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Early Romans made little use… See origin and meaning of c.","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.etymonline.com#website"}},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":["DefinedTermSet","Book"],"@id":"https://www.etymonline.com","name":"Dictionary and etymology by etymonline","description":"An online etymology dictionary providing the origin and history of English words"},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"DefinedTerm","@id":"https://www.etymonline.com/word/C","name":"C","inDefinedTermSet":"https://www.etymonline.com"}]</script><section class="flex flex-col lg:flex-row gap-12 justify-center"><div class="w-full lg:w-[728px] items-start"><div class="mt-0"><div class="relative bg-secondary/50 w-full"><div class="border-b border-divider pl-4 py-2 border-white/80 dark:border-white/10 flex justify-between items-center"><span class="text-sm font-sans text-spanish-gray">Advertisement</span><button type="button" tabindex="0" aria-label="Close advertisement" class="z-0 group relative inline-flex items-center justify-center box-border appearance-none select-none whitespace-nowrap font-normal subpixel-antialiased overflow-hidden tap-highlight-transparent data-[pressed=true]:scale-[0.97] outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 min-w-20 h-10 text-small gap-2 [&>svg]:max-w-[theme(spacing.8)] transition-transform-colors-opacity motion-reduce:transition-none text-default-foreground data-[hover=true]:opacity-hover px-2 py-0 rounded-full bg-focus/50 hover:bg-background/80 transition-colors undefined"><span class="text-sm font-medium font-sans text-primary">Remove Ads</span></button></div><div class="relative min-h-[90px] w-full"><div class="relative z-10 min-h-[90px] w-full flex items-center justify-center"><div id="div-gpt-ad-pc_wd_top" class="flex adsbygoogle items-center transition-all h-[90px] w-[728px]"><div class="w-full p-4 rounded-md min-w-[300px] items-center justify-center flex w-full h-full"><p class="text-foreground/80 text-center">Want to remove ads? <a class="text-primary hover:underline cursor-pointer" rel="nofollow" href="#">Log in</a> to see fewer ads, and become a <a class="text-primary hover:underline cursor-pointer" rel="nofollow" href="#">Premium Member</a> to remove all ads.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mt-4 space-y-12 mobile:space-y-8 w-full"><div class="space-y-4"><div class="space-y-2"><h1 class="font-sans text-2xl" lang="en">Origin and history of <em> C </em></h1><hr class="shrink-0 border-none w-full h-divider bg-divider" role="separator"/></div><div class="bg-white mobile:bg-transparent dark:bg-secondary dark:mobile:bg-transparent rounded-lg lg:shadow-sm pl-6 pr-6 pt-2 pb-6 mobile:p-0"><div class="space-y-2"><div class="space-y-2 pb-2"><section class="prose-lg dark:prose-dark max-w-none"><div><h2 id="#etymonline_v_27561" class="scroll-m-16 text-2xl font-serif font-bold text-foreground text-4xl"><span class="hyphens-auto" lang="en">C</span><span class="pl-2 text-battleship-gray font-serif text-2xl mobile:text-xl"></span></h2></div><section class="-mt-4 -mb-2 lg:-mb-2"><p>third letter of the Latin alphabet. Alphabetic writing came to Rome via the southern Etruscan "Caeretan" script, in which <i class="foreign notranslate">gamma</i> was written as a crescent. Early Romans made little use of Greek <i class="foreign notranslate">kappa</i> and used <i class="foreign notranslate">gamma</i> for both the "g" and "k" sounds, the latter more frequently, so that the "k" sound came to be seen as the proper one for <i class="foreign notranslate">gamma</i>. Classical Latin <i class="foreign notranslate">-c-</i>, with only the value "k," passed to Celtic and, via missionary Irish monks, to the Anglo-Saxons. Also see <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of cee " class="crossreference text-primary" href="/word/cee">cee</a>.</p> <p>In some Old English words, before some vowels and in certain positions, <i class="foreign notranslate">-c-</i> had a "ts" sound that was respelled <i class="foreign notranslate">ch-</i> in Middle English by French scribes (<a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of chest " class="crossreference text-primary" href="/word/chest">chest</a>, <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of cheese " class="crossreference text-primary" href="/word/cheese">cheese</a>, <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of church " class="crossreference text-primary" href="/word/church">church</a>; see <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of ch " class="crossreference text-primary" href="/word/ch">ch</a>). In Old English <i class="foreign notranslate">-k-</i> was known but little used.</p> <p>Meanwhile, in Old French, many "k" sounds drifted to "ts" and by 13c., "s," but still were written <i class="foreign notranslate">-c-</i>. Thus the 1066 invasion brought to the English language a flood of French and Latin words in which <i class="foreign notranslate">-c-</i> represented "s" (as in <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of cease " class="crossreference text-primary" href="/word/cease">cease</a>, <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of ceiling " class="crossreference text-primary" href="/word/ceiling">ceiling</a>, <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of circle " class="crossreference text-primary" href="/word/circle">circle</a>) and a more vigorous use of <i class="foreign notranslate">-k-</i> to distinguish that sound. By 15c. even native English words with <i class="foreign notranslate">-s-</i> were being respelled with <i class="foreign notranslate">-c-</i> for "s" (<a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of ice " class="crossreference text-primary" href="/word/ice">ice</a>, <i class="foreign notranslate">mice</i>, <i class="foreign notranslate">lice</i>).</p> <p>Before c. 1800, English words now spelled in -c often ended in -ck and this is kept in <i class="foreign notranslate">picnicked, </i><i class="foreign notranslate">trafficking, </i><i class="foreign notranslate">panicky</i>, <i class="foreign notranslate">shellacked</i>, etc. to preserve the "k" sound of <i class="foreign notranslate">-c-</i> before a suffix beginning in <i class="foreign notranslate">-i-</i>, <i class="foreign notranslate">-y-</i>, or <i class="foreign notranslate">-e-</i>.</p> <blockquote> The final k, after c, in words derived from the learned languages, though carefully retained by Johnson and other writers, has been omitted, in conformity to modern custom and the originals. For it seems to me to be rather incongruous to write <i class="foreign notranslate">musick</i> from <i class="foreign notranslate">musica</i>, especially as the <i class="foreign notranslate">k</i> has been exploded by general consent from the derivatives <i class="foreign notranslate">musician</i> and <i class="foreign notranslate">musical</i>. [John Ash, advertisement to "New and Complete Dictionary of the English Language," 1775] </blockquote> <p>In some English words from Italian, the <i class="foreign notranslate">-c-</i> has a "ch" sound (via a sound evolution somewhat like the Old French one). In German, <i class="foreign notranslate">-c-</i> in loanwords was regularized to <i class="foreign notranslate">-k-</i> or <i class="foreign notranslate">-z-</i> (depending on pronunciation) in the international spelling reform of 1901, which was based on the Duden guide of 1880.</p> <p>As a symbol in the Roman numeral system, "one hundred;" the symbol originally was a Greek theta, but was later reduced in form and understood to stand for <i class="foreign notranslate">centum</i>. In music, it is the name of the keynote of the natural scale, though the exact pitch varied in time and place 18c. and 19c. from 240 vibrations per second to 275; it wasn't entirely regularized (at 261.63) until the adoption of the A440 standard in the 1930s. <strong><i class="foreign notranslate">C-spring</i></strong> as a type of carriage spring is from 1794, so called for its shape.</p></section><div class="-mb-6 lg:-mb-8"></div></section></div></div></div></div><div><div class="space-y-4"><div class="space-y-1"><h2 class="font-sans text-xl" lang="en">Entries linking to <em> C </em></h2><div class="mb-4"><hr class="shrink-0 border-none w-full h-divider bg-divider" role="separator"/></div></div><div class="flex flex-col relative overflow-hidden h-auto text-foreground box-border outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 transition-transform-background motion-reduce:transition-none border border-secondary hover:shadow-sm rounded-md shadow-sm transition-all bg-secondary/30 dark:bg-overlay hover:bg-secondary/10 dark:text-white" tabindex="-1"><div class="flex p-3 z-10 w-full justify-start items-center shrink-0 overflow-inherit color-inherit subpixel-antialiased rounded-t-large px-4 pt-2 pb-0 lg:px-6 lg:pt-4 lg:pb-2"><a title="Origin and meaning of cease" class="w-full group" href="/word/cease"><div class="flex items-center justify-between border-b border-transparent group-hover:border-secondary transition-colors"><span id="#etymonline_v_8316" class="scroll-m-16 text-2xl font-serif font-bold text-foreground text-primary dark:text-default-100 text-xl"><span class="hyphens-auto" lang="en">cease</span><span class="pl-2 text-battleship-gray font-serif">(v.)