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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shenandoah_Valley_Campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Shenandoah Valley Campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shenandoah_Valley_Campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Virginia_Campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Virginia_Campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Northern Virginia Campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Virginia_Campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Army_of_the_Gulf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Army_of_the_Gulf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Army of the Gulf</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Army_of_the_Gulf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siege_of_Port_Hudson" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_of_Port_Hudson"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Siege of Port Hudson</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_of_Port_Hudson-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Red_River_Campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Red_River_Campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Red River Campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Red_River_Campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Louisiana_Reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Louisiana_Reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Louisiana Reconstruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Louisiana_Reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postbellum_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postbellum_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Postbellum career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postbellum_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy and honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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Banks</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B3" title="ناثانيل برنتيس بانكس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ناثانيل برنتيس بانكس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="ناتانیل پی بنکس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ناتانیل پی بنکس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nathaniel P. Banks" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Prentiss_Banks" title="Nathaniel Prentiss Banks – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nathaniel Prentiss Banks" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nathaniel P. Banks" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="ناتانیل پی بنکس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ناتانیل پی بنکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Prentice_Banks" title="Nathaniel Prentice Banks – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nathaniel Prentice Banks" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Banks" title="Nathaniel Banks – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nathaniel Banks" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Prentice_Banks" title="Nathaniel Prentice Banks – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nathaniel Prentice Banks" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B3" title="ناثانيل برنتيس بانكس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ناثانيل برنتيس بانكس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nathaniel P. Banks" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B5%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9" title="ナサニエル・バンクス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ナサニエル・バンクス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%BE%D9%8A._%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="ناتانیل پي. بانکس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ناتانیل پي. بانکس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Prentice_Banks" title="Nathaniel Prentice Banks – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nathaniel Prentice Banks" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Prentice_Banks" title="Nathaniel Prentice Banks – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nathaniel Prentice Banks" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%81,_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Бэнкс, Натаниэль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бэнкс, Натаниэль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Prentice_Banks" title="Nathaniel Prentice Banks – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nathaniel Prentice Banks" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nathaniel P. Banks" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Prentiss_Banks" title="Nathaniel Prentiss Banks – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nathaniel Prentiss Banks" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q714106#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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Banks</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nathaniel_Prentice_Banks_-_Brady-Handy_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Nathaniel_Prentice_Banks_-_Brady-Handy_%281%29.jpg/220px-Nathaniel_Prentice_Banks_-_Brady-Handy_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Nathaniel_Prentice_Banks_-_Brady-Handy_%281%29.jpg/330px-Nathaniel_Prentice_Banks_-_Brady-Handy_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Nathaniel_Prentice_Banks_-_Brady-Handy_%281%29.jpg/440px-Nathaniel_Prentice_Banks_-_Brady-Handy_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="2529" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1865–1880</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">24th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Governor of Massachusetts</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 7, 1858 – January 3, 1861</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts">Lieutenant</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eliphalet_Trask" title="Eliphalet Trask">Eliphalet Trask</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gardner" title="Henry Gardner">Henry Gardner</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Albion_Andrew" title="John Albion Andrew">John Albion Andrew</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">21st <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the United States House of Representatives</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />February 2, 1856 – March 3, 1857</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Linn_Boyd" title="Linn Boyd">Linn Boyd</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence_Orr" title="James Lawrence Orr">James Lawrence Orr</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairmen_of_the_House_Republican_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="List of chairmen of the House Republican Conference">Chairman of the House Republican Conference</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1869 – March 3, 1871<div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.1em">Serving with <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Schenck" title="Robert C. Schenck">Robert C. Schenck</a></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Speaker</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Justin_Smith_Morrill" class="mw-redirect" title="Justin Smith Morrill">Justin S. Morrill</a> (1867)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Austin_Blair" title="Austin Blair">Austin Blair</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the<br /><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1889 – March 3, 1891</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_D._Hayden" title="Edward D. Hayden">Edward D. Hayden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Hoar" title="Sherman Hoar">Sherman Hoar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 5th congressional district">5th district</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1875 – March 3, 1879</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Daniel W. Gooch</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Z._Bowman" title="Selwyn Z. Bowman">Selwyn Z. Bowman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 5th congressional district">5th district</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 4, 1865 – March 3, 1873</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Daniel W. Gooch</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Benjamin Butler</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_6th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 6th congressional district">6th district</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1853 – December 24, 1857</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Z._Goodrich" title="John Z. Goodrich">John Z. Goodrich</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_W._Gooch" title="Daniel W. Gooch">Daniel W. Gooch</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_7th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 7th congressional district">7th district</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Nathaniel Prentice Banks</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1816-01-30</span>)</span>January 30, 1816<br /><a href="/wiki/Waltham,_Massachusetts" title="Waltham, Massachusetts">Waltham, Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">September 1, 1894<span style="display:none">(1894-09-01)</span> (aged 78)<br />Waltham, Massachusetts, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> (1844–1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">American</a> (1854–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> (1857–1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican</a> (1872–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> (1873–1891)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Mary Theodosia Palmer</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1847)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4, including <a href="/wiki/Maude_Banks" title="Maude Banks">Maude Banks</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Officer_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer (military)">Military officer</a>, workman</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nathaniel_P._Banks_signature.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Nathaniel P. Banks's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nathaniel_P._Banks_signature.png/128px-Nathaniel_P._Banks_signature.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nathaniel_P._Banks_signature.png/192px-Nathaniel_P._Banks_signature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nathaniel_P._Banks_signature.png/256px-Nathaniel_P._Banks_signature.png 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="120" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1861–1865</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major General</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_Army_of_the_Shenandoah" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army of the Shenandoah">Army of the Shenandoah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_Corps_(Union_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="V Corps (Union Army)">V Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Gulf" title="Army of the Gulf">Army of the Gulf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson%27s_Valley_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign">Stonewall Jackson's Valley Campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Kernstown" title="First Battle of Kernstown">First Battle of Kernstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Front_Royal" title="Battle of Front Royal">Battle of Front Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Winchester" title="First Battle of Winchester">First Battle of Winchester</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Virginia Campaign">Northern Virginia Campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cedar_Mountain" title="Battle of Cedar Mountain">Battle of Cedar Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">Second Battle of Bull Run</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicksburg Campaign">Vicksburg Campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Hudson" title="Siege of Port Hudson">Siege of Port Hudson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Red River Campaign">Red River Campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mansfield" title="Battle of Mansfield">Battle of Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pleasant_Hill" title="Battle of Pleasant Hill">Battle of Pleasant Hill</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Nathaniel Prentice</b> (or <b>Prentiss</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Banks</b> (January 30, 1816 – September 1, 1894) was an American politician from <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union</a> general during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>. A millworker, Banks became prominent in local debating societies and entered politics as a young adult. Initially a member of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>, Banks's abolitionist views drew him to the nascent <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>, through which he won election to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> and as <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Governor of Massachusetts</a> in the 1850s. At the start of the <a href="/wiki/34th_United_States_Congress" title="34th United States Congress">34th Congress</a>, he was elected <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House</a> in <a href="/wiki/1855%E2%80%9356_Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election" title="1855–56 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election">an election</a> that spanned a record 133 ballots taken over the course of two months. </p><p>At the outbreak of the Civil War, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> appointed Banks as one of the first <a href="/wiki/Political_major_generals" class="mw-redirect" title="Political major generals">political major generals</a>, over the heads of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">West Point</a> regulars, who initially resented him, but came to acknowledge his influence on the administration of the war. After suffering a series of inglorious setbacks in the <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_River" title="Shenandoah River">Shenandoah River</a> Valley at the hands of <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Stonewall Jackson</a>, Banks replaced <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Butler (politician)">Benjamin Butler</a> at <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> as commander of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Gulf" title="Department of the Gulf">Department of the Gulf</a>, charged with the administration of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> and gaining control of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>. He failed to reinforce <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vicksburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Vicksburg">Vicksburg</a>, and badly handled the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Hudson" title="Siege of Port Hudson">Siege of Port Hudson</a>, taking its surrender only after Vicksburg had fallen. He then launched the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Red River Campaign">Red River Campaign</a>, a failed attempt to occupy northern Louisiana and eastern <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> that prompted his recall. Banks was regularly criticized for the failures of his campaigns, notably in tactically important tasks, including reconnaissance. Banks was also instrumental in early reconstruction efforts in Louisiana, intended by Lincoln as a model for later such activities. </p><p>After the war, Banks returned to the Massachusetts political scene, serving in Congress, where he supported <a href="/wiki/Manifest_Destiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifest Destiny">Manifest Destiny</a>, influenced the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">Alaska Purchase</a> legislation, and supported women's suffrage. In his later years, he adopted more liberal progressive causes, and served as a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">United States marshal</a> for Massachusetts before suffering a decline in his mental faculties. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel_P._Banks&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Major_General_Nathaniel_Prentiss_Banks_of_General_Staff_U.S._Volunteers_Infantry_Regiment_in_uniform,_with_his_wife_Mary_Theodosia_Palmer_Banks,_who_holds_an_open_book)_-_Henry_F._Warren,_LCCN2017659650.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Major_General_Nathaniel_Prentiss_Banks_of_General_Staff_U.S._Volunteers_Infantry_Regiment_in_uniform%2C_with_his_wife_Mary_Theodosia_Palmer_Banks%2C_who_holds_an_open_book%29_-_Henry_F._Warren%2C_LCCN2017659650.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Major_General_Nathaniel_Prentiss_Banks_of_General_Staff_U.S._Volunteers_Infantry_Regiment_in_uniform%2C_with_his_wife_Mary_Theodosia_Palmer_Banks%2C_who_holds_an_open_book%29_-_Henry_F._Warren%2C_LCCN2017659650.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Major_General_Nathaniel_Prentiss_Banks_of_General_Staff_U.S._Volunteers_Infantry_Regiment_in_uniform%2C_with_his_wife_Mary_Theodosia_Palmer_Banks%2C_who_holds_an_open_book%29_-_Henry_F._Warren%2C_LCCN2017659650.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2051" data-file-height="3283" /></a><figcaption>Major General Nathaniel Prentiss Banks of General Staff U.S. Volunteers Infantry Regiment in uniform, with his wife, Mary Theodosia Palmer Banks. From the Liljenquist Family Collection of Civil War Photographs, Prints and Photographs Division, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Nathaniel Prentice Banks was born at <a href="/wiki/Waltham,_Massachusetts" title="Waltham, Massachusetts">Waltham, Massachusetts</a>, the first child of Nathaniel P. Banks Sr. and Rebecca Greenwood Banks, on January 30, 1816. His father worked in the <a href="/wiki/Textile_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile mill">textile mill</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Manufacturing_Company" title="Boston Manufacturing Company">Boston Manufacturing Company</a>, eventually becoming a foreman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth19983_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth19983-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banks went to local schools until the age of fourteen, at which point the family's financial demands compelled him to take a mill job. He started as a <a href="/wiki/Bobbin_boy" title="Bobbin boy">bobbin boy</a>, responsible for replacing <a href="/wiki/Bobbin" title="Bobbin">bobbins</a> full of thread with empty ones,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth19984_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth19984-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> working in the mills of Waltham and <a href="/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts" title="Lowell, Massachusetts">Lowell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington19483_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington19483-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this role he became known as Bobbin Boy Banks, a nickname he carried throughout his life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReef2009327_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReef2009327-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was at one time apprenticed as a mechanic alongside <a href="/wiki/Elias_Howe" title="Elias Howe">Elias Howe</a>, a cousin who later had the first patent for a sewing machine with a lockstitch design.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenberg200441_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenberg200441-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recognizing the value of education, Banks continued to read, sometimes walking to <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> on his days off to visit the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Athen%C3%A6um" title="Boston Athenæum">Atheneum Library</a>. He attended company-sponsored lectures by luminaries of the day including <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a> and other orators. He formed a debate club with other mill workers to improve their oratorical skills, and took up acting. He became involved in the local <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Temperance movement in the United States">temperance movement</a>; speaking at its events brought him to the attention of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> leaders, who asked him to speak at campaign events during the 1840 elections. He honed his oratorical and political skills by emulating <a href="/wiki/Robert_Rantoul_Jr." title="Robert Rantoul Jr.">Robert Rantoul Jr.</a>, a Democratic Congressman who also had humble beginnings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth19985–8_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth19985–8-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His personal good looks, voice, and flair for presentation were all assets that he used to gain advantage in the political sphere, and he deliberately sought to present himself with a more aristocratic bearing than was suggested by his humble beginnings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington19484_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington19484-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Banks's success as a speaker convinced him to quit the mill. He first worked as an editor for two short-lived political newspapers; after they failed he ran for a seat in the state legislature in 1844, but lost. He then applied for a job to Rantoul, who had been appointed Collector of the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Boston" title="Port of Boston">Port of Boston</a>, a patronage position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth19988–9_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth19988–9-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banks's job, which he held until political changes forced him out in 1849,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington19488_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington19488-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gave him sufficient security that he was able to marry Mary Theodosia Palmer, an ex-factory employee he had been courting for some time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanks20059–25_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanks20059–25-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banks again ran for the state legislature in 1847, but was unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199810_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199810-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antebellum_political_career">Antebellum political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel_P._Banks&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Antebellum political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/72nd_Massachusetts_General_Court_(1851)" class="mw-redirect" title="72nd Massachusetts General Court (1851)">72nd Massachusetts General Court (1851)</a> and <a href="/wiki/73rd_Massachusetts_General_Court_(1852)" class="mw-redirect" title="73rd Massachusetts General Court (1852)">73rd Massachusetts General Court (1852)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nathaniel_Prentice_Banks_-_Southworth_and_Hawes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Nathaniel_Prentice_Banks_-_Southworth_and_Hawes.jpg/220px-Nathaniel_Prentice_Banks_-_Southworth_and_Hawes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Nathaniel_Prentice_Banks_-_Southworth_and_Hawes.jpg/330px-Nathaniel_Prentice_Banks_-_Southworth_and_Hawes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Nathaniel_Prentice_Banks_-_Southworth_and_Hawes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="523" /></a><figcaption>Banks in 1852, portrait by <a href="/wiki/Southworth_and_Hawes" class="mw-redirect" title="Southworth and Hawes">Southworth and Hawes</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1848, Banks was victorious in another run for the state legislature, successfully organizing elements in Waltham whose votes were not easily controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a>-controlled Boston Manufacturing Company. Company leaders could effectively compel their workers to vote for Whig candidates because there was no <a href="/wiki/Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">secret ballot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199810–11_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199810–11-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was at first moderate in opposition to the expansion of slavery, but recognizing the potency of the burgeoning <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a> movement, he became more strongly attached to that cause as a vehicle for political advancement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199812_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199812-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This brought Banks, along with fellow Democrats Rantoul and <a href="/wiki/George_S._Boutwell" title="George S. Boutwell">George S. Boutwell</a> to form a coalition with the <a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil Party</a> that successfully gained control of the legislature and governor's chair. The deals negotiated after the coalition win in the 1850 election put Boutwell in the governor's chair and made Banks the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Speakers_of_the_Massachusetts_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Speakers of the Massachusetts House of Representatives">Speaker of the Massachusetts House of Representatives</a>. Although Banks did not like the radical Free Soiler <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a> (either personally or for his strongly abolitionist politics), he supported the coalition agreement that resulted in Sumner's election to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>, despite opposition from conservative Democrats. His role as house speaker and his effectiveness in conducting business raised his status significantly,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199813–14_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199813–14-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as did his publicity work for the state Board of Education.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington194810_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington194810-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congress">Congress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel_P._Banks&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Congress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1852, Banks sought the Democratic nomination for a seat in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>. While it was at first granted, his refusal to disavow abolitionist positions meant support was withdrawn by party conservatives. He ended up winning a narrow victory anyway, with Free Soil support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199815–16_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199815–16-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1853, he presided over the state <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Constitutional_Convention_of_1853" title="Massachusetts Constitutional Convention of 1853">Constitutional Convention of 1853</a>. This convention produced a series of proposals for constitutional reform, including a new constitution, all of which were rejected by voters. The failure, which was led by Whigs and conservative anti-abolitionist Democrats, spelled the end of the Democratic-Free Soil coalition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199816–17_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199816–17-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Congress, Banks sat on the Committee of Military Affairs. He bucked the Democratic party line by voting against the <a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a>, which overturned the 1820 <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a>, using his parliamentary skills in an effort to keep the bill from coming to a vote.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington194818–21_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington194818–21-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supported by his constituents, he then publicly endorsed the abolitionist cause.