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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Stress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Some_comparisons_between_Cypriot_Greek_and_Standard_Greek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Some_comparisons_between_Cypriot_Greek_and_Standard_Greek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Some comparisons between Cypriot Greek and Standard Greek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Some_comparisons_between_Cypriot_Greek_and_Standard_Greek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example_texts_of_the_dialect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example_texts_of_the_dialect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Example texts of the dialect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example_texts_of_the_dialect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cypriot Greek</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griegu_xipriota" title="Griegu xipriota – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Griegu xipriota" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresianeg_Kiprenez" title="Gresianeg Kiprenez – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gresianeg Kiprenez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grec_xipriota" title="Grec xipriota – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Grec xipriota" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zypriotisches_Griechisch" title="Zypriotisches Griechisch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zypriotisches Griechisch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%85%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Κυπριακή διάλεκτος της ελληνικής γλώσσας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κυπριακή διάλεκτος της ελληνικής γλώσσας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griego_chipriota" title="Griego chipriota – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Griego chipriota" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grec_chypriote" title="Grec chypriote – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grec chypriote" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grego_chipriota" title="Grego chipriota – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Grego chipriota" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AB%D5%BA%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Կիպրական հունարեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կիպրական հունարեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciparski_gr%C4%8Dki" title="Ciparski grčki – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ciparski grčki" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani_Siprus" title="Bahasa Yunani Siprus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Yunani Siprus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_greco_cipriota" title="Dialetto greco cipriota – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dialetto greco cipriota" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialekt_cypryjski_(nowo%C5%BCytny)" title="Dialekt cypryjski (nowożytny) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dialekt cypryjski (nowożytny)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grego_cipriota" title="Grego cipriota – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grego cipriota" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кипрский диалект греческого языка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кипрский диалект греческого языка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypersk%C3%A1_gr%C3%A9%C4%8Dtina" title="Cyperská gréčtina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Cyperská gréčtina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1br%C4%B1s_Rumcas%C4%B1" title="Kıbrıs Rumcası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kıbrıs Rumcası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Кіпрський діалект грецької мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кіпрський діалект грецької мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B5%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="قبرصی یونانی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قبرصی یونانی" data-language-autonym="اردو" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Modern Greek language variety spoken by Greek Cypriots</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Cypriot Greek</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">κυπριακή ελληνική</span></span><br /><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">κυπριακά</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[cipriaˈci<span class="wrap"> </span>elːiniˈci]</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[cipriaˈka]</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriots" title="Greek Cypriots">Greek Cypriots</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">c. 700,000 in Cyprus (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a>–<a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Cypriot Greek</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cypr1249">cypr1249</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=56-AAA-ahg">56-AAA-ahg</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Cypriot Greek</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">κυπριακή ελληνική</span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">locally</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[cipriaˈci<span class="wrap"> </span>elːiniˈci]</a></span> or <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">κυπριακά</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="el-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">[cipriaˈka]</a></span>) is the <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek" title="Varieties of Modern Greek">variety of Modern Greek</a> that is spoken by the majority of the <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cypriot</a> populace and <a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_diaspora" title="Greek Cypriot diaspora">Greek Cypriot diaspora</a>. It is considered a divergent dialect as it differs from <a href="/wiki/Standard_Modern_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Modern Greek">Standard Modern Greek</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in various aspects of its <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmmon20061886_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmmon20061886-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">pragmatics</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThemistocleousKatsoyannouArmostiChristodoulou2012262_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThemistocleousKatsoyannouArmostiChristodoulou2012262-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> not only for historical reasons but also because of geographical isolation, and extensive contact with <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_typology" title="Linguistic typology">typologically distinct</a> languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmmon20061886–1887_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmmon20061886–1887-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not mutually intelligible with modern Greek, and as there are no rules of distinguishing a language from a dialect, Cypriot is considered a different language and not a dialect of Greek by some linguists.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2024)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cypriot_Greek&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Griechisch_Isoglossen_1900.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Griechisch_Isoglossen_1900.png/300px-Griechisch_Isoglossen_1900.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Griechisch_Isoglossen_1900.png/450px-Griechisch_Isoglossen_1900.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Griechisch_Isoglossen_1900.png/600px-Griechisch_Isoglossen_1900.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Some phonological phenomena Cypriot shares with varieties of the Aegean: word-initial gemination; word-final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span>; and palatalisation of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡ʃ]</span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cypriot Greek is not an evolution of ancient <a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot Greek</a>, but derives from Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephTserdanelis2003823_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephTserdanelis2003823-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has traditionally been placed in the <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek#Core_dialects" title="Varieties of Modern Greek">southeastern group of Modern Greek varieties</a>, along with the dialects of the <a href="/wiki/Dodecanese" title="Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a> (with which it shares several phonological phenomena). </p><p>Though Cypriot Greek tends to be regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Dialect#Dialect_or_language" title="Dialect">dialect</a> by its speakers, it is unintelligible to speakers of Standard Modern Greek without adequate prior exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti200626_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti200626-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greek-speaking Cypriot society is <a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">diglossic</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a> Cypriot Greek (the "low" variety) and Standard Modern Greek (the "high" variety).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti200625_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti200625-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsiplakou2012_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsiplakou2012-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cypriot Greek is itself a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a> with an emerging <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/koine" class="extiw" title="wikt:koine">koine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti200626–27_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti200626–27-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Davy, Ioannou & Panayotou (1996) have argued that diglossia has given way to a "post-diglossic [dialectal] continuum [...] a quasi-continuous spread of overlapping varieties".