</span></span><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="w-6 h-6 lg:w-6 lg:h-6 text-spanish-gray group-hover:text-primary transition-colors ml-2 lg:ml-4 flex-shrink-0 self-center text-xl lg:text-2xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></div></a></div><div class="relative flex w-full p-3 flex-auto flex-col place-content-inherit align-items-inherit h-auto break-words text-left overflow-y-auto subpixel-antialiased px-4 pt-2 pb-2 lg:px-6 lg:pt-2 lg:pb-4"><section class="prose lg:prose-lg dark:prose-dark [&_em]:bg-warning/30 dark:[&_em]:bg-warning/30"><p>c. 1300, <i class="foreign notranslate">cesen</i>, "stop moving, acting, or speaking; come to an end," from Old French <i class="foreign notranslate">cesser</i> "come to an end, stop, cease; give up, desist," from Latin <i class="foreign notranslate">cessare</i> "cease, go slow, give over, leave off, be idle," frequentative of <i class="foreign notranslate">cedere</i> (past participle <i class="foreign notranslate">cessus</i>) "go away, withdraw, yield" (from PIE root <a rel="nofollow" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of *ked- " class="crossreference text-primary" href="/word/*ked-">*ked-</a> "to go, yield"). The transitive sense "put a stop to," now rare, is from late 14c. Related: <i class="foreign notranslate">Ceased</i>; <i class="foreign notranslate">ceasing</i>. Old English in this sense had <i class="foreign notranslate">geswican</i>, <i class="foreign notranslate">blinnan</i>.</p></section></div></div><div class="flex flex-col relative overflow-hidden h-auto text-foreground box-border outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 transition-transform-background motion-reduce:transition-none border border-secondary hover:shadow-sm rounded-md shadow-sm transition-all bg-secondary/30 dark:bg-overlay hover:bg-secondary/10 dark:text-white" tabindex="-1"><div class="flex p-3 z-10 w-full justify-start items-center shrink-0 overflow-inherit color-inherit subpixel-antialiased rounded-t-large px-4 pt-2 pb-0 lg:px-6 lg:pt-4 lg:pb-2"><a title="Origin and meaning of cee" class="w-full group" href="/word/cee"><div class="flex items-center justify-between border-b border-transparent group-hover:border-secondary transition-colors"><span id="#etymonline_v_27842" class="scroll-m-16 text-2xl font-serif font-bold text-foreground text-primary dark:text-default-100 text-xl"><span class="hyphens-auto" lang="en">cee</span><span class="pl-2 text-battleship-gray font-serif">(n.)</span></span><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="w-6 h-6 lg:w-6 lg:h-6 text-spanish-gray group-hover:text-primary transition-colors ml-2 lg:ml-4 flex-shrink-0 self-center text-xl lg:text-2xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></div></a></div><div class="relative flex w-full p-3 flex-auto flex-col place-content-inherit align-items-inherit h-auto break-words text-left overflow-y-auto subpixel-antialiased px-4 pt-2 pb-2 lg:px-6 lg:pt-2 lg:pb-4"><section class="prose lg:prose-lg dark:prose-dark [&_em]:bg-warning/30 dark:[&_em]:bg-warning/30"><p>"name of the letter C," 1540s.</p></section></div></div></div><div class="mt-4"><ul class="list-none flex gap-2 flex-wrap"><li><a role="button" tabindex="0" title="Origin and meaning of ceiling" class="z-0 group relative inline-flex items-center justify-center box-border appearance-none select-none whitespace-nowrap font-normal subpixel-antialiased overflow-hidden tap-highlight-transparent data-[pressed=true]:scale-[0.97] outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 px-4 min-w-20 h-10 gap-2 rounded-small [&>svg]:max-w-[theme(spacing.8)] transition-transform-colors-opacity motion-reduce:transition-none data-[hover=true]:opacity-hover bg-secondary text-lg text-foreground hover:bg-primary hover:text-white" href="/word/ceiling">ceiling</a></li><li><a role="button" tabindex="0" title="Origin and meaning of ch" class="z-0 group relative inline-flex items-center justify-center box-border appearance-none select-none whitespace-nowrap font-normal subpixel-antialiased overflow-hidden tap-highlight-transparent data-[pressed=true]:scale-[0.97] outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 px-4 min-w-20 h-10 gap-2 rounded-small [&>svg]:max-w-[theme(spacing.8)] transition-transform-colors-opacity motion-reduce:transition-none data-[hover=true]:opacity-hover bg-secondary text-lg text-foreground hover:bg-primary hover:text-white" href="/word/ch">ch</a></li><li><a role="button" tabindex="0" title="Origin and meaning of cheese" class="z-0 group relative inline-flex items-center justify-center box-border appearance-none select-none whitespace-nowrap font-normal subpixel-antialiased overflow-hidden tap-highlight-transparent data-[pressed=true]:scale-[0.97] outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 px-4 min-w-20 h-10 gap-2 rounded-small [&>svg]:max-w-[theme(spacing.8)] transition-transform-colors-opacity motion-reduce:transition-none data-[hover=true]:opacity-hover bg-secondary text-lg text-foreground hover:bg-primary hover:text-white" href="/word/cheese">cheese</a></li><li><a role="button" tabindex="0" title="Origin and meaning of chest" class="z-0 group relative inline-flex items-center justify-center box-border appearance-none select-none whitespace-nowrap font-normal subpixel-antialiased overflow-hidden tap-highlight-transparent data-[pressed=true]:scale-[0.97] outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 px-4 min-w-20 h-10 gap-2 rounded-small [&>svg]:max-w-[theme(spacing.8)] transition-transform-colors-opacity motion-reduce:transition-none data-[hover=true]:opacity-hover bg-secondary text-lg text-foreground hover:bg-primary hover:text-white" href="/word/chest">chest</a></li><li><a role="button" tabindex="0" title="Origin and meaning of church" class="z-0 group relative inline-flex items-center justify-center box-border appearance-none select-none whitespace-nowrap font-normal subpixel-antialiased overflow-hidden tap-highlight-transparent data-[pressed=true]:scale-[0.97] outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 px-4 min-w-20 h-10 gap-2 rounded-small [&>svg]:max-w-[theme(spacing.8)] transition-transform-colors-opacity motion-reduce:transition-none data-[hover=true]:opacity-hover bg-secondary text-lg text-foreground hover:bg-primary hover:text-white" href="/word/church">church</a></li><li><a role="button" tabindex="0" title="Origin and meaning of circle" class="z-0 group relative inline-flex items-center justify-center box-border appearance-none select-none whitespace-nowrap font-normal subpixel-antialiased overflow-hidden tap-highlight-transparent data-[pressed=true]:scale-[0.97] outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 px-4 min-w-20 h-10 gap-2 rounded-small [&>svg]:max-w-[theme(spacing.8)] transition-transform-colors-opacity motion-reduce:transition-none data-[hover=true]:opacity-hover bg-secondary text-lg text-foreground hover:bg-primary hover:text-white" href="/word/circle">circle</a></li><li><a role="button" tabindex="0" title="Origin and meaning of ice" class="z-0 group relative inline-flex items-center justify-center box-border appearance-none select-none whitespace-nowrap font-normal subpixel-antialiased overflow-hidden tap-highlight-transparent data-[pressed=true]:scale-[0.97] outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 px-4 min-w-20 h-10 gap-2 rounded-small [&>svg]:max-w-[theme(spacing.8)] transition-transform-colors-opacity motion-reduce:transition-none data-[hover=true]:opacity-hover bg-secondary text-lg text-foreground hover:bg-primary hover:text-white" href="/word/ice">ice</a></li><li><a role="button" tabindex="0" title="Origin and meaning of Caius" class="z-0 group relative inline-flex items-center justify-center box-border appearance-none select-none whitespace-nowrap font-normal subpixel-antialiased overflow-hidden tap-highlight-transparent data-[pressed=true]:scale-[0.97] outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 px-4 min-w-20 h-10 gap-2 rounded-small [&>svg]:max-w-[theme(spacing.8)] transition-transform-colors-opacity motion-reduce:transition-none data-[hover=true]:opacity-hover bg-secondary text-lg text-foreground hover:bg-primary hover:text-white" href="/word/Caius">Caius</a></li><li><a role="button" tabindex="0" title="Origin and meaning of G" class="z-0 group relative inline-flex items-center justify-center box-border appearance-none select-none whitespace-nowrap font-normal subpixel-antialiased overflow-hidden tap-highlight-transparent data-[pressed=true]:scale-[0.97] outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 px-4 min-w-20 h-10 gap-2 rounded-small [&>svg]:max-w-[theme(spacing.8)] transition-transform-colors-opacity motion-reduce:transition-none data-[hover=true]:opacity-hover bg-secondary text-lg text-foreground hover:bg-primary hover:text-white" href="/word/G">G</a></li><li><a role="button" tabindex="0" title="Origin and meaning of K" class="z-0 group relative inline-flex items-center justify-center box-border appearance-none select-none