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199820–21_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199820–21-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His opposition came despite long stated support for <a href="/wiki/Manifest_Destiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifest Destiny">Manifest Destiny</a> (the idea that the United States was destined to rule the <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North American continent</a>), which the bill's proponents claimed it furthered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington194819_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington194819-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1854, he formally joined the so-called <a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">Know Nothing</a> cause, a secretive populist and anti-immigration nativist movement – officially named American Party since 1855. He was renominated for Congress by the Democrats and Free Soilers, and won an easy victory in that year's Know Nothing landslide victory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199822–23_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199822–23-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banks was, along with <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Henry Wilson</a> and Governor <a href="/wiki/Henry_J._Gardner" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry J. Gardner">Henry J. Gardner</a>, considered one of the political leaders of the Know Nothing movement, although none of the three supported its extreme anti-immigrant positions of many of its supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington194823–25_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington194823–25-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1855, Banks agreed to chair the convention of a new <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> convention, whose platform was intended to bring together antislavery interests from the Democrats, Whigs, Free Soilers, and Know Nothings. When Know Nothing Governor Henry Gardner refused to join in the fusion, Banks carefully kept his options open, passively supporting the Republican effort but also avoiding criticism of Gardner in his speeches. Gardner was reelected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199824_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199824-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the summer of 1855, Banks was invited to speak at an antislavery rally in <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Maine" title="Portland, Maine">Portland, Maine</a>, his first major speaking opportunity outside Massachusetts. In the speech, Banks expressed his opinion that the Union did not necessarily need to be preserved, say that under certain conditions it would be appropriate to "let [the Union] slide". Future political opponents would repeatedly use these words against him, accusing him of "disunionism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington194826_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington194826-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the opening of the <a href="/wiki/34th_U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="34th U.S. Congress">34th U.S. Congress</a> in December 1855, after the Democrats had lost their majority and only made up 35% of the House, representatives from several parties opposed to slavery's spread gradually united in supporting the Know Nothing Banks for <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives">Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives</a>. After the longest speakership contests on record, lasting from December 3, 1855, to February 2, 1856, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections#December_1855_–_February_1856" title="List of Speaker of the United States House of Representatives elections">Banks was chosen on the 133rd ballot</a>, receiving 103 votes out of 214 cast, or five less than an absolute majority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199825–27_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199825–27-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coalition supporting him was formed by his American Party (known as the Know Nothing Party) and the <a href="/wiki/Opposition_Party_(Northern_U.S.)" title="Opposition Party (Northern U.S.)">Opposition Party</a>, which opposed the Democrats, marking the first form of a coalition in congressional history. This victory was lauded at the time as the "first Republican victory" and "first Northern victory" – although Banks is officially affiliated as Speaker from the American Party – and greatly raised Banks's national profile.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington194831_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington194831-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He gave antislavery men important posts in Congress for the first time, and cooperated with investigations of both the <a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Kansas conflict</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caning_of_Charles_Sumner" title="Caning of Charles Sumner">caning of Charles Sumner</a> on the floor of the Senate. Because of his fairness in dealing with the numerous factions, as well his parliamentary ability, Banks was lauded by others in the body, including former Speaker <a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Howell Cobb</a>, who called him "in all respects the best presiding officer [I] had ever seen."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199828_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199828-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Banks played a key role in 1856 in bringing forward <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a> as a moderate Republican presidential nominee. Because of his success as speaker, Banks was considered a possible presidential contender, and his name was put in nomination by supporters (knowing that he supported Frémont) at the Know Nothing convention, held one week before the Republicans met. Banks then refused the Know Nothing nomination, which went instead to former President <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a>. Banks was active on the stump in support of Frémont, who lost the election to <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a>. Banks easily won reelection to his own seat, though Democrats regained control of the House of Representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199830–33_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199830–33-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was not re-nominated for speaker when the 35th Congress convened in December 1857. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governor_of_Massachusetts">Governor of Massachusetts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel_P._Banks&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Governor of Massachusetts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1857, Banks ran for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Governor of Massachusetts</a> against the incumbent Gardner. His nomination by the Republicans was contentious, with opposition coming primarily from radical abolitionist interests opposed to his comparatively moderate stand on the issue. After a contentious general election campaign Banks won a comfortable victory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199834–35_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199834–35-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One key action Banks took in support of the antislavery movement was the dismissal of Judge <a href="/wiki/Edward_G._Loring" title="Edward G. Loring">Edward G. Loring</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoss-Hubbard1995173–174_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoss-Hubbard1995173–174-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Loring had ruled in 1854 that <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Burns" title="Anthony Burns">Anthony Burns</a>, a fugitive slave, be returned to slavery under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Law_of_1850" class="mw-redirect" title="Fugitive Slave Law of 1850">Fugitive Slave Law of 1850</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVon_Frank19981_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVon_Frank19981-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the pressure of a public petition campaign spearheaded by <a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a>, the legislature passed two Bills of Address, in 1855 and 1856, calling for Loring's removal from his state office, but in both cases Gardner had declined to remove him. Banks signed a third such bill in 1858.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoss-Hubbard1995173–174_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoss-Hubbard1995173–174-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was rewarded with significant antislavery support, easily winning reelection in 1858.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington194846_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington194846-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Albion_Andrew_by_Darius_Cobb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/John_Albion_Andrew_by_Darius_Cobb.jpg/220px-John_Albion_Andrew_by_Darius_Cobb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/John_Albion_Andrew_by_Darius_Cobb.jpg/330px-John_Albion_Andrew_by_Darius_Cobb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/John_Albion_Andrew_by_Darius_Cobb.jpg/440px-John_Albion_Andrew_by_Darius_Cobb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="826" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Albion_Andrew" title="John Albion Andrew">John Albion Andrew</a> (portrait by Darius Cobb) succeeded Banks as governor.</figcaption></figure> <p>Banks's 1859 reelection was influenced by two significant issues. One was a state constitutional amendment requiring newly naturalized citizens to wait two years before becoming eligible to vote. Promoted by the state's Know Nothings, it was passed by referendum in May of that year. Banks, catering to Know Nothing supporters, supported its passage, although Republicans elsewhere opposed such measures, because they were seeking immigrant votes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199837–38_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199837–38-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amendment was repealed in 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaum198448_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaum198448-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other issue was <a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a>, which more radical Republicans (notably <a href="/wiki/John_Albion_Andrew" title="John Albion Andrew">John Albion Andrew</a>) supported. Not yet ready for armed conflict, the state voted for the more moderate Banks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199837–38_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199837–38-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the election, Banks vetoed a series of bills, over provisions removing a restriction limiting state militia participation to whites. This incensed the radical abolitionist forces in the legislature, but they were unable to override his vetoes in that year's session, or of similar bills passed in the next.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington194847–48_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington194847–48-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Banks made a serious bid for the Republican presidential nomination in 1860, but dislike of him by the radicals in the state party harmed him. His failure to secure a majority in the state delegation prompted him to skip the national convention,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199840–41_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199840–41-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he received first-ballot votes as a nominee for <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington194848_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington194848-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His attempt to promote <a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Dawes" title="Henry L. Dawes">Henry L. Dawes</a>, another moderate Republican, as his successor in the governor's chair also failed: the party nominated the radical Andrew, who went on to win the general election.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banks's farewell speech, given with civil war looming, was an appeal for moderation and union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington194852_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington194852-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the summer of 1860, Banks accepted an offer to become a resident director of the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Central_Railroad" title="Illinois Central Railroad">Illinois Central Railroad</a>, which had previously employed his mentor Robert Rantoul.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington194850_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington194850-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banks moved to <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> after leaving office, and was engaged primarily in the promotion and sale of the railroad's extensive lands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199844_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199844-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He continued to speak out in Illinois against the breakup of the Union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington194852_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington194852-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel_P._Banks&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Currier_%26_Ives_-_The_champions_of_the_Union_1861.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Currier_%26_Ives_-_The_champions_of_the_Union_1861.jpg/220px-Currier_%26_Ives_-_The_champions_of_the_Union_1861.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Currier_%26_Ives_-_The_champions_of_the_Union_1861.jpg/330px-Currier_%26_Ives_-_The_champions_of_the_Union_1861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Currier_%26_Ives_-_The_champions_of_the_Union_1861.jpg/440px-Currier_%26_Ives_-_The_champions_of_the_Union_1861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6648" data-file-height="5160" /></a><figcaption><i>The champions of the Union</i>, lithograph by Currier & Ives, 1861. Banks is among the frontmost standing figures, just left of the central seated figure, <a href="/wiki/General_Winfield_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="General Winfield Scott">General Winfield Scott</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>As the Civil War became imminent in early 1861, President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> considered Banks for a cabinet post,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199843_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199843-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> despite a negative recommendation from Governor Andrew, who considered Banks to be unsuitable for any office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaum198457_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaum198457-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lincoln rejected Banks in part because he had accepted the railroad job,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington194852–53_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington194852–53-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but chose him as one of the first <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">major generals</a> (Maj. Gen.) of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Volunteers" title="United States Volunteers">volunteers</a>, appointing him on May 16, 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the professional soldiers in the regular army were unhappy with this<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington194855_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington194855-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Banks, given his national prominence as a leading Republican, brought political benefits to the administration, including the ability to attract recruits and money for the Union cause, despite his lack of field experience.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199844–45_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199844–45-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_command">First command</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel_P._Banks&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: First command"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Banks first commanded a military district in eastern Maryland, which notably included <a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore</a>, a hotbed of secessionist sentiment and a vital rail link. Banks for the most part stayed out of civil affairs, allowing political expression of secessionism to continue, while maintaining important rail connections between the north and <a href="/wiki/Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, DC">Washington, DC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199846–48_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199846–48-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did, however arrest the police chief and commissioners of the city of Baltimore, and replaced the police force with one that had more carefully vetted pro-Union sympathies.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris66-80_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris66-80-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1861, Banks was assigned to the western district of Maryland. There he was responsible for the arrest of legislators sympathetic to the Confederate cause (as was <a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Dix" title="John Adams Dix">John Adams Dix</a>, who succeeded Banks in the eastern district) in advance of legislative elections. This, combined with the release of local soldiers in his army to vote, ensured that the Maryland legislature remained pro-Union.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banks's actions had a chilling effect on Confederate sentiment in Maryland. Although it was a slave state, it remained loyal through the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris66-80_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris66-80-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shenandoah_Valley_Campaign">Shenandoah Valley Campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel_P._Banks&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Shenandoah Valley Campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_Valley_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackson's Valley Campaign">Jackson's Valley Campaign</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Peninsula Campaign">Peninsula Campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:230_West_Boscawen_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/230_West_Boscawen_Street.jpg/220px-230_West_Boscawen_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/230_West_Boscawen_Street.jpg/330px-230_West_Boscawen_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/230_West_Boscawen_Street.jpg/440px-230_West_Boscawen_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2076" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption>Banks' headquarters in Winchester, Virginia, during the Civil War</figcaption></figure> <p>Banks's division technically belonged to <a href="/wiki/George_McClellan" class="mw-redirect" title="George McClellan">George McClellan</a> despite serving as an independent command in the Shenandoah Valley. On March 14, 1862, President Lincoln issued an executive order forming all troops in McClellan's department into corps. Banks thus became a corps commander, in charge of his own former division, now commanded by Brig. Gen <a href="/wiki/Alpheus_Williams" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpheus Williams">Alpheus Williams</a>, and the division of Brig. Gen <a href="/wiki/James_Shields_(politician,_born_1806)" title="James Shields (politician, born 1806)">James Shields</a>, which was added to Banks's command. After <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Stonewall Jackson</a> was turned back at the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Kernstown" title="First Battle of Kernstown">First Battle of Kernstown</a> on March 23, Banks was instead ordered to pursue Jackson up the valley, to prevent him from reinforcing the defenses of <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a>. When Banks's men reached the southern Valley at the end of a difficult supply line, the president recalled them to <a href="/wiki/Strasburg,_Virginia" title="Strasburg, Virginia">Strasburg</a>, at the northern end.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jackson then marched rapidly down the adjacent Luray Valley, and encountered some of Banks' forces in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Front_Royal" title="Battle of Front Royal">Battle of Front Royal</a> on May 23. This prompted Banks to withdraw to <a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia" title="Winchester, Virginia">Winchester</a>, where Jackson <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Winchester" title="First Battle of Winchester">again attacked</a> on May 25. The Union forces were poorly arrayed in defense, and retreated in disorder across the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a> and back into Maryland.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An attempt to capture Jackson's forces in a pincer movement (with forces led by <a href="/wiki/John_Fr%C3%A9mont" class="mw-redirect" title="John Frémont">John Frémont</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irvin_McDowell" title="Irvin McDowell">Irvin McDowell</a>) failed, and Jackson was able to reinforce Richmond. Banks was criticized for mishandling his troops and performing inadequate reconnaissance in the campaign,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while his political allies sought to pin the blame for the debacle on the War Department.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington194879_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington194879-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Virginia_Campaign">Northern Virginia Campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel_P._Banks&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Northern Virginia Campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Virginia Campaign">Northern Virginia Campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GenNPBanks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/GenNPBanks.jpg/220px-GenNPBanks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="374" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/GenNPBanks.jpg/330px-GenNPBanks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/GenNPBanks.jpg/440px-GenNPBanks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1823" data-file-height="3099" /></a><figcaption>Banks in his military uniform, c. 1861 (portrait by <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Brady" title="Mathew Brady">Mathew Brady</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>In July, Maj. Gen <a href="/wiki/John_Pope_(military_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pope (military officer)">John Pope</a> was placed in command of the newly-formed <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Virginia" title="Army of Virginia">Army of Virginia</a>, which consisted of the commands of Banks, <a href="/wiki/Irvin_McDowell" title="Irvin McDowell">Irvin McDowell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Sigel" title="Franz Sigel">Franz Sigel</a>. By early August this force was in <a href="/wiki/Culpeper_County,_Virginia" title="Culpeper County, Virginia">Culpeper County</a>. Pope gave Banks an ambiguous series of orders, directing him south of <a href="/wiki/Culpeper,_Virginia" title="Culpeper, Virginia">Culpeper</a> to determine enemy strength, hold a fortified defensive position, and to engage the enemy. Banks showed none of the caution he had displayed against Stonewall Jackson in the Valley campaign, and moved to meet a larger force. Confederates he faced were numerically stronger and held, particularly around <a href="/wiki/Cedar_Mountain,_Virginia" title="Cedar Mountain, Virginia">Cedar Mountain</a>, the high ground. After an artillery duel began the August 9 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cedar_Mountain" title="Battle of Cedar Mountain">Battle of Cedar Mountain</a> he ordered a <a href="/wiki/Flanking_maneuver" title="Flanking maneuver">flanking maneuver</a> on the Confederate right. Bank's bold attack seemed close to breaking in the Confederate line, and might have given him a victory if he had committed his reserves in a timely manner. Only excellent commanding by the Confederates at the crucial moment of the battle and the fortuitous arrival of Hill allowed their numerical superiority to tell.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banks thought the battle one of the "best fought"; one of his officers thought it an act of folly by an incompetent general."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The arrival at the end of the day of Union reinforcements under Pope, as well as the rest of Jackson's men, resulted in a two-day stand-off there, with the Confederates finally withdrawing from Cedar Mountain on August 11. Stonewall Jackson observed that Banks's men fought well, and Lincoln also expressed confidence in his leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington194884_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington194884-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">Second Battle of Bull Run</a>, Banks was stationed with his corps at Bristoe Station and did not participate in the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199881_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199881-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington194885_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington194885-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards, the corps was integrated into the Army of the Potomac as the <a href="/wiki/XII_Corps_(Union_army)" title="XII Corps (Union army)">XII Corps</a> and marched north with the main army during the Confederate invasion of Maryland. On September 12, Banks was abruptly relieved of command. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Army_of_the_Gulf">Army of the Gulf</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel_P._Banks&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Army of the Gulf"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colonel-Short%27s-Villa-818.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Colonel-Short%27s-Villa-818.JPG/220px-Colonel-Short%27s-Villa-818.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Colonel-Short%27s-Villa-818.JPG/330px-Colonel-Short%27s-Villa-818.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Colonel-Short%27s-Villa-818.JPG/440px-Colonel-Short%27s-Villa-818.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Colonel Short's Villa in New Orleans Garden District was the residence of Major General Nathaniel P. Banks, U.S. Commander, Department of the Gulf</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Gulf" title="Army of the Gulf">Army of the Gulf</a></div> <p>In November 1862, President Lincoln gave Banks command of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Gulf" title="Army of the Gulf">Army of the Gulf</a>, and asked him to organize a force of 30,000 new recruits, drawn from New York and <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>. As a former governor of Massachusetts, he was politically connected to the governors of these states, and the recruitment effort was successful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199883–85_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199883–85-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December he sailed from New York with a large force of raw recruits to replace Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Butler (politician)">Benjamin Butler</a> at <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, as commander of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Gulf" title="Department of the Gulf">Department of the Gulf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199884–86_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199884–86-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Butler disliked Banks, but welcomed him to New Orleans and briefed him on civil and military affairs of importance. <a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Gideon Welles</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a>, doubted the wisdom of replacing Butler (also a political general, and later a Massachusetts governor) with Banks, who he thought was a less able leader and administrator.