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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildlife-vehicle_collisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Wildlife-vehicle collisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wildlife-vehicle_collisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costs_and_benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costs_and_benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Costs and benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costs_and_benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effectiveness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effectiveness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Effectiveness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effectiveness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Banff_National_Park" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banff_National_Park"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Banff National Park</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banff_National_Park-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collier_and_Lee_Counties_in_Florida" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collier_and_Lee_Counties_in_Florida"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Collier and Lee Counties in Florida</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collier_and_Lee_Counties_in_Florida-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_California" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_California"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Southern California</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_California-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecoducts,_Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecoducts,_Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Ecoducts, Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecoducts,_Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slaty_Creek_Wildlife_Underpass,_Calder_Freeway,_Black_Forest,_Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slaty_Creek_Wildlife_Underpass,_Calder_Freeway,_Black_Forest,_Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Slaty Creek Wildlife Underpass, Calder Freeway, Black Forest, Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slaty_Creek_Wildlife_Underpass,_Calder_Freeway,_Black_Forest,_Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-I-70_Vail_Pass,_Colorado" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#I-70_Vail_Pass,_Colorado"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>I-70 Vail Pass, Colorado</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-I-70_Vail_Pass,_Colorado-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-I-90_near_Snoqualmie_Pass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#I-90_near_Snoqualmie_Pass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>I-90 near Snoqualmie Pass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-I-90_near_Snoqualmie_Pass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interstate_80_in_Parleys_Canyon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interstate_80_in_Parleys_Canyon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Interstate 80 in Parleys Canyon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interstate_80_in_Parleys_Canyon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Robert_L.B._Tobin_Land_Bridge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Robert_L.B._Tobin_Land_Bridge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>Robert L.B. Tobin Land Bridge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Robert_L.B._Tobin_Land_Bridge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canopy_Bridge_in_Anamalai_Tiger_Reserve" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canopy_Bridge_in_Anamalai_Tiger_Reserve"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.10</span> <span>Canopy Bridge in Anamalai Tiger Reserve</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canopy_Bridge_in_Anamalai_Tiger_Reserve-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wildlife crossing</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="معبر الحياة البرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معبر الحياة البرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekodukt" title="Ekodukt – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ekodukt" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faunapassage" title="Faunapassage – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Faunapassage" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnbr%C3%BCcke" title="Grünbrücke – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Grünbrücke" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96kodukt" title="Ökodukt – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ökodukt" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paso_de_fauna" title="Paso de fauna – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paso de fauna" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%B4" title="محل عبور حیات وحش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="محل عبور حیات وحش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89coduc" title="Écoduc – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Écoduc" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%BC%EC%83%9D%EB%8F%99%EB%AC%BC_%EC%9D%B4%EB%8F%99_%ED%86%B5%EB%A1%9C" title="야생동물 이동 통로 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="야생동물 이동 통로" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF" title="Էկոդուկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էկոդուկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlintasan_satwa_liar" title="Perlintasan satwa liar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perlintasan satwa liar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passaggio_faunistico" title="Passaggio faunistico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Passaggio faunistico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99" title="מעבר אקולוגי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מעבר אקולוגי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%ABldbr%C3%A9ck" title="Wëldbréck – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Wëldbréck" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoduk" title="Ecoduk – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ecoduk" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82" title="ജൈവപാലങ്ങളും ജൈവഇടനാഴികളും – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജൈവപാലങ്ങളും ജൈവഇടനാഴികളും" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecopassage" title="Ecopassage – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ecopassage" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milj%C3%B8tunnel" title="Miljøtunnel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Miljøtunnel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viltpassasje" title="Viltpassasje – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Viltpassasje" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zielony_most_(transport)" title="Zielony most (transport) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zielony most (transport)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viaduto_vegetado" title="Viaduto vegetado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Viaduto vegetado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoduct" title="Ecoduct – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ecoduct" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Экодук – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Экодук" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelazi_za_divlje_%C5%BEivotinje" title="Prelazi za divlje životinje – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Prelazi za divlje životinje" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vihersilta" title="Vihersilta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vihersilta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekodukt" title="Ekodukt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ekodukt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2" title="ทางข้ามสัตว์ป่า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทางข้ามสัตว์ป่า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vah%C5%9Fi_ya%C5%9Fam_ge%C3%A7idi" title="Vahşi yaşam geçidi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vahşi yaşam geçidi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Екодук – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Екодук" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WildlifeCrossingA1IsraelSept202022_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/WildlifeCrossingA1IsraelSept202022_01.jpg/220px-WildlifeCrossingA1IsraelSept202022_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/WildlifeCrossingA1IsraelSept202022_01.jpg/330px-WildlifeCrossingA1IsraelSept202022_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/WildlifeCrossingA1IsraelSept202022_01.jpg/440px-WildlifeCrossingA1IsraelSept202022_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3999" data-file-height="2663" /></a><figcaption>Wildlife crossing, <a href="/wiki/Highway_1_(Israel%E2%80%93Palestine)" title="Highway 1 (Israel–Palestine)">Highway 1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bear_underpass_%C3%A9coducOurs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Bear_underpass_%C3%A9coducOurs.jpg/220px-Bear_underpass_%C3%A9coducOurs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Bear_underpass_%C3%A9coducOurs.jpg/330px-Bear_underpass_%C3%A9coducOurs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Bear_underpass_%C3%A9coducOurs.jpg/440px-Bear_underpass_%C3%A9coducOurs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="421" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Florida_State_Road_46" title="Florida State Road 46">Florida State Route 46</a> was elevated over this underpass. There are channeling fences on either side of the crossing.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Drone_video_of_Kolu_wildlife_overpass_in_Estonia.webm/220px--Drone_video_of_Kolu_wildlife_overpass_in_Estonia.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="53" data-mwtitle="Drone_video_of_Kolu_wildlife_overpass_in_Estonia.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Drone_video_of_Kolu_wildlife_overpass_in_Estonia.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/Drone_video_of_Kolu_wildlife_overpass_in_Estonia.webm/Drone_video_of_Kolu_wildlife_overpass_in_Estonia.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/Drone_video_of_Kolu_wildlife_overpass_in_Estonia.webm/Drone_video_of_Kolu_wildlife_overpass_in_Estonia.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/Drone_video_of_Kolu_wildlife_overpass_in_Estonia.webm/Drone_video_of_Kolu_wildlife_overpass_in_Estonia.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Drone_video_of_Kolu_wildlife_overpass_in_Estonia.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/Drone_video_of_Kolu_wildlife_overpass_in_Estonia.webm/Drone_video_of_Kolu_wildlife_overpass_in_Estonia.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/Drone_video_of_Kolu_wildlife_overpass_in_Estonia.webm/Drone_video_of_Kolu_wildlife_overpass_in_Estonia.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/Drone_video_of_Kolu_wildlife_overpass_in_Estonia.webm/Drone_video_of_Kolu_wildlife_overpass_in_Estonia.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/Drone_video_of_Kolu_wildlife_overpass_in_Estonia.webm/Drone_video_of_Kolu_wildlife_overpass_in_Estonia.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Drone video of Kolu wildlife overpass in Estonia (September 2021)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Wildlife crossings</b> are structures that allow <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a> to cross <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a>-made barriers safely. Wildlife crossings may include <a href="/wiki/Underpass" class="mw-redirect" title="Underpass">underpass tunnels</a> or <b>wildlife tunnels</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Viaduct" title="Viaduct">viaducts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Overpass" title="Overpass">overpasses</a> or <b>green bridges</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (mainly for large or <a href="/wiki/Herd" title="Herd">herd</a>-type animals); <a href="/wiki/Amphibia" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibia">amphibian</a> tunnels; <a href="/wiki/Fish_ladder" title="Fish ladder">fish ladders</a>; <a href="/wiki/Canopy_bridge" title="Canopy bridge">canopy bridges</a> (especially for monkeys and squirrels); <a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">tunnels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culvert" title="Culvert">culverts</a> (for small mammals such as <a href="/wiki/Otter" title="Otter">otters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hedgehog" title="Hedgehog">hedgehogs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Badger" title="Badger">badgers</a>); and <a href="/wiki/Green_roof" title="Green roof">green roofs</a> (for butterflies and birds).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wildlife crossings are a practice in <a href="/wiki/Habitat_conservation" title="Habitat conservation">habitat conservation</a>, allowing connections or reconnections between <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitats</a>, combating <a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">habitat fragmentation</a>. They also assist in avoiding <a href="/wiki/Roadkill" title="Roadkill">collisions between vehicles and animals</a>, which in addition to killing or injuring wildlife may cause injury or death to humans and <a href="/wiki/Property_damage" title="Property damage">property damage</a>. </p><p>Similar structures can be used for domesticated animals, such as <a href="/wiki/Cattle_creep" title="Cattle creep">cattle creeps</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roads_and_habitat_fragmentation">Roads and habitat fragmentation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_crossing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Roads and habitat fragmentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camels_crossing.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Camels_crossing.JPG/220px-Camels_crossing.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Camels_crossing.JPG/330px-Camels_crossing.