's request, Antony ordered the execution of Arsinoe, who, though marched in Caesar's <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">triumphal parade</a> in 46 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had been granted sanctuary at the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">temple of Artemis</a> in Ephesus. Antony and Cleopatra then spent the winter of 41 BC together in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>. Cleopatra bore Antony twin children, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Helios" title="Alexander Helios">Alexander Helios</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_Selene_II" title="Cleopatra Selene II">Cleopatra Selene II</a>, in 40 BC, and a third, Ptolemy Philadelphus, in 36 BC. Antony also granted formal control over Cyprus, which had been under Egyptian control since 47 BC during the turmoil of <a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_civil_war" title="Caesar's civil war">Caesar's civil war</a>, to Cleopatra in 40 BC as a gift for her loyalty to Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Antony, in his first months in the East, raised money, reorganized his troops, and secured the alliance of Rome's client kingdoms. He also promoted himself as Hellenistic ruler, which won him the affection of the Greek peoples of the East but also made him the target of Octavian's propaganda in Rome. According to some ancient authors, Antony led a carefree life of luxury in Alexandria.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon learning the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> had invaded Rome's territory in early 40 BC, Antony left Egypt for Syria to confront the invasion. However, after a short stay in <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>, he was forced to sail with his army to Italy to confront Octavian due to <a href="/wiki/Perusine_War" title="Perusine War">Octavian's war against Antony's wife and brother</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fulvia's_civil_war"><span id="Fulvia.27s_civil_war"></span>Fulvia's civil war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Antony&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Fulvia's civil war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Perusine_War" title="Perusine War">Perusine War</a></div> <p>Following the defeat of Brutus and Cassius, while Antony was stationed in the East, Octavian had authority over the West.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Octavian's chief responsibility was distributing land to tens of thousands of Caesar's veterans who had fought for the Triumvirate. Additionally, tens of thousands of veterans who had fought for the Republican cause in the war also required land grants. This was necessary to ensure they would not support a political opponent of the triumvirate.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the triumvirs did not possess sufficient state-controlled land to allot to the veterans. This left Octavian with two options: alienating many Roman citizens by confiscating their land, or alienating many Roman soldiers who might back a military rebellion against the triumvirate's rule. Octavian chose the former.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As many as eighteen Roman towns through Italy were affected by the confiscations of 41 BC, with entire populations driven out.<sup id="cite_ref-Eck,_pg_19_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eck,_pg_19-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Led by <a href="/wiki/Fulvia" title="Fulvia">Fulvia</a>, the wife of Antony, the senators grew hostile towards Octavian over the issue of the land confiscations. According to the ancient historian <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, Fulvia was the most powerful woman in Rome at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Dio, while <a href="/wiki/Publius_Servilius_Vatia_Isauricus_(consul_48_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus (consul 48 BC)">Publius Servilius Vatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Antonius_(brother_of_Mark_Antony)" title="Lucius Antonius (brother of Mark Antony)">Lucius Antonius</a> were the consuls for the year 41 BC, real power was vested in Fulvia. As the mother-in-law of Octavian and the wife of Antony, no action was taken by the senate without her support.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fearing Octavian's land grants would cause the loyalty of the Caesarian veterans to shift away from Antony, Fulvia traveled constantly with her children to the new veteran settlements in order to remind the veterans of their debt to Antony.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto2_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fulvia also attempted to delay the land settlements until Antony returned to Rome, so that he could share credit for the settlements. With the help of Antony's brother, the consul of 41 BC <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Antonius_(brother_of_Mark_Antony)" title="Lucius Antonius (brother of Mark Antony)">Lucius Antonius</a>, Fulvia encouraged the senate to oppose Octavian's land policies. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman-Empire-39BC-sm.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Roman-Empire-39BC-sm.png/450px-Roman-Empire-39BC-sm.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Roman-Empire-39BC-sm.png/675px-Roman-Empire-39BC-sm.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Roman-Empire-39BC-sm.png/900px-Roman-Empire-39BC-sm.png 2x" data-file-width="1971" data-file-height="1153" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> in 39 BC after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brundisium" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Brundisium">Treaty of Brundisium</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Misenum" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Misenum">Treaty of Misenum</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 200px;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#81EE5B; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Antony</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C19666; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Lepidus</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DE8DE0; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Octavian</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF925E; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Triumvirs collectively</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7D87FF; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Sextus Pompey</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ED1C24; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Parthian Empire</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FED250; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Rome's client kingdoms</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF8C8C; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Ptolemaic Egypt</div></div></figcaption></figure> <p>The conflict between Octavian and Fulvia caused great political and social unrest throughout Italy. Tensions escalated into open war, however, when Octavian divorced <a href="/wiki/Claudia_(wife_of_Octavian)" title="Claudia (wife of Octavian)">Claudia</a>, Fulvia's daughter from her first husband <a href="/wiki/Publius_Clodius_Pulcher" title="Publius Clodius Pulcher">Publius Clodius Pulcher</a>. Outraged, Fulvia, supported by Lucius, raised an army to fight for Antony's rights against Octavian. According to the ancient historian <a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a>, Fulvia's chief reason for the war was her jealousy of Antony's affairs with Cleopatra in Egypt and desire to draw Antony back to Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lucius and Fulvia took a political and martial gamble in opposing Octavian and Lepidus, however, as the Roman army still depended on the triumvirs for their salaries.<sup id="cite_ref-Eck,_pg_19_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eck,_pg_19-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lucius and Fulvia, supported by their army, marched on Rome and promised the people an end to the triumvirate in favor of Antony's sole rule. However, when Octavian returned to the city with his army, the pair were forced to retreat to <a href="/wiki/Perusia" title="Perusia">Perusia</a> in Etruria. Octavian placed the city under siege while Lucius waited for Antony's legions in <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> to come to his aid.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Away in the East and embarrassed by Fulvia's actions, Antony gave no instructions to his legions.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without reinforcements, Lucius and Fulvia were forced to surrender in February 40 BC. While Octavian pardoned Lucius for his role in the war and even granted him command in Spain as his chief lieutenant there, Fulvia was forced to flee to Greece with her children. With the war over, Octavian was left in sole control over Italy. When Antony's governor of Gaul died, Octavian took over his legions there, further strengthening his control over the West.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the Parthian Empire's invasion of Rome's eastern territories, Fulvia's civil war forced Antony to leave the East and return to Rome in order to secure his position. Meeting her in Athens, Antony rebuked Fulvia for her actions before sailing on to Italy with his army to face Octavian, laying siege to <a href="/wiki/Brundisium" class="mw-redirect" title="Brundisium">Brundisium</a>. This new conflict proved untenable for both Octavian and Antony, however. Their centurions, who had become important figures politically, refused to fight due to their shared service under Caesar. The legions under their command followed suit.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, in <a href="/wiki/Sicyon" title="Sicyon">Sicyon</a>, Fulvia died of a sudden and unknown illness.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fulvia's death and the mutiny of their soldiers allowed the triumvirs to effect a reconciliation through a new power-sharing agreement in September 40 BC. The Roman world was redivided, with Antony receiving the Eastern provinces, Octavian the Western provinces, and Lepidus retained his junior position as governor of Africa. This agreement, known as the <i>Treaty of Brundisium</i>, reinforced the triumvirate and allowed Antony to begin preparing for Caesar's long-awaited campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a>. As a symbol of their renewed alliance, Antony married <a href="/wiki/Octavia_the_Younger" title="Octavia the Younger">Octavia</a>, Octavian's sister, in October 40 BC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antony's_Parthian_War"><span id="Antony.27s_Parthian_War"></span>Antony's Parthian War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Antony&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Antony's Parthian War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Antony%27s_Parthian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Antony's Parthian War">Antony's Parthian War</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roman–Parthian_relations"><span id="Roman.E2.80.93Parthian_relations"></span>Roman–Parthian relations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Antony&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Roman–Parthian relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parthia_001ad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Parthia_001ad.jpg/450px-Parthia_001ad.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="370" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Parthia_001ad.jpg/675px-Parthia_001ad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Parthia_001ad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="652" /></a><figcaption>A map of the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a>. Both states shared their western borders along the Euphrates River with Rome.</figcaption></figure> <p>The rise of the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> in the 3rd century BC and Rome's expansion into the Eastern Mediterranean during the 2nd century BC brought the two powers into direct contact, causing centuries of tumultuous and strained relations. Though periods of peace developed cultural and commercial exchanges, war was a constant threat. Influence over the <a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">buffer state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a>, located to the north-east of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Roman Syria</a>, was often a central issue in the Roman-Parthian conflict. In 95 BC, <a href="/wiki/Tigranes_the_Great" title="Tigranes the Great">Tigranes the Great</a>, a Parthian ally, became king. Tigranes would later aid <a href="/wiki/Mithridatic_Wars" title="Mithridatic Wars">Mithradates of Pontus against Rome</a> before being decisively defeated by <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> in 66 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter, with his son <a href="/wiki/Artavasdes_II_of_Armenia" title="Artavasdes II of Armenia">Artavasdes</a> in Rome as a hostage, Tigranes would rule Armenia as an ally of Rome until his death in 55 BC. Rome then released Artavasdes, who succeeded his father as king. </p><p>In 53 BC, Rome's governor of Syria, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus">Marcus Licinius Crassus</a>, led an expedition across the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> River into Parthian territory to confront the Parthian Shah <a href="/wiki/Orodes_II_of_Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Orodes II of Parthia">Orodes II</a>. Artavasdes II offered Crassus the aid of nearly forty thousand troops to assist his Parthian expedition on the condition that Crassus invade through Armenia as the safer route.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crassus refused, choosing instead the more direct route by crossing the Euphrates directly into desert Parthian territory. Crassus' actions proved disastrous as his army was defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carrhae" title="Battle of Carrhae">Battle of Carrhae</a> by a numerically inferior Parthian force. Crassus' defeat forced Armenia to shift its loyalty to Parthia, with Artavasdes II's sister marrying Orodes' son and heir <a href="/wiki/Pacorus_I_of_Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacorus I of Parthia">Pacorus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 44 BC, Julius Caesar announced his intentions to invade Parthia and restore Roman power in the East. His reasons were to punish the Parthians for assisting Pompey in the <a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar's Civil War">recent civil war</a>, to avenge Crassus' defeat at Carrhae, and especially to match the glory of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> for himself.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before Caesar could launch his campaign, however, he was assassinated. As part of the compromise between Antony and the Republicans to restore order following Caesar's murder, <a href="/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Dolabella_(consul_44_BC)" title="Publius Cornelius Dolabella (consul 44 BC)">Publius Cornelius Dolabella</a> was assigned the governorship of Syria and command over Caesar's planned Parthian campaign. The compromise did not hold, however, and the republicans were forced to flee to the East. The republicans directed <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Labienus" title="Quintus Labienus">Quintus Labienus</a> to attract the Parthians to their side in the <a href="/wiki/Liberators%27_civil_war" title="Liberators' civil war">resulting war against Antony and Octavian</a>. After the <i>liberatores</i> were defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Philippi" title="Battle of Philippi">Battle of Philippi</a>, Labienus joined the Parthians.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Rome's internal turmoil during the time, the Parthians did not immediately benefit from the <a href="/wiki/Power_vacuum" title="Power vacuum">power vacuum</a> in the East due to Orodes II's reluctance despite Labienus' urgings to the contrary.<sup id="cite_ref-Hinard,_2000,_pg_857_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hinard,_2000,_pg_857-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the summer of 41 BC, Antony, to reassert Roman power in the East, conquered <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a> on the Roman-Parthian border.<sup id="cite_ref-Hinard,_2000,_pg_857_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hinard,_2000,_pg_857-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antony then spent the winter of 41 BC in Alexandria with Cleopatra, leaving only two legions to defend the Syrian border against Parthian incursions. The legions, however, were composed of former Republican troops and Labienus convinced Orodes II to invade. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parthian_Invasion">Parthian Invasion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Antony&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Parthian Invasion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pompeian%E2%80%93Parthian_invasion_of_40_BC" title="Pompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC">Pompeian–Parthian invasion of 40 BC</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aureus_of_Antony_%26_Octavian,_40_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Aureus_of_Antony_%26_Octavian%2C_40_BC.jpg/295px-Aureus_of_Antony_%26_Octavian%2C_40_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="295" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Aureus_of_Antony_%26_Octavian%2C_40_BC.jpg/443px-Aureus_of_Antony_%26_Octavian%2C_40_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Aureus_of_Antony_%26_Octavian%2C_40_BC.jpg/590px-Aureus_of_Antony_%26_Octavian%2C_40_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="381" /></a><figcaption>Roman <a href="/wiki/Aureus" title="Aureus">aureus</a> bearing the portraits of Marcus Antonius (left) and <a href="/wiki/Octavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Octavian">Octavianus</a> (right), issued to celebrate their reconciliation in October 40 BC.</figcaption></figure> <p>A Parthian army, led by Orodes II's eldest son <a href="/wiki/Pacorus_I_of_Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacorus I of Parthia">Pacorus</a>, invaded <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a> in early 40 BC. Labienus, the Republican ally of Brutus and Cassius, accompanied him to advise him and to rally the former Republican soldiers stationed in Syria to the Parthian cause. Labienus recruited many of the former Republican soldiers to the Parthian campaign in opposition to Antony. The joint Parthian–Roman force, after initial success in Syria, separated to lead their offensive in two directions: Pacorus marched south toward <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean Judea</a> while Labienus crossed the <a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a> to the north into <a href="/wiki/Roman_Cilicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Cilicia">Cilicia</a>. Labienus conquered southern <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> with little resistance. The Roman governor of <a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Munatius_Plancus" title="Lucius Munatius Plancus">Lucius Munatius Plancus</a>, a partisan of Antony, was forced to flee his province, allowing Labienus to recruit the Roman soldiers stationed there. For his part, Pacorus advanced south to <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Palestine</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean Judea</a>, the exiled prince <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_the_Hasmonean" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigonus the Hasmonean">Antigonus</a> allied himself with the Parthians. When his brother, Rome's client king <a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a>, refused to accept Parthian domination, he was deposed in favor of Antigonus as Parthia's client king in Judea. Pacorus' conquest had captured much of the Syrian and Palestinian interior, with much of the Phoenician coast occupied as well. The city of <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a> remained the last major Roman outpost in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Hinard,_2000,_pg_858_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hinard,_2000,_pg_858-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Antony, then in Egypt with Cleopatra, did not respond immediately to the Parthian invasion. Though he left Alexandria for Tyre in early 40 BC, when he learned of <a href="/wiki/Perusine_War" title="Perusine War">the civil war between his wife and Octavian</a>, he was forced to return to Italy with his army to secure his position in Rome rather than defeat the Parthians.<sup id="cite_ref-Hinard,_2000,_pg_858_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hinard,_2000,_pg_858-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, Antony dispatched <a href="/wiki/Publius_Ventidius_Bassus" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Ventidius Bassus">Publius Ventidius Bassus</a> to check the Parthian advance. Arriving in the East in spring 39 BC, Ventidius surprised Labienus near the <a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a>, claiming victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Cilician_Gates" title="Battle of the Cilician Gates">the Cilician Gates</a>. Ventidius ordered Labienus executed as a traitor and the formerly rebellious Roman soldiers under his command were reincorporated under Antony's control. He then met a Parthian army at the border between Cilicia and Syria, defeating it and killing a large portion of the Parthian soldiers at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amanus_Pass" title="Battle of Amanus Pass">the Amanus Pass</a>. Ventidius' actions temporarily halted the Parthian advance and restored Roman authority in the East, forcing Pacorus to abandon his conquests and return to Parthia.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the spring of 38 BC, the Parthians resumed their offensive with Pacorus leading an army across the Euphrates. Ventidius, in order to gain time, leaked <a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">disinformation</a> to Pacorus implying that he should cross the Euphrates River at their usual ford. Pacorus did not trust this information and decided to cross the river much farther downstream; this was what Ventidius hoped would occur and gave him time to get his forces ready.