<sup id="cite_ref-Winters146_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winters146-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banks had to contend not just with Southern opposition to the occupation of New Orleans, but also to politically hostile Radical Republicans both in the city and in Washington, who criticized his moderate approach to administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington194894–103_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington194894–103-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siege_of_Port_Hudson">Siege of Port Hudson</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel_P._Banks&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Siege of Port Hudson"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Hudson" title="Siege of Port Hudson">Siege of Port Hudson</a></div> <p>Part of Banks's orders included instructions to advance up the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> to join forces with <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>, in order to gain control of the waterway, which was under Confederate control between <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi" title="Vicksburg, Mississippi">Vicksburg, Mississippi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port_Hudson,_Louisiana" title="Port Hudson, Louisiana">Port Hudson, Louisiana</a>. Grant was moving against Vicksburg, and Banks was under orders to secure Port Hudson before joining Grant at Vicksburg. He did not move immediately, because the garrison at Port Hudson was reported to be large,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his new recruits were ill-equipped and insufficiently trained for action, and he was overwhelmed by the bureaucratic demands of administering the occupied portions of Louisiana.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did send forces to reoccupy <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge</a>, and sent a small expedition that briefly occupied <a href="/wiki/Galveston,_Texas" title="Galveston, Texas">Galveston, Texas</a> but was evicted in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Galveston" title="Battle of Galveston">Battle of Galveston</a> on January 1, 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1862, several Union gunboats had successfully passed onto the river between Vicksburg and Port Hudson, interfering with Confederate supply and troop movements. In March 1863, after they had been captured or destroyed, naval commander <a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">David Farragut</a> sought to run the river past Port Hudson in a bid to regain control over that area, and convinced Banks to make a diversionary land attack on the Confederate stronghold. Banks marched with 12,000 men from Baton Rouge on March 13, but was unable to reach the enemy position due to inaccurate maps. He then compounded the failure to engage the enemy with miscommunications with Farragut.<sup id="cite_ref-Work100_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Work100-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The naval commander successfully navigated two gunboats past Port Hudson, taking fire en route, without support. Banks ended up retreating back to Baton Rouge, his troops plundering all along the way. The episode was a further blow to Banks's reputation as a military commander, leaving many with the false impression he had not wanted to support Farragut.<sup id="cite_ref-Work100_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Work100-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_of_Port_Hudson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Siege_of_Port_Hudson.jpg/170px-Siege_of_Port_Hudson.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Siege_of_Port_Hudson.jpg/255px-Siege_of_Port_Hudson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Siege_of_Port_Hudson.jpg/340px-Siege_of_Port_Hudson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1612" data-file-height="1980" /></a><figcaption>1860s map showing the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Hudson" title="Siege of Port Hudson">Siege of Port Hudson</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Under political pressure to show progress, Banks <a href="/wiki/Bayou_Teche_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayou Teche Campaign">embarked on operations</a> to secure a route that bypassed Port Hudson via the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red River</a> in late March.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was eventually able to reach <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Louisiana" title="Alexandria, Louisiana">Alexandria, Louisiana</a>, but stiff resistance from the smaller forces of Confederate General <a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(Confederate_general)" title="Richard Taylor (Confederate general)">Richard Taylor</a> meant he did not get there until early May. His army seized thousands of bales of cotton, and Banks claimed to have interrupted supplies to Confederate forces further east. During these operations Admiral Farragut turned command of the naval forces assisting Banks over to <a href="/wiki/David_Dixon_Porter" title="David Dixon Porter">David Porter</a>, with whom Banks had a difficult and prickly relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following a request from Grant for assistance against Vicksburg, Banks finally <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Hudson" title="Siege of Port Hudson">laid siege to Port Hudson</a> in May 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two attempts to storm the works, as with Grant at Vicksburg, were dismal failures. The first, made against the entrenched enemy on May 27, failed because of inadequate reconnaissance and because Banks failed to ensure the attacks along the line were coordinated.<sup id="cite_ref-Work104_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Work104-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a bloody repulse, Banks continued the siege, and launched a second assault on June 14. It was also badly coordinated, and the repulse was equally bloody: each of the two attacks resulted in more than 1,800 Union casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-Work104_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Work104-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Confederate garrison under General <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Gardner" title="Franklin Gardner">Franklin Gardner</a> surrendered on July 9, 1863, after receiving word that Vicksburg had fallen.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This brought the entire Mississippi River under Union control. The siege of Port Hudson was the first time that African-American soldiers were used in a major Civil War battle. The United States Colored Troops were authorized in 1863 and recruiting and training had to be conducted.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the autumn of 1863, Lincoln and Chief of Staff <a href="/wiki/Henry_Halleck" title="Henry Halleck">Henry Halleck</a> informed Banks that plans should be made for operations against the coast of Texas, chiefly for the purpose of preventing <a href="/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Second French intervention in Mexico">the French</a> in Mexico from aiding the Confederates or occupying Texas, and to interdict Confederate supplies from Texas heading east.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second objective he attempted to achieve at first by sending a force against Galveston; his troops were badly beaten in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Sabine_Pass" title="Second Battle of Sabine Pass">Second Battle of Sabine Pass</a> on September 8.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An expedition sent to <a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas" title="Brownsville, Texas">Brownsville</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brownsville" title="Battle of Brownsville">secured possession</a> of the region near the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> and the Texas outer islands in November.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Red_River_Campaign">Red River Campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel_P._Banks&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Red River Campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Taylor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Richard_Taylor.jpg/220px-Richard_Taylor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Richard_Taylor.jpg/330px-Richard_Taylor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Richard_Taylor.jpg/440px-Richard_Taylor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="806" /></a><figcaption>Confederate General <a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(Confederate_general)" title="Richard Taylor (Confederate general)">Richard Taylor</a> opposed Banks in Louisiana.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Red River Campaign">Red River Campaign</a></div> <p>As part of operations against Texas, Halleck also encouraged Banks to undertake the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Red River Campaign">Red River Campaign</a>, an overland operation into the resource-rich but well-defended parts of northern Texas. Banks and General Grant both considered the Red River Campaign a strategic distraction, with an eastward thrust to capture <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile, Alabama</a> preferred.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political forces prevailed, and Halleck drafted a plan for operations on the Red River.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The campaign lasted from March to May 1864, and was a major failure. Banks's army was routed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mansfield" title="Battle of Mansfield">Battle of Mansfield</a> (April 8) by General Taylor and retreated 20 miles (32 km) to make a stand the next day at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pleasant_Hill" title="Battle of Pleasant Hill">Battle of Pleasant Hill</a>. Despite winning a tactical victory at Pleasant Hill, Banks continued the retreat to Alexandria, his force rejoining part of Porter's Federal Inland Fleet. That naval force had joined the Red River Campaign to support the army<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to take on cotton as a lucrative prize of war. Banks was accused of allowing "hordes" of private cotton speculators to accompany the expedition, but only a few did, and most of the cotton seized was taken by the army or navy. Banks did little, however, to prevent unauthorized agents from working the area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948160–162_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948160–162-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A cooperating land force launched from <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="Little Rock, Arkansas">Little Rock, Arkansas</a> was turned back in the <a href="/wiki/Camden_Expedition" title="Camden Expedition">Camden Expedition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Part of Porter's large fleet became trapped above the falls at Alexandria by low water, engineered by Confederates blowing a dam that had been constructed to artificially raise the water level when first entered by Porter's fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banks and others approved a plan proposed by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bailey_(general)" title="Joseph Bailey (general)">Joseph Bailey</a> to build wing dams as a means to raise what little water was left in the channel. In ten days, 10,000 troops built two dams, and managed to rescue Porter's fleet, allowing all to retreat to the Mississippi River.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the campaign, General <a href="/wiki/William_T._Sherman" class="mw-redirect" title="William T. Sherman">William T. Sherman</a> famously said of the Red River campaign that it was "One damn blunder from beginning to end",<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Banks earned the dislike and loss of respect of his officers and rank and file for his mishandling of the campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On hearing of Banks's retreat in late April, Grant wired Chief of Staff Halleck asking for Banks to be removed from command.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Confederates held the Red River for the remainder of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Louisiana_Reconstruction">Louisiana Reconstruction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel_P._Banks&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Louisiana Reconstruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana#Reconstruction,_disenfranchisement,_and_segregation_(1865–1929)" title="History of Louisiana">History of Louisiana § Reconstruction, disenfranchisement, and segregation (1865–1929)</a></div> <p>Banks undertook a number of steps intended to facilitate the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction</a> plans of President Lincoln in <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>. When Banks arrived in New Orleans, the atmosphere was somewhat hostile to the Union owing to some of Butler's actions. Banks moderated some of Butler's policies, freeing civilians that Butler had detained and reopening churches whose ministers refused to support the Union. He recruited large numbers of African Americans for the military, and instituted formal works and education programs to organize the many slaves who had left their plantations, believing they had been freed. Because Banks believed the plantation owners would need to play a role in Reconstruction, the work program was not particularly friendly to African Americans, requiring them to sign year-long work contracts, and subjecting vagrants to involuntary public work.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The education program was effectively shut down after Southerners regained control of the city in 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948108–110_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948108–110-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Canby.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Edward_Canby.png/220px-Edward_Canby.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Edward_Canby.png/330px-Edward_Canby.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Edward_Canby.png/440px-Edward_Canby.png 2x" data-file-width="1033" data-file-height="1342" /></a><figcaption>General <a href="/wiki/Edward_Canby" title="Edward Canby">Edward Canby</a> succeeded Banks in Louisiana.</figcaption></figure> <p>In August 1863, President Lincoln ordered Banks to oversee the creation of a new state constitution, and in December granted him wide-ranging authority to create a new civilian government.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, because voter enrollment was low, Banks canceled planned Congressional elections, and worked with civilian authorities to increase enrollment rates. After a February 1864 election organized by Banks, a Unionist government was elected in Louisiana, and Banks optimistically reported to Lincoln that Louisiana would "become in two years, under a wise and strong government, one of the most loyal and prosperous States the world has ever seen."<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A constitutional convention held from April to July 1864 drafted a new constitution that provided for the emancipation of slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banks was a significant influence on the convention, insisting that provisions be included for African-American education and at least partial suffrage.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the time the convention ended, Banks's Red River Campaign had come to its ignominious end and Banks was superseded in military (but not political) matters by Major General <a href="/wiki/Edward_Canby" title="Edward Canby">Edward Canby</a>. President Lincoln ordered Banks to oversee elections held under the new constitution in September, and then ordered him to return to Washington to lobby Congress for acceptance of Louisiana's constitution and elected Congressmen.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radical Republicans in Congress railed against his political efforts in Louisiana,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948163–165_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948163–165-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and refused to seat Louisiana's two Congressmen in early 1865. After six months, Banks returned to Louisiana to resume his military command under Canby. However, he was politically trapped between the civilian government and Canby, and resigned from the army in May 1865 after one month in New Orleans. He returned to Massachusetts in September 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1865, Secretary of War Halleck ordered <a href="/wiki/William_Farrar_Smith" title="William Farrar Smith">William Farrar Smith</a> and James T. Brady to investigate breaches of Army regulations during the occupation of New Orleans. The commissioners' report, which was not published, found that the military administration was riddled by "oppression, peculation, and graft".<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Military recognition of Banks's service in the war included election in 1867 and 1875 as commander of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_and_Honorable_Artillery_Company_of_Massachusetts" title="Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts">Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1892, he was elected as a Veteran First Class Companion of the Massachusetts Commandery of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_the_Loyal_Legion_of_the_United_States" title="Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States">Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States</a>, a military society for officers who had served the Union during the Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Postbellum_career">Postbellum career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel_P._Banks&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Postbellum career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1874_Massachusetts_legislature" title="1874 Massachusetts legislature">1874 Massachusetts legislature</a></div> <p>On his return to Massachusetts, Banks immediately ran for Congress, for a seat vacated by the resignation of Radical Republican <a href="/wiki/Daniel_W._Gooch" title="Daniel W. Gooch">Daniel W. Gooch</a>. The Massachusetts Republican Party, dominated by Radicals, opposed his run, but he prevailed easily at the state convention and in the general election, partially by wooing Radical voters by proclaiming support for Negro suffrage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948169–170_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948169–170-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served from 1865 to 1873, during which time he chaired the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Foreign_Affairs" title="United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs Committee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948175_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948175-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his nominally moderate politics, he was forced to vote with the Radicals on many issues, to avoid being seen as a supporter of President Johnson's policies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948171_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948171-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was active in supporting the reconstruction work he had done in Louisiana, trying to get its Congressional delegation seated in 1865. He was opposed in this by a powerful faction in Louisiana, who argued he had essentially set up a puppet regime. He also alienated Radical Republicans by accepting a bill on the matter that omitted a requirement that states not be readmitted until they had given their African-American citizenry voting rights.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his position as chair of an important committee, Banks was snubbed by President Grant, who worked around him whenever possible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaum1984169_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaum1984169-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period in Congress, Banks was one of the strongest advocates of <a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a>. He introduced the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_Bill_of_1866" title="Annexation Bill of 1866">Annexation Bill of 1866</a> promoting offers to annex all of <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a> (effectively today's <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>) in order to appeal to his heavily <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish-American</a> constituency and to tap into the anger the American public felt towards <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_the_American_Civil_War" title="United Kingdom and the American Civil War">Britain in its unofficial support</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Blockade runners of the American Civil War">blockade runners supplying weapons</a> (which lengthened the war by two years and killed 400,000 additional Americans).<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948175–178_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948175–178-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This and other proposals he made died in the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, chaired by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948180_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948180-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948181_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948181-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banks also played a significant role in securing passage of the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">Alaska Purchase</a> funding bill, enacted in 1868.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948182–183_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948182–183-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banks' financial records strongly suggest he received a large <a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">gratuity</a> from the Russian minister after the Alaska legislation passed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanks20051312–1317_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanks20051312–1317-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although questions were raised not long after the bill's passage, a House investigation of the matter effectively whitewashed the affair. Biographer Fred Harrington believes that Banks would have supported the legislation regardless of the payment he is alleged to have received.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948183_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948183-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banks also supported unsuccessful efforts to acquire some Caribbean islands, including the <a href="/wiki/Danish_West_Indies" title="Danish West Indies">Danish West Indies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948188–190_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948188–190-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spoke out in support of <a href="/wiki/Ten_Years%27_War" title="Ten Years' War">Cuban independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948191_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948191-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1872, Banks joined the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Liberal_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Liberal Republican Party">Liberal-Republican revolt</a> in support of <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a>. He had to some degree opposed a party trend away from labor reform, a subject that was close to many of his working-class constituents, but not the wealthy businessmen who were coming to dominate the Republican Party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948198–201_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948198–201-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Banks was campaigning across the North for Greeley, the Radical <a href="/wiki/Daniel_W._Gooch" title="Daniel W. Gooch">Daniel W. Gooch</a> successfully gathered enough support to defeat him for reelection; it was Banks' first defeat by Massachusetts voters. After his loss, Banks invested in an unsuccessful start-up Kentucky railroad headed by <a href="/wiki/John_Fr%C3%A9mont" class="mw-redirect" title="John Frémont">John Frémont</a>, hoping its income would substitute for the political loss.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948203_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948203-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seeking a revival of his political fortunes, in 1873, Banks ran successfully for the Massachusetts Senate, supported by a coalition of Liberal Republicans, Democrats, and Labor Reform groups. The latter groups he wooed in particular, adopting support for shorter workdays. In that term, he help draft and secure passage of a bill restricting hours of women and children to ten hours per day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948204–205_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948204–205-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1874, Banks was elected to Congress again, supported by a similar coalition in defeating Gooch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948205_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948205-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served two terms (1875–1879), losing in the 1878 nominating process after formally rejoining the Republican fold. He was accused in that campaign of changing his positions too often to be considered reliable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948206–207_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948206–207-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his defeat, President <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> appointed Banks as a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">United States marshal</a> for Massachusetts as a patronage reward for his service. He held the post from 1879 until 1888, but exercised poor oversight over his subordinates. He consequently became embroiled in legal action over the recovery of unpaid fees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth1998248–249_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth1998248–249-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1888, Banks once again won a seat in Congress. He did not have much influence, because his mental health was failing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth1998249–250_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth1998249–250-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After one term he was not renominated, and retired to Waltham.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth1998252–253_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth1998252–253-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His health continued to deteriorate, and he was briefly sent to <a href="/wiki/McLean_Hospital" title="McLean Hospital">McLean Hospital</a> shortly before his death in Waltham on September 1, 1894.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth1998251–252_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth1998251–252-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His death made nationwide headlines; he is buried in Waltham's <a href="/wiki/Grove_Hill_Cemetery" title="Grove Hill Cemetery">Grove Hill Cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth1998252–253_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth1998252–253-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nathaniel_P._Banks_Gravesite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Nathaniel_P._Banks_Gravesite.jpg/220px-Nathaniel_P._Banks_Gravesite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Nathaniel_P._Banks_Gravesite.jpg/330px-Nathaniel_P._Banks_Gravesite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Nathaniel_P._Banks_Gravesite.jpg/440px-Nathaniel_P._Banks_Gravesite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2822" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The gravesite of Nathaniel P. Banks</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_honors">Legacy and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel_P._Banks&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legacy and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nathaniel_Prentice_Banks_statue,_Waltham,_MA_-_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Nathaniel_Prentice_Banks_statue%2C_Waltham%2C_MA_-_2.JPG/170px-Nathaniel_Prentice_Banks_statue%2C_Waltham%2C_MA_-_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Nathaniel_Prentice_Banks_statue%2C_Waltham%2C_MA_-_2.JPG/255px-Nathaniel_Prentice_Banks_statue%2C_Waltham%2C_MA_-_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Nathaniel_Prentice_Banks_statue%2C_Waltham%2C_MA_-_2.JPG/340px-Nathaniel_Prentice_Banks_statue%2C_Waltham%2C_MA_-_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Banks by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson_Kitson" title="Henry Hudson Kitson">Henry Hudson Kitson</a> in <a href="/wiki/Waltham,_Massachusetts" title="Waltham, Massachusetts">Waltham, Massachusetts</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Fort_Banks_(Massachusetts)" title="Fort Banks (Massachusetts)">Fort Banks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Winthrop,_Massachusetts" title="Winthrop, Massachusetts">Winthrop, Massachusetts</a>, built in the late 1890s, was named for him.