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Camels_crossing.JPG/440px-Camels_crossing.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1839" data-file-height="1530" /></a><figcaption>Camel crossing in <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">Habitat fragmentation</a> occurs when human-made barriers such as <a href="/wiki/Road_ecology" title="Road ecology">roads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Railroad_ecology" title="Railroad ecology">railroads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">electric power lines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pipeline_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipeline transport">pipelines</a> penetrate and divide wildlife habitat.<sup id="cite_ref-Primack_2006_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Primack_2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these, roads have the most widespread and detrimental effects.<sup id="cite_ref-Spellerberg_1998_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spellerberg_1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientists estimate that the system of roads in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> affects the ecology of at least one-fifth of the land area of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For many years<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="This term requires quantification. (December 2020)">quantify</span></a></i>]</sup> ecologists and conservationists have documented the adverse relationship between roads and wildlife,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and identify four ways that roads and traffic detrimentally affect wildlife populations: (1) they decrease habitat amount and quality, (2) they increase mortality due to <a href="/wiki/Wildlife-vehicle_collisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife-vehicle collisions">wildlife-vehicle collisions</a> (road kill), (3) they prevent access to resources on the other side of the road, and (4) they subdivide wildlife populations into smaller and more vulnerable sub-populations (fragmentation). Habitat fragmentation can lead to extinction or extirpation if a population's gene pool is restricted enough. </p><p>The first three effects (loss of habitat, road kill, and isolation from resources) exert pressure on various animal populations by reducing available resources and directly killing individuals in a population. For instance,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found that road kills do not pose a significant threat to healthy populations but can be devastating to small, shrinking, or threatened populations. Road mortality has significantly affected a number of prominent species in the United States, including <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">white-tailed deer</a> (<i>Odocoileus virginianus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Florida_panther" title="Florida panther">Florida panthers</a> (<i>Puma concolor coryi</i>), and <a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">black bears</a> (<i>Ursus americanus</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, habitat loss can be direct, if habitat is destroyed to make room for a road, or indirect, if habitat quality close to roads is compromised due to emissions from the roads (e.g. noise, light, runoff, pollution, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, species that are unable to migrate across roads to reach resources such as food, shelter and mates will experience reduced reproductive and survival rates, which can compromise population viability.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the first three factors, numerous studies have shown that the construction and use of roads is a direct source of habitat fragmentation.<sup id="cite_ref-Spellerberg_1998_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spellerberg_1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As mentioned above, populations surrounded by roads are less likely to receive immigrants from other habitats and as a result, they suffer from a lack of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">genetic diversity</a>. These small populations are particularly vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a> due to demographic, genetic, and environmental <a href="/wiki/Stochasticity" class="mw-redirect" title="Stochasticity">stochasticity</a> because they do not contain enough <a href="/wiki/Alleles" class="mw-redirect" title="Alleles">alleles</a> to adapt to new selective pressures such as changes in temperature, habitat, and food availability.<sup id="cite_ref-Primack_2006_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Primack_2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relationship between roads and habitat fragmentation is well documented. One study found that roads contribute more to fragmentation in forest habitats than clear cuts.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another study concluded that road fragmentation of formerly contiguous forest in eastern North America is the primary cause for the decline of forest bird species and has also significantly harmed small mammals, insects, and reptiles in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Spellerberg_1998_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spellerberg_1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After years of research, biologists agree that roads and traffic lead to habitat fragmentation, isolation and road kill, all of which combine to significantly compromise the viability of wildlife populations throughout the world.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wildlife-vehicle_collisions">Wildlife-vehicle collisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_crossing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Wildlife-vehicle collisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Wildlife-vehicle_collisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife-vehicle collisions">Wildlife-vehicle collisions</a> have a significant cost for human populations because collisions damage property and injure and kill passengers and drivers.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research in the 1990s estimated the number of collisions with <a href="/wiki/Ungulate" title="Ungulate">ungulates</a> in traffic in Europe at 507,000 per year, resulting in 300 people killed, 30,000 injured,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-conover_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conover-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and property damage exceeding $1 billion. In parallel, 1.5 million traffic accidents involving deer in the United States cause an estimated $1.1 billion in vehicle damage each year.<sup id="cite_ref-Donaldson_2005_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donaldson_2005-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-conover_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conover-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On a larger scale, research indicates that wildlife-vehicle collisions in the United States result in 29,000 injuries and more than 200 fatalities per year.