whitespace-nowrap font-normal subpixel-antialiased overflow-hidden tap-highlight-transparent data-[pressed=true]:scale-[0.97] outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 px-4 min-w-20 h-10 gap-2 rounded-small [&>svg]:max-w-[theme(spacing.8)] transition-transform-colors-opacity motion-reduce:transition-none data-[hover=true]:opacity-hover bg-secondary text-lg text-foreground hover:bg-primary hover:text-white" href="/word/K">K</a></li><li><a role="button" rel="nofollow" tabindex="0" class="z-0 group relative inline-flex items-center justify-center box-border appearance-none select-none font-normal subpixel-antialiased overflow-hidden tap-highlight-transparent data-[pressed=true]:scale-[0.97] outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 border-medium min-w-20 h-10 gap-2 rounded-full [&>svg]:max-w-[theme(spacing.8)] transition-transform-colors-opacity motion-reduce:transition-none border-primary text-primary data-[hover=true]:!bg-primary data-[hover=true]:!text-primary-foreground text-sm sm:text-base md:text-lg font-sans bg-primary/10 dark:bg-primary/5 hover:text-white px-2 sm:px-3 md:px-4 whitespace-normal sm:whitespace-nowrap" href="/word/C/related">See All Related Words (12)<div class="-ml-1"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="text-3xl text-inherit" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></div></a></li></ul></div></div><div class="space-y-2 w-full"><div class="relative"><span class="text-sm font-sans text-spanish-gray absolute -mt-6">Advertisement</span><div class="relative min-h-[90px] w-full"><div class="relative z-10 min-h-[90px] w-full flex items-center justify-center"><div id="div-gpt-ad-pc_wd_ngram" class="flex adsbygoogle items-center transition-all mt-1 w-full max-h-[250px]"><div class="w-full p-4 rounded-md min-w-[300px] items-center justify-center flex w-full h-full bg-secondary/50"><p class="text-foreground/80 text-center">Want to remove ads? <a class="text-primary hover:underline cursor-pointer" rel="nofollow" href="#">Log in</a> to see fewer ads, and become a <a class="text-primary hover:underline cursor-pointer" rel="nofollow" href="#">Premium Member</a> to remove all ads.</p></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="min-h-unit-7"><div class="space-y-1"><h2 class="font-sans text-xl" lang="en">Trends of <em> C </em></h2><div class="mb-4"><hr class="shrink-0 border-none w-full h-divider bg-divider" role="separator"/></div></div><canvas role="img" height="150" width="300"></canvas><div class="text-left text-xs font-sans italic py-2 text-spanish-gray dark:text-davis-gray">adapted from books.google.com/ngrams/ with a 7-year moving average; ngrams are probably unreliable.</div></div><div class="space-y-4"><div class="space-y-1"><h2 class="font-sans text-xl" lang="en">More to explore</h2><div class="mb-4"><hr class="shrink-0 border-none w-full h-divider bg-divider" role="separator"/></div></div><div class="flex flex-col relative overflow-hidden h-auto text-foreground box-border outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 transition-transform-background motion-reduce:transition-none border border-secondary hover:shadow-md rounded-lg shadow-sm transition-all bg-secondary/30 dark:bg-overlay hover:bg-secondary/10 dark:text-white" tabindex="-1"><div class="flex p-3 z-10 w-full justify-start items-center shrink-0 overflow-inherit color-inherit subpixel-antialiased rounded-t-large px-4 pt-2 pb-0 lg:px-6 lg:pt-4 lg:pb-2"><a title="Origin and meaning of ceiling" class="w-full group" href="/word/ceiling"><div class="flex items-center justify-between border-b border-transparent group-hover:border-secondary transition-colors"><span id="#etymonline_v_" class="scroll-m-16 text-2xl font-serif font-bold text-foreground text-primary dark:text-default-100 text-xl"><span class="hyphens-auto" lang="en">ceiling</span><span class="pl-2 text-battleship-gray font-serif"></span></span><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="w-6 h-6 lg:w-6 lg:h-6 text-spanish-gray group-hover:text-primary transition-colors ml-2 lg:ml-4 flex-shrink-0 self-center text-xl lg:text-2xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></div></a></div><div class="relative flex w-full p-3 flex-auto flex-col place-content-inherit align-items-inherit h-auto break-words text-left overflow-y-auto subpixel-antialiased px-4 pt-2 pb-2 lg:px-6 lg:pt-2 lg:pb-4"><a title="mid-14c., celynge, "act of paneling a room," noun formed (with -ing) from Middle English verb ceil "put a cover or ceiling over," later "cover (walls) with wainscoting, panels, etc." (early 15c.); from Old French celer "conceal," also "cover with paneling" (12c.), from Latin cela" class="block" href="/word/ceiling"><div class="prose lg:prose-lg dark:prose-dark max-w-none [&_em]:bg-warning/30 dark:[&_em]:bg-warning/30 line-clamp-2 text-ellipsis" title="Origin and meaning of ceiling">mid-14c., celynge, "act of paneling a room," noun formed (with -ing) from Middle English verb ceil "put a cover or ceiling over," later "cover (walls) with wainscoting, panels, etc." (early 15c.); from Old French celer "conceal," also "cover with paneling" (12c.), from Latin cela</div></a></div></div><div class="flex flex-col relative overflow-hidden h-auto text-foreground box-border outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 transition-transform-background motion-reduce:transition-none border border-secondary hover:shadow-md rounded-lg shadow-sm transition-all bg-secondary/30 dark:bg-overlay hover:bg-secondary/10 dark:text-white" tabindex="-1"><div class="flex p-3 z-10 w-full justify-start items-center shrink-0 overflow-inherit color-inherit subpixel-antialiased rounded-t-large px-4 pt-2 pb-0 lg:px-6 lg:pt-4 lg:pb-2"><a title="Origin and meaning of ch" class="w-full group" href="/word/ch"><div class="flex items-center justify-between border-b border-transparent group-hover:border-secondary transition-colors"><span id="#etymonline_v_" class="scroll-m-16 text-2xl font-serif font-bold text-foreground text-primary dark:text-default-100 text-xl"><span class="hyphens-auto" lang="en">ch</span><span class="pl-2 text-battleship-gray font-serif"></span></span><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="w-6 h-6 lg:w-6 lg:h-6 text-spanish-gray group-hover:text-primary transition-colors ml-2 lg:ml-4 flex-shrink-0 self-center text-xl lg:text-2xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></div></a></div><div class="relative flex w-full p-3 flex-auto flex-col place-content-inherit align-items-inherit h-auto break-words text-left overflow-y-auto subpixel-antialiased px-4 pt-2 pb-2 lg:px-6 lg:pt-2 lg:pb-4"><a title="digraph used in Old French for the "tsh" sound. In some French dialects, including that of Paris (but not that of Picardy), Latin ca- became French "tsha." This was introduced to English after the Norman Conquest, in words borrowed from Old French such as chaste, charity, chief (" class="block" href="/word/ch"><div class="prose lg:prose-lg dark:prose-dark max-w-none [&_em]:bg-warning/30 dark:[&_em]:bg-warning/30 line-clamp-2 text-ellipsis" title="Origin and meaning of ch">digraph used in Old French for the "tsh" sound. In some French dialects, including that of Paris (but not that of Picardy), Latin ca- became French "tsha." This was introduced to English after the Norman Conquest, in words borrowed from Old French such as chaste, charity, chief (</div></a></div></div><div class="flex flex-col relative overflow-hidden h-auto text-foreground box-border outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 transition-transform-background motion-reduce:transition-none border border-secondary hover:shadow-md rounded-lg shadow-sm transition-all bg-secondary/30 dark:bg-overlay hover:bg-secondary/10 dark:text-white" tabindex="-1"><div class="flex p-3 z-10 w-full justify-start items-center shrink-0 overflow-inherit color-inherit subpixel-antialiased rounded-t-large px-4 pt-2 pb-0 lg:px-6 lg:pt-4 lg:pb-2"><a title="Origin and meaning of cheese" class="w-full group" href="/word/cheese"><div class="flex items-center justify-between border-b border-transparent group-hover:border-secondary transition-colors"><span id="#etymonline_v_" class="scroll-m-16 text-2xl font-serif font-bold text-foreground text-primary dark:text-default-100 text-xl"><span class="hyphens-auto" lang="en">cheese</span><span class="pl-2 text-battleship-gray font-serif"></span></span><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="w-6 h-6 lg:w-6 lg:h-6 text-spanish-gray group-hover:text-primary transition-colors ml-2 lg:ml-4 flex-shrink-0 self-center text-xl lg:text-2xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></div></a></div><div class="relative flex w-full p-3 flex-auto flex-col place-content-inherit align-items-inherit h-auto break-words text-left overflow-y-auto subpixel-antialiased px-4 pt-2 pb-2 lg:px-6 lg:pt-2 lg:pb-4"><a title=""curd of milk coagulated, separated from the whey, pressed, and used as food," Old English cyse (West Saxon), cese (Anglian) "cheese," from West Germanic *kasjus (source also of Old Saxon kasi, Old High German chasi, German Käse, Middle Dutch case, Dutch kaas), from Latin caseus " class="block" href="/word/cheese"><div class="prose lg:prose-lg