<sup id="cite_ref-whc_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whc-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A statue of him stands in Waltham's <a href="/wiki/Central_Square_Historic_District_(Waltham,_Massachusetts)" title="Central Square Historic District (Waltham, Massachusetts)">Central Square</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth1998254_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth1998254-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Banks Street in New Orleans is named after him, as is Banks Court in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>'s Gold Coast neighborhood.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The incorporated village of Banks, Michigan, was named for him in 1871.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Gale-Banks_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale-Banks House">Gale-Banks House</a>, his home in Waltham from 1855 to his death, is listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NRHP_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRHP-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel_P._Banks&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/28px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/42px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/56px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="1875" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War" title="Portal:American Civil War">American Civil War portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_generals_(Union)" title="List of American Civil War generals (Union)">List of American Civil War generals (Union)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Massachusetts_generals_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of Massachusetts generals in the American Civil War">List of Massachusetts generals in the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Massachusetts in the American Civil War">Massachusetts in the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Bibliography of the American Civil War">Bibliography of the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_American_Civil_War_military_leaders" title="Bibliography of American Civil War military leaders">Bibliography of American Civil War military leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Kendall_Hosmer" title="James Kendall Hosmer">James Kendall Hosmer</a>, American historian who served under Major-General Banks</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel_P._Banks&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Many short biographical summaries spell his middle name "Prentiss." He is known to have spelled it "Prentice".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth19983-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth19983_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollandsworth1998">Hollandsworth 1998</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth19984-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth19984_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollandsworth1998">Hollandsworth 1998</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington19483-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington19483_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington1948">Harrington 1948</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReef2009327-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReef2009327_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReef2009">Reef 2009</a>, p. 327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenberg200441-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosenberg200441_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosenberg2004">Rosenberg 2004</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth19985–8-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth19985–8_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollandsworth1998">Hollandsworth 1998</a>, pp. 5–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington19484-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington19484_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington1948">Harrington 1948</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth19988–9-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth19988–9_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollandsworth1998">Hollandsworth 1998</a>, pp. 8–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington19488-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington19488_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington1948">Harrington 1948</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanks20059–25-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanks20059–25_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanks2005">Banks 2005</a>, pp. 9–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199810-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199810_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollandsworth1998">Hollandsworth 1998</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199810–11-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199810–11_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollandsworth1998">Hollandsworth 1998</a>, pp. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199812-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199812_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollandsworth1998">Hollandsworth 1998</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199813–14-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199813–14_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollandsworth1998">Hollandsworth 1998</a>, pp. 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington194810-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington194810_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington1948">Harrington 1948</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199815–16-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199815–16_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollandsworth1998">Hollandsworth 1998</a>, pp. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199816–17-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199816–17_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollandsworth1998">Hollandsworth 1998</a>, pp. 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington194818–21-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington194818–21_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington1948">Harrington 1948</a>, pp. 18–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199820–21-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199820–21_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollandsworth1998">Hollandsworth 1998</a>, pp. 20–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington194819-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington194819_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington1948">Harrington 1948</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199822–23-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199822–23_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollandsworth1998">Hollandsworth 1998</a>, pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington194823–25-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington194823–25_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington1948">Harrington 1948</a>, pp. 23–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199824-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199824_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollandsworth1998">Hollandsworth 1998</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington194826-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington194826_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington1948">Harrington 1948</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199825–27-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199825–27_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollandsworth1998">Hollandsworth 1998</a>, pp. 25–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington194831-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington194831_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington1948">Harrington 1948</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199828-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199828_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollandsworth1998">Hollandsworth 1998</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199830–33-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199830–33_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollandsworth1998">Hollandsworth 1998</a>, pp. 30–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199834–35-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199834–35_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollandsworth1998">Hollandsworth 1998</a>, pp. 34–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoss-Hubbard1995173–174-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoss-Hubbard1995173–174_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoss-Hubbard1995173–174_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVoss-Hubbard1995">Voss-Hubbard 1995</a>, pp. 173–174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVon_Frank19981-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVon_Frank19981_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVon_Frank1998">Von Frank 1998</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington194846-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington194846_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington1948">Harrington 1948</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199837–38-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199837–38_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199837–38_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollandsworth1998">Hollandsworth 1998</a>, pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaum198448-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaum198448_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaum1984">Baum 1984</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington194847–48-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington194847–48_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington1948">Harrington 1948</a>, pp. 47–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199840–41-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199840–41_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollandsworth1998">Hollandsworth 1998</a>, pp. 40–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington194848-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington194848_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington1948">Harrington 1948</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pearson, pp. 1:119–120,123–128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington194852-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington194852_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington194852_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington1948">Harrington 1948</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington194850-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington194850_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington1948">Harrington 1948</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199844-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199844_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollandsworth1998">Hollandsworth 1998</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199843-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199843_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollandsworth1998">Hollandsworth 1998</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaum198457-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaum198457_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaum1984">Baum 1984</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington194852–53-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington194852–53_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington1948">Harrington 1948</a>, pp. 52–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Work, pp. 10–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington194855-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington194855_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington1948">Harrington 1948</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199844–45-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199844–45_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollandsworth1998">Hollandsworth 1998</a>, pp. 44–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199846–48-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199846–48_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollandsworth1998">Hollandsworth 1998</a>, pp. 46–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris66-80-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harris66-80_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris66-80_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris, pp. 66–80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Work, pp. 160–161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Work, pp. 58–59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Work, pp. 60–61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Work, pp. 61–63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington194879-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington194879_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington1948">Harrington 1948</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. Oxford History of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-503863-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-503863-0">0-19-503863-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Work, p. 69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington194884-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington194884_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington1948">Harrington 1948</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199881-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199881_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollandsworth1998">Hollandsworth 1998</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington194885-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington194885_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington1948">Harrington 1948</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199883–85-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199883–85_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollandsworth1998">Hollandsworth 1998</a>, pp. 83–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199884–86-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth199884–86_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollandsworth1998">Hollandsworth 1998</a>, pp. 84–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winters146-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Winters146_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winters, p. 146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington194894–103-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington194894–103_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington1948">Harrington 1948</a>, pp. 94–103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Work, p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patterson, pp. 76–77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dupree, pp. 25–30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Work100-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Work100_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Work100_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Work, p. 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dupree, pp. 32–33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dupree, pp. 41–44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dupree, pp. 42–44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dupree, p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Work104-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Work104_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Work104_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Work, p. 104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dupree, pp. 44–47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dupree, p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patterson, p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hewitt, pp. 174–178</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dupree, pp. 49–51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dupree, pp. 55–61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dupree, pp. 70–74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, pp. 1–36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Work, p. 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Work, pp. 123–128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948160–162-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948160–162_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington1948">Harrington 1948</a>, pp. 160–162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Work, pp. 123–124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robertson, pp. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Work, p. 128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robertson, p. 168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Work, p. 127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joiner, p. 160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Otto, p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dawson, pp. 11–14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948108–110-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948108–110_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington1948">Harrington 1948</a>, pp. 108–110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dawson, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tunnell, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dawson, pp. 16–18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dawson, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tunnell, p. 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dawson, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948163–165-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948163–165_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington1948">Harrington 1948</a>, pp. 163–165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dawson, pp. 19–23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Capers, pp. 117–119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, p. xxvii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101241/http://suvcw.org/mollus/orgmem/OrgmemB.htm">"Original Companions of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States: Surnames Beginning with the Letter B"</a>. MOLLUS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://suvcw.org/mollus/orgmem/OrgmemB.htm">the original</a> on March 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Original+Companions+of+the+Military+Order+of+the+Loyal+Legion+of+the+United+States%3A+Surnames+Beginning+with+the+Letter+B&rft.pub=MOLLUS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsuvcw.org%2Fmollus%2Forgmem%2FOrgmemB.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathaniel+P.+Banks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948169–170-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948169–170_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington1948">Harrington 1948</a>, pp. 169–170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948175-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948175_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington1948">Harrington 1948</a>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948171-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948171_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington1948">Harrington 1948</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richards, pp. 219–221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaum1984169-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaum1984169_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaum1984">Baum 1984</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Keys2014" class="citation news cs1">David Keys (June 24, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/historians-reveal-secrets-of-uk-gunrunning-which-lengthened-the-american-civil-war-by-two-years-9557937.html">"Historians reveal secrets of UK gun-running which lengthened the American civil war by two years"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Historians+reveal+secrets+of+UK+gun-running+which+lengthened+the+American+civil+war+by+two+years&rft.date=2014-06-24&rft.au=David+Keys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Farchaeology%2Fhistorians-reveal-secrets-of-uk-gunrunning-which-lengthened-the-american-civil-war-by-two-years-9557937.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathaniel+P.+Banks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948175–178-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948175–178_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington1948">Harrington 1948</a>, pp. 175–178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948180-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948180_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington1948">Harrington 1948</a>, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948181-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948181_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington1948">Harrington 1948</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948182–183-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948182–183_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington1948">Harrington 1948</a>, pp. 182–183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanks20051312–1317-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanks20051312–1317_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanks2005">Banks 2005</a>, pp. 1312–1317.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948183-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948183_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington1948">Harrington 1948</a>, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948188–190-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948188–190_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington1948">Harrington 1948</a>, pp. 188–190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948191-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948191_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington1948">Harrington 1948</a>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948198–201-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948198–201_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington1948">Harrington 1948</a>, pp. 198–201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948203-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948203_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington1948">Harrington 1948</a>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948204–205-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948204–205_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington1948">Harrington 1948</a>, pp. 204–205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948205-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948205_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington1948">Harrington 1948</a>, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948206–207-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrington1948206–207_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarrington1948">Harrington 1948</a>, pp. 206–207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth1998248–249-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth1998248–249_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollandsworth1998">Hollandsworth 1998</a>, pp. 248–249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth1998249–250-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth1998249–250_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollandsworth1998">Hollandsworth 1998</a>, pp. 249–250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth1998252–253-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth1998252–253_126-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth1998252–253_126-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollandsworth1998">Hollandsworth 1998</a>, pp. 252–253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth1998251–252-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth1998251–252_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollandsworth1998">Hollandsworth 1998</a>, pp. 251–252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whc-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-whc_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plaque on site provided by Winthrop Historical Commission. Photographed October 19, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth1998254-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollandsworth1998254_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollandsworth1998">Hollandsworth 1998</a>, p. 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725165215/http://www.chsmedia.org/househistory/nameChanges/start.pdf">"Chicago Streets"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Chicago History Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chsmedia.org/househistory/namechanges/start.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 25, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chicago+Streets&rft.pub=Chicago+History+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chsmedia.org%2Fhousehistory%2Fnamechanges%2Fstart.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathaniel+P.+Banks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NRHP-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NRHP_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mhc-macris.net/details?mhcid=wlt.249">"MACRIS inventory record and NRHP nomination for Gale-Banks House"</a>. Commonwealth of Massachusetts<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MACRIS+inventory+record+and+NRHP+nomination+for+Gale-Banks+House&rft.pub=Commonwealth+of+Massachusetts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmhc-macris.net%2Fdetails%3Fmhcid%3Dwlt.249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathaniel+P.+Banks" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel_P._Banks&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanks2005" class="citation book cs1">Banks, Raymond H (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/nathanielpbanksbiography/"><i>The King of Louisiana, 1862–1865, and Other Government Work: A Biography of Major General Nathaniel Prentice Banks</i></a>. Las Vegas, NV: self-published. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/63270945">63270945</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+King+of+Louisiana%2C+1862%E2%80%931865%2C+and+Other+Government+Work%3A+A+Biography+of+Major+General+Nathaniel+Prentice+Banks&rft.place=Las+Vegas%2C+NV&rft.pub=self-published&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F63270945&rft.aulast=Banks&rft.aufirst=Raymond+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Fnathanielpbanksbiography%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathaniel+P.+Banks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaum1984" class="citation book cs1">Baum, Dale (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/civilwarpartysys0000baum"><i>The Civil War Party System: The Case of Massachusetts, 1848–1876</i></a></span>. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-1588-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-1588-5"><bdi>978-0-8078-1588-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civil+War+Party+System%3A+The+Case+of+Massachusetts%2C+1848%E2%80%931876&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-1588-5&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcivilwarpartysys0000baum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathaniel+P.+Banks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapers2015" class="citation book cs1">Capers, Gerald (2015). <i>Occupied City: New Orleans Under the Federals 1862–1865</i>. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-6237-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-6237-9"><bdi>978-0-8131-6237-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/900345154">900345154</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Occupied+City%3A+New+Orleans+Under+the+Federals+1862%E2%80%931865&rft.place=Lexington%2C+KY&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F900345154&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-6237-9&rft.aulast=Capers&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathaniel+P.