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavyIoannouPanayotou1996131,_135_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavyIoannouPanayotou1996131,_135-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cypriot_Greek&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cypriot_Greek" title="Special:EditPage/Cypriot Greek">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Cyprus was cut off from the rest of the Greek-speaking world from the 7th to the 10th centuries AD due to Arab attacks. It was reintegrated in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> in 962 to be isolated again in 1191 when it fell to the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">Crusaders</a>. These periods of isolation led to the development of various linguistic characteristics distinct from <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Greek">Byzantine Greek</a>. </p><p>The oldest surviving written works in Cypriot date back to the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval period">Medieval period</a>. Some of these are: the legal code of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Kingdom of Cyprus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Assizes_of_Jerusalem" title="Assizes of Jerusalem">Assizes of Jerusalem</a>; the chronicles of <a href="/wiki/Leontios_Machairas" title="Leontios Machairas">Leontios Machairas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgios_Boustronios" title="Georgios Boustronios">Georgios Boustronios</a>; and a collection of sonnets in the manner of <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Petrarca" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco Petrarca">Francesco Petrarca</a>. In the past hundred years, the dialect has been used in poetry (with major poets being <a href="/wiki/Vasilis_Michaelides" title="Vasilis Michaelides">Vasilis Michaelides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dimitris_Lipertis" title="Dimitris Lipertis">Dimitris Lipertis</a>). It is also traditionally used in folk songs and <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">τσιαττιστά</span></span> (<span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">tsiattistá</i></span>, battle poetry, a form of playing <a href="/wiki/The_Dozens" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dozens">the Dozens</a>) and the tradition of <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">ποιητάρηες</span></span> (<span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">poiitáries</i></span>, bards). </p><p>Cypriot Greek had been historically used by some members of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Turkish Cypriot community</a>, especially after the end of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Cyprus" title="Ottoman Cyprus">Ottoman control</a> and consequent <a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">British administration of the island</a>. In 1960, it was reported that 38% of the Turkish Cypriots were able to speak Greek along with <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Turkish" title="Cypriot Turkish">Cypriot Turkish</a>. Some Turkish Cypriots of Nicosia and <a href="/wiki/Paphos" title="Paphos">Paphos</a> were also speaking Cypriot Greek as their <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">mother tongue</a> according to early 20th century population records.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1970s, Minister of Education <a href="/wiki/Chrysostomos_A._Sofianos" title="Chrysostomos A. Sofianos">Chrysostomos A. Sofianos</a> upgraded the status of Cypriot by introducing it in education. More recently, it has been used in <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus" title="Music of Cyprus">music</a>, e.g. in reggae by Hadji Mike and in rap by several Cypriot hip hop groups, such as <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">Dimiourgoi Neas Antilipsis</span></span> (DNA). Locally produced television shows, usually comedies or soap operas, make use of the dialect, for example with <span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">Vourate Geitonoi</i></span> (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el-CY">βουράτε</span></span> instead of <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">τρέξτε</span></span>) or <span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">Oi Takkoi</i></span> (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el-CY">Τάκκος</span></span> being a uniquely Cypriot name). The 2006 feature film <i><a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:_Dead_Man%27s_Chest" title="Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest">Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest</a></i> features actor Jimmy Roussounis arguing in Cypriot with another crew member speaking <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Turkish" title="Cypriot Turkish">Kibrizlija</a> (Cypriot Turkish) about a captain's hat they find in the sea. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Polycarpou" title="Peter Polycarpou">Peter Polycarpou</a> routinely spoke in Cypriot in his role as Chris Theodopolopoudos in the British television comedy series <i><a href="/wiki/Birds_of_a_Feather_(TV_series)" title="Birds of a Feather (TV series)">Birds of a Feather</a></i>. In a July 2014 episode of the American TV series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Leftovers_(TV_series)" title="The Leftovers (TV series)">The Leftovers</a></i>, Alex Malaos's character uses the dialect saying "<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el-CY">Εκατάλαβα σε</span></span>" ('I understood'). In the American <a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">mockumentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">comedy horror</a> television series <i><a href="/wiki/What_We_Do_in_the_Shadows_(TV_series)" title="What We Do in the Shadows (TV series)">What We Do in the Shadows</a></i>, actress <a href="/wiki/Natasia_Demetriou" title="Natasia Demetriou">Natasia Demetriou</a>, as the vampiric character Nadja, occasionally exclaims phrases in Cypriot. </p><p>Today, Cypriot Greek is the other only variety of Modern Greek apart from <a href="/wiki/Standard_Modern_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Modern Greek">Standard Modern Greek</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a significant presence of spontaneous use online, including <a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">blogs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_forum" title="Internet forum">internet forums</a>, and there exists a variant of <a href="/wiki/Greeklish" title="Greeklish">Greeklish</a> that reflects its distinct <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cypriot_Greek&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Studies of the phonology of Cypriot Greek are few and tend to examine very specific phenomena, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">gemination</a>, "glide hardening". A general overview of the phonology of Cypriot Greek has ever been attempted only once, by <a href="#CITEREFNewton1972">Newton 1972</a>, but parts of it are now contested. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cypriot_Greek&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cypriot Greek has geminate and <a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_consonant" title="Palato-alveolar consonant">palato-alveolar consonants</a>, which Standard Modern Greek lacks, as well as a contrast between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɾ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span>, which Standard Modern Greek also lacks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti20103–4_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti20103–4-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The table below, adapted from <a href="#CITEREFArvaniti2010">Arvaniti 2010</a>, p. 4, depicts the consonantal inventory of Cypriot Greek. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption><b>Consonant <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a></b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-<br />alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr style="font-size: x-small;"> <th>short </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">long</a> </th> <th>short </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">long</a> </th> <th>short </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">long</a> </th> <th>short </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">long</a> </th> <th>short </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">long</a> </th> <th>short </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Length_(phonetics)" title="Length (phonetics)">long</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">mː</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">nː</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">pʰː</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʰː</span> </td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t͡ʃʰː</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">cʰː</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kʰː</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">fː</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">θː</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">sː</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʃː</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">çː</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">xː</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span></td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a></span></td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span></td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span></td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_fricative" title="Voiced palatal fricative">ʝ</a></span></td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">lː</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Stops <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p<span class="wrap"> </span>t<span class="wrap"> </span>c<span class="wrap"> </span>k/</span> and affricate <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃ/</span> are <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">unaspirated</a> and may be pronounced weakly <a href="/wiki/Voicing_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Voicing (phonetics)">voiced</a> in fast speech.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19992–3_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19992–3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰː<span class="wrap"> </span>tʰː<span class="wrap"> </span>cʰː<span class="wrap"> </span>kʰː/</span> are always heavily <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a> and they are never preceded by nasals,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19992_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19992-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the exception of some <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loans</a>, e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃamˈpʰːu/</span> "shampoo".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavyIoannouPanayotou1996134_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavyIoannouPanayotou1996134-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃʰː/</span> are <a href="/wiki/Laminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Laminal">laminal</a> post-alveolars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19993_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19993-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡s/</span> is pronounced similarly to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃʰː/</span>, in terms of closure duration and aspiration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19993_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19993-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Voiced fricatives <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v<span class="wrap"> </span>ð<span class="wrap"> </span>ɣ/</span> are often pronounced as <a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">approximants</a> and they are regularly <a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">elided</a> when <a href="/wiki/Intervocalic_consonant" title="Intervocalic consonant">intervocalic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19992–3_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19992–3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʝ/</span> is similarly often realised as an approximant <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">[j]</a></span> in weak positions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti201011_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti201011-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The palatal lateral approximant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʎ]</span> is most often realised as a singleton or geminate lateral <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʎ(ː)]</span> or a singleton or geminate fricative <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʝ(ː)]</span>, and sometimes as a glide <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Cf." title="Cf.">cf.