dark:prose-dark max-w-none [&_em]:bg-warning/30 dark:[&_em]:bg-warning/30 line-clamp-2 text-ellipsis" title="Origin and meaning of cheese">"curd of milk coagulated, separated from the whey, pressed, and used as food," Old English cyse (West Saxon), cese (Anglian) "cheese," from West Germanic *kasjus (source also of Old Saxon kasi, Old High German chasi, German Käse, Middle Dutch case, Dutch kaas), from Latin caseus </div></a></div></div><div class="flex flex-col relative overflow-hidden h-auto text-foreground box-border outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 transition-transform-background motion-reduce:transition-none border border-secondary hover:shadow-md rounded-lg shadow-sm transition-all bg-secondary/30 dark:bg-overlay hover:bg-secondary/10 dark:text-white" tabindex="-1"><div class="flex p-3 z-10 w-full justify-start items-center shrink-0 overflow-inherit color-inherit subpixel-antialiased rounded-t-large px-4 pt-2 pb-0 lg:px-6 lg:pt-4 lg:pb-2"><a title="Origin and meaning of ill" class="w-full group" href="/word/ill"><div class="flex items-center justify-between border-b border-transparent group-hover:border-secondary transition-colors"><span id="#etymonline_v_" class="scroll-m-16 text-2xl font-serif font-bold text-foreground text-primary dark:text-default-100 text-xl"><span class="hyphens-auto" lang="en">ill</span><span class="pl-2 text-battleship-gray font-serif"></span></span><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="w-6 h-6 lg:w-6 lg:h-6 text-spanish-gray group-hover:text-primary transition-colors ml-2 lg:ml-4 flex-shrink-0 self-center text-xl lg:text-2xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></div></a></div><div class="relative flex w-full p-3 flex-auto flex-col place-content-inherit align-items-inherit h-auto break-words text-left overflow-y-auto subpixel-antialiased px-4 pt-2 pb-2 lg:px-6 lg:pt-2 lg:pb-4"><a title="c. 1200, "wickedly; with hostility," from ill (adj.). Meaning "not well, poorly" also is from c. 1200....Ill-fated recorded from 1710; ill-informed from 1824; ill-tempered from c. 1600; ill-starred from c. 1600....Generally contrasted with well, hence the useful, but now obsolete or obscure illcome (1570s), illfare (c. 1300), and illth..." class="block" href="/word/ill"><div class="prose lg:prose-lg dark:prose-dark max-w-none [&_em]:bg-warning/30 dark:[&_em]:bg-warning/30 line-clamp-2 text-ellipsis" title="Origin and meaning of ill">c. 1200, "wickedly; with hostility," from ill (adj.). Meaning "not well, poorly" also is from c. 1200....Ill-fated recorded from 1710; ill-informed from 1824; ill-tempered from c. 1600; ill-starred from c. 1600....Generally contrasted with well, hence the useful, but now obsolete or obscure illcome (1570s), illfare (c. 1300), and illth...</div></a></div></div><div class="flex flex-col relative overflow-hidden h-auto text-foreground box-border outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 transition-transform-background motion-reduce:transition-none border border-secondary hover:shadow-md rounded-lg shadow-sm transition-all bg-secondary/30 dark:bg-overlay hover:bg-secondary/10 dark:text-white" tabindex="-1"><div class="flex p-3 z-10 w-full justify-start items-center shrink-0 overflow-inherit color-inherit subpixel-antialiased rounded-t-large px-4 pt-2 pb-0 lg:px-6 lg:pt-4 lg:pb-2"><a title="Origin and meaning of Norwegian" class="w-full group" href="/word/Norwegian"><div class="flex items-center justify-between border-b border-transparent group-hover:border-secondary transition-colors"><span id="#etymonline_v_" class="scroll-m-16 text-2xl font-serif font-bold text-foreground text-primary dark:text-default-100 text-xl"><span class="hyphens-auto" lang="en">Norwegian</span><span class="pl-2 text-battleship-gray font-serif"></span></span><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="w-6 h-6 lg:w-6 lg:h-6 text-spanish-gray group-hover:text-primary transition-colors ml-2 lg:ml-4 flex-shrink-0 self-center text-xl lg:text-2xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></div></a></div><div class="relative flex w-full p-3 flex-auto flex-col place-content-inherit align-items-inherit h-auto break-words text-left overflow-y-auto subpixel-antialiased px-4 pt-2 pb-2 lg:px-6 lg:pt-2 lg:pb-4"><a title="c. 1600 (n.) "a native of Norway," and (adj.)...Earlier words included Noreine and Norreis (both c. 1300), from Norrene (n.)..."Norway" (c. 1200; the surname Norne is from late 12c.); Noregan (late 14c., from Medieval Latin); Norenish (c. 1200, adj..." class="block" href="/word/Norwegian"><div class="prose lg:prose-lg dark:prose-dark max-w-none [&_em]:bg-warning/30 dark:[&_em]:bg-warning/30 line-clamp-2 text-ellipsis" title="Origin and meaning of Norwegian">c. 1600 (n.) "a native of Norway," and (adj.)...Earlier words included Noreine and Norreis (both c. 1300), from Norrene (n.)..."Norway" (c. 1200; the surname Norne is from late 12c.); Noregan (late 14c., from Medieval Latin); Norenish (c. 1200, adj...</div></a></div></div><div class="flex flex-col relative overflow-hidden h-auto text-foreground box-border outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 transition-transform-background motion-reduce:transition-none border border-secondary hover:shadow-md rounded-lg shadow-sm transition-all bg-secondary/30 dark:bg-overlay hover:bg-secondary/10 dark:text-white" tabindex="-1"><div class="flex p-3 z-10 w-full justify-start items-center shrink-0 overflow-inherit color-inherit subpixel-antialiased rounded-t-large px-4 pt-2 pb-0 lg:px-6 lg:pt-4 lg:pb-2"><a title="Origin and meaning of acknowledge" class="w-full group" href="/word/acknowledge"><div class="flex items-center justify-between border-b border-transparent group-hover:border-secondary transition-colors"><span id="#etymonline_v_" class="scroll-m-16 text-2xl font-serif font-bold text-foreground text-primary dark:text-default-100 text-xl"><span class="hyphens-auto" lang="en">acknowledge</span><span class="pl-2 text-battleship-gray font-serif"></span></span><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="w-6 h-6 lg:w-6 lg:h-6 text-spanish-gray group-hover:text-primary transition-colors ml-2 lg:ml-4 flex-shrink-0 self-center text-xl lg:text-2xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></div></a></div><div class="relative flex w-full p-3 flex-auto flex-col place-content-inherit align-items-inherit h-auto break-words text-left overflow-y-auto subpixel-antialiased px-4 pt-2 pb-2 lg:px-6 lg:pt-2 lg:pb-4"><a title="knowledge," a blend of Middle English aknow "admit or show one's knowledge" and Middle English knowlechen "admit, acknowledge" (c...."By 16th c. the earlier vbs. knowledge and a(c)know ... were obs., and acknowledge took their place" [OED]....In the merger, an unetymological -c- slipped in; perhaps the explanation is that when English kn- became a simple "n" sound..., the -c- stepped up to preserve, in this word, the ancient "kn-" sound...." class="block" href="/word/acknowledge"><div class="prose lg:prose-lg dark:prose-dark max-w-none [&_em]:bg-warning/30 dark:[&_em]:bg-warning/30 line-clamp-2 text-ellipsis" title="Origin and meaning of acknowledge">knowledge," a blend of Middle English aknow "admit or show one's knowledge" and Middle English knowlechen "admit, acknowledge" (c...."By 16th c. the earlier vbs. knowledge and a(c)know ... were obs., and acknowledge took their place" [OED]....In the merger, an unetymological -c- slipped in; perhaps the explanation is that when English kn- became a simple "n" sound..., the -c- stepped up to preserve, in this word, the ancient "kn-" sound....</div></a></div></div><div class="flex flex-col relative overflow-hidden h-auto text-foreground box-border outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 transition-transform-background motion-reduce:transition-none border border-secondary hover:shadow-md rounded-lg shadow-sm transition-all bg-secondary/30 dark:bg-overlay hover:bg-secondary/10 dark:text-white" tabindex="-1"><div class="flex p-3 z-10 w-full justify-start items-center shrink-0 overflow-inherit color-inherit subpixel-antialiased rounded-t-large px-4 pt-2 pb-0 lg:px-6 lg:pt-4 lg:pb-2"><a title="Origin and meaning of falsehood" class="w-full group" href="/word/falsehood"><div class="flex items-center justify-between border-b border-transparent group-hover:border-secondary transition-colors"><span id="#etymonline_v_" class="scroll-m-16 text-2xl font-serif font-bold text-foreground text-primary dark:text-default-100 text-xl"><span class="hyphens-auto" lang="en">falsehood</span><span class="pl-2 text-battleship-gray font-serif"></span></span><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="w-6 h-6 lg:w-6 lg:h-6 text-spanish-gray group-hover:text-primary transition-colors ml-2 lg:ml-4 flex-shrink-0 self-center text-xl lg:text-2xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></div></a></div><div class="relative flex w-full p-3 flex-auto flex-col place-content-inherit align-items-inherit h-auto break-words text-left overflow-y-auto subpixel-antialiased px-4 pt-2 pb-2 lg:px-6 lg:pt-2 lg:pb-4"><a title="c. 1300, falshede, "deceitfulness," also "a lie; that which is false," from false + -hood....noun forms in English, now extinct, included falsage "wrongdoing" (late 15c.), falsdom "deceitfulness, treachery; a lie" (c....1300), fals-lek "falsehood" (early 14c.), falsshipe "deceitfulness, dishonesty" (c. 1200)...." class="block" href="/word/falsehood"><div class="prose lg:prose-lg dark:prose-dark max-w-none [&_em]:bg-warning/30 dark:[&_em]:bg-warning/30 line-clamp-2 text-ellipsis" title="Origin and meaning of falsehood">c. 1300, falshede, "deceitfulness," also "a lie; that which is false," from false + -hood....noun forms in English, now extinct, included falsage "wrongdoing" (late 15c.), falsdom "deceitfulness, treachery; a lie" (c....1300), fals-lek "falsehood" (early 14c.), falsshipe "deceitfulness, dishonesty" (c. 1200)....