+Banks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawson1994" class="citation book cs1">Dawson, Joseph (1994). <i>Army Generals and Reconstruction: Louisiana 1862–1877</i>. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-1960-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-1960-0"><bdi>978-0-8071-1960-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31399333">31399333</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Army+Generals+and+Reconstruction%3A+Louisiana+1862%E2%80%931877&rft.place=Baton+Rouge%2C+LA&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31399333&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-1960-0&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathaniel+P.+Banks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDupree2008" class="citation book cs1">Dupree, Stephen (2008). <i>Planting the Union flag in Texas: The Campaigns of Major General Nathaniel P. Banks in the West</i>. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-641-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-641-4"><bdi>978-1-58544-641-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/153772989">153772989</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Planting+the+Union+flag+in+Texas%3A+The+Campaigns+of+Major+General+Nathaniel+P.+Banks+in+the+West&rft.place=College+Station%2C+TX&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F153772989&rft.isbn=978-1-58544-641-4&rft.aulast=Dupree&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathaniel+P.+Banks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrington1948" class="citation book cs1">Harrington, Fred Harvey (1948). <i>Fighting Politician: Major General N. P. Banks</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+Politician%3A+Major+General+N.+P.+Banks&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Harrington&rft.aufirst=Fred+Harvey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathaniel+P.+Banks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewitt1994" class="citation book cs1">Hewitt, Lawrence Lee (1994). <i>Port Hudson, Confederate Bastion on the Mississippi</i>. Baton Rouge, LA: LSU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-1961-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-1961-7"><bdi>978-0-8071-1961-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31399457">31399457</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Port+Hudson%2C+Confederate+Bastion+on+the+Mississippi&rft.place=Baton+Rouge%2C+LA&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31399457&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-1961-7&rft.aulast=Hewitt&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathaniel+P.+Banks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogarty2002" class="citation book cs1">Hogarty, Richard (2002). <i>Massachusetts Politics and Public Policy: Studies in Power and Leadership</i>. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55849-362-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55849-362-9"><bdi>978-1-55849-362-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48655943">48655943</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Massachusetts+Politics+and+Public+Policy%3A+Studies+in+Power+and+Leadership&rft.place=Amherst%2C+MA&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48655943&rft.isbn=978-1-55849-362-9&rft.aulast=Hogarty&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathaniel+P.+Banks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollandsworth1998" class="citation book cs1">Hollandsworth, James (1998). <i>Pretense of Glory: The Life of General Nathaniel P. Banks</i>. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-2293-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-2293-9"><bdi>0-8071-2293-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pretense+of+Glory%3A+The+Life+of+General+Nathaniel+P.+Banks&rft.place=Baton+Rouge%2C+LA&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8071-2293-9&rft.aulast=Hollandsworth&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathaniel+P.+Banks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1993" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Ludwell H (1993) [1958]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/redrivercampaign0000john"><i>Red River Campaign: Politics and Cotton in the Civil War</i></a>. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-486-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-486-5"><bdi>978-0-87338-486-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/27035762">27035762</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+River+Campaign%3A+Politics+and+Cotton+in+the+Civil+War&rft.place=Kent%2C+OH&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F27035762&rft.isbn=978-0-87338-486-5&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Ludwell+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fredrivercampaign0000john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathaniel+P.+Banks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoiner2002" class="citation book cs1">Joiner, Gary (2002). <i>One Damn Blunder from Beginning to End: The Red River Campaign of 1864</i>. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8420-2936-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8420-2936-0"><bdi>978-0-8420-2936-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/225998148">225998148</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Damn+Blunder+from+Beginning+to+End%3A+The+Red+River+Campaign+of+1864&rft.place=Wilmington%2C+DE&rft.pub=Scholarly+Resources&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F225998148&rft.isbn=978-0-8420-2936-0&rft.aulast=Joiner&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathaniel+P.+Banks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtto2010" class="citation book cs1">Otto, David (August 17, 2010). <i>Insiders Guide to Shreveport</i>. Guilford, CT: Footprint. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-6340-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-6340-5"><bdi>978-0-7627-6340-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/841494950">841494950</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insiders+Guide+to+Shreveport&rft.place=Guilford%2C+CT&rft.pub=Footprint&rft.date=2010-08-17&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F841494950&rft.isbn=978-0-7627-6340-5&rft.aulast=Otto&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathaniel+P.+Banks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson2014" class="citation book cs1">Patterson, Benton Rain (2014). <i>Lincoln's Political Generals: The Battlefield Performance of Seven Controversial Appointees</i>. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7857-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7857-6"><bdi>978-0-7864-7857-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/877370980">877370980</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln%27s+Political+Generals%3A+The+Battlefield+Performance+of+Seven+Controversial+Appointees&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F877370980&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-7857-6&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Benton+Rain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathaniel+P.+Banks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson1904" class="citation book cs1">Pearson, Henry (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifejohnaandrew00peargoog"><i>The Life of John A. Andrew</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: Houghton, Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1453615">1453615</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+John+A.+Andrew&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Houghton%2C+Mifflin&rft.date=1904&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1453615&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifejohnaandrew00peargoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathaniel+P.+Banks" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofjohnaandre00inpear">Volume 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifejohnaandrew00peargoog">Volume 2</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReef2009" class="citation book cs1">Reef, Catherine (2009). <i>Education and Learning in America</i>. New York: Facts on File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2690-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2690-6"><bdi>978-1-4381-2690-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/435912035">435912035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education+and+Learning+in+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F435912035&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-2690-6&rft.aulast=Reef&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathaniel+P.+Banks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2015" class="citation book cs1">Richards, Leonard (2015). <i>Who Freed the Slaves?: The Fight Over the Thirteenth Amendment</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-17820-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-17820-2"><bdi>978-0-226-17820-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/881469687">881469687</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Freed+the+Slaves%3F%3A+The+Fight+Over+the+Thirteenth+Amendment&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F881469687&rft.isbn=978-0-226-17820-2&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathaniel+P.+Banks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson2016" class="citation book cs1">Robertson, Henry (2016). <i>The Red River Campaign and Its Toll: 69 Bloody Days in Louisiana, March-May 1864</i>. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-2447-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-2447-1"><bdi>978-1-4766-2447-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/946887780">946887780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Red+River+Campaign+and+Its+Toll%3A+69+Bloody+Days+in+Louisiana%2C+March-May+1864&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F946887780&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-2447-1&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathaniel+P.+Banks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg2004" class="citation book cs1">Rosenberg, Chaim (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatworkshop00chai"><i>The Great Workshop: Boston's Victorian Age</i></a>. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-2468-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-2468-9"><bdi>978-0-7385-2468-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60246514">60246514</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Workshop%3A+Boston%27s+Victorian+Age&rft.place=Charleston%2C+SC&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60246514&rft.isbn=978-0-7385-2468-9&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Chaim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatworkshop00chai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathaniel+P.+Banks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1903" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Justin Harvey (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historiebookedon00smituoft"><i>The Historie Booke: Done to Keep in Lasting Remembrance the Joyous Meeting of the Honourable Artillery Company of London and the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of the Massachusetts in the Towne of Boston, A.D. 1903</i></a>. Norwood, MA: The Norwood Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3623362">3623362</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historie+Booke%3A+Done+to+Keep+in+Lasting+Remembrance+the+Joyous+Meeting+of+the+Honourable+Artillery+Company+of+London+and+the+Ancient+and+Honorable+Artillery+Company+of+the+Massachusetts+in+the+Towne+of+Boston%2C+A.D.+1903&rft.place=Norwood%2C+MA&rft.pub=The+Norwood+Press&rft.date=1903&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3623362&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Justin+Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoriebookedon00smituoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathaniel+P.+Banks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVon_Frank1998" class="citation book cs1">Von Frank, Albert (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trialsofanthonyb00vonf"><i>The Trials of Anthony Burns</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03954-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03954-4"><bdi>978-0-674-03954-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37721476">37721476</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trials+of+Anthony+Burns&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37721476&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03954-4&rft.aulast=Von+Frank&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrialsofanthonyb00vonf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathaniel+P.+Banks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoss-Hubbard1995" class="citation journal cs1">Voss-Hubbard, Mark (August 1995). "The Political Culture of Emancipation: Morality, Politics, and the State in Garrisonian Abolitionism, 1854–1863". <i>Journal of American Studies</i>. <b>29</b> (2): 159–184. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021875800020806">10.1017/S0021875800020806</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27555920">27555920</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145353199">145353199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Political+Culture+of+Emancipation%3A+Morality%2C+Politics%2C+and+the+State+in+Garrisonian+Abolitionism%2C+1854%E2%80%931863&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=159-184&rft.date=1995-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145353199%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27555920%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021875800020806&rft.aulast=Voss-Hubbard&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathaniel+P.+Banks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTunnell1984" class="citation book cs1">Tunnell, Ted (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crucibleofrecons0000tunn"><i>Crucible of Reconstruction: War, Radicalism and Race in Louisiana; 1862–1877</i></a></span>. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-1803-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-1803-0"><bdi>978-0-8071-1803-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crucible+of+Reconstruction%3A+War%2C+Radicalism+and+Race+in+Louisiana%3B+1862%E2%80%931877&rft.place=Baton+Rouge%2C+LA&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-1803-0&rft.aulast=Tunnell&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrucibleofrecons0000tunn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathaniel+P.+Banks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWork2012" class="citation book cs1">Work, David (2012) [2009]. <i>Lincoln's Political Generals</i>. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07861-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-07861-3"><bdi>978-0-252-07861-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/776777739">776777739</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln%27s+Political+Generals&rft.place=Urbana%2C+IL&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F776777739&rft.isbn=978-0-252-07861-3&rft.aulast=Work&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathaniel+P.+Banks" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel_P._Banks&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowen1889" class="citation book cs1">Bowen, James L (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_K0tLhkfW1wwC"><i>Massachusetts in the War 1861–1865</i></a>. Springfield, MA: Clark W. Bryan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Massachusetts+in+the+War+1861%E2%80%931865&rft.place=Springfield%2C+MA&rft.pub=Clark+W.+Bryan&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Bowen&rft.aufirst=James+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_K0tLhkfW1wwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathaniel+P.+Banks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEicherEicher2001" class="citation book cs1">Eicher, John H; Eicher, David J (2001). <i>Civil War High Commands</i>. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-3641-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-3641-3"><bdi>0-8047-3641-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+War+High+Commands&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8047-3641-3&rft.aulast=Eicher&rft.aufirst=John+H&rft.au=Eicher%2C+David+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathaniel+P.+Banks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner1964" class="citation book cs1">Warner, Ezra J (1964). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generalsinblueli0000warn"><i>Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders</i></a></span>. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-0822-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-0822-7"><bdi>0-8071-0822-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Generals+in+Blue%3A+Lives+of+the+Union+Commanders&rft.place=Baton+Rouge%2C+LA&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=0-8071-0822-7&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Ezra+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeneralsinblueli0000warn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathaniel+P.+Banks" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel_P._Banks&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nathaniel_Prentice_Banks" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nathaniel Prentice Banks">Nathaniel Prentice Banks</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of a <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article about <span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Banks,_Nathaniel_Prentiss" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Banks, Nathaniel Prentiss">Nathaniel P. Banks</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/nathanielpbanksbiography/">Website of Banks links</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoplease.com/biography/us/congress/banks-nathaniel-prentice.html">Infoplease biography</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Banks, Nathaniel Prentice"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Banks,_Nathaniel_Prentice">"Banks, Nathaniel Prentice" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography" title="Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography">Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography</a></i>. 1900.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Banks%2C+Nathaniel+Prentice&rft.btitle=Appletons%27+Cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+American+Biography&rft.date=1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathaniel+P.+Banks" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Wikisource" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Biographical_Dictionary_of_America/Banks,_Nathaniel_Prentiss" class="extiw" title="s:The Biographical Dictionary of America/Banks, Nathaniel Prentiss">Banks, Nathaniel Prentiss</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Biographical_Dictionary_of_America" title="The Biographical Dictionary of America">The Biographical Dictionary of America</a></i>. Vol. 1. 1906. pp. 206–207.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Banks%2C+Nathaniel+Prentiss&rft.btitle=The+Biographical+Dictionary+of+America&rft.pages=206-207&rft.date=1906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathaniel+P.+Banks" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressB000116" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B000116">"BANKS, Nathaniel Prentice (id: B000116)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=BANKS%2C+Nathaniel+Prentice+%28id%3A+B000116%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DB000116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathaniel+P.+Banks" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gardner" title="Henry Gardner">Henry Gardner</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Governor of Massachusetts</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1857_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1857 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">1857</a>, <a href="/wiki/1858_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1858 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">1858</a>, <a href="/wiki/1859_Massachusetts_gubernatorial_election" title="1859 Massachusetts gubernatorial election">1859</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Albion_Andrew" title="John Albion Andrew">John Albion Andrew</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Patterson" title="Robert Patterson">Robert Patterson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army_of_the_Shenandoah" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army of the Shenandoah">Department of the Shenandoah</a> </b><br />July 25, 1861 – March 18, 1862 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Command reorganized as <a href="/wiki/XII_Corps_(ACW)" class="mw-redirect" title="XII Corps (ACW)">V Corps</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself as Commander of <a href="/wiki/XII_Corps_(ACW)" class="mw-redirect" title="XII Corps (ACW)">Department of the Shenandoah</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Commander of <a href="/wiki/XII_Corps_(ACW)" class="mw-redirect" title="XII Corps (ACW)">V Corps</a> </b><br />March 18, 1862–4 April 1862 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Command reorganized as <a href="/wiki/XII_Corps_(ACW)" class="mw-redirect" title="XII Corps (ACW)">Department of the Shenandoah</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself as commander of <a href="/wiki/XII_Corps_(ACW)" class="mw-redirect" title="XII Corps (ACW)">V Corps</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Commander of the <a href="/wiki/XII_Corps_(ACW)" class="mw-redirect" title="XII Corps (ACW)">Department of the Shenandoah</a> </b><br />April 4, 1862 – June 26, 1862 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Command reorganized as II Corps <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Virginia" title="Army of Virginia">Army of Virginia</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself as Commander of <a href="/wiki/XII_Corps_(ACW)" class="mw-redirect" title="XII Corps (ACW)">Department of the Shenandoah</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Commander of II Corps <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Virginia" title="Army of Virginia">Army of Virginia</a> </b><br />June 26, 1862 – September 12, 1862 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alpheus_S._Williams" title="Alpheus S. Williams">Alpheus S. Williams</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Butler (politician)">Benjamin Butler</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Gulf" title="Department of the Gulf">Department of the Gulf</a> </b><br />December 15, 1862 – September 23, 1864 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Hurlbut" title="Stephen A. Hurlbut">Stephen A. Hurlbut</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gardner" title="Henry Gardner">Henry J. Gardner</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Governor of Massachusetts</a> </b><br />January 7, 1858 – January 3, 1861 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Albion_Andrew" title="John Albion Andrew">John A. Andrew</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Z._Goodrich" title="John Z. Goodrich">John Z. Goodrich</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">U.S. House of Representatives</a> <br />from <span data-sort-value="Massachusetts07 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_7th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 7th congressional district">Massachusetts's 7th congressional district</a></span> </b><br />March 4, 1853 – December 24, 1857 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_W._Gooch" title="Daniel W. Gooch">Daniel W. Gooch</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Linn_Boyd" title="Linn Boyd">Linn Boyd</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives</a> </b><br />February 2, 1856 – March 3, 1857 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence_Orr" title="James Lawrence Orr">James L. Orr</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_W._Gooch" title="Daniel W. Gooch">Daniel W. Gooch</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">U.S. House of Representatives</a> <br />from <span data-sort-value="Massachusetts06 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_6th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 6th congressional district">Massachusetts's 6th congressional district</a></span> </b><br />December 4, 1865 – March 3, 1873 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Butler (politician)">Benjamin Butler</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_W._Gooch" title="Daniel W. Gooch">Daniel W. Gooch</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">U.S. House of Representatives</a> <br />from <span data-sort-value="Massachusetts05 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 5th congressional district">Massachusetts's 5th congressional district</a></span> </b><br />March 4, 1875 – March 3, 1879 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Z._Bowman" title="Selwyn Z. Bowman">Selwyn Z. Bowman</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_D._Hayden" title="Edward D. Hayden">Edward D. Hayden</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">U.S. House of Representatives</a> <br />from <span data-sort-value="Massachusetts05 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 5th congressional district">Massachusetts's 5th congressional district</a></span> </b><br />March 4, 1889 – March 3, 1891 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Hoar" title="Sherman Hoar">Sherman Hoar</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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from Massachusetts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts01 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_1st_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 1st congressional district">1st district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_Ames" title="Fisher Ames">F. Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dexter" title="Samuel Dexter">Dexter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Goodhue" title="Benjamin Goodhue">Goodhue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Holten" title="Samuel Holten">Holten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sedgwick" title="Theodore Sedgwick">Sedgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomson_J._Skinner" title="Thomson J. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sedgwick" title="Theodore Sedgwick">Sedgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bacon_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="John Bacon (Massachusetts politician)">J. Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Eustis" title="William Eustis">Eustis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Quincy_III" title="Josiah Quincy III">Quincy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_Ward_Jr." title="Artemas Ward Jr.">Ward Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Mason_(politician)" title="Jonathan Mason (politician)">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gorham" title="Benjamin Gorham">Gorham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gorham" title="Benjamin Gorham">Gorham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Appleton" title="Nathan Appleton">N. Appleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gorham" title="Benjamin Gorham">Gorham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott_Lawrence" title="Abbott Lawrence">A. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Fletcher_(American_politician)" title="Richard Fletcher (American politician)">Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott_Lawrence" title="Abbott Lawrence">A. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_Winthrop" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Charles Winthrop">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Appleton" title="Nathan Appleton">N. Appleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_Winthrop" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Charles Winthrop">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Atkins_Eliot_(politician)" title="Samuel Atkins Eliot (politician)">S. Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleton_(politician)" title="William Appleton (politician)">W. Appleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_Scudder" title="Zeno Scudder">Scudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_D._Eliot" title="Thomas D. Eliot">T. D. Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bernard_Hall" title="Robert Bernard Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_D._Eliot" title="Thomas D. Eliot">T. D. Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buffington_(politician)" title="James Buffington (politician)">Buffington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Crapo" title="William W. Crapo">Crapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Davis" title="Robert T. Davis">R. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Randall" title="Charles S. Randall">Randall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashley_B._Wright" title="Ashley B. Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_P._Lawrence" title="George P. Lawrence">G. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_T._Treadway" title="Allen T. Treadway">Treadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Heselton" title="John W. Heselton">Heselton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_O._Conte" title="Silvio O. Conte">Conte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Olver" title="John Olver">Olver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neal" title="Richard Neal">Neal</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="21" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></span></span><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/100px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/150px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/200px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="900" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts02 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_2nd_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district">2nd district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Goodhue" title="Benjamin Goodhue">Goodhue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_Foster_(politician,_born_1757)" title="Dwight Foster (politician, born 1757)">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyman_(congressman)" title="William Lyman (congressman)">W. Lyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sedgwick" title="Theodore Sedgwick">Sedgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_Ward" title="Artemas Ward">Ward Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyman_(congressman)" title="William Lyman (congressman)">W. Lyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shepard" title="William Shepard">Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Crowninshield" title="Jacob Crowninshield">J. Crowninshield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Pickman_Jr." title="Benjamin Pickman Jr.">Pickman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Reed_(politician)" title="William Reed (politician)">W. Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Pickering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Silsbee" title="Nathaniel Silsbee">Silsbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Barstow" title="Gideon Barstow">Barstow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Williams_Crowninshield" title="Benjamin Williams Crowninshield">B. Crowninshield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Choate" title="Rufus Choate">Choate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_C._Phillips" title="Stephen C. Phillips">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall_I" title="Leverett Saltonstall I">Saltonstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_P._King" title="Daniel P. King">D. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rantoul_Jr." title="Robert Rantoul Jr.">Rantoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_B._Fay" title="Francis B. Fay">Fay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Crocker" title="Samuel L. Crocker">Crocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buffington_(politician)" title="James Buffington (politician)">Buffington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakes_Ames" title="Oakes Ames">O. Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_W._Harris" title="Benjamin W. Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_Long" title="John Davis Long">Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_A._Morse" title="Elijah A. Morse">E. Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Gillett" title="Frederick H. Gillett">Gillett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Churchill" title="George B. Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Bowles" title="Henry L. Bowles">Bowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kirk_Kaynor" title="Will Kirk Kaynor">Kaynor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Granfield" title="William J. Granfield">Granfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Clason" title="Charles R. Clason">Clason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_Furcolo" title="Foster Furcolo">Furcolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Boland" title="Edward Boland">Boland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Neal" title="Richard Neal">Neal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_McGovern_(American_politician)" title="Jim McGovern (American politician)">McGovern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts03 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_3rd_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 3rd congressional district">3rd district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Gerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shearjashub_Bourne" title="Shearjashub Bourne">Bourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peleg_Coffin_Jr." title="Peleg Coffin Jr.">Coffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Lyman" title="Samuel Lyman">S. Lyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Mattoon" title="Ebenezer Mattoon">Mattoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasseh_Cutler" title="Manasseh Cutler">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Nelson" title="Jeremiah Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_St._Loe_Livermore" title="Edward St. Loe Livermore">Livermore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_White_(politician)" title="Leonard White (politician)">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Pickering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Nelson" title="Jeremiah Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Varnum" title="John Varnum">Varnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Nelson" title="Jeremiah Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayton_P._Osgood" title="Gayton P. Osgood">Osgood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Cushing" title="Caleb Cushing">Cushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Abbott" title="Amos Abbott">A. Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Duncan" title="James H. Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Wiley_Edmands" title="J. Wiley Edmands">Edmands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Damrell" title="William S. Damrell">Damrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">C. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Thomas_(politician)" title="Benjamin Thomas (politician)">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Rice" title="Alexander H. Rice">A. Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginery_Twichell" title="Ginery Twichell">Twichell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whiting_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="William Whiting (Massachusetts politician)">Whiting I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Pierce" title="Henry L. Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walbridge_A._Field" title="Walbridge A. Field">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Dean" title="Benjamin Dean">B. Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walbridge_A._Field" title="Walbridge A. Field">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Ranney" title="Ambrose Ranney">Ranney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Morse" title="Leopold Morse">L. Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Andrew" title="John F. Andrew">J. Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_H._Walker" title="Joseph H. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Thayer" title="John R. Thayer">J. R. Thayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockwood_Hoar" title="Rockwood Hoar">R. Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Washburn" title="Charles G. Washburn">C. Washburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Thayer" title="John A. Thayer">J. A. Thayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wilder" title="William Wilder">Wilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Paige" title="Calvin Paige">Paige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_H._Foss" title="Frank H. Foss">F. Foss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Casey" title="Joseph E. Casey">Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_J._Philbin" title="Philip J. Philbin">Philbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Drinan" title="Robert Drinan">Drinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Donohue" title="Harold Donohue">Donohue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D._Early" title="Joseph D. Early">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Blute" title="Peter Blute">Blute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_McGovern_(American_politician)" title="Jim McGovern (American politician)">McGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niki_Tsongas" title="Niki Tsongas">N. Tsongas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lori_Trahan" title="Lori Trahan">Trahan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts04 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_4th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 4th congressional district">4th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sedgwick" title="Theodore Sedgwick">Sedgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dearborn" title="Henry Dearborn">Dearborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Thatcher" title="George Thatcher">G. Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peleg_Wadsworth" title="Peleg Wadsworth">Wadsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_Foster_(politician,_born_1757)" title="Dwight Foster (politician, born 1757)">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Sr." title="Levi Lincoln Sr.">L. Lincoln Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Hastings" title="Seth Hastings">Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bradley_Varnum" title="Joseph Bradley Varnum">Varnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Richardson" title="William M. Richardson">W. Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dana_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Samuel Dana (Massachusetts politician)">Dana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asahel_Stearns" title="Asahel Stearns">Stearns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Fuller" title="Timothy Fuller">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">E. Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hoar" title="Samuel Hoar">Sa. Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Parmenter" title="William Parmenter">Parmenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson_(politician)" title="Benjamin Thompson (politician)">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Palfrey" title="John G. Palfrey">Palfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Thompson_(politician)" title="Benjamin Thompson (politician)">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Sabine" title="Lorenzo Sabine">Sabine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_H._Walley" title="Samuel H. Walley">Walley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linus_B._Comins" title="Linus B. Comins">Comins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Rice" title="Alexander H. Rice">A. Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hooper" title="Samuel Hooper">Hooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_S._Frost" title="Rufus S. Frost">Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gardner_Abbott" title="Josiah Gardner Abbott">J. Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Morse" title="Leopold Morse">L. Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Collins_(mayor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Collins (mayor)">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_H._O%27Neil" title="Joseph H. O'Neil">O'Neil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_D._Apsley" title="Lewis D. Apsley">Apsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Weymouth" title="George W. Weymouth">Weymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Q._Tirrell" title="Charles Q. Tirrell">Tirrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Mitchell" title="John Joseph Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wilder" title="William Wilder">Wilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Winslow" title="Samuel Winslow">Winslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_R._Stobbs" title="George R. Stobbs">Stobbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehr_G._Holmes" title="Pehr G. Holmes">P. Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Donohue" title="Harold Donohue">Donohue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Drinan" title="Robert Drinan">Drinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barney_Frank" title="Barney Frank">Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Kennedy_III" title="Joe Kennedy III">Kennedy III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jake_Auchincloss" title="Jake Auchincloss">Auchincloss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts05 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 5th congressional district">5th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Partridge" title="George Partridge">Partridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shearjashub_Bourne" title="Shearjashub Bourne">Bourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Freeman_Jr." title="Nathaniel Freeman Jr.">Freeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemuel_Williams" title="Lemuel Williams">L. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dwight_(politician)" title="Thomas Dwight (politician)">T. Dwight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ely" title="William Ely">Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_H._Mills" title="Elijah H. Mills">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Lathrop" title="Samuel Lathrop">Lathrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Sibley" title="Jonas Sibley">Sibley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(Massachusetts_governor)" title="John Davis (Massachusetts governor)">J. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Jr." title="Levi Lincoln Jr.">L. Lincoln Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hudson_(American_politician)" title="Charles Hudson (American politician)">Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Allen_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Charles Allen (Massachusetts politician)">C. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleton_(politician)" title="William Appleton (politician)">W. Appleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anson_Burlingame" title="Anson Burlingame">Burlingame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleton_(politician)" title="William Appleton (politician)">W. Appleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hooper" title="Samuel Hooper">Hooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Alley" title="John B. Alley">Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_W._Gooch" title="Daniel W. Gooch">Gooch</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Z._Bowman" title="Selwyn Z. Bowman">Bowman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Morse" title="Leopold Morse">L. Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_D._Hayden" title="Edward D. Hayden">Hayden</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Hoar" title="Sherman Hoar">Sh. Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_T._Stevens" title="Moses T. Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shadrach_Knox" class="mw-redirect" title="William Shadrach Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butler_Ames" title="Butler Ames">B. Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Rogers" title="John Jacob Rogers">J. Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Nourse_Rogers" title="Edith Nourse Rogers">E. Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._Bradford_Morse" title="F. Bradford Morse">B. Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_W._Cronin" title="Paul W. Cronin">Cronin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tsongas" title="Paul Tsongas">P. Tsongas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Shannon_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="James Shannon (Massachusetts politician)">Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_G._Atkins" title="Chester G. Atkins">Atkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marty_Meehan" title="Marty Meehan">Meehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niki_Tsongas" title="Niki Tsongas">N. Tsongas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Markey" title="Ed Markey">Markey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Clark" title="Katherine Clark">Clark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts06 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_6th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 6th congressional district">6th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Thatcher" title="George Thatcher">G. Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Leonard_(congressman)" title="George Leonard (congressman)">Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reed_Sr." title="John Reed Sr.">J. Reed Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Smith" title="Josiah Smith">J. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taggart" title="Samuel Taggart">Taggart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Clesson_Allen" title="Samuel Clesson Allen">S. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="John Locke (Massachusetts politician)">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G._Kendall" title="Joseph G. Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grennell_Jr." title="George Grennell Jr.">Grennell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Alvord" title="James C. Alvord">Alvord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmyn_Baker" title="Osmyn Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ashmun" title="George Ashmun">Ashmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_T._Davis" title="George T. Davis">G. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wentworth_Upham" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Wentworth Upham">Upham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Davis_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Timothy Davis (Massachusetts politician)">T. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Alley" title="John B. Alley">Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_W._Gooch" title="Daniel W. Gooch">Gooch</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Perkins_Thompson" title="Charles Perkins Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Loring" title="George B. Loring">Loring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eben_F._Stone" title="Eben F. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Lovering" title="Henry B. Lovering">Lovering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cogswell" title="William Cogswell">Cogswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Moody" title="William Henry Moody">Moody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Peabody_Gardner" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus Peabody Gardner">Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willfred_W._Lufkin" title="Willfred W. Lufkin">Lufkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Piatt_Andrew" title="A. Piatt Andrew">A.P. Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Bates" title="George J. Bates">G. Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Bates" title="William H. Bates">W. Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Harrington" title="Michael J. Harrington">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Mavroules" title="Nicholas Mavroules">Mavroules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_G._Torkildsen" title="Peter G. Torkildsen">Torkildsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Tierney" title="John F. Tierney">Tierney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Moulton" title="Seth Moulton">Moulton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts07 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_7th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 7th congressional district">7th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Leonard_(congressman)" title="George Leonard (congressman)">Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_Ward" title="Artemas Ward">Ward Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Leonard_(congressman)" title="George Leonard (congressman)">Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Bullock" title="Stephen Bullock">Bullock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanuel_Bishop" title="Phanuel Bishop">Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum_Mitchell" title="Nahum Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barker_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Joseph Barker (Massachusetts politician)">Barker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baylies" title="William Baylies">Baylies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Turner_Jr." title="Charles Turner Jr.">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baylies" title="William Baylies">Baylies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Hulbert" title="John W. Hulbert">Hulbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Shaw_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Henry Shaw (Massachusetts politician)">Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_W._Dwight" title="Henry W. Dwight">H. Dwight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Clesson_Allen" title="Samuel Clesson Allen">S. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grennell_Jr." title="George Grennell Jr.">Grennell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_N._Briggs" title="George N. Briggs">Briggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Rockwell" title="Julius Rockwell">J. Rockwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Z._Goodrich" title="John Z. Goodrich">Goodrich</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_W._Gooch" title="Daniel W. Gooch">Gooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Boutwell" title="George S. Boutwell">Boutwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Brooks" title="George M. Brooks">Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_C._Esty" title="Constantine C. Esty">Esty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_R._Hoar" title="Ebenezer R. Hoar">E. Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_K._Tarbox" title="John K. Tarbox">Tarbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Russell_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="William A. Russell (Massachusetts politician)">W. Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eben_F._Stone" title="Eben F. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cogswell" title="William Cogswell">Cogswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Everett" title="William Everett">W. Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Emerson_Barrett" title="William Emerson Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_W._Roberts" title="Ernest W. Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Francis_Phelan" title="Michael Francis Phelan">Phelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Maloney" title="Robert S. Maloney">Maloney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Connery_Jr." title="William P. Connery Jr.">W. Connery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_J._Connery" title="Lawrence J. Connery">L. Connery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Lane" title="Thomas J. Lane">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torbert_Macdonald" title="Torbert Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Markey" title="Ed Markey">Markey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Capuano" title="Mike Capuano">Capuano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayanna_Pressley" title="Ayanna Pressley">Pressley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts08 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_8th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 8th congressional district">8th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Grout" title="Jonathan Grout">Grout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Thatcher" title="George Thatcher">G. Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_Ames" title="Fisher Ames">F. Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Gray_Otis_(politician)" title="Harrison Gray Otis (politician)">Otis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Eustis" title="William Eustis">Eustis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemuel_Williams" title="Lemuel Williams">L. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_L._Green" title="Isaiah L. Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Gardner" title="Gideon Gardner">Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_L._Green" title="Isaiah L. Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reed_Jr." title="John Reed Jr.">J. Reed Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baylies" title="William Baylies">Baylies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zabdiel_Sampson" title="Zabdiel Sampson">Sampson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Hobart" title="Aaron Hobart">Hobart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Lathrop" title="Samuel Lathrop">Lathrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_C._Bates" title="Isaac C. Bates">Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Calhoun" title="William B. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">J. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="Horace Mann">Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tappan_Wentworth" title="Tappan Wentworth">Wentworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauncey_L._Knapp" title="Chauncey L. Knapp">Knapp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Train" title="Charles R. Train">Train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Denison_Baldwin" class="mw-redirect" title="John Denison Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Hoar" title="George F. Hoar">G. Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._S._Williams" title="John M. S. Williams">J. M. S. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Warren" title="William W. Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Claflin" title="William Claflin">Claflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Candler" title="John W. Candler">Candler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Russell_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="William A. Russell (Massachusetts politician)">W Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Herbert_Allen" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Herbert Allen">C. H. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_T._Greenhalge" title="Frederic T. Greenhalge">Greenhalge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_T._Stevens" title="Moses T. Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_W._McCall" title="Samuel W. McCall">McCall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Simpson_Deitrick" title="Frederick Simpson Deitrick">Deitrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._Dallinger" title="Frederick W. Dallinger">Dallinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Irving_Thayer" title="Harry Irving Thayer">H. Thayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._Dallinger" title="Frederick W. Dallinger">Dallinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Daniel_Healey" title="Arthur Daniel Healey">Healey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angier_Goodwin" title="Angier Goodwin">Goodwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torbert_Macdonald" title="Torbert Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_II" title="Joseph P. Kennedy II">Kennedy II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Capuano" title="Mike Capuano">Capuano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lynch_(politician)" title="Stephen Lynch (politician)">Lynch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts09 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_9th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 9th congressional district">9th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bradley_Varnum" title="Joseph Bradley Varnum">Varnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanuel_Bishop" title="Phanuel Bishop">Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Dean" title="Josiah Dean">J. Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laban_Wheaton" title="Laban Wheaton">Wheaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reed_Jr." title="John Reed Jr.">J. Reed Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Folger_Jr." title="Walter Folger Jr.">Folger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reed_Jr." title="John Reed Jr.">J. Reed Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_W._Dwight" title="Henry W. Dwight">H. Dwight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_N._Briggs" title="George N. Briggs">Briggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jackson_(Massachusetts_politician,_born_1783)" title="William Jackson (Massachusetts politician, born 1783)">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Soden_Hastings" title="William Soden Hastings">Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Williams_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Henry Williams (Massachusetts politician)">H. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_Hale" title="Artemas Hale">Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orin_Fowler" title="Orin Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_P._Little" title="Edward P. Little">Little</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_De_Witt" title="Alexander De Witt">De Witt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Thayer" title="Eli Thayer">E. Thayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldsmith_Bailey" title="Goldsmith Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasa_Walker" title="Amasa Walker">A. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Washburn" title="William B. Washburn">W. Washburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvah_Crocker" title="Alvah Crocker">Crocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Hoar" title="George F. Hoar">G. Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Rice" title="William W. Rice">W. Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Lyman_III" title="Theodore Lyman III">T. Lyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_D._Ely" title="Frederick D. Ely">Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Burnett" title="Edward Burnett">Burnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Candler" title="John W. Candler">Candler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Williams" title="George F. Williams">G. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_H._O%27Neil" title="Joseph H. O'Neil">O'Neil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Fitzgerald" title="John F. Fitzgerald">Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Conry" title="Joseph A. Conry">Conry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Keliher" title="John A. Keliher">Keliher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Francis_Murray" title="William Francis Murray">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_W._Roberts" title="Ernest W. Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvan_T._Fuller" title="Alvan T. Fuller">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Underhill" title="Charles L. Underhill">Underhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Luce" title="Robert Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Russell" title="Richard M. Russell">R. Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Luce" title="Robert Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Eliot" title="Thomas H. Eliot">T. H. Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Gifford" title="Charles L. Gifford">Gifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_W._Nicholson" title="Donald W. Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Keith" title="Hastings Keith">Keith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">McCormack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Day_Hicks" title="Louise Day Hicks">Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Moakley" title="Joe Moakley">Moakley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lynch_(politician)" title="Stephen Lynch (politician)">Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Keating_(politician)" title="Bill Keating (politician)">Keating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts10 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_10th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 10th congressional district">10th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Goodhue" title="Benjamin Goodhue">Goodhue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sewall_(congressman)" title="Samuel Sewall (congressman)">Sewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Read" title="Nathan Read">Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Hastings" title="Seth Hastings">Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabez_Upham" title="Jabez Upham">Upham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Allen_(congressman)" title="Joseph Allen (congressman)">J. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Brigham" title="Elijah Brigham">Brigham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laban_Wheaton" title="Laban Wheaton">Wheaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Morton" title="Marcus Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Baylies" title="Francis Baylies">F Baylies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bailey_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="John Bailey (Massachusetts politician)">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Alexander_Scammell_Dearborn" title="Henry Alexander Scammell Dearborn">H. A. S. Dearborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baylies" title="William Baylies">W. Baylies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_B._Borden" title="Nathaniel B. Borden">Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Williams_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Henry Williams (Massachusetts politician)">H. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_B._Borden" title="Nathaniel B. Borden">Borden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barker_Burnell" title="Barker Burnell">Burnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Grinnell_(politician)" title="Joseph Grinnell (politician)">Grinnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_Scudder" title="Zeno Scudder">Scudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Dickinson" title="Edward Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_C._Chaffee" title="Calvin C. Chaffee">Chaffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Delano" title="Charles Delano">Delano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Dawes" title="Henry L. Dawes">Dawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvah_Crocker" title="Alvah Crocker">Crocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Stevens" title="Charles A. Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Hawley_Seelye" title="Julius Hawley Seelye">Seelye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasa_Norcross" title="Amasa Norcross">Norcross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Rice" title="William W. Rice">W. Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Russell" title="John E. Russell">J. E. Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_H._Walker" title="Joseph H. Walker">J. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_J._McEttrick" title="Michael J. McEttrick">McEttrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Henry_Atwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrison Henry Atwood">Atwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Barrows" title="Samuel J. Barrows">Barrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_F._Naphen" title="Henry F. Naphen">Naphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._McNary" title="William S. McNary">McNary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_F._O%27Connell" title="Joseph F. O'Connell">O'Connell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Michael_Curley" title="James Michael Curley">Curley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Francis_Murray" title="William Francis Murray">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Francis_Tague" title="Peter Francis Tague">Tague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Fitzgerald" title="John F. Fitzgerald">Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Francis_Tague" title="Peter Francis Tague">Tague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Douglass" title="John J. Douglass">Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Tinkham" title="George H. Tinkham">Tinkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Herter" title="Christian Herter">Herter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Curtis" title="Laurence Curtis">Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Heckler" title="Margaret Heckler">Heckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Studds" title="Gerry Studds">Studds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Delahunt" title="Bill Delahunt">Delahunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Keating_(politician)" title="Bill Keating (politician)">Keating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts11 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_11th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 11th congressional district">11th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_Bradbury" title="Theophilus Bradbury">Bradbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailey_Bartlett" title="Bailey Bartlett">Bartlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasseh_Cutler" title="Manasseh Cutler">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stedman" title="William Stedman">Stedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abijah_Bigelow" title="Abijah Bigelow">A. Bigelow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Brigham" title="Elijah Brigham">Brigham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Adams_(politician)" title="Benjamin Adams (politician)">B. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Russell" title="Jonathan Russell">J. Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Hobart" title="Aaron Hobart">Hobart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Richardson_(American_politician)" title="Joseph Richardson (American politician)">J. Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">J. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reed_Jr." title="John Reed Jr.">J. Reed Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barker_Burnell" title="Barker Burnell">Burnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Z._Goodrich" title="John Z. Goodrich">Goodrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Trafton" title="Mark Trafton">Trafton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Dawes" title="Henry L. Dawes">Dawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_W._Chapin" title="Chester W. Chapin">Chapin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_D._Robinson" title="George D. Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whiting_II" title="William Whiting II">Whiting II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Wallace_(politician)" title="Rodney Wallace (politician)">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_S._Coolidge" title="Frederick S. Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Franklin_Draper_(politician)" title="William Franklin Draper (politician)">Draper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Sprague" title="Charles F. Sprague">Sprague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Powers" title="Samuel L. Powers">Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Andrew_Sullivan" title="John Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_James_Peters" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew James Peters">Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Tinkham" title="George H. Tinkham">Tinkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Douglass" title="John J. Douglass">Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Patrick_Higgins" class="mw-redirect" title="John Patrick Higgins">Higgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Flaherty" title="Thomas A. Flaherty">Flaherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Michael_Curley" title="James Michael Curley">Curley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Burke_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="James A. Burke (Massachusetts politician)">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_J._Donnelly" title="Brian J. Donnelly">Donnelly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts12 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_12th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 12th congressional district">12th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dearborn" title="Henry Dearborn">H. Dearborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Parker_(Massachusetts_judge)" title="Isaac Parker (Massachusetts judge)">I. Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas_Lee" title="Silas Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Thatcher" title="Samuel Thatcher">S. Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomson_J._Skinner" title="Thomson J. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Larned" title="Simon Larned">Larned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas_Bidwell" title="Barnabas Bidwell">Bidwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel_Bacon" title="Ezekiel Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dewey" title="Daniel Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Hulbert" title="John W. Hulbert">Hulbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Strong" title="Solomon Strong">Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Kendall" title="Jonas Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Bigelow" title="Lewis Bigelow">L. Bigelow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Baylies" title="Francis Baylies">Baylies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Hodges" title="James L. Hodges">Hodges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">J. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_D._Robinson" title="George D. Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_W._Rockwell_(politician)" title="Francis W. Rockwell (politician)">F. Rockwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crawford_Crosby" title="John Crawford Crosby">Crosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_A._Morse" title="Elijah A. Morse">E. Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Lovering" title="William C. Lovering">Lovering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Powers" title="Samuel L. Powers">Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Weeks" title="John W. Weeks">Weeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Michael_Curley" title="James Michael Curley">Curley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Gallivan" title="James A. Gallivan">Gallivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">McCormack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Keith" title="Hastings Keith">Keith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Studds" title="Gerry Studds">Studds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts13 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_13th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 13th congressional district">13th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peleg_Wadsworth" title="Peleg Wadsworth">Wadsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Seaver" title="Ebenezer Seaver">Seaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Ruggles" title="Nathaniel Ruggles">Ruggles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Dowse" title="Edward Dowse">Dowse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Eustis" title="William Eustis">Eustis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reed_Jr." title="John Reed Jr.">J. Reed Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Randall" title="Charles S. Randall">Randall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Simpkins" title="John Simpkins">Simpkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Greene" title="William S. Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Weeks" title="John W. Weeks">Weeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Mitchell" title="John Joseph Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Carter" title="William Henry Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Luce" title="Robert Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Wigglesworth" title="Richard B. Wigglesworth">Wigglesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Burke_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="James A. Burke (Massachusetts politician)">Burke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts14 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_14th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 14th congressional district">14th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Thatcher" title="George Thatcher">G. Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cutts" title="Richard Cutts">Cutts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_King" title="Cyrus King">C. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Holmes_(Maine_politician)" title="John Holmes (Maine politician)">J. Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Lovering" title="William C. Lovering">Lovering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Foss" title="Eugene Foss">E. Foss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_O._Harris" title="Robert O. Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gilmore" title="Edward Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Olney_II" title="Richard Olney II">Olney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_A._Frothingham" title="Louis A. Frothingham">Frothingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Wigglesworth" title="Richard B. Wigglesworth">Wigglesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts15 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_15th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 15th congressional district">15th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peleg_Wadsworth" title="Peleg Wadsworth">Wadsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ilsley" title="Daniel Ilsley">Ilsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel_Whitman" title="Ezekiel Whitman">Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Widgery" title="William Widgery">Widgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bradbury_(American_politician)" title="George Bradbury (American politician)">Bradbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel_Whitman" title="Ezekiel Whitman">Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Greene" title="William S. Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Leach" title="Robert M. Leach">Leach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Gifford" title="Charles L. Gifford">Gifford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts16 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_16th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 16th congressional district">16th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Thatcher" title="Samuel Thatcher">S. Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard_Cook" title="Orchard Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peleg_Tallman" title="Peleg Tallman">Tallman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Davis_(American_politician)" title="Samuel Davis (American politician)">S. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Brown_(politician)" title="Benjamin Brown (politician)">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Orr_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Benjamin Orr (Massachusetts politician)">Orr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Langdon_Hill" title="Mark Langdon Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chandler_Thacher" title="Thomas Chandler Thacher">Thacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Walsh_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Joseph Walsh (Massachusetts politician)">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Gifford" title="Charles L. Gifford">Gifford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts17 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_17th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 17th congressional district">17th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phineas_Bruce" title="Phineas Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chandler" title="John Chandler">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barzillai_Gannett" title="Barzillai Gannett">Gannett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Carr_(District_of_Maine_politician)" title="Francis Carr (District of Maine politician)">F. Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiel_Wood" title="Abiel Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Carr_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="James Carr (Massachusetts politician)">J. Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilson_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="John Wilson (Massachusetts politician)">Wilson</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Kinsley" title="Martin Kinsley">Kinsley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts18 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_18th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 18th congressional district">18th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilson_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="John Wilson (Massachusetts politician)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rice_(1768)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Rice (1768)">T. Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Parker_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="James Parker (Massachusetts politician)">J. Parker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts19 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_19th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 19th congressional district">19th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Parker_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="James Parker (Massachusetts politician)">J. Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Conner" title="Samuel S. Conner">Conner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Gage" title="Joshua Gage">Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Cushman" title="Joshua Cushman">Cushman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="Massachusetts20 !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_20th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 20th congressional district">20th district</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Hubbard" title="Levi Hubbard">Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albion_Parris" title="Albion Parris">Parris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Lincoln" title="Enoch Lincoln">E. Lincoln</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span data-sort-value="MassachusettsAL !"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_at-large_congressional_seat" title="Massachusetts's at-large congressional seat">At-large</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Cobb_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="David Cobb (Massachusetts politician)">Cobb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Speakers_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_House_speakers" title="Template:US House speakers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_House_speakers" title="Template talk:US House speakers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_House_speakers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US House speakers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Speakers_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers of the U.S. House of Representatives</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="color:#00cc22;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Muhlenberg" title="Frederick Muhlenberg">Muhlenberg</a> (1789–1791)</li> <li><span style="color:#00cc22;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Trumbull_Jr." title="Jonathan Trumbull Jr.">Trumbull</a> (1791–1793)</li> <li><span style="color:#CCFF66;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Muhlenberg" title="Frederick Muhlenberg">Muhlenberg</a> (1793–1795)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Dayton" title="Jonathan Dayton">Dayton</a> (1795–1799)</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sedgwick" title="Theodore Sedgwick">Sedgwick</a> (1799–1801)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Macon</a> (1801–1807)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bradley_Varnum" title="Joseph Bradley Varnum">Varnum</a> (1807–1811)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a> (1811–1814)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Langdon_Cheves" title="Langdon Cheves">Cheves</a> (1814–1815)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a> (1815–1820)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_W._Taylor_(politician)" title="John W. Taylor (politician)">Taylor</a> (1820–1821)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Philip_P._Barbour" title="Philip P. Barbour">Barbour</a> (1821–1823)</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a> (1823–1825)</li> <li><span style="color:#FFE6B0;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_W._Taylor_(politician)" title="John W. Taylor (politician)">Taylor</a> (1825–1827)</li> <li><span style="color:#DDEEFF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stevenson" title="Andrew Stevenson">Stevenson</a> (1827–1834)</li> <li><span style="color:#DDEEFF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">Bell</a> (1834–1835)</li> <li><span style="color:#DDEEFF;">▌</span><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1835–1839)</li> <li><span style="color:#F0C862;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Hunter</a> (1839–1841)</li> <li><span style="color:#F0C862;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_White_(Kentucky_politician)" title="John White (Kentucky politician)">White</a> (1841–1843)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Winston_Jones" title="John Winston Jones">Jones</a> (1843–1845)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Davis" title="John Wesley Davis">Davis</a> (1845–1847)</li> <li><span style="color:#F0C862;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_Winthrop" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Charles Winthrop">Winthrop</a> (1847–1849)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Cobb</a> (1849–1851)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Linn_Boyd" title="Linn Boyd">Boyd</a> (1851–1855)</li> <li><span style="color:#D99FE8;">▌</span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Banks</a> (1856–1857)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence_Orr" title="James Lawrence Orr">Orr</a> (1857–1859)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/William_Pennington" title="William Pennington">Pennington</a> (1860–1861)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Galusha_A._Grow" title="Galusha A. Grow">Grow</a> (1861–1863)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a> (1863–1869)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Theodore_M._Pomeroy" title="Theodore M. Pomeroy">Pomeroy</a> (1869)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a> (1869–1875)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Kerr" title="Michael C. Kerr">Kerr</a> (1875–1876)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1876–1881)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/J._Warren_Keifer" title="J. Warren Keifer">Keifer</a> (1881–1883)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">Carlisle</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Crisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Frederick Crisp">Crisp</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1895–1899)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/David_B._Henderson" title="David B. Henderson">Henderson</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1903–1911)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Champ_Clark" title="Champ Clark">Clark</a> (1911–1919)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Gillett" title="Frederick H. Gillett">Gillett</a> (1919–1925)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Longworth" title="Nicholas Longworth">Longworth</a> (1925–1931)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> (1931–1933)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Rainey" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Thomas Rainey">Rainey</a> (1933–1934)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Jo_Byrns" title="Jo Byrns">Byrns</a> (1935–1936)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/William_B._Bankhead" title="William B. Bankhead">Bankhead</a> (1936–1940)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Rayburn</a> (1940–1947)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a> (1947–1949)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Rayburn</a> (1949–1953)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a> (1953–1955)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Rayburn</a> (1955–1961)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">McCormack</a> (1962–1971)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Albert" title="Carl Albert">Albert</a> (1971–1977)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a> (1977–1987)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Jim_Wright" title="Jim Wright">Wright</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Foley" title="Tom Foley">Foley</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a> (1995–1999)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hastert" title="Dennis Hastert">Hastert</a> (1999–2007)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a> (2007–2011)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">Boehner</a> (2011–2015)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> (2015–2019)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a> (2019–2023)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">McCarthy</a> (2023)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <i><a href="/wiki/Patrick_McHenry" title="Patrick McHenry">McHenry</a></i> (2023, <i>pro tempore</i>)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Johnson</a> (2023–present)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Seal_of_the_Speaker_of_the_US_House_of_Representatives.