</a> <a href="/wiki/Ye%C3%ADsmo#Similar_phenomena_in_other_languages" title="Yeísmo">yeísmo</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappas2009307_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappas2009307-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The circumstances under which all the different variants surface are not very well understood, but <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʝ(ː)]</span> appear to be favoured in stressed syllables and word-finally, and before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a<span class="wrap"> </span>e/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappas2009309_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappas2009309-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="#CITEREFPappas2009">Pappas 2009</a> identifies the following phonological and non-phonological influencing factors: stress, preceding vowel, following vowel, position inside word; and sex, education, region, and time spent living in Greece (where <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʎ]</span> is standard).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappas2009309_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappas2009309-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="#CITEREFArvaniti2010">Arvaniti 2010</a> notes that speakers of some local varieties, notably that of <a href="/wiki/Larnaca" title="Larnaca">Larnaca</a>, "substitute" the geminate fricative for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʎ/</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti201010–11_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti201010–11-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but <a href="#CITEREFPappas2009">Pappas 2009</a> contests this, saying that, "<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʝ(ː)]</span> is robustly present in the three urban areas of Lefkosia, Lemesos and Larnaka as well as the rural Kokinohoria region, especially among teenaged speakers ... the innovative pronunciation <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʝ(ː)]</span> is not a feature of any local <a href="/wiki/Patois" title="Patois">patois</a>, but rather a supra-local feature."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappas2009313_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappas2009313-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The palatal nasal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɲ]</span> is produced somewhat longer than other single nasals, though not as long as geminates. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span> is similarly "rather long".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19992–3_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19992–3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The alveolar trill <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> is the geminate counterpart of the tap <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19993_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19993-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Palatalisation_and_glide_hardening">Palatalisation and glide hardening</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cypriot_Greek&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Palatalisation and glide hardening"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In analyses that posit a phonemic (but not phonetic) <a href="/wiki/Glide_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glide (linguistics)">glide</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span>, palatals and postalveolars arise from <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">CJV</span> (consonant–glide–vowel) clusters, namely:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevinsChirotan200813–14_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevinsChirotan200813–14-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mj</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">V</span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mɲ</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">V</span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">]</span></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nj</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">V</span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɲː</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">V</span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">]</span></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lj</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">V</span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʎː</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">V</span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʝː</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">V</span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">]</span></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kj</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">V</span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡ʃ</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">V</span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[c</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">V</span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">]</span></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/xj</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">V</span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">V</span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ç</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">V</span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">]</span></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɣj</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">V</span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʝ</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">V</span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">]</span></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/zj</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">V</span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʒː</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">V</span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">]</span></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡sj</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">V</span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡ʃʰː</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">V</span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">]</span></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sj</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">V</span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃː</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">V</span><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">]</span></li></ul></div> <p>The glide is not assimilated, but hardens to an <a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruent</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[c]</span> after <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p<span class="wrap"> </span>t<span class="wrap"> </span>f<span class="wrap"> </span>v<span class="wrap"> </span>θ<span class="wrap"> </span>ð/</span> and to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span> after <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɾ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevinsChirotan200813–14_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENevinsChirotan200813–14-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At any rate, velar stops and fricatives are in <a href="/wiki/Complementary_distribution" title="Complementary distribution">complementary distribution</a> with palatals and postalveolars before front vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e<span class="wrap"> </span>i/</span>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19993_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19993-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that is to say, broadly, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k<span class="wrap"> </span>kʰː/</span> are <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">palatalised</a> to either <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[c<span class="wrap"> </span>cʰː]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t͡ʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>t͡ʃʰː]</span>; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x<span class="wrap"> </span>xː/</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a><span class="wrap"> </span>çː]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃː]</span>; and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɣ/</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʝ]</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Geminates">Geminates</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cypriot_Greek&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geminates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is considerable disagreement on how to classify Cypriot Greek geminates, though they are now generally understood to be "geminates proper" (rather than clusters of identical phonemes or "<a href="/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">fortis</a>" consonants).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti201012_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti201012-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geminates are 1.5 to 2 times longer than singletons, depending, primarily, on position and stress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti20104–5_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti20104–5-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geminates occur both word-initially and word-medially. Word-initial geminates tend to be somewhat longer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti20105_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti20105-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="#CITEREFTserdanelisArvaniti2001">Tserdanelis & Arvaniti 2001</a> have found that "for stops, in particular, this lengthening affects both closure duration and <a href="/wiki/Voice_onset_time" title="Voice onset time">VOT</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETserdanelisArvaniti200135_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETserdanelisArvaniti200135-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but <a href="#CITEREFDavyPanayotou2003">Davy & Panayotou 2003</a> claim that stops contrast only in aspiration, and not duration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavyPanayotou20038_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavyPanayotou20038-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="#CITEREFArmosti2010">Armosti 2010</a> undertook a perceptual study with thirty native speakers of Cypriot Greek,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmosti201037_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmosti201037-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has found that both closure duration and (the duration and properties of) aspiration provide important cues in distinguishing between the two kinds of stops, but aspiration is slightly more significant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmosti201052–53_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmosti201052–53-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Assimilatory_processes">Assimilatory processes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cypriot_Greek&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Assimilatory processes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Word-final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assimilation (linguistics)">assimilates</a> with succeeding consonants—other than stops and affricates—at word boundaries producing post-lexical geminates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti20108_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti20108-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, geminate voiced fricatives, though generally not phonemic, do occur as allophones. Below are some examples of geminates to arise from <a href="/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi">sandhi</a>. </p> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ton<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈluka/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[to‿ˈlˑuka]</span> <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">τον Λούκα</span></span> "Lucas" (acc.)