</div></a></div></div><div class="flex flex-col relative overflow-hidden h-auto text-foreground box-border outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 transition-transform-background motion-reduce:transition-none border border-secondary hover:shadow-md rounded-lg shadow-sm transition-all bg-secondary/30 dark:bg-overlay hover:bg-secondary/10 dark:text-white" tabindex="-1"><div class="flex p-3 z-10 w-full justify-start items-center shrink-0 overflow-inherit color-inherit subpixel-antialiased rounded-t-large px-4 pt-2 pb-0 lg:px-6 lg:pt-4 lg:pb-2"><a title="Origin and meaning of century" class="w-full group" href="/word/century"><div class="flex items-center justify-between border-b border-transparent group-hover:border-secondary transition-colors"><span id="#etymonline_v_" class="scroll-m-16 text-2xl font-serif font-bold text-foreground text-primary dark:text-default-100 text-xl"><span class="hyphens-auto" lang="en">century</span><span class="pl-2 text-battleship-gray font-serif"></span></span><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="w-6 h-6 lg:w-6 lg:h-6 text-spanish-gray group-hover:text-primary transition-colors ml-2 lg:ml-4 flex-shrink-0 self-center text-xl lg:text-2xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></div></a></div><div class="relative flex w-full p-3 flex-auto flex-col place-content-inherit align-items-inherit h-auto break-words text-left overflow-y-auto subpixel-antialiased px-4 pt-2 pb-2 lg:px-6 lg:pt-2 lg:pb-4"><a title="1530s, "one hundred" (of anything), from Latin centuria "group of one hundred" of things of one kind (including a measure of land and a division of the Roman army, one-sixteenth of a legion, headed by a centurion), from centum "hundred" (see hundred) on analogy of decuria "a comp" class="block" href="/word/century"><div class="prose lg:prose-lg dark:prose-dark max-w-none [&_em]:bg-warning/30 dark:[&_em]:bg-warning/30 line-clamp-2 text-ellipsis" title="Origin and meaning of century">1530s, "one hundred" (of anything), from Latin centuria "group of one hundred" of things of one kind (including a measure of land and a division of the Roman army, one-sixteenth of a legion, headed by a centurion), from centum "hundred" (see hundred) on analogy of decuria "a comp</div></a></div></div><div class="flex flex-col relative overflow-hidden h-auto text-foreground box-border outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 transition-transform-background motion-reduce:transition-none border border-secondary hover:shadow-md rounded-lg shadow-sm transition-all bg-secondary/30 dark:bg-overlay hover:bg-secondary/10 dark:text-white" tabindex="-1"><div class="flex p-3 z-10 w-full justify-start items-center shrink-0 overflow-inherit color-inherit subpixel-antialiased rounded-t-large px-4 pt-2 pb-0 lg:px-6 lg:pt-4 lg:pb-2"><a title="Origin and meaning of petroleum" class="w-full group" href="/word/petroleum"><div class="flex items-center justify-between border-b border-transparent group-hover:border-secondary transition-colors"><span id="#etymonline_v_" class="scroll-m-16 text-2xl font-serif font-bold text-foreground text-primary dark:text-default-100 text-xl"><span class="hyphens-auto" lang="en">petroleum</span><span class="pl-2 text-battleship-gray font-serif"></span></span><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="w-6 h-6 lg:w-6 lg:h-6 text-spanish-gray group-hover:text-primary transition-colors ml-2 lg:ml-4 flex-shrink-0 self-center text-xl lg:text-2xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></div></a></div><div class="relative flex w-full p-3 flex-auto flex-col place-content-inherit align-items-inherit h-auto break-words text-left overflow-y-auto subpixel-antialiased px-4 pt-2 pb-2 lg:px-6 lg:pt-2 lg:pb-4"><a title="early 15c., "petroleum, rock oil, oily inflammable substance occurring naturally in certain rock beds" (mid-14c. in Anglo-French), from Medieval Latin petroleum, from Latin petra "rock" (see petrous) + oleum "oil" (see oil (n.)). Commercial production and refinement of it began i" class="block" href="/word/petroleum"><div class="prose lg:prose-lg dark:prose-dark max-w-none [&_em]:bg-warning/30 dark:[&_em]:bg-warning/30 line-clamp-2 text-ellipsis" title="Origin and meaning of petroleum">early 15c., "petroleum, rock oil, oily inflammable substance occurring naturally in certain rock beds" (mid-14c. in Anglo-French), from Medieval Latin petroleum, from Latin petra "rock" (see petrous) + oleum "oil" (see oil (n.)). Commercial production and refinement of it began i</div></a></div></div><div class="flex flex-col relative overflow-hidden h-auto text-foreground box-border outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 transition-transform-background motion-reduce:transition-none border border-secondary hover:shadow-md rounded-lg shadow-sm transition-all bg-secondary/30 dark:bg-overlay hover:bg-secondary/10 dark:text-white" tabindex="-1"><div class="flex p-3 z-10 w-full justify-start items-center shrink-0 overflow-inherit color-inherit subpixel-antialiased rounded-t-large px-4 pt-2 pb-0 lg:px-6 lg:pt-4 lg:pb-2"><a title="Origin and meaning of snow" class="w-full group" href="/word/snow"><div class="flex items-center justify-between border-b border-transparent group-hover:border-secondary transition-colors"><span id="#etymonline_v_" class="scroll-m-16 text-2xl font-serif font-bold text-foreground text-primary dark:text-default-100 text-xl"><span class="hyphens-auto" lang="en">snow</span><span class="pl-2 text-battleship-gray font-serif"></span></span><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="w-6 h-6 lg:w-6 lg:h-6 text-spanish-gray group-hover:text-primary transition-colors ml-2 lg:ml-4 flex-shrink-0 self-center text-xl lg:text-2xl" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></div></a></div><div class="relative flex w-full p-3 flex-auto flex-col place-content-inherit align-items-inherit h-auto break-words text-left overflow-y-auto subpixel-antialiased px-4 pt-2 pb-2 lg:px-6 lg:pt-2 lg:pb-4"><a title="Middle English snou, from Old English snaw "snow, that which falls as snow; a fall of snow; a snowstorm," from Proto-Germanic *snaiwaz (source also of Old Saxon and Old High German sneo, Old Frisian and Middle Low German sne, Middle Dutch snee, Dutch sneeuw, German Schnee, Old No" class="block" href="/word/snow"><div class="prose lg:prose-lg dark:prose-dark max-w-none [&_em]:bg-warning/30 dark:[&_em]:bg-warning/30 line-clamp-2 text-ellipsis" title="Origin and meaning of snow">Middle English snou, from Old English snaw "snow, that which falls as snow; a fall of snow; a snowstorm," from Proto-Germanic *snaiwaz (source also of Old Saxon and Old High German sneo, Old Frisian and Middle Low German sne, Middle Dutch snee, Dutch sneeuw, German Schnee, Old No</div></a></div></div></div><div><div class="w-full space-y-4 pb-4"><div class="space-y-1"><h2 class="font-sans text-xl" lang="en">Share <em>C</em></h2><div class="mb-4"><hr class="shrink-0 border-none w-full h-divider bg-divider" role="separator"/></div></div><div class="flex gap-4 items-center"><button class="text-lg bg-secondary font-bold text-battleship-gray/80 px-4 py-2 rounded-full transition-colors 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role="separator"/><div class="relative flex w-full p-3 flex-auto flex-col place-content-inherit align-items-inherit h-auto break-words text-left overflow-y-auto subpixel-antialiased"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 1024 1024" class="w-8 h-8 mr-2 animate-spin text-primary" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M512 1024c-69.1 0-136.2-13.5-199.3-40.2C251.7 958 197 921 150 874c-47-47-84-101.7-109.8-162.7C13.5 648.2 0 581.1 0 512c0-19.9 16.1-36 36-36s36 16.1 36 36c0 59.4 11.6 117 34.6 171.3 22.2 52.4 53.9 99.5 94.3 139.9 40.4 40.4 87.5 72.2 139.9 94.3C395 940.4 452.6 952 512 952c59.4 0 117-11.6 171.3-34.6 52.4-22.2 99.5-53.9 139.9-94.3 40.4-40.4 72.2-87.5 94.3-139.9C940.4 629 952 571.4 952 512c0-59.4-11.6-117-34.6-171.3a440.45 440.45 0 0 0-94.3-139.9 437.71 437.71 0 0 0-139.9-94.3C629 83.6 571.4 72 512 72c-19.9 0-36-16.1-36-36s16.1-36 36-36c69.1 0 136.2 13.5 199.3 40.2C772.3 66 827 103 874 150c47 47 83.9 101.8 109.7 162.7 26.7 63.1 40.2 130.2 40.2 199.3s-13.5 136.2-40.2 199.3C958 772.3 921 827 874 874c-47 47-101.8 83.9-162.7 109.7-63.1 26.8-130.2 40.3-199.3 40.3z"></path></svg></div></div></div><div class="w-full"><div class="flex flex-col relative overflow-hidden h-auto text-foreground box-border outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 