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conservation issues associated with roads (wildlife mortality and habitat fragmentation) coupled with the substantial human and economic costs resulting from wildlife-vehicle collisions have caused scientists, engineers, and transportation authorities to consider a number of mitigation tools for reducing the conflict between roads and wildlife. Of the currently available options, structures known as wildlife crossings have been the most successful at reducing both habitat fragmentation and wildlife-vehicle collisions caused by roads.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animals_bridge_flathead_reservation.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Animals_bridge_flathead_reservation.JPG/220px-Animals_bridge_flathead_reservation.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Animals_bridge_flathead_reservation.JPG/330px-Animals_bridge_flathead_reservation.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Animals_bridge_flathead_reservation.JPG/440px-Animals_bridge_flathead_reservation.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1974" data-file-height="1184" /></a><figcaption>"Animals' Bridge", on the <a href="/wiki/Flathead_Indian_Reservation" title="Flathead Indian Reservation">Flathead Indian Reservation</a> in Montana, used by grizzly and black bears, deer, elk, mountain lions, and others<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Wildlife crossings are structural passages beneath or above roadways that are designed to facilitate safe wildlife movement across roadways.<sup id="cite_ref-Donaldson_2005_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donaldson_2005-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years, conservation biologists and wildlife managers have advocated wildlife crossings coupled with roadside fencing as a way to increase road permeability and habitat connectivity while decreasing wildlife-vehicle collisions.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wildlife crossing is the umbrella term encompassing underpasses, overpasses, ecoducts, green bridges, amphibian/small mammal tunnels, and wildlife viaducts (<a href="#CITEREFBank_et_al.2002">Bank et al. 2002</a>). All of these structures are designed to provide semi-natural corridors above and below roads so that animals can safely cross without endangering themselves and motorists.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_crossing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Written reports of rough fish ladders date to 17th-century France, where bundles of branches were used to create steps in steep channels to bypass obstructions. A version was patented in 1837 by Richard McFarlan of <a href="/wiki/Bathurst,_New_Brunswick" title="Bathurst, New Brunswick">Bathurst, New Brunswick</a>, Canada, who designed a fishway to bypass a dam at his water-powered lumber mill.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1880, the first fish ladder was built in <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>, United States, on the <a href="/wiki/Pawtuxet_Village" title="Pawtuxet Village">Pawtuxet Falls</a> Dam. As the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Age</a> advanced, dams and other river obstructions became larger and more common, leading to the need for effective fish by-passes.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first overland wildlife crossings were constructed in France during the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-Chilson_2003_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chilson_2003-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> European countries including the Netherlands, Switzerland, Germany, and France have been using various crossing structures to reduce the conflict between wildlife and roads for several decades and use a variety of overpasses and underpasses to protect and re-establish <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wildlife</a> such as: amphibians, badgers, ungulates, invertebrates, and other small mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HS_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HS-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Humane_Society_of_the_United_States" title="Humane Society of the United States">Humane Society of the United States</a> reported in 2007 that the more than 600 tunnels installed under major and minor roads in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> have helped to substantially increase population levels of the endangered <a href="/wiki/European_badger" title="European badger">European badger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HS_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HS-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The longest "ecoduct" overpass, Natuurbrug Zanderij Crailoo, in the Netherlands, runs 800 meters (2,600 ft) and spans a highway, railway and <a href="/wiki/Golf_course" title="Golf course">golf course</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terrapin_Crossing,_FJ_Torras_Causeway,_St._Simons,_Georgia,_USA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Terrapin_Crossing%2C_FJ_Torras_Causeway%2C_St._Simons%2C_Georgia%2C_USA.jpg/220px-Terrapin_Crossing%2C_FJ_Torras_Causeway%2C_St._Simons%2C_Georgia%2C_USA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Terrapin_Crossing%2C_FJ_Torras_Causeway%2C_St._Simons%2C_Georgia%2C_USA.jpg/330px-Terrapin_Crossing%2C_FJ_Torras_Causeway%2C_St._Simons%2C_Georgia%2C_USA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Terrapin_Crossing%2C_FJ_Torras_Causeway%2C_St._Simons%2C_Georgia%2C_USA.jpg/440px-Terrapin_Crossing%2C_FJ_Torras_Causeway%2C_St._Simons%2C_Georgia%2C_USA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4645" data-file-height="1647" /></a><figcaption>A terrapin crossing sign and a highway barrier designed for crossing at the end of the F.J. Torras causeway at <a href="/wiki/St._Simons,_Georgia" title="St. Simons, Georgia">St. Simons Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, US (2015)</figcaption></figure> <p>Wildlife crossings are becoming increasingly common in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and the United States. Recognizable wildlife crossings are found in <a href="/wiki/Banff_National_Park" title="Banff National Park">Banff National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, where vegetated overpasses provide safe passage over the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Canada_Highway" title="Trans-Canada Highway">Trans-Canada Highway</a> for bears, moose, deer, wolves, elk, and many other species.