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Parthians faced no opposition and proceeded to the town of <a href="/wiki/Gindarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gindarus">Gindarus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cyrrhestica" title="Cyrrhestica">Cyrrhestica</a> where Ventidius' army was waiting. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Gindarus" title="Battle of Mount Gindarus">Battle of Cyrrhestica</a>, Ventidius inflicted an overwhelming defeat against the Parthians which resulted in the death of Pacorus. Overall, the Roman army had achieved a complete victory with Ventidius' three successive victories forcing the Parthians back across the Euphrates.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pacorus' death threw the Parthian Empire into chaos. Shah Orodes II, overwhelmed by the grief of his son's death, appointed his younger son <a href="/wiki/Phraates_IV" title="Phraates IV">Phraates IV</a> as his successor. However, Phraates IV assassinated Orodes II in late 38 BC, succeeding him on the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ventidius feared Antony's wrath if he invaded Parthian territory, thereby stealing his glory; so instead he attacked and subdued the eastern kingdoms, which had revolted against Roman control following the disastrous defeat of Crassus at Carrhae.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One such rebel was King <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_of_Commagene" title="Antiochus I of Commagene">Antiochus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Commagene" title="Commagene">Commagene</a>, whom he besieged in <a href="/wiki/Samosata" class="mw-redirect" title="Samosata">Samosata</a>. Antiochus tried to make peace with Ventidius, but Ventidius told him to approach Antony directly. After peace was concluded, Antony sent Ventidius back to Rome where he celebrated a <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">triumph</a>, the first Roman to triumph over the Parthians.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conflict_with_Sextus_Pompey">Conflict with Sextus Pompey</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Antony&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Conflict with Sextus Pompey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mark_Antony_and_Octavia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Mark_Antony_and_Octavia.jpg/200px-Mark_Antony_and_Octavia.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Mark_Antony_and_Octavia.jpg/300px-Mark_Antony_and_Octavia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Mark_Antony_and_Octavia.jpg/400px-Mark_Antony_and_Octavia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="253" /></a><figcaption>Antony and Octavia on the <a href="/wiki/Obverse" class="mw-redirect" title="Obverse">obverse</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Tetradrachm" title="Tetradrachm">tetradrachm</a> issued at Ephesus in 39 BC. Antony and his brother-in-law, Octavian, enacted a new treaty that year which redivided control over the Roman world.</figcaption></figure> <p>While Antony and the other triumvirs ratified the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brundisium" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Brundisium">Treaty of Brundisium</a> to redivide the Roman world among themselves, the rebel <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompey" title="Sextus Pompey">Sextus Pompey</a>, the son of Caesar's rival <a href="/wiki/Pompey_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Pompey the Great">Pompey the Great</a>, was largely ignored. From his stronghold on <a href="/wiki/Sicilia_(Roman_province)" title="Sicilia (Roman province)">Sicily</a>, he continued his piratical activities across Italy and blocked the shipment of grain to Rome. The lack of food in Rome undermined the triumvirate's political support. This pressure forced the triumvirs to meet with Sextus in early 39 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Octavian wanted an end to the ongoing blockade of Italy, Antony sought peace in the West in order to make the Triumvirate's legions available for his service in his planned campaign against the Parthians. Though the Triumvirs rejected Sextus' initial request to replace Lepidus as the third man in the triumvirate, they did grant other concessions. Under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Misenum" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Misenum">Treaty of Misenum</a>, Sextus was allowed to retain control over Sicily and <a href="/wiki/Corsica_et_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsica et Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, with the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Corsica_et_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsica et Sardinia">Corsica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Achaea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaea (Roman province)">Greece</a> being added to his territory. He was also promised a future position with the <a href="/wiki/Augur" title="Augur">Priestly College of Augurs</a> and the consulship for 35 BC. In exchange, Sextus agreed to end his naval blockade of Italy, supply Rome with grain, and halt his piracy of Roman merchant ships.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the most important provision of the Treaty was the end of the <a href="/wiki/Proscription" title="Proscription">proscription</a> the trimumvirate had begun in late 43 BC. Many of the proscribed senators, rather than face death, fled to Sicily seeking Sextus' protection. With the exception of those responsible for Caesar's assassination, all those proscribed were allowed to return to Rome and promised compensation. This caused Sextus to lose many valuable allies as the formerly exiled senators gradually aligned themselves with either Octavian or Antony. To secure the peace, Octavian betrothed <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus_(Julio-Claudian_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Claudius Marcellus (Julio-Claudian dynasty)">Marcus Claudius Marcellus</a>, Octavian's three-year-old nephew and Antony's stepson, to Sextus' daughter <a href="/wiki/Pompeia_(daughter_of_Sextus_Pompeius)" title="Pompeia (daughter of Sextus Pompeius)">Pompeia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With peace in the West secured, Antony planned to retaliate against Parthia. Under an agreement with Octavian, Antony would be supplied with extra troops for his campaign. With this military purpose on his mind, Antony sailed to Greece with Octavia, where he behaved in a most extravagant manner, assuming the attributes of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek</a> god <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a> in 39 BC. </p><p>The peace with Sextus was short-lived, however. When Sextus demanded control over Greece as the agreement provided, Antony demanded the province's tax revenues be to fund the Parthian campaign. Sextus refused.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Sextus' admiral <a href="/wiki/Menas_(freedman)" title="Menas (freedman)">Menas</a> betrayed him, shifting his loyalty to Octavian and thereby granting him control of Corsica, Sardinia, three of Sextus' legions, and a larger naval force. These actions worked to renew Sextus' blockade of Italy, preventing Octavian from sending the promised troops to Antony for the Parthian campaign. This new delay caused Antony to quarrel with Octavian, forcing <a href="/wiki/Octavia_the_Younger" title="Octavia the Younger">Octavia</a> to mediate a truce between them. Under the Treaty of Tarentum, Antony provided a large naval force for Octavian's use against Sextus while Octavian promised to raise new legions for Antony to support his invasion of Parthia.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the term of the Triumvirate was set to expire at the end of 38 BC, the two unilaterally extended their term of office another five years until 33 BC without seeking approval of the senate or the assemblies. To seal the Treaty, Antony's elder son <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Antonius_Antyllus" title="Marcus Antonius Antyllus">Marcus Antonius Antyllus</a>, then only six years old, was betrothed to Octavian's only daughter <a href="/wiki/Julia_the_Elder" title="Julia the Elder">Julia</a>, then only an infant. With the Treaty signed, Antony returned to the East, leaving Octavia in Italy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reconquest_of_Judea">Reconquest of Judea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Antony&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Reconquest of Judea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With <a href="/wiki/Publius_Ventidius_Bassus" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Ventidius Bassus">Publius Ventidius Bassus</a> returned to Rome in triumph for his defensive campaign against the Parthians, Antony appointed <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Sosius" title="Gaius Sosius">Gaius Sosius</a> as the new governor of Syria and Cilicia in early 38 BC. Antony, still in the West negotiating with Octavian, ordered Sosius to depose <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_II_Mattathias" title="Antigonus II Mattathias">Antigonus</a>, who had been installed in the recent Parthian invasion as the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean Judea</a>, and to make <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod</a> the new Roman client king in the region. Years before in 40 BC, the Roman senate had proclaimed Herod "King of the Jews" because Herod had been a loyal supporter of <a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a>, Rome's previous client king before the Parthian invasion, and was from a <a href="/wiki/Herodian_dynasty" title="Herodian dynasty">family with long standing connections to Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romans hoped to use Herod as a bulwark against the Parthians in the coming campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Advancing south, Sosius captured the island-city of <a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Aradus</a> on the coast of <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> by the end of 38 BC. The following year, the Romans <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(37_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (37 BC)">besieged Jerusalem</a>. After a forty-day siege, the Roman soldiers stormed the city and, despite Herod's pleas for restraint, acted without mercy, pillaging and killing all in their path, prompting Herod to complain to Antony.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herod finally resorted to bribing Sosius and his troops in order that they would not leave him "king of a desert".<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antigonus was forced to surrender to Sosius, and was sent to Antony for the <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">triumphal procession</a> in Rome. Herod, however, fearing that Antigonus would win backing in Rome, bribed Antony to execute Antigonus. Antony, who recognized that Antigonus would remain a permanent threat to Herod, ordered him beheaded in <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>. Now secure on his throne, Herod would rule the <a href="/wiki/Herodian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Herodian Kingdom">Herodian Kingdom</a> until his death in 4 BC, and would be an ever-faithful client king of Rome. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parthian_Campaign">Parthian Campaign</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Antony&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Parthian Campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Antony%27s_Parthian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Antony's Parthian War">Antony's Parthian War</a></div> <p>With the triumvirate renewed in 38 BC, Antony returned to Athens in the winter with his new wife <a href="/wiki/Octavia_Major" class="mw-redirect" title="Octavia Major">Octavia</a>, the sister of Octavian. With the assassination of the Parthian king <a href="/wiki/Orodes_II_of_Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Orodes II of Parthia">Orodes II</a> by his son <a href="/wiki/Phraates_IV" title="Phraates IV">Phraates IV</a>, who then seized the Parthian throne, in late 38 BC, Antony prepared to invade Parthia himself. </p><p>Antony, however, realized Octavian had no intention of sending him the additional legions he had promised under the Treaty of Tarentum. To supplement his own armies, Antony instead looked to Rome's principal vassal in the East: his lover Cleopatra. In addition to significant financial resources, Cleopatra's backing of his Parthian campaign allowed Antony to amass the largest army Rome had ever assembled in the East. Wintering in <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> during 37, Antony's combined Roman–Egyptian army numbered some 100,000, including 60,000 soldiers from sixteen legions, 10,000 cavalry from Spain and Gaul, plus an additional 30,000 auxiliaries.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The size of his army indicated Antony's intention to conquer Parthia, or at least receive its submission by capturing the Parthian capital of <a href="/wiki/Ecbatana" title="Ecbatana">Ecbatana</a>. Antony's rear was protected by Rome's client kingdoms in Anatolia, Syria, and Judea, while the client kingdoms of Cappadocia, Pontus, and Commagene would provide supplies along the march. </p><p>Antony's first target for his invasion was the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a>. Ruled by King <a href="/wiki/Artavasdes_II_of_Armenia" title="Artavasdes II of Armenia">Artavasdes II of Armenia</a>, Armenia had been an ally of Rome since the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Tigranes_the_Great" title="Tigranes the Great">Tigranes the Great</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey the Great</a> in 66 BC during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War" title="Third Mithridatic War">Third Mithridatic War</a>. However, following <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus">Marcus Licinius Crassus</a>'s defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carrhae" title="Battle of Carrhae">Battle of Carrhae</a> in 53 BC, Armenia was forced into an alliance with Parthia due to Rome's weakened position in the East. Antony dispatched <a href="/wiki/Publius_Canidius_Crassus" title="Publius Canidius Crassus">Publius Canidius Crassus</a> to Armenia, receiving Artavasdes II's surrender without opposition. Canidius then led an invasion into the <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a>, subduing <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iberia_(antiquity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Iberia (antiquity)">Iberia</a>. There, Canidius forced the Iberian King <a href="/wiki/Pharnavaz_II_of_Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharnavaz II of Iberia">Pharnavaz II</a> into an alliance against Zober, king of neighboring <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albania" title="Caucasian Albania">Albania</a>, subduing the kingdom and reducing it to a Roman protectorate. </p><p>With Armenia and the Caucasus secured, Antony marched south, crossing into the Parthian province of <a href="/wiki/Media_Atropatene" class="mw-redirect" title="Media Atropatene">Media Atropatene</a>. Though Antony desired a pitched battle, the Parthians would not engage, allowing Antony to march deep into Parthian territory by mid-August of 36 BC. This forced Antony to leave his logistics train in the care of two legions (approximately 10,000 soldiers), which was then attacked and completely destroyed by the Parthian army before Antony could rescue them. Though the Armenian King Artavasdes II and his cavalry were present during the massacre, they did not intervene. Despite the ambush, Antony continued the campaign. However, Antony was soon forced to retreat in mid-October after a failed two-month siege of the provincial capital. </p><p>The retreat soon proved a disaster as Antony's demoralized army faced increasing supply difficulties in the mountainous terrain during winter while constantly being harassed by the Parthian army. According to <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, eighteen battles were fought between the retreating Romans and the Parthians during the month-long march back to Armenia, with approximately 20,000 infantry and 4,000 cavalry dying during the retreat alone. Once in Armenia, Antony quickly marched back to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a> to protect his interests there by late 36 BC, losing an additional 8,000 soldiers along the way. In all, two-fifths of his original army (some 80,000 men) had died during his failed campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The narration of Strabo and Plutarch blames the Armenian king for the defeat, but modern sources note Antony's poor management.<sup id="cite_ref-iranica-antony_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranica-antony-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antony_and_Cleopatra">Antony and Cleopatra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Antony&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Antony and Cleopatra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Cleopatra_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Early life of Cleopatra VII">Early life of Cleopatra VII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Cleopatra_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Reign of Cleopatra VII">Reign of Cleopatra VII</a></div> <p>Meanwhile, in Rome, the triumvirate was no more. Octavian forced Lepidus to resign after the older triumvir attempted to take control of Sicily after the defeat of Sextus. Now in sole power, Octavian was occupied in wooing the aristocracy to his side. He married <a href="/wiki/Livia" title="Livia">Livia</a> and started to attack Antony. He argued that Antony was a man of low morals to have left his faithful wife abandoned in Rome with the children to be with the promiscuous queen of Egypt. Several times Antony was summoned to Rome, but remained in Alexandria with Cleopatra.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Donations_of_Alexandria_34BC.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Donations_of_Alexandria_34BC.gif/330px-Donations_of_Alexandria_34BC.gif" decoding="async" width="330" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Donations_of_Alexandria_34BC.gif/495px-Donations_of_Alexandria_34BC.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Donations_of_Alexandria_34BC.gif/660px-Donations_of_Alexandria_34BC.gif 2x" data-file-width="761" data-file-height="490" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Map" title="Map">map</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Donations_of_Alexandria" title="Donations of Alexandria">Donations of Alexandria</a></i> (by Mark Antony to Cleopatra and her children) in 34 BC. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#81EE5B; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Unallotted Roman territory</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#27c600; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Donations to Cleopatra's Children</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1a8000; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Cleopatra's Original Kingdom</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Again with Egyptian money, Antony invaded Armenia, this time successfully. In the return, a mock <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">Roman triumph</a> was celebrated in the streets of Alexandria. The parade through the city was a <a href="/wiki/Pastiche" title="Pastiche">pastiche</a> of Rome's most important military celebration. For the finale, the whole city was summoned to hear a very important political statement. Surrounded by Cleopatra and her children, Antony ended his alliance with Octavian. </p><p>He distributed kingdoms among his children: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Helios" title="Alexander Helios">Alexander Helios</a> was named king of <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Media</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a> (territories which were not for the most part under the control of Rome), his twin <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_Selene_II" title="Cleopatra Selene II">Cleopatra Selene</a> got <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, and the young <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Philadelphus_(Cleopatra)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy Philadelphus (Cleopatra)">Ptolemy Philadelphus</a> was awarded Syria and <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>. As for Cleopatra, she was proclaimed Queen of Kings and Queen of Egypt, to rule with <a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Caesarion</a> (Ptolemy XV Caesar, son of Cleopatra by Julius Caesar), King of Kings and King of Egypt. Most important of all, Caesarion was declared legitimate son and heir of Caesar. These proclamations were known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Donations_of_Alexandria" title="Donations of Alexandria">Donations of Alexandria</a></i> and caused a fatal breach in Antony's relations with Rome. </p><p>While the distribution of nations among Cleopatra's children was hardly a conciliatory gesture, it did not pose an immediate threat to Octavian's political position. Far more dangerous was the acknowledgment of Caesarion as legitimate and heir to Caesar's name. Octavian's base of power was his link with Caesar through <a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Adoption in Rome">adoption</a>, which granted him much-needed popularity and loyalty of the legions. To see this convenient situation attacked by a child borne by the richest woman in the world was something Octavian could not accept. The triumvirate expired on the last day of 33 BC and was not renewed. Another civil war was beginning. </p><p>During 33 and 32 BC, a propaganda war was fought in the political arena of Rome, with accusations flying between sides. Antony (in Egypt) divorced Octavia and accused Octavian of being a social upstart, of usurping power, and of forging the adoption papers by Caesar. Octavian responded with treason charges: of illegally keeping provinces that should be given to other men by <a href="/wiki/Cleromancy" title="Cleromancy">lots</a>, as was Rome's tradition, and of starting wars against foreign nations (Armenia and Parthia) without the consent of the senate. </p><p>Antony was also held responsible for <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompey" title="Sextus Pompey">Sextus Pompey</a>'s execution without a trial. In 32 BC, the senate deprived him of his powers and declared war against Cleopatra – not Antony, because Octavian had no wish to advertise his role in perpetuating Rome's internecine bloodshed. Octavian and other Roman Senators believed that turning the hostilities towards Cleopatra as the villain would gather the most support from Romans for war. Contributing to this would be the years of propaganda against Cleopatra published by the Romans, dating back to the days of Julius Caesar. Octavian, informed of Antony's will by two Antonian defectors, sacrilegiously raided the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Vesta" title="Temple of Vesta">Temple of Vesta</a> to secure it. The will, which some modern scholars have suggested was partially forged – largely on legal grounds – is never so described in the ancient sources. Octavian's publication of the will's provisions, which named Antony and Cleopatra's children as heirs and directed his burial in Alexandria, was used as a political weapon in Rome to declare war against Cleopatra and Egypt as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the perfect summation of their attacks on the woman Antony loved and they believed threatened their republic. Both consuls, <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Domitius_Ahenobarbus_(consul_32_BC)" title="Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 32 BC)">Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Sosius" title="Gaius Sosius">Gaius Sosius</a> (both Antony's men), and a third of the senate abandoned Rome to meet Antony and Cleopatra in Greece. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castro_Battle_of_Actium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Castro_Battle_of_Actium.jpg/220px-Castro_Battle_of_Actium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Castro_Battle_of_Actium.jpg/330px-Castro_Battle_of_Actium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Castro_Battle_of_Actium.jpg/440px-Castro_Battle_of_Actium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption><i>The Battle of Actium</i> (1672) by <a href="/wiki/Laureys_a_Castro" title="Laureys a Castro">Laureys a Castro</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Maritime_Museum" title="National Maritime Museum">National Maritime Museum</a>, London)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 31 BC, the war started. Octavian's general <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa" title="Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa">Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa</a> captured the Greek city and naval port of <a href="/wiki/Methoni,_Messenia" title="Methoni, Messenia">Methone</a>, loyal to Antony. The enormous popularity of Octavian with the legions secured the defection of the provinces of Cyrenaica and Greece to his side. On 2 September, the naval <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Battle of Actium</a> took place. Antony and Cleopatra's navy was overwhelmed, and they were forced to escape to Egypt with 60 ships. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Antony&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Cleopatra" title="Death of Cleopatra">Death of Cleopatra</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Epaphroditus_(freedman_of_Augustus)" title="Epaphroditus (freedman of Augustus)">Epaphroditus (freedman of Augustus)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Antony_and_Cleopatra" title="Tomb of Antony and Cleopatra">Tomb of Antony and Cleopatra</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_and_Cupid_from_the_House_of_Marcus_Fabius_Rufus_at_Pompeii,_most_likely_a_depiction_of_Cleopatra_VII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Venus_and_Cupid_from_the_House_of_Marcus_Fabius_Rufus_at_Pompeii%2C_most_likely_a_depiction_of_Cleopatra_VII.jpg/250px-Venus_and_Cupid_from_the_House_of_Marcus_Fabius_Rufus_at_Pompeii%2C_most_likely_a_depiction_of_Cleopatra_VII.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Venus_and_Cupid_from_the_House_of_Marcus_Fabius_Rufus_at_Pompeii%2C_most_likely_a_depiction_of_Cleopatra_VII.jpg/375px-Venus_and_Cupid_from_the_House_of_Marcus_Fabius_Rufus_at_Pompeii%2C_most_likely_a_depiction_of_Cleopatra_VII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Venus_and_Cupid_from_the_House_of_Marcus_Fabius_Rufus_at_Pompeii%2C_most_likely_a_depiction_of_Cleopatra_VII.jpg/500px-Venus_and_Cupid_from_the_House_of_Marcus_Fabius_Rufus_at_Pompeii%2C_most_likely_a_depiction_of_Cleopatra_VII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="662" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption>This mid-1st-century-BC <a href="/wiki/Pompeian_Styles" title="Pompeian Styles">Roman wall painting</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>, Italy, showing <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a> holding a <a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">cupid</a> is most likely a depiction of <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VII">Cleopatra VII</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Ptolemaic Egypt</a> as <a href="/wiki/Venus_Genetrix_(sculpture)" title="Venus Genetrix (sculpture)">Venus Genetrix</a>, with her son <a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Caesarion</a> as the cupid, similar in appearance to the now lost statue of Cleopatra erected by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Venus_Genetrix" title="Temple of Venus Genetrix">Temple of Venus Genetrix</a> (within the <a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Caesar" title="Forum of Caesar">Forum of Caesar</a>). The owner of the House of Marcus Fabius Rufus at Pompeii walled off the room with this painting, most likely in immediate reaction to the execution of Caesarion on orders of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> in 30 BC, when artistic depictions of Caesarion would have been considered <a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">a sensitive issue</a> for the ruling regime.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Octavian, now close to absolute power, invaded Egypt with Agrippa in August of 30 BC. With no other refuge to escape to, Antony stabbed himself with his sword in the mistaken belief that Cleopatra had already done so. When he found out that Cleopatra was still alive, his friends brought him to Cleopatra's monument in which she was hiding, and he died in her arms. </p><p>Cleopatra was allowed to conduct Antony's burial rites after she had been captured by Octavian. Realising that she was destined for Octavian's <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">triumph</a> in Rome, she made several attempts to take her life and finally succeeded in mid-August. Octavian had Caesarion and Antyllus killed, but he spared <a href="/wiki/Iullus_Antonius" title="Iullus Antonius">Iullus</a> as well as Antony's children by Cleopatra, who were paraded through the streets of Rome. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath_and_legacy">Aftermath and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Antony&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Aftermath and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>'s son, <a href="/wiki/Cicero_Minor" title="Cicero Minor">Cicero Minor</a>, announced Antony's death to the senate.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antony's honours were revoked and his statues removed,<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he was not subject to a complete <i><a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">damnatio memoriae</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cicero's son also made a decree that no member of the <a href="/wiki/Antonia_gens" title="Antonia gens">Antonii</a> would ever bear the name <a href="/wiki/Marcus_(praenomen)" title="Marcus (praenomen)">Marcus</a> again.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "In this way Heaven entrusted the family of Cicero the final acts in the punishment of Antony."<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Antony died, Octavian became uncontested ruler of Rome. In the following years, Octavian, who was known as <a href="/wiki/Caesar_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar Augustus">Augustus</a> after 27 BC, managed to accumulate in his person all administrative, political, and military offices. When Augustus died in AD 14, his political powers passed to his adopted son <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> had begun. </p><p>The rise of Caesar and the subsequent civil war between his two most powerful adherents effectively ended the credibility of the Roman <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchy</a> as a governing power and ensured that all future power struggles would centre upon which one individual would achieve supreme control of the government, eliminating the senate and the former magisterial structure as important foci of power in these conflicts. Thus, in history, Antony appears as one of Caesar's main adherents, he and Octavian being the two men around whom power coalesced following the assassination of Caesar, and finally as one of the three men chiefly responsible for the demise of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriages_and_issue">Marriages and issue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Antony&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Marriages and issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1448_-_Archaeological_Museum,_Athens_-_Octavia,_ca._30_BC_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_Nov_13_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/1448_-_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Athens_-_Octavia%2C_ca._30_BC_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_13_2009.jpg/220px-1448_-_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Athens_-_Octavia%2C_ca._30_BC_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_13_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/1448_-_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Athens_-_Octavia%2C_ca._30_BC_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_13_2009.jpg/330px-1448_-_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Athens_-_Octavia%2C_ca._30_BC_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_13_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/1448_-_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Athens_-_Octavia%2C_ca._30_BC_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_13_2009.jpg/440px-1448_-_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Athens_-_Octavia%2C_ca._30_BC_-_Photo_by_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_Nov_13_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption>Fragmentary <a href="/wiki/Roman_portraiture" title="Roman portraiture">portrait bust</a> from <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a> thought to depict Octavia, sister of Octavian and Antony's wife</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antiochia_(forse),_tetradracma_di_cleopatra_VII_e_marcantonio,_36_ac_ca.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Antiochia_%28forse%29%2C_tetradracma_di_cleopatra_VII_e_marcantonio%2C_36_ac_ca.JPG/220px-Antiochia_%28forse%29%2C_tetradracma_di_cleopatra_VII_e_marcantonio%2C_36_ac_ca.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Antiochia_%28forse%29%2C_tetradracma_di_cleopatra_VII_e_marcantonio%2C_36_ac_ca.JPG/330px-Antiochia_%28forse%29%2C_tetradracma_di_cleopatra_VII_e_marcantonio%2C_36_ac_ca.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Antiochia_%28forse%29%2C_tetradracma_di_cleopatra_VII_e_marcantonio%2C_36_ac_ca.JPG/440px-Antiochia_%28forse%29%2C_tetradracma_di_cleopatra_VII_e_marcantonio%2C_36_ac_ca.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1656" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Tetradrachm" title="Tetradrachm">tetradrachm</a> of Marcus Antonius and <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VII">Cleopatra VII</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Ptolemaic Egypt</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Antony had many mistresses (including <a href="/wiki/Volumnia_Cytheris" title="Volumnia Cytheris">Cytheris</a>) and was married in succession to Fadia, Antonia, Fulvia, Octavia and Cleopatra. He left a number of children.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through his daughters by Octavia, he would be ancestor to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperors</a> <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>. </p> <ol><li>Marriage to Fadia, a daughter of a <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">freedman</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, Fadia bore Antony several children. Nothing is known about Fadia or their children. Cicero is the only Roman source that mentions Antony's first wife.</li> <li>Marriage to first paternal cousin Antonia Hybrida Minor, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Antonius_Hybrida" title="Gaius Antonius Hybrida">Gaius Antonius Hybrida</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, Antony threw her out of his house in Rome because she slept with his friend, the tribune <a href="/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Dolabella_(consul_44_BC)" title="Publius Cornelius Dolabella (consul 44 BC)">Publius Cornelius Dolabella</a>. This occurred by 47 BC and Antony divorced her. By Antonia, he had a daughter: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonia_(wife_of_Pythodoros)" title="Antonia (wife of Pythodoros)">Antonia</a>, married the wealthy Greek <a href="/wiki/Pythodoros_of_Tralles" title="Pythodoros of Tralles">Pythodoros of Tralles</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Marriage to <a href="/wiki/Fulvia" title="Fulvia">Fulvia</a>, by whom he had two sons: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Antonius_Antyllus" title="Marcus Antonius Antyllus">Marcus Antonius Antyllus</a>, murdered by Octavian in 30 BC.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iullus_Antonius" title="Iullus Antonius">Iullus Antonius</a>, married <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Marcella_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudia Marcella the Elder">Claudia Marcella the Elder</a>, daughter of Octavia.</li></ul></li> <li>Marriage to <a href="/wiki/Octavia_the_Younger" title="Octavia the Younger">Octavia the Younger</a>, sister of Octavian, later emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>; they had two daughters: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonia_the_Elder" title="Antonia the Elder">Antonia the Elder</a> married <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Domitius_Ahenobarbus_(consul_16_BC)" title="Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 16 BC)">Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 16 BC)</a>; maternal grandmother of the Empress <a href="/wiki/Valeria_Messalina" class="mw-redirect" title="Valeria Messalina">Valeria Messalina</a> and paternal grandmother of the emperor <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonia_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonia the Younger">Antonia the Younger</a> married <a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">Nero Claudius Drusus</a>, the younger son of the Empress <a href="/wiki/Livia_Drusilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Livia Drusilla">Livia Drusilla</a> and brother of the emperor <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>; mother of the emperor <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a>, paternal grandmother of the emperor <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a> and empress <a href="/wiki/Agrippina_the_Younger" title="Agrippina the Younger">Agrippina the Younger</a>, and maternal great-grandmother of the emperor Nero.</li></ul></li> <li>Children with the Queen <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VII">Cleopatra VII</a> of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, the former lover of Julius Caesar: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Helios" title="Alexander Helios">Alexander Helios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_Selene_II" title="Cleopatra Selene II">Cleopatra Selene II</a>, married King <a href="/wiki/Juba_II" title="Juba II">Juba II</a> <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">of Numidia</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a>; the queen of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zenobia" title="Zenobia">Zenobia</a> of <a href="/wiki/Palmyra" title="Palmyra">Palmyra</a>, was reportedly descended from Selene and Juba II.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Philadelphus_(son_of_Cleopatra)" title="Ptolemy Philadelphus (son of Cleopatra)">Ptolemy Philadelphus</a>.</li></ul></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Descendants">Descendants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Antony&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Descendants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Through his daughters by Octavia, he was the paternal great grandfather of Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a>, the maternal grandfather of emperor <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a>, and both maternal great-great-grandfather and paternal great-great uncle of the emperor <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a>. Through his eldest daughter, he was ancestor to the long line of kings and co-rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Bosporan_Kingdom" title="Bosporan Kingdom">Bosporan Kingdom</a>, the longest-living Roman <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client kingdom</a>, as well as the rulers and royalty of several other Roman client states. Through his daughter by Cleopatra, Antony was ancestor to the royal family of <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a>, another Roman client kingdom, while through his sole surviving son <a href="/wiki/Iullus_Antonius" title="Iullus Antonius">Iullus</a>, he was ancestor to several famous Roman statesmen. </p> <dl><dd>1. <a href="/wiki/Antonia_(wife_of_Pythodoros)" title="Antonia (wife of Pythodoros)">Antonia</a>, born 50 BC, had 1 child <dl><dd>A. <a href="/wiki/Pythodorida_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pythodorida of Pontus">Pythodorida of Pontus</a>, 30 BC or 29 BC – 38 AD, had 3 children <dl><dd>I. <a href="/wiki/Artaxias_III" title="Artaxias III">Artaxias III, King of Armenia</a>, 13 BC – 35 AD, died without issue</dd> <dd>II. <a href="/wiki/Polemon_II_of_Pontus" title="Polemon II of Pontus">Polemon II, King of Pontus</a>, 12 BC or 11 BC – 74 AD, died without issue</dd> <dd>III. <a href="/wiki/Antonia_Tryphaena" title="Antonia Tryphaena">Antonia Tryphaena, Queen of Thrace</a>, 10 BC – 55 AD, had 4 children <dl><dd>a. <a href="/wiki/Rhoemetalces_II" title="Rhoemetalces II">Rhoemetalces II, King of Thrace</a>, died 38 AD, died without issue</dd> <dd>b. <a href="/wiki/Gepaepyris" title="Gepaepyris">Gepaepyris, Queen of the Bosporan Kingdom</a>, had 2 children <dl><dd>i. <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Mithridates" title="Tiberius Julius Mithridates">Tiberius Julius Mithridates, King of the Bosporan Kingdom</a>, died 68 AD, died without issue</dd> <dd>ii. <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Cotys_I" title="Tiberius Julius Cotys I">Tiberius Julius Cotys I, King of the Bosporan Kingdom</a>, had 1 child <dl><dd>i. <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Rhescuporis_I" title="Tiberius Julius Rhescuporis I">Tiberius Julius Rhescuporis I, King of the Bosporan Kingdom</a>, died 90 AD, had 1 child <dl><dd>i. <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Sauromates_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiberius Julius Sauromates I">Tiberius Julius Sauromates I, King of the Bosporan Kingdom</a>, had 1 child <dl><dd>i. <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Cotys_II" title="Tiberius Julius Cotys II">Tiberius Julius Cotys II, King of the Bosporan Kingdom</a>, had 1 child</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd>2. <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Antonius_Antyllus" title="Marcus Antonius Antyllus">Marcus Antonius Antyllus</a>, 47–30 BC, died without issue</dd> <dd>3. <a href="/wiki/Iullus_Antonius" title="Iullus Antonius">Iullus Antonius</a>, 43–2 BC, had 3 children <dl><dd>A. Antonius, died young, no issue</dd> <dd>B. <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Antonius_(grandson_of_Mark_Antony)" title="Lucius Antonius (grandson of Mark Antony)">Lucius Antonius</a>, 20 BC – 25 AD, issue unknown</dd> <dd>C. <a href="/wiki/Iulla_Antonia" title="Iulla Antonia">Iulla Antonia</a> ?? born after 19 BC, issue unknown</dd></dl></dd> <dd>4. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Helios" title="Alexander Helios">Prince Alexander Helios of Egypt</a>, born 40 BC, died without issue (presumably)<sup id="cite_ref-Roller,_p._84_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roller,_p._84-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>5. <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_Selene_II" title="Cleopatra Selene II">Cleopatra Selene, Queen of Mauretania</a>, 40 BC – 6 AD, had 2 children <dl><dd>A. <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_of_Mauretania" title="Ptolemy of Mauretania">Ptolemy, King of Mauretania</a>, 1 BC – 40 AD, had 1 child <dl><dd>I. <a href="/wiki/Drusilla_(daughter_of_Ptolemy_of_Mauretania)" title="Drusilla (daughter of Ptolemy of Mauretania)">Drusilla</a>, 38–79 AD, had 1 child <dl><dd>a. <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Alexion" title="Gaius Julius Alexion">Gaius Julius Alexion</a>, King of Emesa, had 1 child</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd>B. A daughter, born around 9 BC</dd></dl></dd> <dd>6. <a href="/wiki/Antonia_the_Elder" title="Antonia the Elder">Antonia Major</a>, 39 BC – before 25 AD, had 3 children <dl><dd>A. <a href="/wiki/Domitia_Lepida_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Domitia Lepida the Elder">Domitia Lepida the Elder</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 19 BC</span> – 59 AD, had 1 child <dl><dd>I. <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Haterius_Antoninus" title="Quintus Haterius Antoninus">Quintus Haterius Antoninus</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>B. <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Domitius_Ahenobarbus_(consul_32)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 32)">Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus</a>, 17 BC – 40 AD, had 1 child <dl><dd>I. <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero (Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus)</a> (see line of <a href="/wiki/Antonia_Minor" title="Antonia Minor">Antonia Minor</a> below)</dd></dl></dd> <dd>C. <a href="/wiki/Domitia_Lepida_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Domitia Lepida the Younger">Domitia Lepida the Younger</a>, 10 BC – 54 AD, had 3 children <dl><dd>I. <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Valerius_Messala_Corvinus_(consul_58)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Valerius Messala Corvinus (consul 58)">Marcus Valerius Messala Corvinus</a></dd> <dd>II. <a href="/wiki/Valeria_Messalina" class="mw-redirect" title="Valeria Messalina">Valeria Messalina</a>, 17 or 20–48 AD, had 2 children <dl><dd>a. (Messalina was the mother of the two youngest children of the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> listed below)</dd></dl></dd> <dd>III. <a href="/wiki/Faustus_Cornelius_Sulla_Felix" title="Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix">Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix</a>, 22–62 AD, had 1 child <dl><dd>a. a son (this child and the only child of the <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Antonia" title="Claudia Antonia">Claudia Antonia</a> listed below are the same person)</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd>7. <a href="/wiki/Antonia_Minor" title="Antonia Minor">Antonia Minor</a>, 36 BC – 37 AD, had 3 children <dl><dd>A. <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus Julius Caesar</a>, 15 BC – 19 AD, had 6 children <dl><dd>I. <a href="/wiki/Nero_Julius_Caesar" title="Nero Julius Caesar">Nero Julius Caesar Germanicus</a>, 6–30 AD, died without issue</dd> <dd>II. <a href="/wiki/Drusus_Caesar" title="Drusus Caesar">Drusus Julius Caesar Germanicus</a>, 8–33 AD, died without issue</dd> <dd>III. <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (Caligula)</a>, 12–41 AD, had 1 child; <dl><dd>a. <a href="/wiki/Julia_Drusilla_(daughter_of_Caligula)" title="Julia Drusilla (daughter of Caligula)">Julia Drusilla</a>, 39–41 AD, died young</dd></dl></dd> <dd>IV. <a href="/wiki/Agrippina_the_Younger" title="Agrippina the Younger">Julia Agrippina (Agrippina the Younger)</a>, 15–59 AD, had 1 child; <dl><dd>a. <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus</a>, 37–68 AD, had 1 child; <dl><dd>i. <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Augusta" title="Claudia Augusta">Claudia Augusta</a>, January 63 AD – April 63 AD, died young</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd>V. <a href="/wiki/Julia_Drusilla" title="Julia Drusilla">Julia Drusilla</a>, 16–38 AD, died without issue</dd> <dd>VI. <a href="/wiki/Julia_Livilla" title="Julia Livilla">Julia Livilla</a>, 18–42 AD, died without issue</dd></dl></dd> <dd>B. <a href="/wiki/Livilla" title="Livilla">Claudia Livia Julia (Livilla)</a>, 13 BC – 31 AD, had three children <dl><dd>I. <a href="/wiki/Julia_Livia" title="Julia Livia">Julia Livia</a>, 7–43 AD, had 4 children <dl><dd>a. <a href="/wiki/Rubellius_Plautus" title="Rubellius Plautus">Rubellius Plautus</a>, 33–62 AD, had several children<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>b. Gaius Rubellius Blandus</dd> <dd>c. Rubellius Drusus</dd></dl></dd> <dd>II. <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Gemellus" title="Tiberius Gemellus">Tiberius Julius Caesar Nero Gemellus</a>, 19–37 or 38 AD, died without issue</dd> <dd>III. Tiberius Claudius Caesar Germanicus II Gemellus, 19–23 AD, died young</dd></dl></dd> <dd>C. <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus</a>, 10 BC – 54 AD, had 4 children <dl><dd>I. <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Drusus" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius Drusus">Tiberius Claudius Drusus</a>, died young</dd> <dd>II. <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Antonia" title="Claudia Antonia">Claudia Antonia</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 30</span>–66 AD, had 1 child <dl><dd>a. a son, died young</dd></dl></dd> <dd>III. <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Octavia" title="Claudia Octavia">Claudia Octavia</a>, 39 or 40–62 AD, died without issue</dd> <dd>IV. <a href="/wiki/Britannicus" title="Britannicus">Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus</a>, 41–55 AD, died without issue</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd> <dd>8. <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Philadelphus_(son_of_Cleopatra)" title="Ptolemy Philadelphus (son of Cleopatra)">Prince Ptolemy Philadelphus of Egypt</a>, 36–29 BC, died without issue (presumably)<sup id="cite_ref-Roller,_p._84_167-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roller,_p._84-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artistic_portrayals">Artistic portrayals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Antony&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Artistic portrayals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caesar-Coulouris-1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Caesar-Coulouris-1937.jpg/220px-Caesar-Coulouris-1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Caesar-Coulouris-1937.jpg/330px-Caesar-Coulouris-1937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Caesar-Coulouris-1937.jpg/440px-Caesar-Coulouris-1937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="7052" /></a><figcaption>Antony (<a href="/wiki/George_Coulouris" title="George Coulouris">George Coulouris</a>) addresses the crowd in the <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Theatre" title="Mercury Theatre">Mercury Theatre</a> production of <i><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(Mercury_Theatre)" title="Caesar (Mercury Theatre)">Caesar</a></i> (1937), <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a>'s modern-dress adaptation of Shakespeare's tragedy</figcaption></figure> <p>Works in which the character of Mark Antony plays a central role: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar_(play)" title="Julius Caesar (play)">Julius Caesar</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar_(1950_film)" title="Julius Caesar (1950 film)">Julius Caesar (1950 film)</a></i> based on this (played by <a href="/wiki/Charlton_Heston" title="Charlton Heston">Charlton Heston</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar_(1953_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius Caesar (1953 film)">Julius Caesar (1953 film)</a></i> based on this (played by <a href="/wiki/Marlon_Brando" title="Marlon Brando">Marlon Brando</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar_(1970_film)" title="Julius Caesar (1970 film)">Julius Caesar (1970 film)</a></i> based on this (played by <a href="/wiki/Charlton_Heston" title="Charlton Heston">Charlton Heston</a> again)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_and_Cleopatra_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Antony and Cleopatra (disambiguation)">Antony and Cleopatra</a>, several works with that title</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a>'s 1677 play <i><a href="/wiki/All_for_Love_(play)" title="All for Love (play)">All for Love</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet">Jules Massenet</a>'s 1914 <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9op%C3%A2tre" title="Cléopâtre">Cléopâtre</a></i></li> <li>The 1934 film <i><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_(1934_film)" title="Cleopatra (1934 film)">Cleopatra</a></i> (played by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilcoxon" title="Henry Wilcoxon">Henry Wilcoxon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a>' innovative 1937 adaptation of William Shakespeare at <a href="/wiki/Comedy_Theatre_(New_York_City)" title="Comedy Theatre (New York City)">Mercury Theatre</a> has <a href="/wiki/George_Coulouris" title="George Coulouris">George Coulouris</a> as Marcus Antonius.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrance1977186_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrance1977186-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 1953 film <i><a href="/wiki/Serpent_of_the_Nile" title="Serpent of the Nile">Serpent of the Nile</a></i> (played by <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Burr" title="Raymond Burr">Raymond Burr</a>)</li> <li>The 1963 film <i><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_(1963_film)" title="Cleopatra (1963 film)">Cleopatra</a></i> (played by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Burton" title="Richard Burton">Richard Burton</a>)</li> <li>The 1964 film <i><a href="/wiki/Carry_On_Cleo" title="Carry On Cleo">Carry On Cleo</a></i> (played by <a href="/wiki/Sid_James" title="Sid James">Sid James</a>)</li> <li>The 1983 miniseries <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cleopatras" title="The Cleopatras">The Cleopatras</a></i> (played by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Neame" title="Christopher Neame">Christopher Neame</a>)</li> <li>The TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Xena:_Warrior_Princess" title="Xena: Warrior Princess">Xena: Warrior Princess</a></i> (played by <a href="/wiki/Manu_Bennett" title="Manu Bennett">Manu Bennett</a>)</li> <li>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Empires:_The_Rise_of_Rome" title="Age of Empires: The Rise of Rome">Age of Empires: The Rise of Rome</a></i>, Mark Antony featured as a short swordsman.</li> <li>The 1999 film <i><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_(1999_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra (1999 film)">Cleopatra</a></i> (played by <a href="/wiki/Billy_Zane" title="Billy Zane">Billy Zane</a>)</li> <li>The Capcom video game <i><a href="/wiki/Shadow_of_Rome" title="Shadow of Rome">Shadow of Rome</a></i>, in which he is depicted as the main antagonist</li> <li>The 2003 TV movie <i><a href="/wiki/Imperium:_Augustus" title="Imperium: Augustus">Imperium: Augustus</a></i> (played by <a href="/wiki/Massimo_Ghini" title="Massimo Ghini">Massimo Ghini</a>)</li> <li>The 2005 TV mini series <i><a href="/wiki/Empire_(2005_TV_series)" title="Empire (2005 TV series)">Empire</a></i> (played by <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Regan" title="Vincent Regan">Vincent Regan</a>)</li> <li>The 2005–2007 HBO/BBC TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Rome_(TV_series)" title="Rome (TV series)">Rome</a></i> (played by <a href="/wiki/James_Purefoy" title="James Purefoy">James Purefoy</a>)</li> <li>The 2009–2013 TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Horrible_Histories_(2009_TV_series)" title="Horrible Histories (2009 TV series)">Horrible Histories</a></i> (played by <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Baynton" title="Mathew Baynton">Mathew Baynton</a>), and the 2015 <a href="/wiki/Horrible_Histories_(2015_TV_series)" title="Horrible Histories (2015 TV series)">reboot series of the same name</a> (portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Stourton" title="Tom Stourton">Tom Stourton</a> in 2019)</li> <li>The 2006 BBC One <a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">docudrama</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome:_The_Rise_and_Fall_of_an_Empire#Episode_one:_Caesar" title="Ancient Rome: The Rise and Fall of an Empire">Ancient Rome: The Rise and Fall of an Empire</a></i> (played by Alex Ferns)</li> <li>As Cleopatra's guardian and level boss (of Lust) in the Xbox 360 game <i><a href="/wiki/Dante%27s_Inferno_(video_game)" title="Dante's Inferno (video game)">Dante's Inferno</a></i> released by Visceral Games in 2010.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Pixelberry_Studios" title="Pixelberry Studios">Choices: Stories You Play</a> visual novel <i>A Courtesan of Rome</i>, in which he is depicted as one of the love interests.</li> <li>The 2021 TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Domina_(TV_series)" title="Domina (TV series)">Domina</a></i> (played by <a href="/wiki/Liam_Garrigan" title="Liam Garrigan">Liam Garrigan</a>)</li> <li>2023 <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> TV series <a href="/wiki/African_Queens_(TV_series)" title="African Queens (TV series)">African Queens</a>, portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Craig_Russell_(English_actor)" title="Craig Russell (English actor)">Craig Russell</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novels">Novels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Antony&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Novels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Colleen_McCullough" title="Colleen McCullough">Colleen McCullough</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Masters_of_Rome" title="Masters of Rome">Masters of Rome</a></i> series (1990–2007), Antony is portrayed as a deeply flawed character, a brave warrior but sexually promiscuous, often drunk and foolish, and a monster of vanity who loves riding in a chariot drawn by lions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_George" title="Margaret George">Margaret George</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Memoirs_of_Cleopatra" title="The Memoirs of Cleopatra">The Memoirs of Cleopatra</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conn_Iggulden" title="Conn Iggulden">Conn Iggulden</a>'s <i>Emperor</i> novels (2003–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Harris_(novelist)" title="Robert Harris (novelist)">Robert Harris's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Dictator_(Harris_novel)" title="Dictator (Harris novel)">Dictator</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Livingston" title="Michael Livingston">Michael Livingston</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Shards_of_Heaven" title="The Shards of Heaven">The Shards of Heaven</a></i> (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-PW_Shards_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PW_Shards-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KR_Shards_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KR_Shards-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry">Poetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Antony&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a>'s fourteenth-century poem <i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Good_Women" title="The Legend of Good Women">The Legend of Good Women</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Haines_Lytle" title="William Haines Lytle">Lytle, William Haines</a> (1826–1863), <i>Antony and Cleopatra</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_P._Cavafy" title="Constantine P. Cavafy">Constantine P. Cavafy</a>'s poem <i><a href="/wiki/The_God_Abandons_Antony" title="The God Abandons Antony">The God Abandons Antony</a></i> (1911), a hymn to human dignity, depicts the imaginary last moments of Mark Antony while he sees his fortunes turning around.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Antony&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flamen_Divi_Julii" title="Flamen Divi Julii">Flamen Divi Julii</a>, priest of the <a href="/wiki/Divus_Iulius" class="mw-redirect" title="Divus Iulius">cult of Caesar</a>, of which Mark Antony was the first to serve.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonia_gens" title="Antonia gens">Antonia gens</a>, the ancestral <i>gens</i> of Mark Antony.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Antony&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Marcus Antonius, <a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">imperator</a> ("commander"), <a href="/wiki/Augur" title="Augur">augur</a>, one of three men for the restoration of the republic, [coin minted by] Marcus Barbatius, <a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">quaestor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetor</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As recorded by a calendar inscription known as the <i>Fasti Verulani</i> (c. 17–37 AD) for 14 January = <a href="/wiki/Attilio_Degrassi" title="Attilio Degrassi">Degrassi</a>, <i>Inscriptiones Italiae</i> 13.2.397–398, as cited by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerzy_Linderski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerzy Linderski (page does not exist)">Jerzy Linderski</a> and Anna Kaminska-Linderski, "The Quaestorship of Marcus Antonius," <i>Phoenix</i> 28.2 (1974), p. 217, note 24. The religious prohibition placed by <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> on the day, marked as a <i><a href="/wiki/Dies_vitiosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dies vitiosus">dies vitiosus</a></i> ("defective" day), is explained by Linderski, "The Augural Law", <i>Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt</i> II.16 (1986), pp. 2187–2188. 14 January is accepted as Antony's birthday also by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Pelling" title="Christopher Pelling">C.B.R. Pelling</a>, <i>Plutarch: Life of Antony</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1988), p. 299, commentary to <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i>Antony</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Antony*.html#73">73.5</a>; Nikos Kokkino, <i>Antonia Augusta</i> (Routledge, 1992), p. 11; <a href="/wiki/Pat_Southern" title="Pat Southern">Pat Southern</a>, <i>Mark Antony</i> (Tempus, 1998), p. ii; <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Goldsworthy" title="Adrian Goldsworthy">Adrian Goldsworthy</a>, <i>Antony and Cleopatra</i> (Yale University Press, 2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YguHDNElxpMC&dq=%22a+grand+celebration+for+his+birthday+on+14+january%22&pg=PT421">n.p.</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a> (<i>Claudius</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Claudius*.html#11.3">11.3</a>), the emperor Claudius, Antony's grandson through maternal lineage, evaded the prohibition on commemorating Antony's birthday by calculations showing that had he been born under the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a> he would have shared his <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#dies_natalis" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">birthday</a> with <a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">Drusus</a>, the emperor's father. Drusus was born in late March or early April, based on a reference that he was born "within the third month" after his mother <a href="/wiki/Livia" title="Livia">Livia</a> married Augustus on 17 January; G. Radke, "Der Geburtstag des älteren Drusus," <i>Wurzburger Jahrbucher fur die Altertumswissenschaft</i> 4 (1978), pp. 211–213, proposed that a birth date of 28 March for Drusus would resolve the chronological difficulties. Radke's proposal is summarized in English by the <a href="/wiki/Commentary_(philology)" title="Commentary (philology)">commentary</a> on Suetonius' sentence by Donna W. Hurley, <i>Suetonius: Divus Claudius</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9yVR5Fac278C&dq=drusus+antony+birthday+january&pg=PA106">p. 106</a>, and by Marleen B. Flory, "The Symbolism of Laurel in Cameo Portraits of Livia," in <i>Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome</i> (University of Michigan Press, 1995), vol. 40, p. 56, note 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The identification of the bust lies entirely on the fact that it was allegedly found alongside a bust of Octavian and a <a href="/wiki/File:Marcus_Aemilius_Lepidus_(Musei_Vaticani)_replica_in_Pushkin_museum_01_by_shakko.jpg" title="File:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (Musei Vaticani) replica in Pushkin museum 01 by shakko.jpg">third figure</a> that was accordingly identified as <a href="/wiki/Lepidus" title="Lepidus">Lepidus</a>. However, all three portrait date from different periods, and the bust of Octavian was eventually shown to depict Julius Caesar.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero is the only ancient source to mention a first marriage to an otherwise unknown Fadia (<i>Philippics</i>, XIII, 10)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ancient writers (e.g. Appian, <i>Civil Wars</i> 5.8.1) place the beginning of their famous romance at this meeting with Antony totally surrendering to Cleopatra's beauty but modern historians reject this notion as retrospective historical propaganda on the part of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lepidus, though still a member of the Triumvirate, was relegated to a junior position within the three-man dictatorship as Antony and Octavian established themselves.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It is also speculated that Antony's legions, composed largely of Caesarian veterans, did not wish to fight the adoptive son of their former general.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">After celebrating his triumph, Ventidius disappears from the historical record.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Antony&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Antony&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also spelled as "Marc Antony"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-rome/mark-antony">"Mark Antony"</a>. <i>HISTORY</i>. 24 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230427175145/https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-rome/mark-antony">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=Mark+Antony&rft.date=2019-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fancient-rome%2Fmark-antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Life of Antony</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Antony*.html#86.5">86.5.