transition-transform-background motion-reduce:transition-none bg-secondary/20 shadow-none border border-secondary/30 rounded-md min-w-[300px] w-full" tabindex="-1"><div class="flex p-3 z-10 w-full shrink-0 overflow-inherit color-inherit subpixel-antialiased rounded-t-large font-medium font-sans text-davis-gray items-start justify-start hyphens-auto" lang="en"><span>Dictionary entries near <em>C</em></span></div><hr class="shrink-0 bg-divider border-none w-full h-divider" role="separator"/><div class="relative flex w-full p-3 flex-auto flex-col place-content-inherit align-items-inherit h-auto break-words text-left overflow-y-auto subpixel-antialiased"><ul class="list-none list-none grid grid-cols-1"><li><a class="relative tap-highlight-transparent outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 text-medium no-underline hover:opacity-80 active:opacity-disabled transition-opacity w-full flex items-center justify-between px-2 py-2 group text-battleship-gray font-medium font-serif hyphens-auto" href="/word/byte" rel="nofollow" tabindex="0" role="link" title="Origin and meaning of byte" lang="en"><span class="flex items-center gap-2"><span class="group-hover:text-primary transition-colors">byte</span></span><span class="flex items-center gap-2"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="h-4 w-4 group-hover:text-primary transition-colors" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></a></li><li><a class="relative tap-highlight-transparent outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 text-medium no-underline hover:opacity-80 active:opacity-disabled transition-opacity w-full flex items-center justify-between px-2 py-2 group text-battleship-gray font-medium font-serif hyphens-auto" href="/word/byway" rel="nofollow" tabindex="0" role="link" title="Origin and meaning of byway" lang="en"><span class="flex items-center gap-2"><span class="group-hover:text-primary transition-colors">byway</span></span><span class="flex items-center gap-2"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="h-4 w-4 group-hover:text-primary transition-colors" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></a></li><li><a class="relative tap-highlight-transparent outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 text-medium no-underline hover:opacity-80 active:opacity-disabled transition-opacity w-full flex items-center justify-between px-2 py-2 group text-battleship-gray font-medium font-serif hyphens-auto" href="/word/byword" rel="nofollow" tabindex="0" role="link" title="Origin and meaning of byword" lang="en"><span class="flex items-center gap-2"><span class="group-hover:text-primary transition-colors">byword</span></span><span class="flex items-center gap-2"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="h-4 w-4 group-hover:text-primary transition-colors" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></a></li><li><a class="relative tap-highlight-transparent outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 text-medium no-underline hover:opacity-80 active:opacity-disabled transition-opacity w-full flex items-center justify-between px-2 py-2 group text-battleship-gray font-medium font-serif hyphens-auto" href="/word/Byzantine" rel="nofollow" tabindex="0" role="link" title="Origin and meaning of Byzantine" lang="en"><span class="flex items-center gap-2"><span class="group-hover:text-primary transition-colors">Byzantine</span></span><span class="flex items-center gap-2"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="h-4 w-4 group-hover:text-primary transition-colors" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></a></li><li><a class="relative tap-highlight-transparent outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 text-medium no-underline hover:opacity-80 active:opacity-disabled transition-opacity w-full flex items-center justify-between px-2 py-2 group text-battleship-gray font-medium font-serif hyphens-auto" href="/word/Byzantium" rel="nofollow" tabindex="0" role="link" title="Origin and meaning of Byzantium" lang="en"><span class="flex items-center gap-2"><span class="group-hover:text-primary transition-colors">Byzantium</span></span><span class="flex items-center gap-2"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="h-4 w-4 group-hover:text-primary transition-colors" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></a></li><li><a class="relative tap-highlight-transparent outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 text-medium no-underline hover:opacity-80 active:opacity-disabled transition-opacity opacity-disabled cursor-default pointer-events-none w-full flex items-center justify-between px-2 py-2 group text-battleship-gray font-medium font-serif hyphens-auto" data-disabled="true" href="/word/C" rel="nofollow" role="link" aria-disabled="true" title="Origin and meaning of C" lang="en"><span class="flex items-center gap-2"><span class="group-hover:text-primary transition-colors">C</span></span></a></li><li><a class="relative tap-highlight-transparent outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 text-medium no-underline hover:opacity-80 active:opacity-disabled transition-opacity w-full flex items-center justify-between px-2 py-2 group text-battleship-gray font-medium font-serif hyphens-auto" href="/word/c%27mon" rel="nofollow" tabindex="0" role="link" title="Origin and meaning of c'mon" lang="en"><span class="flex items-center gap-2"><span class="group-hover:text-primary transition-colors">c'mon</span></span><span class="flex items-center gap-2"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="h-4 w-4 group-hover:text-primary transition-colors" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></a></li><li><a class="relative tap-highlight-transparent outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 text-medium no-underline hover:opacity-80 active:opacity-disabled transition-opacity w-full flex items-center justify-between px-2 py-2 group text-battleship-gray font-medium font-serif hyphens-auto" href="/word/c.c." rel="nofollow" tabindex="0" role="link" title="Origin and meaning of c.c." lang="en"><span class="flex items-center gap-2"><span class="group-hover:text-primary transition-colors">c.c.</span></span><span class="flex items-center gap-2"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="h-4 w-4 group-hover:text-primary transition-colors" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></a></li><li><a class="relative tap-highlight-transparent outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 text-medium no-underline hover:opacity-80 active:opacity-disabled transition-opacity w-full flex items-center justify-between px-2 py-2 group text-battleship-gray font-medium font-serif hyphens-auto" href="/word/C.E." rel="nofollow" tabindex="0" role="link" title="Origin and meaning of C.E." lang="en"><span class="flex items-center gap-2"><span class="group-hover:text-primary transition-colors">C.E.</span></span><span class="flex items-center gap-2"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="h-4 w-4 group-hover:text-primary transition-colors" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></a></li><li><a class="relative tap-highlight-transparent outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 text-medium no-underline hover:opacity-80 active:opacity-disabled transition-opacity w-full flex items-center justify-between px-2 py-2 group text-battleship-gray font-medium font-serif hyphens-auto" href="/word/C.O.D." rel="nofollow" tabindex="0" role="link" title="Origin and meaning of C.O.D." lang="en"><span class="flex items-center gap-2"><span class="group-hover:text-primary transition-colors">C.O.D.</span></span><span class="flex items-center gap-2"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="h-4 w-4 group-hover:text-primary transition-colors" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></a></li><li><a class="relative tap-highlight-transparent outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 text-medium no-underline hover:opacity-80 active:opacity-disabled transition-opacity w-full flex items-center justify-between px-2 py-2 group text-battleship-gray font-medium font-serif hyphens-auto" href="/word/c%2Fo" rel="nofollow" tabindex="0" role="link" title="Origin and meaning of c/o" lang="en"><span class="flex items-center gap-2"><span class="group-hover:text-primary transition-colors">c/o</span></span><span class="flex items-center gap-2"><svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="h-4 w-4 group-hover:text-primary transition-colors" height="1em" width="1em" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M10 6 8.59 7.41 13.17 12l-4.58 4.59L10 18l6-6z"></path></svg></span></a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sticky top-20 w-full"><div class="relative bg-secondary/50 w-fullrounded-md"><div class="border-b border-divider pl-4 py-2 border-white/80 dark:border-white/10 flex justify-between items-center"><span class="text-sm font-sans text-spanish-gray">Advertisement</span><button type="button" tabindex="0" aria-label="Close advertisement" class="z-0 group relative inline-flex items-center justify-center box-border appearance-none select-none whitespace-nowrap