<sup id="cite_ref-Clevenger_2007_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clevenger_2007-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 24 wildlife crossings in Banff were constructed as part of a road improvement project in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-Clevenger_2007_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clevenger_2007-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, thousands of wildlife crossings have been built in the past 30 years,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (December 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> including culverts, bridges, and overpasses. These have been used to protect <a href="/wiki/Mountain_goat" title="Mountain goat">mountain goats</a> in Montana, <a href="/wiki/Spotted_salamander" title="Spotted salamander">spotted salamanders</a> in Massachusetts, <a href="/wiki/Bighorn_sheep" title="Bighorn sheep">bighorn sheep</a> in Colorado, <a href="/wiki/Desert_tortoise" title="Desert tortoise">desert tortoises</a> in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, and endangered <a href="/wiki/Florida_panther" title="Florida panther">Florida panthers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chilson_2003_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chilson_2003-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Henry_Street_salamander_tunnels" title="Henry Street salamander tunnels">Henry Street salamander tunnels</a> are tunnels under Henry Street in <a href="/wiki/North_Amherst,_Massachusetts" title="North Amherst, Massachusetts">North Amherst, Massachusetts</a>: they help salamanders cross Henry Street to get to <a href="/wiki/Vernal_pools" class="mw-redirect" title="Vernal pools">vernal pools</a> that the salamanders use for breeding.<sup id="cite_ref-Hofherr_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hofherr-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first wildlife crossing in the Canadian province of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> was built in 2010, along <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Highway_69" title="Ontario Highway 69">Ontario Highway 69</a> between <a href="/wiki/Greater_Sudbury" title="Greater Sudbury">Sudbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Killarney,_Ontario" title="Killarney, Ontario">Killarney</a>, as part of the route's ongoing freeway conversion.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Costs_and_benefits">Costs and benefits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_crossing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Costs and benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The benefits derived from constructing wildlife crossings to extend wildlife migration corridors over and under major roads appear to outweigh the costs of construction and maintenance. One study estimates that adding wildlife crossings to a road project is a 7–8% increase in the total cost of the project (<a href="#CITEREFBank_et_al.2002">Bank et al. 2002</a>). Theoretically, the monetary costs associated with constructing and maintaining wildlife crossings in ecologically important areas are trumped by the benefits associated with protecting wildlife populations, reducing property damage to vehicles, and saving the lives of drivers and passengers by reducing the number of collisions caused by wildlife.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A study completed for the Virginia Department of Transportation estimated that underpasses for wildlife become cost effective, in terms of property damage, when they prevent between 2.6 and 9.2 deer-vehicle collisions per year, depending on the cost of the underpass. Approximately 300 deer crossed through the underpasses in the year the study took place (<a href="#CITEREFDonaldson2005">Donaldson 2005</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effectiveness">Effectiveness</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_crossing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Effectiveness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of studies have been conducted to determine the effectiveness of <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_corridor" title="Wildlife corridor">wildlife corridors</a> at providing habitat connectivity (by providing viable migration corridors) and reducing wildlife-vehicle collisions. The effectiveness of these structures appears to be highly site-specific (due to differences in location, structure, species, habitat, etc.) but crossings have been beneficial to a number of species in a variety of locations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_crossing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banff_National_Park">Banff National Park</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_crossing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Banff National Park"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Banff_National_Park" title="Banff National Park">Banff National Park</a> offers one of the best opportunities to study the effectiveness of wildlife crossings because the park contains a wide variety of species and is bisected by the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Canada_Highway" title="Trans-Canada Highway">Trans-Canada Highway</a> (TCH), a large commercial road. To reduce the effects of the four-lane TCH, 24 wildlife crossings (22 underpasses and two overpasses) were built to ensure habitat connectivity and protect motorists (<a href="#CITEREFClevenger2007">Clevenger 2007</a>). In 1996, <a href="/wiki/Parks_Canada" title="Parks Canada">Parks Canada</a> developed a contract with university researchers to assess the effectiveness of the crossings. Subsequently, a number of publications have analyzed the crossings' effect on various species and overall wildlife mortality (see <a href="#CITEREFClevengerWaltho2000">Clevenger & Waltho 2000</a>, <a href="#CITEREFClevenger_et_al.2001">Clevenger et al. 2001</a>, and <a href="#CITEREFClevenger2007">Clevenger 2007</a>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wildlife_overpass_Trans-Canada_Hwy_between_Banff_and_LakeLouise_Alberta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Wildlife_overpass_Trans-Canada_Hwy_between_Banff_and_LakeLouise_Alberta.jpg/220px-Wildlife_overpass_Trans-Canada_Hwy_between_Banff_and_LakeLouise_Alberta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Wildlife_overpass_Trans-Canada_Hwy_between_Banff_and_LakeLouise_Alberta.jpg/330px-Wildlife_overpass_Trans-Canada_Hwy_between_Banff_and_LakeLouise_Alberta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Wildlife_overpass_Trans-Canada_Hwy_between_Banff_and_LakeLouise_Alberta.jpg/440px-Wildlife_overpass_Trans-Canada_Hwy_between_Banff_and_LakeLouise_Alberta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4327" data-file-height="2434" /></a><figcaption>Wildlife overpass on Trans-Canada Highway in <a href="/wiki/Banff_National_Park" title="Banff National Park">Banff National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Using a variety of techniques to monitor the crossings since the early 1980s, scientists report that 10 species of large mammals (including deer, elk, black bear, <a href="/wiki/Grizzly_bear" title="Grizzly bear">grizzly bear</a>, mountain lion, wolf, moose, and <a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">coyote</a>) have used the 24 crossings in Banff a total of 84,000 times as of January 2007 (<a href="#CITEREFClevenger2007">Clevenger 2007</a>). The research also identified a "<a href="/wiki/Learning_curve" title="Learning curve">learning curve</a>" such that animals need time to acclimate to the structures before they feel comfortable using them. For example, grizzly bear crossings increased from seven in 1996 to more than 100 in 2006, although the actual number of individual bears using the structures remained constant over this time at between two