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801170032/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Antony%2A.html#86.5">Archived</a> 1 August 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suerbaum 1980, 327–334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huzar-14-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huzar-14_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huzar-14_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Huzar 1978, p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldsworthy, 2010, p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huzar-15-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huzar-15_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huzar-15_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Huzar 1978, p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scullard-154-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scullard-154_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scullard-154_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Scullard 1980, p. 154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huzar-17-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Huzar-17_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huzar 1978, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eyben 1993, p. 236</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zmescience.com/science/history-science/rome-political-discourse-insults-24082018/">"In ancient Rome, political discourse was sometimes like an internet fight"</a>. <i>ZME Science</i>. 24 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418141034/https://www.zmescience.com/science/history-science/rome-political-discourse-insults-24082018/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ZME+Science&rft.atitle=In+ancient+Rome%2C+political+discourse+was+sometimes+like+an+internet+fight&rft.date=2018-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zmescience.com%2Fscience%2Fhistory-science%2Frome-political-discourse-insults-24082018%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistory2018" class="citation web cs1">History, Mindy Weisberger 2018-09-02T12:12:50Z (2 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/63473-insults-politics-ancient-rome.html">"Think Politics Today Is Ugly? Politicians in Ancient Rome Were Insulting, Too"</a>. <i>livescience.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210510025811/https://www.livescience.com/63473-insults-politics-ancient-rome.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=livescience.com&rft.atitle=Think+Politics+Today+Is+Ugly%3F+Politicians+in+Ancient+Rome+Were+Insulting%2C+Too&rft.date=2018-09-02&rft.aulast=History&rft.aufirst=Mindy+Weisberger+2018-09-02T12%3A12%3A50Z&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F63473-insults-politics-ancient-rome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eyben 1993, p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huzar 1978, p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weigall, 1931, p. 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jallet-Huant, 2009, p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rocca</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plutarch,_Antony,_3-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Plutarch,_Antony,_3_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plutarch,_Antony,_3_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Antony</i>, 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerhard1863" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gerhard, Eduard (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/archaologischez21deut"><i>Archäologische Zeitung</i></a> (in German). Verlag Georg Reimer. p. 156.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arch%C3%A4ologische+Zeitung&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Verlag+Georg+Reimer&rft.date=1863&rft.aulast=Gerhard&rft.aufirst=Eduard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farchaologischez21deut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmelung1903" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Amelung, Walther (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diesculpturende00amelgoog/page/112"><i>Die Sculpturen des Vaticanischen Museums</i></a> (in German). Harvard University. Berlin, Kommission bei G. Reimer. pp. <span class="nowrap">112–</span>113.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Sculpturen+des+Vaticanischen+Museums&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E112-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.pub=Berlin%2C+Kommission+bei+G.+Reimer&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Amelung&rft.aufirst=Walther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiesculpturende00amelgoog%2Fpage%2F112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siani-Davis, 1997, p. 316</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradford, 2000, p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siani-Davis, 1997, 388</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roller, 2010, pp. 24–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jallet-Huant, 2009, pp. 27–31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, 2003, pp. 174–177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jallet-Huant, 2009, p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holland,_Rubicon,_p._287-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holland,_Rubicon,_p._287_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holland, Rubicon, p. 287</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamsey2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ramsey, John T (2016). "How and why was Pompey Made sole consul in 52 BC?". <i>Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte</i>. <b>65</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">298–</span>324. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25162%2Fhistoria-2016-0017">10.25162/historia-2016-0017</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2311">0018-2311</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45019234">45019234</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historia%3A+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Alte+Geschichte&rft.atitle=How+and+why+was+Pompey+Made+sole+consul+in+52+BC%3F&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E298-%3C%2Fspan%3E324&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=0018-2311&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45019234%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25162%2Fhistoria-2016-0017&rft.aulast=Ramsey&rft.aufirst=John+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caesar, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Caesar/gallic.8.8.html#847"><i>B.G.</i> 8.50</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160704055724/http://classics.mit.edu/Caesar/gallic.8.8.html#847">Archived</a> 4 July 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Antony</i>, 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caesar, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Caesar/civil.1.1.html#149"><i>B.C.</i> i.5</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160628052730/http://classics.mit.edu/Caesar/civil.1.1.html#149">Archived</a> 28 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Pompey</i>, 56.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hinard, 2000, p. 786</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jallet-Huant, 2009, pp. 39–40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Antony</i>, 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Broughton,_pg._281-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Broughton,_pg._281_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Broughton,_pg._281_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Broughton, p. 281</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, p. 127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holmes, p. 128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plutarch,_Antony,_10-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Plutarch,_Antony,_10_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plutarch,_Antony,_10_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plutarch,_Antony,_10_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Antony</i>, 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Pompey</i>, 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, 1999, p. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2021309-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2021309_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2021309_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson2021">Wilson 2021</a>, p. 309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jallet-Huant, 2009, pp. 52–53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hinard,_2000,_pg_796_and_798-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hinard,_2000,_pg_796_and_798_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hinard,_2000,_pg_796_and_798_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hinard, 2000, pp. 796, 798</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch: <i>Antony</i>, c. 9, in <i>Plutarch, Roman Lives</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-282502-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-282502-5">978-0-19-282502-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dio 43.51.8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Antony</i>, 11.3, less clear from Dio.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0021:speech=2:section=48">"M. Tullius Cicero, Orations, The fourteen orations against Marcus Antonius (Philippics), THE SECOND SPEECH OF M. T. CICERO AGAINST MARCUS ANTONIUS. CALLED ALSO THE SECOND PHILIPPIC., section 48"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230612151942/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0021:speech=2:section=48">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=M.+Tullius+Cicero%2C+Orations%2C+The+fourteen+orations+against+Marcus+Antonius+%28Philippics%29%2C+THE+SECOND+SPEECH+OF+M.+T.+CICERO+AGAINST+MARCUS+ANTONIUS.+CALLED+ALSO+THE+SECOND+PHILIPPIC.%2C+section+48&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0021%3Aspeech%3D2%3Asection%3D48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0021:speech=2:section=99">"M. Tullius Cicero, Orations, The fourteen orations against Marcus Antonius (Philippics), THE SECOND SPEECH OF M. T. CICERO AGAINST MARCUS ANTONIUS. CALLED ALSO THE SECOND PHILIPPIC., section 99"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230612151854/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0021:speech=2:section=99">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=M.+Tullius+Cicero%2C+Orations%2C+The+fourteen+orations+against+Marcus+Antonius+%28Philippics%29%2C+THE+SECOND+SPEECH+OF+M.+T.+CICERO+AGAINST+MARCUS+ANTONIUS.+CALLED+ALSO+THE+SECOND+PHILIPPIC.%2C+section+99&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0021%3Aspeech%3D2%3Asection%3D99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Broughton, p. 299</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bringmann, p. 272</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tonykline.co.uk/index.php">"A.S. Kline | Author and Translator"</a>. <i>tonykline.co.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tonykline.co.uk&rft.atitle=A.S.+Kline+%26%23124%3B+Author+and+Translator&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftonykline.co.uk%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fuller, Chapter 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Antony</i>, 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrauss2016" class="citation book cs1">Strauss, Barry (2016). <i>The Death of Caesar: The Story of History's Most Famous Assassination</i>. Simon and Schuster. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1451668810" title="Special:BookSources/978-1451668810"><bdi>978-1451668810</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+Caesar%3A+The+Story+of+History%27s+Most+Famous+Assassination&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1451668810&rft.aulast=Strauss&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrauss2016" class="citation book cs1">Strauss, Barry (2016). <i>The Death of Caesar: The Story of History's Most Famous Assassination</i>. Simon and Schuster. pp. <span class="nowrap">61–</span>63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1451668810" title="Special:BookSources/978-1451668810"><bdi>978-1451668810</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+Caesar%3A+The+Story+of+History%27s+Most+Famous+Assassination&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1451668810&rft.aulast=Strauss&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Broughton, p. 320</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero, <i>2nd Philippic</i>, 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus" title="Velleius Paterculus">Velleius Paterculus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/2B*.html#58">2.58.5</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220731043323/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/2B%2A.html#58">Archived</a> 31 July 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i>Brutus</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Brutus*.html#18">18.2–6</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220731043834/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Brutus%2A.html#18">Archived</a> 31 July 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/m_brutus.html">"The Internet Classics Archive | Marcus Brutus by Plutarch"</a>. <i>classics.mit.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111207184859/http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/m_brutus.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=classics.mit.edu&rft.atitle=The+Internet+Classics+Archive+%26%23124%3B+Marcus+Brutus+by+Plutarch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassics.mit.edu%2FPlutarch%2Fm_brutus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woolf<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suetonius, <i>Julius</i>, c. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David, 2000, p. 246</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jallet-Huant, 2009, p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Antony</i>, 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bramstedt, 2004, p. 143</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hinard, 2000, 827</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hinard, 2000, p. 832</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eck (2003), p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hinard, 2000, p. 248</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eck, 2003, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoatwright2012" class="citation book cs1">Boatwright, Mary (2012). <i>The Romans From Village to Empire</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">272–</span>273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199730575" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199730575"><bdi>978-0199730575</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romans+From+Village+to+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E272-%3C%2Fspan%3E273&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0199730575&rft.aulast=Boatwright&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Syme, 1939, pp. 114–120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dio Cassius, <i>Roman History</i>, XLV, 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bleicken, 1998, p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chisholm, 1981, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rowell, 1962, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eck 2003, pp. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rowell, 1962, p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rowell, 1962, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eck, 2003, p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Syme, 1939, p. 167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Syme, 1939, pp. 173–174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scullard, 1982, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hinard, 2000, p. 838</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Syme, 1939, pp. 176–186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hinard, 2000, pp. 839–840</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rowell, 1962, pp. 26–27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eck, 2003, p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hinard, 2000, pp. 841–842</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hinard, 2000, pp. 846–847</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Appian, <i>The Civil Wars</i>, Book 14, CVIII</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hinard, 2000, p. 850</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jallet-Huant, 2009, pp. 144–153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hindard, 2000, pp. 850–851</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cosme, 2009, pp. 56–57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hinard, 2000, p. 854</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hinard, 2000, p. 253</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bivar, 1968, pp. 56–57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hinard 2000, p. 854</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lepelley, 1998, p. 435</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, <i>Roman History</i>, 49.32; <a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a>, <i>Civil Wars</i>, 5.7; <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology" title="Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofgre01smituoft#page/262/mode/2up">vol. I, p. 263</a> ("Archelaus", Nos. 3, 4), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofgree02smituoft#page/272/mode/2up">vol. II, p. 272</a> ("Glaphyra").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dio, 43.19.2–3; Appian, 2.101.420</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mitford, pp. 1289–1297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, Antony, 28–30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cassius Dio, <i>Roman History</i>, l. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eck, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eck, pp. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eck,_pg_19-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eck,_pg_19_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eck,_pg_19_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eck, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Cic.+Phil.+2.48&fromdoc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0021">"M. Tullius Cicero, Orations, The fourteen orations against Marcus Antonius (Philippics), THE SECOND SPEECH OF M. T. CICERO AGAINST MARCUS ANTONIUS. CALLED ALSO THE SECOND PHILIPPIC., section 48"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230612150827/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Cic.+Phil.+2.48&fromdoc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0021">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=M.+Tullius+Cicero%2C+Orations%2C+The+fourteen+orations+against+Marcus+Antonius+%28Philippics%29%2C+THE+SECOND+SPEECH+OF+M.+T.+CICERO+AGAINST+MARCUS+ANTONIUS.+CALLED+ALSO+THE+SECOND+PHILIPPIC.%2C+section+48&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DCic.%2BPhil.%2B2.48%26fromdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/48*.html">"Cassius Dio – Book 48"</a>. <i>penelope.uchicago.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221122175355/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/48%2A.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=penelope.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=Cassius+Dio+%E2%80%93+Book+48&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FCassius_Dio%2F48%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0232:book=5:chapter=2:section=14">"Appian, The Civil Wars, BOOK V, CHAPTER II, section 14"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230612151500/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0232:book=5:chapter=2:section=14">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Appian%2C+The+Civil+Wars%2C+BOOK+V%2C+CHAPTER+II%2C+section+14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0232%3Abook%3D5%3Achapter%3D2%3Asection%3D14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0232:book=5:chapter=3:section=19">"Appian, The Civil Wars, BOOK V, CHAPTER III, section 19"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230526150606/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0232:book=5:chapter=3:section=19">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Appian%2C+The+Civil+Wars%2C+BOOK+V%2C+CHAPTER+III%2C+section+19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0232%3Abook%3D5%3Achapter%3D3%3Asection%3D19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0232:book=5:chapter=4:section=32">"Appian, The Civil Wars, BOOK V, CHAPTER IV, section 32"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230526150614/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0232:book=5:chapter=4:section=32">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Appian%2C+The+Civil+Wars%2C+BOOK+V%2C+CHAPTER+IV%2C+section+32&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0232%3Abook%3D5%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David, 2000, p. 254</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Southern, 2001, p. 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eck, 2003, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eder, 2005, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0007:chapter=30:section=3">"Plutarch, Antony, chapter 30, section 3"</a>. <i>www.perseus.tufts.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230612150804/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0007:chapter=30:section=3">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.perseus.tufts.edu&rft.atitle=Plutarch%2C+Antony%2C+chapter+30%2C+section+3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0007%3Achapter%3D30%3Asection%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scullard, 1984, p. 106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch. <i>Life of Crassus</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Crassus*.html">19.1–3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200410020040/http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Crassus*.html">Archived</a> 10 April 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i>Crassus</i> 19; 22; 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hinard, 2000, p. 820</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorello2005" class="citation book cs1">Morello, Antonio (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ipk_YgEACAAJ"><i>Titus Labienus et Cingulum, Quintus Labienus Parthicus Volume 9 of Nummus et historia</i></a>. Circolo numismatico Mario Rasile. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819124625/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ipk_YgEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Titus+Labienus+et+Cingulum%2C+Quintus+Labienus+Parthicus+Volume+9+of+Nummus+et+historia&rft.pub=Circolo+numismatico+Mario+Rasile&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Morello&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIpk_YgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parthia.com/labienus.htm">"Coins of Rome about Parthia: Quintus Labienus (42–39 B.C.)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803183606/http://www.parthia.com/labienus.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coins+of+Rome+about+Parthia%3A+Quintus+Labienus+%2842%E2%80%9339+B.C.%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parthia.com%2Flabienus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hinard,_2000,_pg_857-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hinard,_2000,_pg_857_134-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hinard,_2000,_pg_857_134-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hinard, 2000, p. 857</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hinard,_2000,_pg_858-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hinard,_2000,_pg_858_135-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hinard,_2000,_pg_858_135-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hinard, 2000, p. 858</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hinard, 2000, p. 877</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, <i>Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology</i>, pp. 1239</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dando-Collins, 2008, pp. 36–39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cassius Dio, <i>Roman History</i>, Book 49, 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hinard, 2000, pp. 879, 883</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Antony</i>, Chapter 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Appian, <i>The Civil Wars</i>, Book 5, 69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ward, Allen M., et al. A History of the Roman People. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Appian, <i>The Civil Wars</i>, Book 5, 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Appian, <i>The Civil Wars</i>, Book 5, 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Appian, <i>The Civil Wars</i>, Book 5, 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Armstrong, p. 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, <i>The Wars of the Jews</i>, 1.14.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rocca, 2008, pp. 45–47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josephus, The Jewish Wars, 1:355</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuzar1978" class="citation book cs1">Huzar, Eleanor Goltz (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/markantonybiogra00huza_0/page/176/mode/1up"><i>Mark Antony, a biography</i></a>. University of Minnesota Press. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816608638" title="Special:BookSources/9780816608638"><bdi>9780816608638</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mark+Antony%2C+a+biography&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9780816608638&rft.aulast=Huzar&rft.aufirst=Eleanor+Goltz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarkantonybiogra00huza_0%2Fpage%2F176%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlutarch" class="citation book cs1">Plutarch. <i>Antony</i>. p. 50.1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antony&rft.pages=50.1&rft.au=Plutarch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iranica-antony-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iranica-antony_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaumont2011" class="citation web cs1">Chaumont, M. L. (5 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/antony-mark-roman-gencral-ca">"ANTONY, MARK"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Iranica">Encyclopaedia Iranica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221026082247/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/antony-mark-roman-gencral-ca">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.atitle=ANTONY%2C+MARK&rft.date=2011-08-05&rft.aulast=Chaumont&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fantony-mark-roman-gencral-ca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoatwright2012" class="citation book cs1">Boatwright, Mary (2012). <i>The Romans From Village to Empire</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">269–</span>271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199735075" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199735075"><bdi>978-0199735075</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romans+From+Village+to+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E269-%3C%2Fspan%3E271&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0199735075&rft.aulast=Boatwright&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Supporting authenticity: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1978" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, John Robert (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41651325">"The authenticity and validity of Antony's will"</a>. <i>L'Antiquité Classique</i>. <b>47</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">494–</span>503. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fantiq.1978.1908">10.3406/antiq.1978.1908</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0770-2817">0770-2817</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41651325">41651325</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230113185018/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41651325">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Antiquit%C3%A9+Classique&rft.atitle=The+authenticity+and+validity+of+Antony%27s+will&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E494-%3C%2Fspan%3E503&rft.date=1978&rft.issn=0770-2817&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41651325%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fantiq.1978.1908&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=John+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41651325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span> Against authenticity: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirianni1984" class="citation journal cs1">Sirianni, Frank A (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41657427">"Was Antony's will partially forged?"</a>. <i>L'Antiquité Classique</i>. <b>53</b>: <span class="nowrap">236–</span>241. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fantiq.1984.2126">10.3406/antiq.1984.2126</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0770-2817">0770-2817</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41657427">41657427</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230113185018/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41657427">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Antiquit%C3%A9+Classique&rft.atitle=Was+Antony%27s+will+partially+forged%3F&rft.volume=53&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E236-%3C%2Fspan%3E241&rft.date=1984&rft.issn=0770-2817&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41657427%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fantiq.1984.2126&rft.aulast=Sirianni&rft.aufirst=Frank+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41657427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span> Dio. 50.20.7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roller (2010), 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walker (2008), 35, 42–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dio 51.19.4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plut. <i>Ant.</i> 49.4; Dio 51.19.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkert" class="citation web cs1">Akert, Nick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1044&context=discentesjournal">"Antony, Augustus, and Damnatio Memoriae"</a>. <i>University of Pennsylvania</i>. Discentes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191228192656/http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1044&context=discentesjournal">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.atitle=Antony%2C+Augustus%2C+and+Damnatio+Memoriae&rft.aulast=Akert&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.upenn.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1044%26context%3Ddiscentesjournal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plut. <i>Ant.</i> 49.4; Dio 51.19.4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plut. <i>Ant.</i> 49.4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoatwright2012" class="citation book cs1">Boatwright, Mary (2012). <i>The Romans From Village to Empire</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">269–</span>279. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199730575" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199730575"><bdi>978-0199730575</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romans+From+Village+to+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E269-%3C%2Fspan%3E279&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0199730575&rft.aulast=Boatwright&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrong2016" class="citation book cs1">Strong, Anise K. (July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/prostitutes-and-matrons-in-the-roman-world/powerful-concubines-and-influential-courtesans/DCC15FC6A35D368295EB82C9EE2193C4/core-reader">"Powerful concubines and influential courtesans"</a>. <i>Prostitutes and Matrons in the Roman World</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">62–</span>96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781316563083.004">10.1017/CBO9781316563083.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1316563083" title="Special:BookSources/978-1316563083"><bdi>978-1316563083</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200511025641/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/prostitutes-and-matrons-in-the-roman-world/powerful-concubines-and-influential-courtesans/DCC15FC6A35D368295EB82C9EE2193C4/core-reader">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Powerful+concubines+and+influential+courtesans&rft.btitle=Prostitutes+and+Matrons+in+the+Roman+World&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E62-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.date=2016-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9781316563083.004&rft.isbn=978-1316563083&rft.aulast=Strong&rft.aufirst=Anise+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fprostitutes-and-matrons-in-the-roman-world%2Fpowerful-concubines-and-influential-courtesans%2FDCC15FC6A35D368295EB82C9EE2193C4%2Fcore-reader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbon1854" class="citation book cs1">Gibbon, Edward (1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pu8LAAAAYAAJ&q=mark+antony+concubines&pg=PA300"><i>The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</i></a>. Little, Brown. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220417073259/https://books.google.com/books?id=pu8LAAAAYAAJ&q=mark+antony+concubines&pg=PA300">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1854&rft.aulast=Gibbon&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpu8LAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dmark%2Bantony%2Bconcubines%26pg%3DPA300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roller,_p._84-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roller,_p._84_167-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roller,_p._84_167-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roller, <i>The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene</i> pp. 84–89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Their names are unknown, but it is known that all of them were killed by Nero, thus descent from this line is extinct</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrance1977186-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrance1977186_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrance1977">France 1977</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PW_Shards-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PW_Shards_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-7653-8031-9">"<i>The Shards of Heaven</i> by Michael Livingston"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Publishers_Weekly" title="Publishers Weekly">Publishers Weekly</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162807/https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-7653-8031-9">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Publishers+Weekly&rft.atitle=The+Shards+of+Heaven+by+Michael+Livingston&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.publishersweekly.com%2F978-0-7653-8031-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KR_Shards-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KR_Shards_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/michael-livingston/the-shards-of-heaven/">"Review: <i>The Shards of Heaven</i> by Michael Livingston"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Kirkus_Reviews" title="Kirkus Reviews">Kirkus Reviews</a></i>. 3 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141321/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/michael-livingston/the-shards-of-heaven/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kirkus+Reviews&rft.atitle=Review%3A+The+Shards+of+Heaven+by+Michael+Livingston&rft.date=2015-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirkusreviews.com%2Fbook-reviews%2Fmichael-livingston%2Fthe-shards-of-heaven%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Antony&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Dio Cassius xli.–liii</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a>, <i>Bell. Civ.</i> i.–v.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico" title="Commentarii de Bello Gallico">Commentarii de Bello Gallico</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Civili" title="Commentarii de Bello Civili">Commentarii de Bello Civili</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, <i>Letters</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Philippicae" title="Philippicae">Philippics</a></i> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0021"><i>Orations: The fourteen Philippics against Marcus Antonius</i> ~ Tufts University Classics Collection</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081009091337/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0021">Archived</a> 9 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives (Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans)</a></i> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/antony.html">Plutarch's <i>Parallel Lives</i>: "Antony" ~ Internet Classics Archive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110106121954/http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/antony.html">Archived</a> 6 January 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/pompey.html">Plutarch's <i>Parallel Lives</i>: "Pompey" ~ Internet Classics Archive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050219095307/http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/pompey.html">Archived</a> 19 February 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Antony*.html">Plutarch's <i>Parallel Lives</i>: "Life of Antony" – Loeb Classical Library edition, 1920</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801170032/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Antony%2A.html">Archived</a> 1 August 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/d_antony.html">Plutarch's <i>Parallel Lives</i>: "The Comparison of Demetrius and Antony" ~ Internet Classics Archive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050204224148/http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/d_antony.html">Archived</a> 4 February 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (MIT)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_War" title="The Jewish War">The Jewish War</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus" title="Velleius Paterculus">Velleius Paterculus</a>, <i>The Roman History</i>, II.60–87.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Antony&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1996" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, Karen (1996). <i>Jerusalem – One City. Three Faiths</i>. New York: Ballatine Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-39168-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-39168-1"><bdi>978-0-345-39168-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jerusalem+%E2%80%93+One+City.+Three+Faiths.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ballatine+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-345-39168-1&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabcock1965" class="citation journal cs1">Babcock, C.L. (1965). "The early career of Fulvia". <i>American Journal of Philology</i>. <b>86</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Philology&rft.atitle=The+early+career+of+Fulvia&rft.volume=86&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Babcock&rft.aufirst=C.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenne2001" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Benne, Simon (2001). "Marcus Antonius und Kleopatra VII: Machtausbau, herrscherliche Repräsentation und politische Konzeption" [Marcus Antonius and Cleopatra VII: power structure, monarchical representation and political conception]. <i>Göttinger Forum für Altertumswissenschaft, Beihefte</i> (in German). <b>6</b>. Göttingen: Dührkohp & Radicke. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89744-146-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-89744-146-2"><bdi>3-89744-146-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=G%C3%B6ttinger+Forum+f%C3%BCr+Altertumswissenschaft%2C+Beihefte&rft.atitle=Marcus+Antonius+und+Kleopatra+VII%3A+Machtausbau%2C+herrscherliche+Repr%C3%A4sentation+und+politische+Konzeption&rft.volume=6&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=3-89744-146-2&rft.aulast=Benne&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFle_Bohec2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Yann_Le_Bohec" title="Yann Le Bohec">le Bohec, Yann</a> (2001). <i>Cesar chef de guerre: Cesar stratege et tacticien</i> [<i>Caesar the Warlord: Strategy and Tactics of the Roman Republic</i>] (in French). Rocher. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-268-03881-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-268-03881-0"><bdi>978-2-268-03881-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cesar+chef+de+guerre%3A+Cesar+stratege+et+tacticien&rft.pub=Rocher&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-2-268-03881-0&rft.aulast=le+Bohec&rft.aufirst=Yann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorgies2016" class="citation book cs1">Borgies, Loïc (2016). <i>Le conflit propagandiste entre Octavien et Marc Antoine. De l'usage politique de la uituperatio entre 44 et 30 a. C. n</i>. Brussels: Latomus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-3459-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-3459-7"><bdi>978-90-429-3459-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+conflit+propagandiste+entre+Octavien+et+Marc+Antoine.+De+l%27usage+politique+de+la+uituperatio+entre+44+et+30+a.+C.+n.&rft.place=Brussels&rft.pub=Latomus&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-90-429-3459-7&rft.aulast=Borgies&rft.aufirst=Lo%C3%AFc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradford2000" class="citation book cs1">Bradford, Ernle (2000). <i>Classical Biography: Cleopatra</i>. Toronto: The Penguin Groups.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Biography%3A+Cleopatra&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=The+Penguin+Groups&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Bradford&rft.aufirst=Ernle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrambach2004" class="citation book cs1">Brambach, Joachim (2004). <i>Kleopatra. Herrscherin und Geliebte</i> [<i>Cleopatra: Ruler and Mistress</i>]. Diederichs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-424-01239-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-424-01239-2"><bdi>978-3-424-01239-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kleopatra.+Herrscherin+und+Geliebte&rft.pub=Diederichs&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-424-01239-2&rft.aulast=Brambach&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBringmann2007" class="citation book cs1">Bringmann, Klaus (2007). <i>A History of the Roman Republic</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Roman+Republic&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Bringmann&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroughton1952" class="citation book cs1">Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon (1952). <i>The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, Vol. II</i>. American Philological Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Magistrates+of+the+Roman+Republic%2C+Vol.+II&rft.pub=American+Philological+Association&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Broughton&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Robert+Shannon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamoux1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chamoux, François (1986). <i>Marc Antoine, dernier prince de l'Orient grec</i> [<i>Mark Antony, last prince of the Greek East</i>] (in French). Paris: Arthaud.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marc+Antoine%2C+dernier+prince+de+l%27Orient+grec&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Arthaud&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Chamoux&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlesworthTarn1965" class="citation book cs1">Charlesworth, M. P.; Tarn, W. W. (1965). <i>Octavian, Antony, and Cleopatra</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Octavian%2C+Antony%2C+and+Cleopatra&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Charlesworth&rft.aufirst=M.+P.&rft.au=Tarn%2C+W.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosme2009" class="citation book cs1">Cosme, Pierre (2009). <i>Auguste</i> [<i>Augustus</i>]. Perrin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-262-03020-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-262-03020-9"><bdi>978-2-262-03020-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Auguste&rft.pub=Perrin&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-262-03020-9&rft.aulast=Cosme&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDando-Collins2008" class="citation book cs1">Dando-Collins, Stephen (2008). <i>Mark Antony's Heroes</i>. John Wiley and Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4702-2453-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4702-2453-3"><bdi>978-0-4702-2453-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mark+Antony%27s+Heroes&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-4702-2453-3&rft.aulast=Dando-Collins&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">David, Jean-Michel (2000). <i>La République romaine de la deuxième guerre punique à la bataille d'Actium</i> [<i>The Roman Republic of the Second Punic War to the Battle of Actium</i>] (in French). Ed. du Seuil. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-020-23959-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-020-23959-2"><bdi>978-2-020-23959-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+R%C3%A9publique+romaine+de+la+deuxi%C3%A8me+guerre+punique+%C3%A0+la+bataille+d%27Actium&rft.pub=Ed.+du+Seuil&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-2-020-23959-2&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Jean-Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1999" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Paul K. (1999). <i>100 Decisive Battles from Ancient Times to the Present: The World's Major Battles and How They Shaped History</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=100+Decisive+Battles+from+Ancient+Times+to+the+Present%3A+The+World%27s+Major+Battles+and+How+They+Shaped+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Paul+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Ruggiero2013" class="citation book cs1">De Ruggiero, Paolo (2013). <i>Mark Antony: A Plain Blunt Man</i>. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen and Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-783-46270-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-783-46270-4"><bdi>978-1-783-46270-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mark+Antony%3A+A+Plain+Blunt+Man&rft.place=Barnsley%2C+South+Yorkshire&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-783-46270-4&rft.aulast=De+Ruggiero&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEck2003" class="citation book cs1">Eck, Werner (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofaugustus00wern"><i>The Age of Augustus</i></a>. Translated by Deborah Lucas Schneider. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22957-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22957-5"><bdi>978-0-631-22957-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Augustus&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-631-22957-5&rft.aulast=Eck&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fageofaugustus00wern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEyben1993" class="citation book cs1">Eyben, Emiel (1993). <i>Restless youth in ancient Rome</i>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-04366-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-04366-2"><bdi>0-415-04366-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Restless+youth+in+ancient+Rome&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-415-04366-2&rft.aulast=Eyben&rft.aufirst=Emiel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrance1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_France_(writer)" title="Richard France (writer)">France, Richard</a> (1977). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theatreoforsonwe0000fran"><i>The Theatre of Orson Welles</i></a></span>. Lewisburg, Pennsylvania: <a href="/wiki/Bucknell_University_Press" title="Bucknell University Press">Bucknell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8387-1972-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8387-1972-4"><bdi>0-8387-1972-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theatre+of+Orson+Welles&rft.place=Lewisburg%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Bucknell+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-8387-1972-4&rft.aulast=France&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheatreoforsonwe0000fran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller1965" class="citation book cs1">Fuller, J. F. C. (1965). <i>Julius Caesar: Man, Soldier, and Tyrant</i>. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Julius+Caesar%3A+Man%2C+Soldier%2C+and+Tyrant&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=J.+F.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsworthy2010" class="citation book cs1">Goldsworthy, Adrian (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YguHDNElxpMC&pg=PA39"><i>Antony and Cleopatra</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16700-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16700-9"><bdi>978-0-300-16700-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210201215048/https://books.google.com/books?id=YguHDNElxpMC&pg=PA39">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antony+and+Cleopatra&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-300-16700-9&rft.aulast=Goldsworthy&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYguHDNElxpMC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGowing1992" class="citation book cs1">Gowing, Alain M. (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/triumviralnarrat0000gowi"><i>The Triumviral Narratives of Appian and Cassius Dio</i></a></span>. Michigan Monographs in Classical Antiquity. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-10294-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-10294-5"><bdi>978-0-472-10294-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Triumviral+Narratives+of+Appian+and+Cassius+Dio&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.series=Michigan+Monographs+in+Classical+Antiquity&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-472-10294-5&rft.aulast=Gowing&rft.aufirst=Alain+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftriumviralnarrat0000gowi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruen1974" class="citation book cs1">Gruen, Erich S. (1974). <i>The Last Generation of the Roman Republic</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Generation+of+the+Roman+Republic&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Gruen&rft.aufirst=Erich+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaskell1942" class="citation journal cs1">Haskell, H. J. (1942). "This Was Cicero: Modern Politics in a Roman Toga". <i>Classical Journal</i>. <b>38</b> (6).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Classical+Journal&rft.atitle=This+Was+Cicero%3A+Modern+Politics+in+a+Roman+Toga&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=6&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Haskell&rft.aufirst=H.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinard2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hinard, Francois, ed. (2000). <i>Histoire romaine des origines à Auguste</i> [<i>The History of Rome from its Origins to Augustus</i>] (in French). Fayard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-213-03194-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-213-03194-1"><bdi>978-2-213-03194-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+romaine+des+origines+%C3%A0+Auguste&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-2-213-03194-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland2004" class="citation book cs1">Holland, Tom (2004). <i>Rubicon: The Triumph and Tragedy of the Roman Republic</i>. London: Abacus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-349-11563-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-349-11563-X"><bdi>0-349-11563-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rubicon%3A+The+Triumph+and+Tragedy+of+the+Roman+Republic&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Abacus&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-349-11563-X&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes1923" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, T. Rice (1923). <i>The Roman Republic and the Founder of the Empire, Vol. III</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Republic+and+the+Founder+of+the+Empire%2C+Vol.+III&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=T.+Rice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuzar1978" class="citation book cs1">Huzar, Eleanor G. (1978). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/markantonybiogra00huza_0"><i>Mark Antony: A Biography</i></a></span>. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-0863-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-0863-6"><bdi>0-8166-0863-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mark+Antony%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-8166-0863-6&rft.aulast=Huzar&rft.aufirst=Eleanor+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmarkantonybiogra00huza_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJallet-Huant2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jallet-Huant, Monique (2009). <i>Marc Antoine: généralissime, prince d'orient et acteur dans la chute de la république romaine</i> [<i>Mark Antony: Generalissimo, Oriental Prince, and Player in the Fall of the Roman Republic</i>] (in French). Presses de Valmy. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84772-070-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84772-070-9"><bdi>978-2-84772-070-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marc+Antoine%3A+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ralissime%2C+prince+d%27orient+et+acteur+dans+la+chute+de+la+r%C3%A9publique+romaine&rft.pub=Presses+de+Valmy&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-84772-070-9&rft.aulast=Jallet-Huant&rft.aufirst=Monique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJehne1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jehne, Martin (1987). <i>Der Staat des Dicators Caesar</i> [<i>The State of the Dictator Caesar</i>] (in German). Bohlau. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-412-06786-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-412-06786-1"><bdi>978-3-412-06786-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Staat+des+Dicators+Caesar&rft.pub=Bohlau&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-3-412-06786-1&rft.aulast=Jehne&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1938" class="citation book cs1">Jones, A.M.H. (1938). <i>The Herods of Judaea</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Herods+of+Judaea&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=A.M.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLepelley1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lepelley" title="Claude Lepelley">Lepelley, Claude</a> (1998). <i>Rome et l'intégration de l'Empire, 44 avant J.C. – 260 après J.C., tome 2 : Approche régionnales du Haut-Empire</i> [<i>Rome and the Integration of the Empire, 44 BC – 260 AD, Volume 2: Regional Approaches of the Early Empire</i>] (in French). University of France Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-130-48711-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-130-48711-1"><bdi>978-2-130-48711-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+et+l%27int%C3%A9gration+de+l%27Empire%2C+44+avant+J.C.+%E2%80%93+260+apr%C3%A8s+J.C.%2C+tome+2+%3A+Approche+r%C3%A9gionnales+du+Haut-Empire&rft.pub=University+of+France+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-2-130-48711-1&rft.aulast=Lepelley&rft.aufirst=Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsay1936" class="citation book cs1">Lindsay, Jack (1936). <i>Marc Antony, His World and His Contemporaries</i>. London: G. Routledge & Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marc+Antony%2C+His+World+and+His+Contemporaries&rft.place=London&rft.pub=G.+Routledge+%26+Sons&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Lindsay&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Martin, Jean-Pierre (2003). <i>Histoire romaine</i> [<i>Roman History</i>] (in French). Armand Colin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-200-26587-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-200-26587-8"><bdi>978-2-200-26587-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+romaine&rft.pub=Armand+Colin&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-2-200-26587-8&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatijević2006" class="citation book cs1">Matijević, Krešimir (2006). <i>Marcus Antonius: Consul, Proconsul, Staatsfeind. Die Politik der Jahre 44 und 43 v. Chr</i> [<i>Marcus Antonius: Consul - Proconsul - Enemy of the State. The politics of the years 44 and 43 BC</i>]. Osnabrücker Forschungen zu Altertum und Antike-Rezeption. Rahden: M Leidorf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89646-732-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89646-732-4"><bdi>978-3-89646-732-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marcus+Antonius%3A+Consul%2C+Proconsul%2C+Staatsfeind.+Die+Politik+der+Jahre+44+und+43+v.+Chr&rft.place=Rahden&rft.series=Osnabr%C3%BCcker+Forschungen+zu+Altertum+und+Antike-Rezeption&rft.pub=M+Leidorf&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-89646-732-4&rft.aulast=Matijevi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Kre%C5%A1imir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitford1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mitford, Terence (1980). <i>Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt</i> [<i>Rise and Decline of the Roman World</i>] (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aufstieg+und+Niedergang+der+r%C3%B6mischen+Welt&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Mitford&rft.aufirst=Terence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenucci2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Renucci, Pierre (2015). <i>Marc Antoine: un destin inachevé entre César et Cléopâtre</i> (in French). Paris: Perrin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-262-03778-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-262-03778-9"><bdi>978-2-262-03778-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marc+Antoine%3A+un+destin+inachev%C3%A9+entre+C%C3%A9sar+et+Cl%C3%A9op%C3%A2tre&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Perrin&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-2-262-03778-9&rft.aulast=Renucci&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocca2008" class="citation book cs1">Rocca, Samuel (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gup5vH_B-aoC&q=hyrcanus+ii&pg=PA5"><i>The Forts of Judaea 168 BC – AD 73: From the Maccabees to the Fall of Masada</i></a>. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-171-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-171-7"><bdi>978-1-84603-171-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forts+of+Judaea+168+BC+%E2%80%93+AD+73%3A+From+the+Maccabees+to+the+Fall+of+Masada&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-171-7&rft.aulast=Rocca&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGup5vH_B-aoC%26q%3Dhyrcanus%2Bii%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoller2010" class="citation book cs1">Roller, Duane, W. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EZo6DwAAQBAJ"><i>Cleopatra: a biography</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536553-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536553-5"><bdi>978-0-19-536553-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleopatra%3A+a+biography&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-536553-5&rft.aulast=Roller&rft.aufirst=Duane%2C+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEZo6DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScullard1984" class="citation book cs1">Scullard, Howard Hayes (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromgracchitoner00scul"><i>From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 BC to AD 68</i></a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-02527-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-02527-3"><bdi>0-415-02527-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+the+Gracchi+to+Nero%3A+A+History+of+Rome+from+133+BC+to+AD+68&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-415-02527-3&rft.aulast=Scullard&rft.aufirst=Howard+Hayes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromgracchitoner00scul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiani-Davis1997" class="citation journal cs1">Siani-Davis, Mary (1997). "Ptolemy XII Auletes and the Romans". <i>Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historia%3A+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Alte+Geschichte&rft.atitle=Ptolemy+XII+Auletes+and+the+Romans&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Siani-Davis&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuerbaum1980" class="citation journal cs1">Suerbaum, Werner (1980). "Merkwürdige Geburtstage". <i>Chiron</i> (10): <span class="nowrap">327–</span>55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chiron&rft.atitle=Merkw%C3%BCrdige+Geburtstage&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E327-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Suerbaum&rft.aufirst=Werner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthern1998" class="citation book cs1">Southern, Pat (1998). <i>Mark Antony</i>. Stroud: Tempus Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7524-1406-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7524-1406-2"><bdi>0-7524-1406-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mark+Antony&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Tempus+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7524-1406-2&rft.aulast=Southern&rft.aufirst=Pat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthern2001" class="citation book cs1">Southern, Pat (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/augustusromanimp00pats"><i>Augustus</i></a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-4152-5855-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-4152-5855-3"><bdi>0-4152-5855-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustus&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-4152-5855-3&rft.aulast=Southern&rft.aufirst=Pat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faugustusromanimp00pats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyme1939" class="citation book cs1">Syme, Ronald (1939). <a href="/wiki/The_Roman_Revolution" title="The Roman Revolution"><i>The Roman Revolution</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Revolution&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Syme&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2008" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, Susan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0068246200000404">"Cleopatra in Pompeii"</a>. <i>Papers of the British School at Rome</i>. <b>76</b>: <span class="nowrap">35–</span>46, <span class="nowrap">345–</span>348. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0068246200000404">10.1017/S0068246200000404</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Papers+of+the+British+School+at+Rome&rft.atitle=Cleopatra+in+Pompeii&rft.volume=76&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E46%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E345-%3C%2Fspan%3E348&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0068246200000404&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0068246200000404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeigall1931" class="citation book cs1">Weigall, Arthur (1931). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifetimesofmarca0000weig"><i>The Life and Times of Marc Antony</i></a></span>. New York: G.P. Putnam and Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+Marc+Antony&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam+and+Sons&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Weigall&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifetimesofmarca0000weig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2021" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Mark (2021). <i>Dictator: the evolution of the Roman dictatorship</i>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-12920-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-12920-1"><bdi>978-0-472-12920-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1243162549">1243162549</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictator%3A+the+evolution+of+the+Roman+dictatorship&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1243162549&rft.isbn=978-0-472-12920-1&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolf2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Greg_Woolf" title="Greg Woolf">Woolf, Greg</a> (2006). <i>Et Tu Brute? – The Murder of Caesar and Political Assassination</i>. Profile Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86197-741-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-86197-741-7"><bdi>1-86197-741-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Et+Tu+Brute%3F+%E2%80%93+The+Murder+of+Caesar+and+Political+Assassination&rft.pub=Profile+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-86197-741-7&rft.aulast=Woolf&rft.aufirst=Greg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Antonius" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Antonius">Antonius</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antonius&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Antony&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Antonius" class="extiw" title="commons:Marcus Antonius"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Marcus Antonius</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://romanrepublic.ac.uk/person/2392">M. Antonius (30) M. f. M. n.</a> in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://romanrepublic.ac.uk">Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaumont1986" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Chaumont, M. L. (1986). "Antony, Mark". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/antony-mark-roman-gencral-ca"><i>Archived copy</i></a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 2</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">136–</span>138. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221026082247/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/antony-mark-roman-gencral-ca">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Archived+copy&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+II%2C+Fasc.+2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E136-%3C%2Fspan%3E138&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Chaumont&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fantony-mark-roman-gencral-ca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMark+Antony" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.markantony.org">MarkAntony.