font-normal subpixel-antialiased overflow-hidden tap-highlight-transparent data-[pressed=true]:scale-[0.97] outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 min-w-20 h-10 text-small gap-2 [&>svg]:max-w-[theme(spacing.8)] transition-transform-colors-opacity motion-reduce:transition-none text-default-foreground data-[hover=true]:opacity-hover px-2 py-0 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class="fixed bottom-0 left-0 right-0 z-50 bg-background/30 backdrop-blur-md flex justify-center items-center h-[90px]"><div id="div-gpt-ad-pc_sticky" class="adsbygoogle flex items-center h-[90px]"></div><button type="button" tabindex="0" aria-label="Close advertisement" class="z-0 group inline-flex items-center justify-center box-border appearance-none select-none whitespace-nowrap font-normal subpixel-antialiased overflow-hidden tap-highlight-transparent data-[pressed=true]:scale-[0.97] outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 min-w-20 h-10 text-small gap-2 [&>svg]:max-w-[theme(spacing.8)] transition-transform-colors-opacity motion-reduce:transition-none text-default-foreground data-[hover=true]:opacity-hover px-2 py-0 rounded-full bg-focus/50 hover:bg-background/80 transition-colors absolute right-2 top-1/2 -translate-y-1/2"><svg stroke="currentColor" 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justify-center rounded-full border border-primary hover:bg-primary/10 text-primary" href="/search?q=B">B</a><a title="Browse words starting with "C"" rel="nofollow" class="w-6 h-6 flex items-center justify-center rounded-full border border-primary hover:bg-primary/10 text-primary" href="/search?q=C">C</a><a title="Browse words starting with "D"" rel="nofollow" class="w-6 h-6 flex items-center justify-center rounded-full border border-primary hover:bg-primary/10 text-primary" href="/search?q=D">D</a><a title="Browse words starting with "E"" rel="nofollow" class="w-6 h-6 flex items-center justify-center rounded-full border border-primary hover:bg-primary/10 text-primary" href="/search?q=E">E</a><a title="Browse words starting with "F"" rel="nofollow" class="w-6 h-6 flex items-center justify-center rounded-full border border-primary hover:bg-primary/10 text-primary" href="/search?q=F">F</a><a title="Browse words starting with "G"" rel="nofollow" class="w-6 h-6 flex items-center justify-center rounded-full border border-primary hover:bg-primary/10 text-primary" href="/search?q=G">G</a><a title="Browse words starting with "H"" rel="nofollow" class="w-6 h-6 flex items-center justify-center rounded-full border border-primary hover:bg-primary/10 text-primary" href="/search?q=H">H</a><a title="Browse words starting with "I"" rel="nofollow" class="w-6 h-6 flex items-center justify-center rounded-full border border-primary hover:bg-primary/10 text-primary" href="/search?q=I">I</a><a title="Browse words starting with "J"" rel="nofollow" class="w-6 h-6 flex items-center justify-center rounded-full border border-primary hover:bg-primary/10 text-primary" href="/search?q=J">J</a><a title="Browse words starting with "K"" rel="nofollow" class="w-6 h-6 flex items-center justify-center rounded-full border border-primary hover:bg-primary/10 text-primary" href="/search?q=K">K</a><a title="Browse words starting with "L"" rel="nofollow" class="w-6 h-6 flex items-center 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earliest year for which there is a surviving written record of that word (in English, unless otherwise indicated). This should be taken as approximate, especially before about 1700, since a word may have been used in conversation for hundreds of years before it turns up in a manuscript that has had the good fortune to survive the centuries.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp\u003eThe basic sources of this work are Weekley's \"An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English,\" Klein's \"A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language,\" \"Oxford English Dictionary\" (second edition), \"Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology,\" Holthausen's \"Etymologisches Wörterbuch der Englischen Sprache,\" and Kipfer and Chapman's \"Dictionary of American Slang.\"A full list of print sources used in this compilation can be found \u003ca rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"/columns/post/sources\"\u003ehere\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp\u003eSince this dictionary went up, it has benefited from the suggestions of dozens of people I have never met, from around the world. 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Early Romans made little use… See origin and meaning of c.\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https://www.etymonline.com#website\"}},{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@type\":[\"DefinedTermSet\",\"Book\"],\"@id\":\"https://www.etymonline.com\",\"name\":\"Dictionary and etymology by etymonline\",\"description\":\"An online etymology dictionary providing the origin and history of English words\"},{\"@context\":\"https://schema.org\",\"@type\":\"DefinedTerm\",\"@id\":\"https://www.etymonline.com/word/C\",\"name\":\"C\",\"inDefinedTermSet\":\"https://www.etymonline"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,".com\"}]2c:T1366,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"\u003cp\u003ethird letter of the Latin alphabet. Alphabetic writing came to Rome via the southern Etruscan \"Caeretan\" script, in which \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003egamma\u003c/span\u003e was written as a crescent. Early Romans made little use of Greek \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ekappa\u003c/span\u003e and used \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003egamma\u003c/span\u003e for both the \"g\" and \"k\" sounds, the latter more frequently, so that the \"k\" sound came to be seen as the proper one for \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003egamma\u003c/span\u003e. Classical Latin \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003e-c-\u003c/span\u003e, with only the value \"k,\" passed to Celtic and, via missionary Irish monks, to the Anglo-Saxons. Also see \u003ca href=\"/word/cee\" title=\"Etymology, meaning and definition of cee \" class=\"crossreference\"\u003ecee\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn some Old English words, before some vowels and in certain positions, \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003e-c-\u003c/span\u003e had a \"ts\" sound that was respelled \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ech-\u003c/span\u003e in Middle English by French scribes (\u003ca href=\"/word/chest\" title=\"Etymology, meaning and definition of chest \" class=\"crossreference\"\u003echest\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"/word/cheese\" title=\"Etymology, meaning and definition of cheese \" class=\"crossreference\"\u003echeese\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"/word/church\" title=\"Etymology, meaning and definition of church \" class=\"crossreference\"\u003echurch\u003c/a\u003e; see \u003ca href=\"/word/ch\" title=\"Etymology, meaning and definition of ch \" class=\"crossreference\"\u003ech\u003c/a\u003e). In Old English \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003e-k-\u003c/span\u003e was known but little used.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMeanwhile, in Old French, many \"k\" sounds drifted to \"ts\" and by 13c., \"s,\" but still were written \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003e-c-\u003c/span\u003e. Thus the 1066 invasion brought to the English language a flood of French and Latin words in which \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003e-c-\u003c/span\u003e represented \"s\" (as in \u003ca href=\"/word/cease\" title=\"Etymology, meaning and definition of cease \" class=\"crossreference\"\u003ecease\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"/word/ceiling\" title=\"Etymology, meaning and definition of ceiling \" class=\"crossreference\"\u003eceiling\u003c/a\u003e, \u003ca href=\"/word/circle\" title=\"Etymology, meaning and definition of circle \" class=\"crossreference\"\u003ecircle\u003c/a\u003e) and a more vigorous use of \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003e-k-\u003c/span\u003e to distinguish that sound. By 15c. even native English words with \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003e-s-\u003c/span\u003e were being respelled with \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003e-c-\u003c/span\u003e for \"s\" (\u003ca href=\"/word/ice\" title=\"Etymology, meaning and definition of ice \" class=\"crossreference\"\u003eice\u003c/a\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003emice\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003elice\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBefore c. 1800, English words now spelled in -c often ended in -ck and this is kept in \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003epicnicked, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003etrafficking, \u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003epanicky\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003eshellacked\u003c/span\u003e, etc. to