and four bears (Parks Canada, unpublished results). A similar set of observations was made for wolves, with crossings increasing from two to approximately 140 over the same 10-year period. However, in this case the actual number of wolves in the packs using the crossings increased dramatically, from a low of two up to a high of over 20 individuals. </p><p><a href="#CITEREFClevenger_et_al.2001">Clevenger et al. (2001)</a> reported that the use of wildlife crossings and fencing reduced traffic-induced mortality of large ungulates on the TCH by more than 80 percent. Recent analysis for carnivores showed results were not as positive however, with bear mortality increasing by an average of 116 percent in direct parallel to an equal doubling of traffic volumes on the highway, clearly showing no effect of fencing to reduce bear mortality (Hallstrom, Clevenger, Maher and Whittington, in prep). Research on the crossings in Banff has thus shown mixed value of wildlife crossings depending on the species in question. </p><p>Parks Canada is currently planning to build 17 additional crossing structures across the TCH to increase driver safety near the hamlet of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Louise_(Alberta)" title="Lake Louise (Alberta)">Lake Louise</a>. Lack of effectiveness of standard fencing in reducing bear mortality demonstrates that additional measures such as wire 'T-caps' on the fence may be needed for fencing to mitigate effectively for bears (Hallstrom, Clevenger, Maher and Whittington, in prep). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collier_and_Lee_Counties_in_Florida">Collier and Lee Counties in Florida</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_crossing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Collier and Lee Counties in Florida"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Twenty-four wildlife crossings (highway underpasses) and 12 bridges modified for wildlife have been constructed along a 40-mile stretch of <a href="/wiki/Interstate_75_in_Florida" title="Interstate 75 in Florida">Interstate 75</a> in <a href="/wiki/Collier_County,_Florida" title="Collier County, Florida">Collier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lee_County,_Florida" title="Lee County, Florida">Lee</a> Counties in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> (<a href="#CITEREFScott2007">Scott 2007</a>). These crossings are specifically designed to target and protect the endangered Florida panther, a subspecies of cougar found in the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern United States</a>. Scientists estimate that there are only 80–100 Florida panthers alive in the wild, which makes them one of the most endangered large mammals in North America (<a href="#CITEREFFosterHumphrey1995">Foster & Humphrey 1995</a>). The Florida panther is particularly vulnerable to wildlife-vehicle collisions, which claimed 11 panthers in 2006 and 14 in 2007 (<a href="#CITEREFScott2007">Scott 2007</a>). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Florida_Fish_and_Wildlife_Conservation_Commission" title="Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission">Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission</a> (FWC) has used a number of mitigation tools in an effort to protect Florida panthers and the combination of wildlife crossings and fences have proven the most effective (<a href="#CITEREFScott2007">Scott 2007</a>). As of 2007, no panthers have been killed in areas equipped with continuous fencing and wildlife crossings and the FWC is planning to construct many more crossing structures in the future. The underpasses on I-75 also appeared to benefit bobcats, deer, and raccoons by significantly reducing wildlife-vehicle collisions along the interstate (<a href="#CITEREFFosterHumphrey1995">Foster & Humphrey 1995</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_California">Southern California</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_crossing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Southern California"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wildlife crossings have also been important for protecting <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> in several areas of <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">southern California</a>. In <a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino_County" class="mw-redirect" title="San Bernardino County">San Bernardino County</a>, biologists have erected fences along <a href="/wiki/California_State_Route_58" title="California State Route 58">State Route 58</a> to complement underpasses (culverts) that are being used by the threatened <a href="/wiki/Desert_tortoise" title="Desert tortoise">desert tortoise</a>. Tortoise deaths on the highway declined by 93% during the first four years after the introduction of the fences, proving that even makeshift wildlife crossings (storm-drainage culverts in this case) have the ability to increase highway permeability and protect sensitive species (<a href="#CITEREFChilson2003">Chilson 2003</a>). Studies by <a href="#CITEREFHaas2000">Haas (2000)</a> and <a href="#CITEREFLyren2001">Lyren (2001)</a> report that underpasses in Orange, Riverside, and Los Angeles Counties have drawn significant use from a variety of species including <a href="/wiki/Bobcat" title="Bobcat">bobcats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">coyotes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gray_fox" title="Gray fox">gray fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mule_deer" title="Mule deer">mule deer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Long-tailed_weasel" title="Long-tailed weasel">long-tailed weasels</a>. These results could be extremely important for wildlife conservation efforts in the region's <a href="/wiki/Puente_Hills" title="Puente Hills">Puente Hills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chino_Hills" title="Chino Hills">Chino Hills</a> links, which have been increasingly fragmented by road construction (<a href="#CITEREFHaas2000">Haas 2000</a>). Los Angeles County's first wildlife-purpose built underpass is at Harbor Boulevard.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was built in partnership between Los Angeles County, California State Parks and the Puente Hills Habitat Preservation Authority. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wallis_Annenberg_Wildlife_Crossing" title="Wallis Annenberg Wildlife Crossing">Wallis Annenberg Wildlife Crossing</a>, also known as Liberty Canyon Wildlife Crossing, in <a href="/wiki/Agoura_Hills,_California" title="Agoura Hills, California">Agoura Hills, California</a>, will be one of the largest overpasses in the United States after its stated completion in 2024. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecoducts,_Netherlands"><span id="Ecoducts.2C_Netherlands"></span>Ecoducts, Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_crossing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ecoducts, Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cerviduct.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Cerviduct.jpg/220px-Cerviduct.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Cerviduct.jpg/330px-Cerviduct.