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200106112309/https://markantony.org/">Archived</a> 6 January 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepages.wmich.edu/~johnsorh/ProseComp/caesar.html">Shakespeare's Funeral Oration of Mark Antony in English and Latin translation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221026235019/https://homepages.wmich.edu/~johnsorh/ProseComp/caesar.html">Archived</a> 26 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130314185023/http://www.cristoraul.com/ENGLISH/readinghall/GalleryofHistory/Marc-Anthony/LIFE-MA-DOOR.html">The Life of Marc Antony, in BTM Format</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Caninius_Rebilus_(consul_45_BC)" title="Gaius Caninius Rebilus (consul 45 BC)">C. Caninius Rebilus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Trebonius" title="Gaius Trebonius">C. Trebonius</a></div><i><b>as suffecti </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_Republican_consuls" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman Republican consuls">Roman consul</a> </b><br />44 BC <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Dolabella_(consul_44_BC)" title="Publius Cornelius Dolabella (consul 44 BC)">P. Cornelius Dolabella</a> (suffect) </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Vibius_Pansa_Caetronianus" title="Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus">C. Vibius Pansa</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Aulus_Hirtius" title="Aulus Hirtius">Aulus Hirtius</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompeius_(consul_35_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sextus Pompeius (consul 35 BC)">Sextus Pompeius</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Dolabella_(consul_35_BC)" title="Publius Cornelius Dolabella (consul 35 BC)">P. Cornelius Dolabella</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_Republican_consuls" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman Republican consuls">Roman consul</a> II </b><br />1 January 34 BC <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Scribonius_Libo_(consul_34_BC)" title="Lucius Scribonius Libo (consul 34 BC)">L. Scribonius Libo</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Sempronius_Atratinus_(consul_34_BC)" title="Lucius Sempronius Atratinus (consul 34 BC)">L. 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Plutarch" title="Template:Plutarch"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Plutarch" title="Template talk:Plutarch"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Plutarch" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Plutarch"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Works_of_Plutarch155" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works of <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moralia" title="Moralia">Moralia</a></i> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/De_genio_Socratis" title="De genio Socratis">De genio Socratis</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Malice_of_Herodotus" title="On the Malice of Herodotus">On the Malice of Herodotus</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Plutarch" title="Pseudo-Plutarch">Pseudo-Plutarch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcibiades" title="Alcibiades">Alcibiades</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Marcius_Coriolanus" title="Gnaeus Marcius Coriolanus">Coriolanus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Caesar_(Plutarch)" title="Life of Caesar (Plutarch)">life</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aratus_of_Sicyon" title="Aratus of Sicyon">Aratus of Sicyon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes II of Persia">Artaxerxes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristides" title="Aristides">Aristides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Elder" title="Cato the Elder">Cato the Elder</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus">Crassus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicias" title="Nicias">Nicias</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrius I of Macedon">Demetrius</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antony</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion_of_Syracuse" title="Dion of Syracuse">Dion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus" title="Marcus Junius Brutus">Brutus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Maximus_Verrucosus" title="Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus">Fabius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pericles" title="Pericles">Pericles</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucullus" title="Lucullus">Lucullus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cimon" title="Cimon">Cimon</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander" title="Lysander">Lysander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Sulla</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius">Numa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lycurgus" title="Lycurgus">Lycurgus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelopidas" title="Pelopidas">Pelopidas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus" title="Marcus Claudius Marcellus">Marcellus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philopoemen" title="Philopoemen">Philopoemen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Titus_Quinctius_Flamininus" title="Titus Quinctius Flamininus">Flamininus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phocion" title="Phocion">Phocion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Younger" title="Cato the Younger">Cato the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agesilaus_II" title="Agesilaus II">Agesilaus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publius_Valerius_Poplicola" title="Publius Valerius Poplicola">Poplicola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solon" title="Solon">Solon</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius" title="Gaius Marius">Gaius Marius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Sertorius" title="Quintus Sertorius">Sertorius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eumenes" title="Eumenes">Eumenes</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agis_IV" title="Agis IV">Agis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cleomenes_III" title="Cleomenes III">Cleomenes</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Gracchus" title="Tiberius Gracchus">Tiberius Gracchus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Gracchus" title="Gaius Gracchus">Gaius Gracchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timoleon" title="Timoleon">Timoleon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Aemilius_Paullus_Macedonicus" title="Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus">Aemilius Paulus</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themistocles" title="Themistocles">Themistocles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Furius_Camillus" title="Marcus Furius Camillus">Camillus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Translators and editors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Amyot" title="Jacques Amyot">Jacques Amyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hugh_Clough" title="Arthur Hugh Clough">Arthur Hugh Clough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philemon_Holland" title="Philemon Holland">Philemon Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_North" title="Thomas North">Thomas North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Comparison extant</li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Four unpaired <i>Lives</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Julius_Caesar298" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Julius_Caesar" title="Template:Julius Caesar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Julius_Caesar" title="Template talk:Julius Caesar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Julius_Caesar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Julius Caesar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Julius_Caesar298" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major life events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Early life and career of Julius Caesar">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Triumvirate" title="First Triumvirate">First Triumvirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallic wars">Gallic wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_civil_war" title="Caesar's civil war">Caesar's civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_Rubicon" title="Crossing the Rubicon">Crossing the Rubicon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Assassination of Julius Caesar">Assassination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_campaigns_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Military campaigns of Julius Caesar">Military campaigns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mytilene_(81_BC)" title="Siege of Mytilene (81 BC)">Mytilene</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Arar" title="Battle of the Arar">Arar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bibracte" title="Battle of Bibracte">Bibracte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vosges_(58_BC)" title="Battle of Vosges (58 BC)">Vosges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Axona" title="Battle of the Axona">Axona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sabis" title="Battle of the Sabis">Sabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Atuatuci" title="Siege of the Atuatuci">Atuatuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Octodurus" title="Battle of Octodurus">Octodurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morbihan" title="Battle of Morbihan">Morbihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar%27s_invasions_of_Britain" title="Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain">Invasions of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambiorix%27s_revolt" title="Ambiorix's revolt">Ambiorix's revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avaricum" title="Avaricum">Avaricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gergovia" title="Battle of Gergovia">Gergovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alesia" title="Battle of Alesia">Alesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Uxellodunum" title="Siege of Uxellodunum">Uxellodunum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar's Civil War">Civil War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corfinium" title="Siege of Corfinium">Corfinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Brundisium" title="Siege of Brundisium">Brundisium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ilerda" title="Battle of Ilerda">Ilerda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dyrrhachium_(48_BC)" title="Battle of Dyrrhachium (48 BC)">Dyrrhachium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pharsalus" title="Battle of Pharsalus">Pharsalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_war" title="Alexandrian war">Alexandrian war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alexandria_(47_BC)" title="Siege of Alexandria (47 BC)">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile_(47_BC)" title="Battle of the Nile (47 BC)">Battle of the Nile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zela" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Zela">Zela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ruspina" title="Battle of Ruspina">Ruspina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corduba" title="Siege of Corduba">Corduba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thapsus" title="Battle of Thapsus">Thapsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Munda" title="Battle of Munda">Munda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar%27s_planned_invasion_of_the_Parthian_Empire" title="Julius Caesar's planned invasion of the Parthian Empire">Planned invasion of the Parthian Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Julia_de_maiestate" title="Lex Julia de maiestate">Lex Julia de maiestate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Roscia" title="Lex Roscia">Lex Roscia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_reforms_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Constitutional reforms of Julius Caesar">Constitutional reforms</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dictator_perpetuo" title="Dictator perpetuo">Dictator perpetuo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Laudatio_Iuliae_amitae" title="Laudatio Iuliae amitae">Laudatio Iuliae amitae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anticato" title="Anticato">Anticato</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Civili" title="Commentarii de Bello Civili">Commentarii de Bello Civili</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico" title="Commentarii de Bello Gallico">Commentarii de Bello Gallico</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_analogia" title="De analogia">De analogia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poems_by_Julius_Caesar" title="Poems by Julius Caesar">Poems by Julius Caesar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Quotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alea_iacta_est" title="Alea iacta est">Alea iacta est</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veni,_vidi,_vici" title="Veni, vidi, vici">Veni, vidi, vici</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ut_est_rerum_omnium_magister_usus" title="Ut est rerum omnium magister usus">Ut est rerum omnium magister usus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_words_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Last words of Julius Caesar">Last words</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Caesar" title="Forum of Caesar">Forum of Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia_Julia" title="Curia Julia">Curia Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Julia" title="Basilica Julia">Basilica Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Venus_Genetrix" title="Temple of Venus Genetrix">Temple of Venus Genetrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Rhine_bridges" title="Caesar's Rhine bridges">Caesar's Rhine bridges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portraits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tusculum_portrait" title="Tusculum portrait">Tusculum portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiaramonti_Caesar" title="Chiaramonti Caesar">Chiaramonti Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Caesar" title="Green Caesar">Green Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arles_bust" title="Arles bust">Arles bust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Julii_Caesares" title="Julii Caesares">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cossutia" title="Cossutia">Cossutia (disputed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_(wife_of_Caesar)" title="Cornelia (wife of Caesar)">Cornelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeia_(wife_of_Caesar)" title="Pompeia (wife of Caesar)">Pompeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calpurnia_(wife_of_Caesar)" title="Calpurnia (wife of Caesar)">Calpurnia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julia_(daughter_of_Caesar)" title="Julia (daughter of Caesar)">Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Caesarion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus (adopted)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Caesar_(proconsul_of_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Julius Caesar (proconsul of Asia)">Gaius Julius Caesar (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelia_(mother_of_Caesar)" title="Aurelia (mother of Caesar)">Aurelia (mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Major_(sister_of_Caesar)" title="Julia Major (sister of Caesar)">Julia Major (sister)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Minor_(grandmother_of_Augustus)" title="Julia Minor (grandmother of Augustus)">Julia Minor (sister)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Caesar_(Plutarch)" title="Life of Caesar (Plutarch)"><i>Life of Caesar</i> by Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar">Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Caesar" title="Temple of Caesar">Temple of Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Comet" title="Caesar's Comet">Caesar's Comet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarism" title="Caesarism">Caesarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar (title)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julia_gens" title="Julia gens">Julia gens</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mark Antony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servilia_(mother_of_Brutus)" title="Servilia (mother of Brutus)">Servilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus" title="Marcus Junius Brutus">Marcus Junius Brutus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia_of_Pompey" title="Curia of Pompey">Curia of Pompey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span></b> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Julius_Caesar" title="Category:Julius Caesar">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="William_Shakespeare&#039;s_Antony_and_Cleopatra221" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antony_and_Cleopatra" title="Template:Antony and Cleopatra"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antony_and_Cleopatra" title="Template talk:Antony and Cleopatra"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antony_and_Cleopatra" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antony and Cleopatra"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="William_Shakespeare&#039;s_Antony_and_Cleopatra221" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Antony_and_Cleopatra" title="Antony and Cleopatra">Antony and Cleopatra</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_False_One" title="The False One">The False One</a></i> (<i>c.</i>1620)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_for_Love_(play)" title="All for Love (play)">All for Love</a></i> (1677)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Antony_and_Cleopatra_(1966_opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antony and Cleopatra (1966 opera)">Antony and Cleopatra</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antony_and_Cleopatra_(2022_opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antony and Cleopatra (2022 opera)">Antony and Cleopatra</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On screen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antony_and_Cleopatra_(1908_film)" title="Antony and Cleopatra (1908 film)">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_and_Cleopatra_(1913_film)" title="Antony and Cleopatra (1913 film)">1913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_and_Cleopatra_(1959_film)" title="Antony and Cleopatra (1959 film)">1959</a> (TV)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spread_of_the_Eagle" title="The Spread of the Eagle">The Spread of the Eagle</a></i> (1963; TV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_and_Cleopatra_(1972_film)" title="Antony and Cleopatra (1972 film)">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_and_Cleopatra_(1974_TV_drama)" title="Antony and Cleopatra (1974 TV drama)">1974</a> (TV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfiqar_(film)" title="Zulfiqar (film)">Zulfiqar</a> (2016; film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cultural_depictions_of_Cleopatra" title="List of cultural depictions of Cleopatra">List of cultural depictions of Cleopatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Augustus" title="Cultural depictions of Augustus">Cultural depictions of Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salad_days" title="Salad days">Salad days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asp_(snake)" title="Asp (snake)">Asp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_North" title="Thomas North">Thomas North</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_(1912_film)" title="Cleopatra (1912 film)">Cleopatra</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_(1917_film)" title="Cleopatra (1917 film)">Cleopatra</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Tragedies" title="Roman Tragedies">Roman Tragedies</a></i> (2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Antony_and_Cleopatra" title="Category:Antony and Cleopatra">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51673#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2979" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51673#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2979" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q51673#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/784154380992530291242">4</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1804903/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjx4dJptFQXXCX6hKQW8VK">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118503529">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50051933">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120495433">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058614560106706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500354061">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118503529.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118503529">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028715829">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Antony&oldid=1276258709">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Antony&oldid=1276258709</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mark_Antony" title="Category:Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:83_BC_births" title="Category:83 BC births">83 BC births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:30_BC_deaths" title="Category:30 BC deaths">30 BC deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1st-century_BC_Roman_augurs" title="Category:1st-century BC Roman augurs">1st-century BC Roman augurs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1st-century_BC_Roman_consuls" title="Category:1st-century BC Roman consuls">1st-century BC Roman consuls</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1st-century_BC_Roman_generals" title="Category:1st-century BC Roman generals">1st-century BC Roman generals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Egyptian_royal_consorts" title="Category:Ancient Egyptian royal consorts">Ancient Egyptian royal consorts</a></li><li><a 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