</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/en<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈða/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[e‿ˈðːa]</span> <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">εν δα</span></span> "[s/he] is here"</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pu<span class="wrap"> </span>tin<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɾiza/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pu<span class="wrap"> </span>ti‿ˈriza]</span> <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">που την ρίζα</span></span> "from the root"</li></ul> <p>In contrast, singleton stops and affricates do not undergo gemination, but become fully voiced when preceded by a nasal, with the nasal becoming <a href="/wiki/Homorganic_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Homorganic consonants">homorganic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19992–3_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19992–3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process is not restricted to terminal nasals; singleton stops and affricates always become voiced following a nasal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19994_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19994-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kaˈpnizumen<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈpuɾa/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kaˈpnizumem‿ˈbuɾa]</span> <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">καπνίζουμεν πούρα</span></span> "[we] smoke cigars"</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/an<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈt͡ʃe/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[an‿ˈd͡ʒe]</span> <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">αν τζ̌αι</span></span> "even though"</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tin<span class="wrap"> </span>ciɾi.aˈcin/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tiɲ‿ɟirĭ.aˈcin]</span> <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">την Κυριακήν</span></span> "on Sunday"</li></ul> <p>Word-final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> is altogether <a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">elided</a> before geminate stops and consonant clusters:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19995_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19995-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eˈpiasamen<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈfcoɾa/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[eˈpcasame‿ˈfcoɾa]</span> <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">επιάσαμεν φκιόρα</span></span> "[we] bought flowers"</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈpa‿stin<span class="wrap"> </span>cʰːeˈlːe/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈpa‿sti‿cʰːeˈlːe]</span> <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">πα' στην κκελλέ</span></span> "on the head"</li></ul> <p>Like with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span>, word-final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> assimilates to following <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span> producing geminates:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmosti201197_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmosti201197-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/as<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃoˈnisi/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a‿ʃːoˈnisi]</span> <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">ας σ̌ονίσει</span></span> "let it snow"</li></ul> <p>Lastly, word-final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> becomes voiced when followed by a voiced consonant belonging to the same phrase, like in Standard Greek:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19995_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19995-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tis<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈmaltas/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tiz‿ˈmaltas]</span> <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">της Μάλτας</span></span> "of <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>"</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aˈɣonas<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈðromu/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aˈɣonaz‿ˈðromu]</span> <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">αγώνας δρόμου</span></span> "race"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cypriot_Greek&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cypriot_Greek_vowel_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Cypriot_Greek_vowel_chart.svg/250px-Cypriot_Greek_vowel_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Cypriot_Greek_vowel_chart.svg/375px-Cypriot_Greek_vowel_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Cypriot_Greek_vowel_chart.svg/500px-Cypriot_Greek_vowel_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="923" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Vowel_diagram" title="Vowel diagram">vowels</a> of Cypriot Greek. Adapted from <a href="#CITEREFArvaniti1999">Arvaniti 1999</a>, p. 4.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cypriot Greek has a five-vowel system <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>,<span class="wrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>,<span class="wrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>,<span class="wrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o</a>,<span class="wrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">a</a>/</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgiou201870_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgiou201870-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgiou20194_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgiou20194-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that is nearly identical to that of Standard Modern Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Close vowels <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i<span class="wrap"> </span>u/</span> following <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> at the end of an utterance are regularly reduced (50% of all cases presented in study) to "fricated vowels" (40% of all cases, cf. Slavic <a href="/wiki/Yer" title="Yer">yers</a>), and are sometimes <a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">elided</a> altogether (5% of all cases).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEftychiou2007518_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEftychiou2007518-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In glide-less analyses, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> may alternate with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[c]</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti20101_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti20101-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kluvi]</span> "cage" → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[klufca]</span> "cages", or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kulːuɾi]</span> "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/koulouri" class="extiw" title="wikt:koulouri">koulouri</a>" → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kulːuɾ̥ka]</span> "koulouria"; and, like in Standard Modern Greek, it is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɲ]</span> when found between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span> and another vowel that belongs to the same syllable,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19994_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19994-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mɲa]</span> "one" (f.). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stress">Stress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cypriot_Greek&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Stress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cypriot Greek has <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">"dynamic" stress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19995_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19995-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both consonants and vowels are longer in stressed than in unstressed syllables, and the effect is stronger word-initially.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti201017–18_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti201017–18-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is only one stress per word, and it can fall on any of the last four syllables. Stress on the fourth-last syllable in a word is rare and normally limited to certain verb forms. Because of that possibility, however, when words with antepenultimate stress are followed by an enclitic in Cypriot Greek, no extra stress is added unlike Standard Modern Greek in which stress falls only on one of the last three syllables),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19995_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19995-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e.g. Cypriot Greek <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">το ποδήλατον μου</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[to<span class="wrap"> </span>poˈðilato‿mːu]</span>, Standard Modern Greek <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">το ποδήλατό μου</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[to<span class="wrap"> </span>poˌðilaˈto‿mu]</span> "my bicycle". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cypriot_Greek&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_grammar" title="Modern Greek grammar">Modern Greek grammar</a></div> <p>An overview of syntactic and morphological differences between Standard Modern Greek and Cypriot Greek can be found in <a href="#CITEREFHadjioannouTsiplakouKappler2011">Hadjioannou, Tsiplakou & Kappler 2011</a>, pp. 568–9. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cypriot_Greek&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>More loanwords are in everyday use than in Standard Modern Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmmon20061886_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmmon20061886-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These come from <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> and, increasingly, from <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. There are also Arabic expressions (via Turkish) like <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el-CY">μάσ̌σ̌αλλα</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈmaʃːalːa]</span> "<a href="/wiki/Mashallah" title="Mashallah">mashallah</a>" and <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el-CY">ίσ̌σ̌αλλα</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈiʃːalːa]</span> "<a href="/wiki/Inshallah" title="Inshallah">inshallah</a>". Much of the Cypriot core vocabulary is different from the modern standard's, e.g. <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el-CY">συντυχάννω</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sindiˈxanːo]</span> in addition to <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">μιλώ</span></span> "I talk", <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">θωρώ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[θοˈɾo]</span> instead of <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">βλέπω</span></span> "I look", etc. A historically interesting example is the occasional use of archaic <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el-CY">πόθεν</span></span> instead of <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">από πού</span></span> for the interrogative "from where?" which makes its closest translation to the English "whence" which is also archaic in most of the English speaking world. <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> reports that the <a href="/wiki/Lexical_similarity" title="Lexical similarity">lexical similarity</a> between Cypriot Greek and <a href="/wiki/Demotic_Greek" title="Demotic Greek">Demotic Greek</a> is in the range of 84–93%.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cypriot_Greek&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek#Writing_system" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek § Writing system</a></div> <p>There is no established orthography for Cypriot Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19991_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19991-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThemistocleous2010158_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThemistocleous2010158-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efforts have been made to introduce <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> to represent <a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_consonant" title="Palato-alveolar consonant">palato-alveolar consonants</a> found in Cypriot, but not in Standard Modern Greek, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Caron" title="Caron">combining caron</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨ˇ⟩</span>, by the authors of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lexcy.library.ucy.ac.cy/Lexicon.aspx">"Syntychies" lexicographic database</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413014733/http://lexcy.library.ucy.ac.cy/Lexicon.aspx">Archived</a> 2021-04-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cyprus" title="University of Cyprus">University of Cyprus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThemistocleousKatsoyannouArmostiChristodoulou2012263–264_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThemistocleousKatsoyannouArmostiChristodoulou2012263–264-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When diacritics are not used, an epenthetic <span class="nowrap">⟨ι⟩</span>—often accompanied by the systematic substitution of the preceding consonant letter—may be used to the same effect (as in <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>), e.g. Standard Modern Greek <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">παντζάρι</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[paˈ(n)d͡zaɾi]</span> → Cypriot Greek <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">ππαντζ<b>ι</b>άρι</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʰːaˈnd͡ʒaɾi]</span>, Standard Modern Greek <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">χέρι</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈçeɾi]</span> → Cypriot Greek <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><b>σι</b>έρι</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈʃeɾi]</span>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Geminate" class="mw-redirect" title="Geminate">Geminates</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirates</a>) are represented by two of the same letter, e.g. <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">σή<b>μμ</b>ερα</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈsimːeɾa]</span> "today", though this may not be done in cases where the spelling would not coincide with Standard Modern Greek's, e.g. <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">σήμμερα</span></span> would still be spelt <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">σήμερα</span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the centuries-long existence of Greek Cypriot literature, the dialect wasn't widely written until the rise of <a href="/wiki/Computer-mediated_communication" title="Computer-mediated communication">computer-mediated communication</a> in the 2000s. Online and in <a href="/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">text messaging</a>, Cypriot Greek, like Standard Modern Greek, is commonly written in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThemistocleous2010158–159_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThemistocleous2010158–159-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and English spelling conventions may be adopted for shared sounds,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThemistocleous2010165_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThemistocleous2010165-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e.g. <span class="nowrap">⟨sh⟩</span> for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span> (and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃː/</span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Some_comparisons_between_Cypriot_Greek_and_Standard_Greek">Some comparisons between Cypriot Greek and Standard Greek</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cypriot_Greek&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Some comparisons between Cypriot Greek and Standard Greek"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cypriot_Greek&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Cypriot Greek demonstrates a prevalence of archaic elements. The following comparisons provide a visual representation of this phenomenon. </p><p>The tables below do not imply that they were written down the same in Attic Greek but it is simply using the modern Greek alphabet's pronunciation system applied on attic Greek for comparison purposes. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_phonology" title="Ancient Greek phonology">classical attic Greek</a> X was pronounced as an aspirated Κ similar to the English K. Θ = aspirated Τ, Γ = ΓΚ/ΓΓ and Β = ΜΠ. In classical attic Greek Η was pronounced a long Ε and not like the modern Greek I, Y<sup id="cite_ref-:1_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Standard<sup id="cite_ref-:1_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_phonology" title="Ancient Greek phonology">Classical Attic pronunciation</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Χ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Θ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Γ </td> <td>ΓΚ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Β </td> <td>ΜΠ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Η </td> <td>ΕΕ </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Consonant pronunciation<sup id="cite_ref-:2_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Standard<sup id="cite_ref-:1_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Cypriot </th> <th>Classical Attic <p>pronunciation<sup id="cite_ref-:0_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_50-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td>άργησα </td> <td>άρκησα </td> <td>άργκησα </td></tr> <tr> <td>άρχισα </td> <td>άρκεψα </td> <td>άρkʰισα </td></tr> <tr> <td>έρχομαι </td> <td>έρκομαι <p>έρκουμαι </p> </td> <td>έρkʰομαι </td></tr> <tr> <td>ευχαριστώ </td> <td>ευκαριστώ </td> <td>ευkʰαριστώ </td></tr> <tr> <td>πάσχα </td> <td>πάσκαν </td> <td>πάσkʰαν </td></tr> <tr> <td>έρθω </td> <td>έρτω </td> <td>έρtʰω </td></tr> <tr> <td>βλέπω </td> <td>ημπλέπω </td> <td>μπλέπω </td></tr> <tr> <td>είδα </td> <td>άμπλεψα/έμπλεψα </td> <td>έμπλεψα </td></tr> <tr> <td>αγρίζω </td> <td>αγκρίζω </td> <td>αγκρίζω </td></tr> <tr> <td>ποτέ </td> <td>ποtʰέ </td> <td>ποτέ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>αγκρίζω is often confused for an English loan word but it's actually derived from the ancient αγρίζω, from άγριος. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Some vowel comparisons<sup id="cite_ref-:2_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Standard<sup id="cite_ref-:1_50-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Cypriot </th> <th>Classical Attic <p>pronunciation<sup id="cite_ref-:0_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_50-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td>σκληρό </td> <td>σκλερό </td> <td>σκλεερό </td></tr> <tr> <td>μην </td> <td>μεν </td> <td>μεεν </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Extra words: </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Standard<sup id="cite_ref-:1_50-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Cypriot </th> <th>Classical Attic <p><sup id="cite_ref-:0_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_50-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td>αρέσει </td> <td>αρέσκει  </td> <td>αρέσκει  </td></tr> <tr> <td>κάνω </td> <td>κάμνω </td> <td>κάμνω </td></tr> <tr> <td>κάνουν </td> <td>κάμνουσιν </td> <td>κάμνουσιν </td></tr> <tr> <td>από που </td> <td>πόθεν </td> <td>πόtʰεν </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Verbs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Standard<sup id="cite_ref-:1_50-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Cypriot </th> <th>Classical Attic <p><sup id="cite_ref-:0_51-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_50-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </th> <th>Translation </th></tr> <tr> <td>κάνω </td> <td>κάμνω </td> <td>κάμνω </td> <td>I'm doing </td></tr> <tr> <td>έκανες </td> <td>έκαμες </td> <td>έκαμε </td> <td>You did </td></tr> <tr> <td>έκανες </td> <td>έκαμνες </td> <td>έκαμνες </td> <td>You were doing </td></tr> <tr> <td>έκανε </td> <td>έκαμεν </td> <td>έκαμεν </td> <td>He did </td></tr> <tr> <td>έκανε </td> <td>έκαμνεν </td> <td>έκαμνεν </td> <td>He was doing </td></tr> <tr> <td>κάνουν </td> <td>κάμνουσιν </td> <td>κάμνουσιν </td> <td>They are doing </td></tr> <tr> <td>κάνουμε </td> <td>κάμνουμεν </td> <td>κάμνομεν </td> <td>We are doing </td></tr> <tr> <td>κάνετε </td> <td>κάμνετε </td> <td>κάμνετε </td> <td>You are doing (plural) </td></tr> <tr> <td>κάνετε </td> <td>κάμετε </td> <td>κάμετε </td> <td>Do it (plural) </td></tr> <tr> <td>κάνατε </td> <td>εκάματε </td> <td>εκάματε </td> <td>You did (plrural) </td></tr> <tr> <td>κάνουμε </td> <td>κάμνουμεν </td> <td>κάμνομεν </td> <td>We are doing </td></tr> <tr> <td>το