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Cerviduct.jpg/440px-Cerviduct.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>One of the two wildlife crossings spanning the A50 highway on the Veluwe in the Netherlands</figcaption></figure> <p>The Netherlands has over 66 wildlife crossings (overpasses and ecoducts) that have been used to protect the endangered <a href="/wiki/European_badger" title="European badger">European badger</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as populations of <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">red deer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">roe deer</a>. As of 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Veluwe" title="Veluwe">Veluwe</a>, 1,000 square kilometers (390 sq mi) of woods, heathland and drifting sands, the largest lowland nature area in North Western Europe, contains nine ecoducts, 50 meters (160 ft) wide on average, that are used to shuttle wildlife across highways that transect the Veluwe. The first two ecoducts on the Veluwe were built in 1988 across the <a href="/wiki/A50_motorway_(Netherlands)" title="A50 motorway (Netherlands)">A50</a> when the highway was constructed. Five of the other ecoducts on the Veluwe were built across existing highways, one was built across a two lane provincial road. The two ecoducts across the A50 were used by nearly 5,000 deer and wild boar during a one-year period (<a href="#CITEREFBank_et_al.2002">Bank et al. 2002</a>). </p><p>The Netherlands also boasts the world's longest ecoduct-wildlife overpass called the Natuurbrug Zanderij Crailoo (sand quarry nature bridge at Crailo) (<a href="#CITEREFDanby2004">Danby 2004</a>). The massive structure, completed in 2006, is 50 meters (160 ft) wide and over 800 meters (2,600 ft) long and spans a railway line, <a href="/wiki/Business_park" title="Business park">business park</a>, roadway, and sports complex (<a href="#CITEREFDanby2004">Danby 2004</a>). Monitoring is currently underway to examine the effectiveness of this innovative project combining wildlife protection with urban development. The oldest wildlife passage is Zeist West - A 28, opened in 1988. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slaty_Creek_Wildlife_Underpass,_Calder_Freeway,_Black_Forest,_Australia"><span id="Slaty_Creek_Wildlife_Underpass.2C_Calder_Freeway.2C_Black_Forest.2C_Australia"></span>Slaty Creek Wildlife Underpass, Calder Freeway, Black Forest, Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_crossing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Slaty Creek Wildlife Underpass, Calder Freeway, Black Forest, Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another case study of the effectiveness of wildlife crossings comes from an underpass built to minimize the ecological effect of the <a href="/wiki/Calder_Freeway" class="mw-redirect" title="Calder Freeway">Calder Freeway</a> as it travels through the Black Forest in Victoria, Australia. In 1997, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Victoria (Australia)">Victorian Government</a> Roads Corporation built Slaty Creek wildlife underpass at a cost of $3 million (<a href="#CITEREFAbsonLawrence2003">Abson & Lawrence 2003</a>). Scientists used 14 different techniques to monitor the underpass for 12 months in order to determine the abundance and diversity of species using the underpass (<a href="#CITEREFAbsonLawrence2003">Abson & Lawrence 2003</a>). During the 12-month period, 79 species of fauna were detected in the underpass (compared with 116 species detected in the surrounding forest) including amphibians, <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a>, birds, <a href="/wiki/Koala" title="Koala">koalas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wombat" title="Wombat">wombats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gliding_possum" title="Gliding possum">gliders</a>, reptiles, and <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo" title="Kangaroo">kangaroos</a> (<a href="#CITEREFAbsonLawrence2003">Abson & Lawrence 2003</a>). The results indicate that the underpass could be useful to a wide array of species but the authors suggest that Slaty Creek could be improved by enhanced design and maintenance of fencing to minimise road kill along the Calder Freeway and by attempting to exclude introduced predators such as cats and foxes from the area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="I-70_Vail_Pass,_Colorado"><span id="I-70_Vail_Pass.2C_Colorado"></span>I-70 Vail Pass, Colorado</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_crossing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: I-70 Vail Pass, Colorado"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2005, area environmental groups floated the idea of a wildlife overpass west of <a href="/wiki/Vail_Pass" title="Vail Pass">Vail Pass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, ARC Solutions – an interdisciplinary partnership – initiated the International Wildlife Crossing Infrastructure Design Competition for a wildlife crossing over <a href="/wiki/Interstate_70" title="Interstate 70">Interstate 70</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the high country west of <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>; designers had to account for challenges unique to the area, including snow and severe weather, high elevation and steep grades, a six-lane roadway, a bike path, and high traffic volumes, as well as multiple species of wildlife, including <a href="/wiki/Lynx" title="Lynx">lynx</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After receiving 36 submissions from nine countries, a jury of international experts in <a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">landscape architecture</a>, engineering, architecture, ecology and transportation selected five finalists in November 2010 to further develop their conceptual designs for a wildlife crossing structure.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2011, the team led by HNTB with Michael Van Valkenburgh & Associates (New York) were selected as the winners.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The design features a single 100 m (328 ft) concrete span across the highway that is planted with a variety of vegetation types, including a pine-tree forest and meadow grasses, to attract different species to cross. A modular precast concrete design means that much of the bridge can be constructed offsite and moved into place.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 2020, Summit County Safe Passages released the "I-70 East Vail Pass Wildlife Crossings Feasibility Study" for a wildlife overpass.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="I-90_near_Snoqualmie_Pass">I-90 near Snoqualmie Pass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_crossing&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: I-90 near Snoqualmie Pass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Department_of_Transportation" title="Washington State Department of Transportation">Washington State Department of Transportation</a> received approval to begin a 15-mile (24 km) safety improvement project through the <a href="/wiki/Snoqualmie_Pass" title="Snoqualmie Pass">Snoqualmie Pass</a> area along the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_90_in_Washington" title="Interstate 90 in Washington">Interstate 90</a> corridor from Hyak to <a href="/wiki/Easton,_Washington" title="Easton, Washington">Easton</a>, through the <a href="/wiki/Cascades_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascades Mountains">Central Cascades</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mountains_to_Sound_Greenway" title="Mountains to Sound Greenway">Mountains to Sound Greenway</a> National Heritage Area,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including a series of wildlife crossings.