preserve the \"k\" sound of \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003e-c-\u003c/span\u003e before a suffix beginning in \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003e-i-\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003e-y-\u003c/span\u003e, or \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003e-e-\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n The final k, after c, in words derived from the learned languages, though carefully retained by Johnson and other writers, has been omitted, in conformity to modern custom and the originals. For it seems to me to be rather incongruous to write \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003emusick\u003c/span\u003e from \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003emusica\u003c/span\u003e, especially as the \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ek\u003c/span\u003e has been exploded by general consent from the derivatives \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003emusician\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003emusical\u003c/span\u003e. [John Ash, advertisement to \"New and Complete Dictionary of the English Language,\" 1775]\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn some English words from Italian, the \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003e-c-\u003c/span\u003e has a \"ch\" sound (via a sound evolution somewhat like the Old French one). In German, \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003e-c-\u003c/span\u003e in loanwords was regularized to \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003e-k-\u003c/span\u003e or \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003e-z-\u003c/span\u003e (depending on pronunciation) in the international spelling reform of 1901, which was based on the Duden guide of 1880.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs a symbol in the Roman numeral system, \"one hundred;\" the symbol originally was a Greek theta, but was later reduced in form and understood to stand for \u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003ecentum\u003c/span\u003e. In music, it is the name of the keynote of the natural scale, though the exact pitch varied in time and place 18c. and 19c. from 240 vibrations per second to 275; it wasn't entirely regularized (at 261.63) until the adoption of the A440 standard in the 1930s. \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan class=\"foreign notranslate\"\u003eC-spring\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e as a type of carriage spring is from 1794, so called for its shape.\u003c/p\u003e"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"2d:Ta16,"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"third letter of the Latin alphabet. Alphabetic writing came to Rome via the southern Etruscan \"Caeretan\" script, in which gamma was written as a crescent. Early Romans made little use of Greek kappa and used gamma for both the \"g\" and \"k\" sounds, the latter more frequently, so that the \"k\" sound came to be seen as the proper one for gamma. Classical Latin -c-, with only the value \"k,\" passed to Celtic and, via missionary Irish monks, to the Anglo-Saxons. Also see cee. In some Old English words, before some vowels and in certain positions, -c- had a \"ts\" sound that was respelled ch- in Middle English by French scribes (chest, cheese, church; see ch). In Old English -k- was known but little used. Meanwhile, in Old French, many \"k\" sounds drifted to \"ts\" and by 13c., \"s,\" but still were written -c-. Thus the 1066 invasion brought to the English language a flood of French and Latin words in which -c- represented \"s\" (as in cease, ceiling, circle) and a more vigorous use of -k- to distinguish that sound. By 15c. even native English words with -s- were being respelled with -c- for \"s\" (ice, mice, lice). Before c. 1800, English words now spelled in -c often ended in -ck and this is kept in picnicked, trafficking, panicky, shellacked, etc. to preserve the \"k\" sound of -c- before a suffix beginning in -i-, -y-, or -e-. The final k, after c, in words derived from the learned languages, though carefully retained by Johnson and other writers, has been omitted, in conformity to modern custom and the originals. For it seems to me to be rather incongruous to write musick from musica, especially as the k has been exploded by general consent from the derivatives musician and musical. [John Ash, advertisement to \"New and Complete Dictionary of the English Language,\" 1775] In some English words from Italian, the -c- has a \"ch\" sound (via a sound evolution somewhat like the Old French one). In German, -c- in loanwords was regularized to -k- or -z- (depending on pronunciation) in the international spelling reform of 1901, which was based on the Duden guide of 1880. As a symbol in the Roman numeral system, \"one hundred;\" the symbol originally was a Greek theta, but was later reduced in form and understood to stand for centum. In music, it is the name of the keynote of the natural scale, though the exact pitch varied in time and place 18c. and 19c. from 240 vibrations per second to 275; it wasn't entirely regularized (at 261.63) until the adoption of the A440 standard in the 1930s. C-spring as a type of carriage spring is from 1794, so called for its shape."])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"e:[[\"$\",\"script\",null,{\"type\":\"application/ld+json\",\"dangerouslySetInnerHTML\":{\"__html\":\"$29\"}}],[\"$\",\"section\",null,{\"className\":\"flex flex-col lg:flex-row gap-12 justify-center\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"w-full lg:w-[728px] items-start\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"mt-0\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L2a\",null,{\"slot\":\"pc_wd_top\",\"className\":\"h-[90px] w-[728px]\",\"isMobile\":false,\"wrapperConfigs\":{\"base\":{\"type\":\"main\",\"closeType\":\"none\",\"labelType\":\"none\"},\"lg\":{\"type\":\"normal\",\"closeType\":\"remove\",\"labelType\":\"none\"}}}]}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"mt-4 space-y-12 mobile:space-y-8 w-full\",\"children\":[\"$undefined\",[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"space-y-4\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"space-y-2\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"h1\",null,{\"className\":\"font-sans text-2xl\",\"lang\":\"en\",\"children\":[\"Origin and history of \",[\"$\",\"em\",\"word0\",{\"children\":[\" \",\"C\",\" \"]}]]}],[\"$\",\"hr\",null,{\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"className\":\"shrink-0 border-none w-full h-divider bg-divider\",\"role\":\"separator\",\"data-orientation\":\"$undefined\"}]]}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"bg-white mobile:bg-transparent dark:bg-secondary dark:mobile:bg-transparent rounded-lg lg:shadow-sm pl-6 pr-6 pt-2 pb-6 mobile:p-0\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"$L2b\",null,{\"vocabularies\":[{\"doc_id\":\"d35a992032a0224adc8231a4ff1c8330_ev\",\"domain_id\":27561,\"word\":\"C\",\"toxicity\":1,\"type\":1,\"thumbnail\":false,\"property\":\"\",\"etymology\":\"$2c\",\"etymology_plain\":\"$2d\",\"first_recorded\":\"\",\"content_length\":2582,\"modify_time\":1733932115000}],\"showLabel\":false,\"isMobile\":false,\"insertAds\":true,\"showTranslate\":true}]}]]}],false,[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"space-y-4\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"space-y-1\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"h2\",null,{\"className\":\"font-sans text-xl\",\"lang\":\"en\",\"children\":[\"Entries linking to \",[\"$\",\"em\",\"word0\",{\"children\":[\" \",\"C\",\" \"]}]]}],[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"mb-4\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"hr\",null,{\"ref\":\"$undefined\",\"className\":\"shrink-0 border-none w-full h-divider bg-divider\",\"role\":\"separator\",\"data-orientation\":\"$undefined\"}]}]]}],[[\"$\",\"$1\",\"cease\",{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"$L2e\",null,{\"word\":{\"id\":\"etymonline_v_8316\",\"domain_id\":\"8316\",\"word\":\"cease\",\"canonical_word\":\"cease\",\"type\":0,\"property\":\"(v.)\",\"etymology\":\"\u003cp\u003ec. 1300, \u003cspan class=\\\"foreign notranslate\\\"\u003ecesen\u003c/span\u003e, \\\"stop moving, acting, or speaking; come to an end,\\\" from Old French \u003cspan class=\\\"foreign notranslate\\\"\u003ecesser\u003c/span\u003e \\\"come to an end, stop, cease; give up, desist,\\\" from Latin \u003cspan class=\\\"foreign notranslate\\\"\u003ecessare\u003c/span\u003e \\\"cease, go slow, give over, leave off, be idle,\\\" frequentative of \u003cspan class=\\\"foreign notranslate\\\"\u003ecedere\u003c/span\u003e (past participle \u003cspan class=\\\"foreign notranslate\\\"\u003ecessus\u003c/span\u003e) \\\"go away, withdraw, yield\\\" (from PIE root \u003ca href=\\\"/word/*ked-\\\" title=\\\"Etymology, meaning and definition of *ked- \\\"rel=\\\"nofollow\\\" class=\\\"crossreference\\\"\u003e*ked-\u003c/a\u003e \\\"to go, yield\\\"). 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