κάνεις </td> <td>κάμνειστο </td> <td>κάμνεις αὐτό </td> <td>You are doing it </td></tr> <tr> <td>το κάνει </td> <td>κάμνειτο </td> <td>κάμνει αὐτό </td> <td>He is doing it </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example_texts_of_the_dialect">Example texts of the dialect</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cypriot_Greek&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Example texts of the dialect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Η 9η Ιουλίου του 1821 (Written around 1884–1895)<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>18 «Η Ρωμιοσύνη εν φυλή συνότζαιρη του κόσμου, <p>κανένας δεν εβρέθηκεν για να την ι-ξηλείψη, </p><p>κανένας, γιατί σιέπει την που τα 'ψη ο Θεός μου. </p><p>Η Ρωμιοσύνη εν να χαθή, όντες ο κόσμος λείψει! </p><p>19 Σφάξε μας ούλους τζι ας γενεί το γαίμαν μας αυλάτζιν, </p><p>κάμε τον κόσμον ματζιελλειόν τζαι τους Ρωμιούς ταούλλια, </p><p>αμμά ξέρε πως ύλαντρον όντες κοπεί καβάτζιν </p><p>τριγύρου του πετάσσουνται τρακόσια παραπούλια. </p><p>Το 'νιν αντάν να τρώ' την γην, τρώει την γην θαρκέται </p><p>μα πάντα τζιείνον τρώεται τζαι τζιείνον καταλυέται. </p><p>Είσαι πολλά πικράντερος, όμως αν θεν να σφάξης, </p><p>σφάξε τους λας που πολεμούν αλλού αρματωμένοι. </p><p>Εμάς με σιέρκα όφκαιρα γιατί να μας πειράξεις, </p><p>πού 'μαστον δίχως άρματα, τζι είμαστον νεπαμέν </p><p>8 Η νύχτα πκιον αρκίνησεν περίτου ν' αναρκώνη, </p><p>εγίνην η ανατολή κροκότσιηνη περίτου, </p><p>άρτζιεψεν πκιον το Σάββατον να πικροξημερώννη </p><p>τζι ακούστηκεν του ξύλενου σημάντρου η φωνή του. </p><p>Εξέβην ο Τζιυπριανός με τζιείνον τον καμόν του, </p><p>τζι επήεν εις την εκκλησ'ιάν τζαι βάλλει τον σταυρόν του </p><p>τζι ήτουν όσον τζι εκάμασιν αρκήν της λειτουργίας, </p><p>τζι εστάθηκεν περίλυπος τζαι σγιαν να δκιαλοίστην, </p><p>τζι επήεν τζι εγονάτισεν ομπρός της Παναίας </p><p>τζαι κάτι εψουψούρισεν τζι ευτύς εκλαμουρίστην. </p><p>27 «Εγιώ, αφέντη, μανιχά άκουσα να λαλούσιν, </p><p>πως ήρτεν ένας τοπκιανός καλόηρος που πέρα </p><p>τζι έφερεν κάμποσα χαρκιά πο τζιει που πολεμούσιν </p><p>τζι έδωκεν τα τζαι χάθηκεν, δεν έμεινεν με μέραν, </p><p>τζαι τζιείνα ούλλα τα χαρκιά πως ήταν του πολέμου. </p><p>Τα άλλα ούλλα που λαλείς εν τάκουσα ποττέ μου.» </p><p>«Είντα μας περιπαίζεις, βρε, είμαστον μισταρκοί σου; </p><p>Είπες το με το στόμαν σου μεσ' σ' τόσον παναύριν, </p><p>πε το, γιατί σκοτώννω σε, κόβκω την τζιεφαλήν σου. </p><p>Φέρτε μου τον τζιελλάττην δα, ναν δαχαμαί χαζίριν!» </p><p>30 Τότες πκιον εσυντύχασιν ούλοι κάμποσην ώραν, </p><p>για τζιείνους πων να κόψουσιν τζι αννοίξαν το δεφτέριν </p><p>τζι είδασιν πόσοι εν π' αλλού τζιαι πόσοι που την Χώραν </p><p>τζιαι πόσοι για συρτοθηλειάν τζιαι πόσοι για μασιαίριν. </p><p>τζι είσιεν πεντ' έξι πούπασιν πως εν πολλοί τζι εν κρίμαν, </p><p>τζι ο Μουσελλίμης είπεν τους: «Εν ούλλοι για το μνήμαν»! </p><p>Ο ήλιος πκιον εστύλλωσεν, εγίνην μεσομέριν </p><p>τζι ακούστην εις τον μιναρέν ο χότζ'ας να φωνάζη </p><p>τζι επάψασιν την συντυσιάν τζι αφήκαν το δεφτέριν </p><p>τζι εσηκωθήκαν ούλοι τους τζι επήαν στο ναμάζι. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>English translation of "Η 9η Ιουλίου του 1821"</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 Romaness is a race as old as the world, <p>No one has ever been found to erase it, </p><p>No one, because my God shields it from above. </p><p>Romaness will vanish only when the world ceases to exist! </p><p>19 Slaughter us all, let our blood become a stream, </p><p>Turn the world a slaughterhouse and the Romans herds of sheep </p><p>But know that when a stump is cut at the base, </p><p>Around it, three hundred new sprouts will burst forth. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cypriot_Greek&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cyprus" title="Languages of Cyprus">Languages of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot Greek</a> for the ancient Greek spoken on Cyprus</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cypriot_Greek&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Explanatory notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This number includes speakers of all Greek varieties in Cyprus.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Standard Modern Greek is the variety based on <a href="/wiki/Demotic_Greek" title="Demotic Greek">Demotic</a> (but with elements of <a href="/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa">Katharevousa</a>) that became the official language of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> in 1976. See also: <a href="/wiki/Greek_language_question" title="Greek language question">Greek language question</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Standard Modern Greek is the variety based on <a href="/wiki/Demotic_Greek" title="Demotic Greek">Demotic</a> (but with elements of <a href="/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa">Katharevousa</a>) that became the official language of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> in 1976. See also: <a href="/wiki/Greek_language_question" title="Greek language question">Greek language question</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an acoustic comparison of the two vowel systems see <a href="#CITEREFThemistocleous2017a">Themistocleous 2017a</a> and <a href="#CITEREFThemistocleous2017b">Themistocleous 2017b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geminates are present in Cypriot Greek and were present (and distinct) in Ancient and earlier Koine, but they are not in Standard Modern Greek. Late twentieth-century spelling reforms in Greece were not indiscriminate, i.e. some words are still spelt with two consecutive consonant letters, but are not pronounced that way. In addition, Cypriot Greek has developed geminates in words where they were not previously found.</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Citations</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/census-2011_cystat_en/census-2011_cystat_en">"Statistical Service - Population Census 2011"</a>. <i>mof.gov.cy</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mof.gov.cy&rft.atitle=Statistical+Service+-+Population+Census+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mof.gov.cy%2Fmof%2Fcystat%2Fstatistics.nsf%2Fcensus-2011_cystat_en%2Fcensus-2011_cystat_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACypriot+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmmon20061886-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmmon20061886_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmmon20061886_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmmon2006">Ammon 2006</a>, p. 1886.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThemistocleousKatsoyannouArmostiChristodoulou2012262-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThemistocleousKatsoyannouArmostiChristodoulou2012262_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThemistocleousKatsoyannouArmostiChristodoulou2012">Themistocleous et al. 2012</a>, p. 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmmon20061886–1887-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmmon20061886–1887_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmmon2006">Ammon 2006</a>, pp. 1886–1887.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephTserdanelis2003823-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephTserdanelis2003823_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJosephTserdanelis2003">Joseph & Tserdanelis 2003</a>, p. 823.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti200626-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti200626_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArvaniti2006">Arvaniti 2006</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti200625-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti200625_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArvaniti2006">Arvaniti 2006</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsiplakou2012-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsiplakou2012_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTsiplakou2012">Tsiplakou 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti200626–27-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti200626–27_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArvaniti2006">Arvaniti 2006</a>, pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavyIoannouPanayotou1996131,_135-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavyIoannouPanayotou1996131,_135_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavyIoannouPanayotou1996">Davy, Ioannou & Panayotou 1996</a>, pp. 131, 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4gQIAQAAMAAJ&q=rumca+konu%C5%9Fan+k%C4%B1br%C4%B1sl%C4%B1+t%C3%BCrkler"><i>Türk dili</i></a> (in Turkish). Türk Dil Kurumu. 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%C3%BCrk+dili&rft.pub=T%C3%BCrk+Dil+Kurumu&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4gQIAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Drumca%2Bkonu%25C5%259Fan%2Bk%25C4%25B1br%25C4%25B1sl%25C4%25B1%2Bt%25C3%25BCrkler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACypriot+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti20103–4-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti20103–4_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArvaniti2010">Arvaniti 2010</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19992–3-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19992–3_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19992–3_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19992–3_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19992–3_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArvaniti1999">Arvaniti 1999</a>, pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19992-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19992_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArvaniti1999">Arvaniti 1999</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavyIoannouPanayotou1996134-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavyIoannouPanayotou1996134_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavyIoannouPanayotou1996">Davy, Ioannou & Panayotou 1996</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19993-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19993_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19993_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19993_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19993_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArvaniti1999">Arvaniti 1999</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti201011-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti201011_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArvaniti2010">Arvaniti 2010</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappas2009307-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappas2009307_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPappas2009">Pappas 2009</a>, p. 307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappas2009309-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappas2009309_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappas2009309_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPappas2009">Pappas 2009</a>, p. 309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti201010–11-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti201010–11_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArvaniti2010">Arvaniti 2010</a>, pp. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappas2009313-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappas2009313_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPappas2009">Pappas 2009</a>, p. 313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENevinsChirotan200813–14-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevinsChirotan200813–14_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENevinsChirotan200813–14_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNevinsChirotan2008">Nevins & Chirotan 2008</a>, pp. 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti201012-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti201012_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArvaniti2010">Arvaniti 2010</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti20104–5-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti20104–5_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArvaniti2010">Arvaniti 2010</a>, pp. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti20105-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti20105_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArvaniti2010">Arvaniti 2010</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETserdanelisArvaniti200135-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETserdanelisArvaniti200135_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTserdanelisArvaniti2001">Tserdanelis & Arvaniti 2001</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavyPanayotou20038-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavyPanayotou20038_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavyPanayotou2003">Davy & Panayotou 2003</a>, p. 8: "...there is no evidence for the assumption that CG <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰ/</span> is distinctively long (or geminate). The CGasp system contains simply tense aspirated and lax unaspirated stops."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmosti201037-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmosti201037_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArmosti2010">Armosti 2010</a>, pp. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmosti201052–53-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmosti201052–53_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArmosti2010">Armosti 2010</a>, pp. 52–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti20108-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti20108_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArvaniti2010">Arvaniti 2010</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19994-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19994_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19994_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArvaniti1999">Arvaniti 1999</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19995-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19995_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19995_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19995_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19995_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArvaniti1999">Arvaniti 1999</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmosti201197-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmosti201197_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArmosti2011">Armosti 2011</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgiou201870-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgiou201870_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorgiou2018">Georgiou 2018</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgiou20194-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgiou20194_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorgiou2019">Georgiou 2019</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEftychiou2007518-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEftychiou2007518_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEftychiou2007">Eftychiou 2007</a>, p. 518.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti20101-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti20101_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArvaniti2010">Arvaniti 2010</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti201017–18-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti201017–18_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArvaniti2010">Arvaniti 2010</a>, pp. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/ell/">Greek</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19991-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvaniti19991_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArvaniti1999">Arvaniti 1999</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThemistocleous2010158-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThemistocleous2010158_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThemistocleous2010">Themistocleous 2010</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThemistocleousKatsoyannouArmostiChristodoulou2012263–264-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThemistocleousKatsoyannouArmostiChristodoulou2012263–264_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThemistocleousKatsoyannouArmostiChristodoulou2012">Themistocleous et al. 2012</a>, pp. 263–264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThemistocleous2010158–159-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThemistocleous2010158–159_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThemistocleous2010">Themistocleous 2010</a>, pp. 158–159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThemistocleous2010165-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThemistocleous2010165_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThemistocleous2010">Themistocleous 2010</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_50-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_50-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_50-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_50-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_50-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_50-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_50-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_50-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="external text" href="https://el.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C:%CE%9A%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B1&oldid=5396829">"Βικιλεξικό:Κύρια Σελίδα"</a>, <i>Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</i> (in Greek), 2022-01-09<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-15</span></span></cite><span 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"Dialect classification using vowel acoustic parameters". <i>Speech Communication</i>. <b>92</b>: 13–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.specom.2017.05.003">10.1016/j.specom.2017.05.003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speech+Communication&rft.atitle=Dialect+classification+using+vowel+acoustic+parameters&rft.volume=92&rft.pages=13-22&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.specom.2017.05.003&rft.aulast=Themistocleous&rft.aufirst=Charalambos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACypriot+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThemistocleous2017b" class="citation journal cs1">Themistocleous, Charalambos (2017b). "The Nature of Phonetic Gradience across a Dialect Continuum: Evidence from Modern Greek Vowels". <i>Phonetica</i>. <b>74</b> (3): 157–172. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000450554">10.1159/000450554</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28268213">28268213</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7596117">7596117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phonetica&rft.atitle=The+Nature+of+Phonetic+Gradience+across+a+Dialect+Continuum%3A+Evidence+from+Modern+Greek+Vowels&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=157-172&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7596117%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28268213&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000450554&rft.aulast=Themistocleous&rft.aufirst=Charalambos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACypriot+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThemistocleousKatsoyannouArmostiChristodoulou2012" class="citation conference cs1">Themistocleous, Charalambos; Katsoyannou, Marianna; Armosti, Spyros; Christodoulou, Kyriaci (7–11 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160806040450/http://www.euralex.org/elx_proceedings/Euralex2012/pp262-266%20Themistocleus,%20Katsoyannou,%20Armosti%20and%20Christodoulou.pdf"><i>Cypriot Greek Lexicography: A Reverse Dictionary of Cypriot Greek</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 15th European Association for Lexicography (EURALEX) Conference. Oslo, Norway. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euralex.org/elx_proceedings/Euralex2012/pp262-266%20Themistocleus,%20Katsoyannou,%20Armosti%20and%20Christodoulou.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 6 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Cypriot+Greek+Lexicography%3A+A+Reverse+Dictionary+of+Cypriot+Greek&rft.place=Oslo%2C+Norway&rft.date=2012-08-07%2F2012-08-11&rft.aulast=Themistocleous&rft.aufirst=Charalambos&rft.au=Katsoyannou%2C+Marianna&rft.au=Armosti%2C+Spyros&rft.au=Christodoulou%2C+Kyriaci&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euralex.org%2Felx_proceedings%2FEuralex2012%2Fpp262-266%2520Themistocleus%2C%2520Katsoyannou%2C%2520Armosti%2520and%2520Christodoulou.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACypriot+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThemistocleous2010" class="citation journal cs1">Themistocleous, Christiana (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1254033">"Writing in a non-standard Greek variety: Romanized Cypriot Greek in online chat"</a>. <i>Writing Systems Research</i>. 2. <b>2</b> (2): 155–168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fwsr%2Fwsq008">10.1093/wsr/wsq008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Writing+Systems+Research&rft.atitle=Writing+in+a+non-standard+Greek+variety%3A+Romanized+Cypriot+Greek+in+online+chat&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=155-168&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fwsr%2Fwsq008&rft.aulast=Themistocleous&rft.aufirst=Christiana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1254033&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACypriot+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTserdanelisArvaniti2001" class="citation conference cs1">Tserdanelis, Giorgos; Arvaniti, Amalia (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100616200432/http://idiom.ucsd.edu/~arvaniti/Tserdanelis%26Arvaniti.pdf">"The acoustic characteristics of geminate consonants in Cypriot Greek"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Greek Linguistics</i>. Thessaloniki, Greece: University Studio Press. pp. 29–36. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://idiom.ucsd.edu/~arvaniti/Tserdanelis&Arvaniti.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2010-06-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=The+acoustic+characteristics+of+geminate+consonants+in+Cypriot+Greek&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+4th+International+Conference+on+Greek+Linguistics&rft.place=Thessaloniki%2C+Greece&rft.pages=29-36&rft.pub=University+Studio+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Tserdanelis&rft.aufirst=Giorgos&rft.au=Arvaniti%2C+Amalia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fidiom.ucsd.edu%2F~arvaniti%2FTserdanelis%26Arvaniti.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACypriot+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsiplakou2012" class="citation conference cs1">Tsiplakou, Stravoula (21–24 August 2012). <i>Charting Nicosian: properties and perceptions of an emergent urban dialect variety</i>. Sociolinguistics Symposium 19. Berlin, Germany.