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wildlife habitat on either side of I-90 will be reconnected with the installation of new bridges and culverts, protecting both wildlife and the traveling public. The construction of the wildlife overcrossing began in 2015 and was completed in late 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Work to restore habitat on the wildlife bridge over I-90 has continued throughout 2020, with 90,000 trees and shrubs planted on the overcrossing.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interstate_80_in_Parleys_Canyon">Interstate 80 in Parleys Canyon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_crossing&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Interstate 80 in Parleys Canyon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Utah_Department_of_Transportation" title="Utah Department of Transportation">Utah Department of Transportation</a> announced a wildlife crossing over <a href="/wiki/Interstate_80" title="Interstate 80">Interstate 80</a> in <a href="/wiki/Parleys_Canyon" title="Parleys Canyon">Parleys Canyon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project was completed in early 2019 and measures 110 meters (350 ft) long by 15 meters (50 ft) wide.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is currently the only wildlife overpass in the state, though Utah has more than 50 wildlife underpasses.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Robert_L.B._Tobin_Land_Bridge">Robert L.B. Tobin Land Bridge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_crossing&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Robert L.B. Tobin Land Bridge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Robert_L.B._Tobin_Land_Bridge" title="Robert L.B. Tobin Land Bridge">Robert L.B. Tobin Land Bridge</a></div> <p>On December 11, 2020, the Robert L.B. Tobin Land Bridge opened over <a href="/wiki/Wurzbach_Parkway" title="Wurzbach Parkway">Wurzbach Parkway</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a>, Texas' Phil Hardberger Park.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project cost $23 million and is designed for both wildlife and pedestrians. Construction began on November 26, 2018,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> originally expected to end in April 2020,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and opened in December 2020. At 58 meters (189 ft) long and 46 meters (150 ft) wide,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was the largest wildlife bridge in the United States when it was constructed.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canopy_Bridge_in_Anamalai_Tiger_Reserve">Canopy Bridge in Anamalai Tiger Reserve</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_crossing&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Canopy Bridge in Anamalai Tiger Reserve"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many endangered <a href="/wiki/Lion-tailed_macaques" class="mw-redirect" title="Lion-tailed macaques">lion-tailed macaques</a> used to be killed while crossing the highway at Puduthotam in <a href="/wiki/Valparai" title="Valparai">Valparai</a>, South India. Thanks to the efforts of NGOs and the forest department, several canopy bridges were installed, connecting trees on either side of the road. This helped to lower the numbers of lion-tailed macaques killed in the region. The <a href="/wiki/Environment_Conservation_Group" title="Environment Conservation Group">Environment Conservation Group</a> had initiated a national mission to increase awareness on the importance of adopting roadkill mitigation methods through their mission PATH<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> traveling more than 17,000 kilometers (11,000 miles) across 22 states.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_crossing&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibian_and_reptile_tunnel" title="Amphibian and reptile tunnel">Amphibian and reptile tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_bridge" title="Bat bridge">Bat bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_corridor" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat corridor">Habitat corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_wildlife_crossings_in_Jackson,_Wyoming" title="Proposed wildlife crossings in Jackson, Wyoming">Proposed wildlife crossings in Jackson, Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rewilding_(conservation_biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewilding (conservation biology)">Rewilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squirrel_bridge" title="Squirrel bridge">Squirrel bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_connectivity" title="Landscape connectivity">Landscape connectivity</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Theory_of_Island_Biogeography" title="The Theory of Island Biogeography">The Theory of Island Biogeography</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toad_tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Toad tunnel">Toad tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchung_Reservation" title="Watchung Reservation">Watchung Reservation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_crossing&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite 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href="http://www.wildlifeconsultingresources.com/pdf/wildlife%20habitat%20linkages%20I-70_Final%2012_05_07.pdf">An Assessment of Wildlife Habitat Linkages on Interstate 70, Utah</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073913/http://www.wildlifeconsultingresources.com/pdf/wildlife%20habitat%20linkages%20I-70_Final%2012_05_07.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wildlifeconsultingresources.com">Wildlife Consulting Resources</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080857/http://www.wildlifeconsultingresources.com/">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Wildlife Crossing and Linkage Information for New Highway Projects</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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crossing","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wildlife_crossing","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1077135","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1077135","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-12-02T01:09:20Z","dateModified":"2024-11-02T11:30:14Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/3b\/WildlifeCrossingA1IsraelSept202022_01.jpg","headline":"structures that allow animals to cross human-made barriers safely, typically bridges and tunnels"}</script> </body> </html>