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Charting+Nicosian%3A+properties+and+perceptions+of+an+emergent+urban+dialect+variety&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Germany&rft.date=2012-08-21%2F2012-08-24&rft.aulast=Tsiplakou&rft.aufirst=Stravoula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACypriot+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cypriot_Greek&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmosti2007" class="citation conference cs1">Armosti, Spyros (6–10 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icphs2007.de/conference/Papers/1551/1551.pdf"><i>The perception of Cypriot Greek 'super-geminates'<span></span></i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Proceedings of the International Congress of Phonetic Sciences XVI. Saarbrücken, Germany. pp. 761–764.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+perception+of+Cypriot+Greek+%27super-geminates%27&rft.place=Saarbr%C3%BCcken%2C+Germany&rft.pages=761-764&rft.date=2007-08-06%2F2007-08-10&rft.aulast=Armosti&rft.aufirst=Spyros&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icphs2007.de%2Fconference%2FPapers%2F1551%2F1551.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACypriot+Greek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Armosti, Spyros (1–4 September 2011). "An articulatory study of word-initial stop gemination in Cypriot Greek". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icgl.gr/files/English/3.Armosti_10ICGL_pp.122-133.pdf"><i>Proceedings of the 10th International Conference of Greek Linguistics</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Komotini, Greece (published 2012). pp. 122–133.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+articulatory+study+of+word-initial+stop+gemination+in+Cypriot+Greek&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+10th+International+Conference+of+Greek+Linguistics&rft.place=Komotini%2C+Greece&rft.pages=122-133&rft.date=2011-09-01%2F2011-09-04&rft.aulast=Armosti&rft.aufirst=Spyros&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icgl.gr%2Ffiles%2FEnglish%2F3.Armosti_10ICGL_pp.122-133.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACypriot+Greek" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArvaniti1998" class="citation book cs1">Arvaniti, Amalia (1998). "Phrase accents revisited: comparative evidence from Standard and Cypriot Greek". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120311163322/http://idiom.ucsd.edu/~arvaniti/Arvaniti_CYPQs_ICSLP1998.pdf"><i>Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. 7. Sydney. pp. 2883–2886. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://idiom.ucsd.edu/~arvaniti/Arvaniti_CYPQs_ICSLP1998.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-03-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phrase+accents+revisited%3A+comparative+evidence+from+Standard+and+Cypriot+Greek&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+5th+International+Conference+on+Spoken+Language+Processing&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pages=2883-2886&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Arvaniti&rft.aufirst=Amalia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fidiom.ucsd.edu%2F~arvaniti%2FArvaniti_CYPQs_ICSLP1998.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACypriot+Greek" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArvaniti2001" class="citation book cs1">Arvaniti, Amalia (2001). "Comparing the phonetics of single and geminate consonants in Cypriot and Standard Greek.". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://idiom.ucsd.edu/~arvaniti/Arvaniti.geminates_ICGL4.pdf"><i>Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Greek Linguistics</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cypriot Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Turkish" title="Cypriot Turkish">Cypriot Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurbet_language" title="Kurbet language">Kurbet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Maronite_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cypriot Maronite Arabic">Cypriot Maronite Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Sign_Language" title="Cypriot Sign Language">Cypriot Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Sign_Language" title="Greek Sign Language">Greek Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Sign_Language" title="Turkish Sign Language">Turkish Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Greek_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_language" title="Template:Greek language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greek_language" title="Template talk:Greek language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greek_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greek language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Greek_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origin and genealogy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Greek_substrate" title="Pre-Greek substrate">Pre-Greek substrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greek" title="History of Greek">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2900</span>–1600 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span>–1100 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–300 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span>–AD 330)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Greek" title="Medieval Greek">Medieval Greek</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 330</span>–1453)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a> (since 1453)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Central <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>East <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>West <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li>Northwest <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_Doric_Greek" title="Achaean Doric Greek">Achaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Hellenistic Koine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek" title="Varieties of Modern Greek">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Demotic_Greek" title="Demotic Greek">Demotic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katharevousa" title="Katharevousa">Katharevousa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek" title="Cappadocian Greek">Cappadocian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Misthi,_Cappadocia#Misthiotica_dialect" title="Misthi, Cappadocia">Misthiotika</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Greek" title="Cretan Greek">Cretan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himariote_dialect" title="Himariote dialect">Himariote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Greek_dialect" title="Istanbul Greek dialect">Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiot_Greek" title="Italiot Greek">Italiot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calabrian_Greek" title="Calabrian Greek">Greco/Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griko_language" title="Griko language">Griko/Apulian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maniots#Maniot_dialect" title="Maniots">Maniot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariupol_Greek" title="Mariupol Greek">Mariupolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romano-Greek language">Romano-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakonian_language" title="Tsakonian language">Tsakonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Australian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Australian dialect">Greco-Australian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_phonology" title="Ancient Greek phonology">Ancient</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_accent" title="Ancient Greek accent">accent</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_of_Ancient_Greek_in_teaching" title="Pronunciation of Ancient Greek in teaching">teaching</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_phonology" title="Koine Greek phonology">Koine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_phonology" title="Modern Greek phonology">Standard Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grammar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_grammar" title="Ancient Greek grammar">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_grammar" title="Koine Greek grammar">Koine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_grammar" title="Modern Greek grammar">Standard Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_orthography" title="Greek orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_diacritics" title="Greek diacritics">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Greek" title="Cyrillization of Greek">Cyrillization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">Romanization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeklish" title="Greeklish">Greeklish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_literature" title="Greek literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_literature" title="Modern Greek literature">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Promotion and study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Foundation_for_Culture" title="Hellenic Foundation for Culture">Hellenic Foundation for Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_Greek_Language" title="Center for the Greek Language">Center for the Greek Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Language_and_Speech_Processing" title="Institute for Language and Speech Processing">Institute for Language and Speech Processing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eteocretan_language" title="Eteocretan language">Eteocretan language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eteocypriot_language" title="Eteocypriot language">Eteocypriot language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language_question" title="Greek language question">Greek language question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_exonyms" title="Greek exonyms">Exonyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_morphemes_used_in_English" title="List of Greek morphemes used in English">Morphemes in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_words_for_love" title="Greek words for love">Terms of endearment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_phrases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Greek phrases">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan language</a></li> <li><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%97%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1_%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%82" class="extiw" title="el:Παγκόσμια Ημέρα Ελληνικής Γλώσσας">Greek Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_language" title="Trojan language">Trojan language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Ancient_Greek_dictionaries" title="Comparison of Ancient Greek dictionaries">Comparison of Ancient Greek dictionaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cypriot_Greek&oldid=1259366844">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cypriot_Greek&oldid=1259366844</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Varieties_of_Modern_Greek" title="Category:Varieties of Modern Greek">Varieties of Modern Greek</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Cyprus" 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