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_Speaker_of_the_US_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Seal_of_the_Speaker_of_the_US_House_of_Representatives.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_Speaker_of_the_US_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Seal_of_the_Speaker_of_the_US_House_of_Representatives.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_Speaker_of_the_US_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="501" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span style="color:#00cc22;">▌</span> Pro-Administration</li> <li><span style="color:#CCFF66;">▌</span> Anti-Administration</li> <li><span style="color:#EA9978;">▌</span> Federalist</li> <li><span style="color:#008000;">▌</span> Democratic-Republican</li> <li><span style="color:#FFE6B0;">▌</span> National Republican</li> <li><span style="color:#DDEEFF;">▌</span> Jacksonian</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span> Democratic</li> <li><span style="color:#F0C862;">▌</span> Whig</li> <li><span style="color:#D99FE8;">▌</span> Know Nothing</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span> Republican</li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Category:Speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_of_Massachusetts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_Massachusetts" title="Template:Governors of Massachusetts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_Massachusetts" title="Template talk:Governors of Massachusetts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_Massachusetts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of Massachusetts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_of_Massachusetts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Governors of Massachusetts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Colony <br /> <span class="nobold">(1629–1686)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Endecott" title="John Endecott">Endecott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop" title="John Winthrop">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dudley" title="Thomas Dudley">T. Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Haynes_(governor)" title="John Haynes (governor)">Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Younger" title="Henry Vane the Younger">Vane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop" title="John Winthrop">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dudley" title="Thomas Dudley">T. Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bellingham" title="Richard Bellingham">Bellingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop" title="John Winthrop">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Endecott" title="John Endecott">Endecott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dudley" title="Thomas Dudley">T. Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop" title="John Winthrop">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Endecott" title="John Endecott">Endecott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dudley" title="Thomas Dudley">T. Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Endecott" title="John Endecott">Endecott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bellingham" title="Richard Bellingham">Bellingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Endecott" title="John Endecott">Endecott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bellingham" title="Richard Bellingham">Bellingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Leverett" title="John Leverett">Leverett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Bradstreet" title="Simon Bradstreet">Bradstreet</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Massachusetts.svg/75px-Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Massachusetts.svg/113px-Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Massachusetts.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="527" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">Dominion <br /> <span class="nobold">(1686–1689)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dudley" title="Joseph Dudley">J. Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Andros" title="Edmund Andros">Andros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Bradstreet" title="Simon Bradstreet">Bradstreet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province <br /> <span class="nobold">(1692–1776)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Phips" title="William Phips">W. Phips</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Stoughton_(judge)" title="William Stoughton (judge)">Stoughton</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Coote,_1st_Earl_of_Bellomont" title="Richard Coote, 1st Earl of Bellomont">Bellomont</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Stoughton_(judge)" title="William Stoughton (judge)">Stoughton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Governor%27s_Council" title="Massachusetts Governor's Council">Governor's Council</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dudley" title="Joseph Dudley">J. Dudley</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Governor%27s_Council" title="Massachusetts Governor's Council">Governor's Council</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dudley" title="Joseph Dudley">J. Dudley</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Tailer" title="William Tailer">Tailer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Shute" title="Samuel Shute">Shute</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Dummer" title="William Dummer">Dummer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Burnet_(colonial_administrator)" title="William Burnet (colonial administrator)">Burnet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Dummer" title="William Dummer">Dummer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Tailer" title="William Tailer">Tailer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Belcher" title="Jonathan Belcher">Belcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shirley" title="William Shirley">Shirley</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Phips" title="Spencer Phips">S. Phips</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shirley" title="William Shirley">Shirley</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Phips" title="Spencer Phips">S. Phips</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Governor%27s_Council" title="Massachusetts Governor's Council">Governor's Council</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pownall" title="Thomas Pownall">Pownall</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hutchinson_(governor)" title="Thomas Hutchinson (governor)">Hutchinson</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Francis_Bernard,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Francis Bernard, 1st Baronet">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hutchinson_(governor)" title="Thomas Hutchinson (governor)">Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">Gage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Commonwealth <br /> <span class="nobold">(since 1776)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">Hancock</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cushing" title="Thomas Cushing">Cushing</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bowdoin" title="James Bowdoin">Bowdoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Increase_Sumner" title="Increase Sumner">Sumner</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moses_Gill" title="Moses Gill">Gill</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Governor%27s_Council" title="Massachusetts Governor's Council">Governor's Council</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Strong" title="Caleb Strong">Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Sullivan_(governor)" title="James Sullivan (governor)">Sullivan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Sr." title="Levi Lincoln Sr.">Lincoln Sr.</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Gore" title="Christopher Gore">Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Gerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Strong" title="Caleb Strong">Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brooks_(governor)" title="John Brooks (governor)">Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Eustis" title="William Eustis">Eustis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Morton" title="Marcus Morton">Morton</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Jr." title="Levi Lincoln Jr.">Lincoln Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(Massachusetts_governor)" title="John Davis (Massachusetts governor)">Davis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Turell_Armstrong" title="Samuel Turell Armstrong">Armstrong</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Morton" title="Marcus Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(Massachusetts_governor)" title="John Davis (Massachusetts governor)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Morton" title="Marcus Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_N._Briggs" title="George N. Briggs">Briggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Boutwell" title="George S. Boutwell">Boutwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Clifford" title="John H. Clifford">Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emory_Washburn" title="Emory Washburn">E. Washburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gardner" title="Henry Gardner">Gardner</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Albion_Andrew" title="John Albion Andrew">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bullock" title="Alexander Bullock">Bullock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Claflin" title="William Claflin">Claflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Washburn" title="William B. Washburn">W. Washburn</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Talbot_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Thomas Talbot (Massachusetts politician)">Talbot</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gaston_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="William Gaston (Massachusetts politician)">Gaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Rice" title="Alexander H. Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Talbot_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Thomas Talbot (Massachusetts politician)">Talbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_Long" title="John Davis Long">Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_D._Robinson" title="George D. Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Ames_(governor)" title="Oliver Ames (governor)">Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Q._A._Brackett" title="John Q. A. Brackett">Brackett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Russell_(politician)" title="William E. Russell (politician)">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_T._Greenhalge" title="Frederic T. Greenhalge">Greenhalge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Wolcott_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Roger Wolcott (Massachusetts politician)">Wolcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winthrop_M._Crane" title="Winthrop M. Crane">Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._Bates" title="John L. Bates">Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lewis_Douglas" title="William Lewis Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Guild_Jr." title="Curtis Guild Jr.">Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eben_Sumner_Draper" title="Eben Sumner Draper">Draper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Foss" title="Eugene Foss">Foss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I._Walsh" title="David I. Walsh">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_W._McCall" title="Samuel W. McCall">McCall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channing_H._Cox" title="Channing H. Cox">Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvan_T._Fuller" title="Alvan T. Fuller">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_G._Allen" title="Frank G. Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Ely" title="Joseph B. Ely">Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Michael_Curley" title="James Michael Curley">Curley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Hurley" title="Charles F. Hurley">Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall" title="Leverett Saltonstall">Saltonstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_J._Tobin" title="Maurice J. Tobin">Tobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Bradford" title="Robert F. Bradford">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_A._Dever" title="Paul A. Dever">Dever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Herter" title="Christian Herter">Herter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_Furcolo" title="Foster Furcolo">Furcolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Volpe" title="John A. Volpe">Volpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endicott_Peabody" title="Endicott Peabody">Peabody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Volpe" title="John A. Volpe">Volpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Sargent" title="Francis Sargent">Sargent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Dukakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._King" title="Edward J. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Dukakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Weld" title="Bill Weld">Weld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Cellucci" title="Paul Cellucci">Cellucci</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jane_Swift" title="Jane Swift">Swift</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deval_Patrick" title="Deval Patrick">Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Baker" title="Charlie Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maura_Healey" title="Maura Healey">Healey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate acting officeholders</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairmen_of_the_United_States_House_Committee_on_Foreign_Affairs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_House_Foreign_Affairs_chairs" title="Template:US House Foreign Affairs chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_House_Foreign_Affairs_chairs" title="Template talk:US House Foreign Affairs chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_House_Foreign_Affairs_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US House Foreign Affairs chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairmen_of_the_United_States_House_Committee_on_Foreign_Affairs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Foreign_Affairs" title="United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs">Chairmen of the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Russell" title="Jonathan Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forsyth_(politician)" title="John Forsyth (politician)">Forsyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Archer" title="William S. Archer">Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Moore_Wayne" class="mw-redirect" title="James Moore Wayne">Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Y._Mason" title="John Y. Mason">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Chew_Howard" title="Benjamin Chew Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Wilkinson_Pickens" title="Francis Wilkinson Pickens">Pickens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Cushing" title="Caleb Cushing">Cushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Jared_Ingersoll" title="Charles Jared Ingersoll">Ingersoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Smith" title="Truman Smith">T. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Alexander_McClernand" class="mw-redirect" title="John Alexander McClernand">McClernand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Bayly" title="Thomas H. Bayly">Bayly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_C._M._Pennington" title="Alexander C. M. Pennington">Pennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Clingman" title="Thomas L. Clingman">Clingman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Hopkins" title="George Washington Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Corwin" title="Thomas Corwin">Corwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">Crittenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Winter_Davis" title="Henry Winter Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Myers_(politician)" title="Leonard Myers (politician)">Myers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godlove_S._Orth" title="Godlove S. Orth">Orth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Swann" title="Thomas Swann">Swann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Cox" title="Samuel S. Cox">Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Williams" title="Charles G. Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gregg_Curtin" title="Andrew Gregg Curtin">Curtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Belmont" title="Perry Belmont">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._McCreary" title="James B. McCreary">McCreary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Hitt" title="Robert R. Hitt">Hitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Henderson_Blount" title="James Henderson Blount">Blount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._McCreary" title="James B. McCreary">McCreary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Hitt" title="Robert R. Hitt">Hitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_G._Cousins" title="Robert G. Cousins">Cousins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Breck_Perkins" title="James Breck Perkins">Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Foster" title="David J. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sulzer" title="William Sulzer">Sulzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bennett_Smith" title="Charles Bennett Smith">C. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_D._Flood" title="Henry D. Flood">Flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_G._Porter" title="Stephen G. Porter">Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Wilson Temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Linthicum" class="mw-redirect" title="John Charles Linthicum">Linthicum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Davis_McReynolds" title="Samuel Davis McReynolds">McReynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_Bloom" title="Sol Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Aubrey_Eaton" title="Charles Aubrey Eaton">Eaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_Bloom" title="Sol Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kee" title="John Kee">Kee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Richards" title="James P. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Chiperfield" title="Robert B. Chiperfield">Chiperfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Richards" title="James P. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Gordon" title="Thomas S. Gordon">Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Morgan" title="Thomas E. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_J._Zablocki" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement J. Zablocki">Zablocki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Fascell" title="Dante Fascell">Fascell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Hamilton" title="Lee Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gilman" title="Benjamin Gilman">Gilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hyde" title="Henry Hyde">Hyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Lantos" title="Tom Lantos">Lantos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Berman" title="Howard Berman">Berman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ileana_Ros-Lehtinen" title="Ileana Ros-Lehtinen">Ros-Lehtinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Royce_(politician)" title="Ed Royce (politician)">Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliot_Engel" title="Eliot Engel">Engel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Meeks" title="Gregory Meeks">Meeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_McCaul" title="Michael McCaul">McCaul</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States House of Representatives"><img alt="Seal of the United States House of Representatives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Republican_Conference_chairs_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_House_Republican_Conference_chairs" title="Template:US House Republican Conference chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_House_Republican_Conference_chairs" title="Template talk:US House Republican Conference chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_House_Republican_Conference_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US House Republican Conference chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Republican_Conference_chairs_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">Republican Conference chairs of the United States House of Representatives</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justin_S._Morrill" title="Justin S. Morrill">Morrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Schenck" title="Robert C. Schenck">Schenck</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Blair" title="Austin Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Maynard" title="Horace Maynard">Maynard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._McCrary" title="George W. McCrary">McCrary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Hale" title="Eugene Hale">Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Robeson" title="George M. Robeson">Robeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Henderson_(politician)" title="Thomas J. Henderson (politician)">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Grosvenor" title="Charles H. Grosvenor">Grosvenor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Peters_Hepburn" class="mw-redirect" title="William Peters Hepburn">Hepburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Dunklee_Currier" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Dunklee Currier">Currier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Greene" title="William S. Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann_Towner" class="mw-redirect" title="Horace Mann Towner">Towner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Anderson" title="Sydney Anderson">S. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_C._Hawley" title="Willis C. Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Luce" title="Robert Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_R._Lehlbach" title="Frederick R. Lehlbach">Lehlbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_O._Woodruff" title="Roy O. Woodruff">Woodruff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_R._Hope" title="Clifford R. Hope">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Hoeven" title="Charles B. Hoeven">Hoeven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Laird" title="Melvin Laird">Laird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Anderson" title="John B. Anderson">J. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Devine" title="Samuel L. Devine">Devine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Kemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">D. Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lewis_(California_politician)" title="Jerry Lewis (California politician)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Armey" title="Dick Armey">Armey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">Boehner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._Watts" title="J. C. Watts">Watts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Pryce" title="Deborah Pryce">Pryce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Putnam" title="Adam Putnam">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Hensarling" title="Jeb Hensarling">Hensarling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_McMorris_Rodgers" title="Cathy McMorris Rodgers">McMorris Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Cheney" title="Liz Cheney">L. Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elise_Stefanik" title="Elise Stefanik">Stefanik</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States House of Representatives"><img alt="Seal of the United States House of Representatives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/60px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/90px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1852)_1856_United_States_presidential_election_(1860_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1856 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1856 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1856 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1852)_1856_United_States_presidential_election_(1860_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">← 1852</a>) <a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1856_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1856 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b> President: <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a></b></li> <li><b> Vice President: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b> President: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a></b></li> <li><b> Vice President: <a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">William L. Dayton</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nathaniel P. Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McLean" title="John McLean">John McLean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Stockton" title="Robert F. Stockton">Robert F. Stockton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D99FE8;"><b><a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">American Party</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b> President: <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a></b></li> <li><b> Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Donelson" title="Andrew Jackson Donelson">Andrew J. Donelson</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Law_(financier)" title="George Law (financier)">George Law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1856 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1856_and_1857_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1856 and 1857 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_and_1857_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1856 and 1857 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_Republican_and_Whig_Parties" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Whig Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Whig Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Whig Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_Republican_and_Whig_Parties" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Parties</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_System_(economic_plan)" title="American System (economic plan)">American System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">American Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1856_American_National_Convention" title="1856 American National Convention">1856 American National Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1860_Constitutional_Union_Convention" title="1860 Constitutional Union Convention">1860 Constitutional Union Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_Party_(Northern_U.S.)" title="Opposition Party (Northern U.S.)">Opposition Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Party_(United_States,_1850)" title="Union Party (United States, 1850)">Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">Presidency of John Quincy Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison#Presidency_(1841)" title="William Henry Harrison">Presidency of William Henry Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Tyler" title="Presidency of John Tyler">Presidency of John Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Presidency_(1849–1850)" title="Zachary Taylor">Presidency of Zachary Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Presidency of Millard Fillmore">Presidency of Millard Fillmore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_National_Republican_and_Whig_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States National Republican and Whig Party presidential tickets">Presidential<br />tickets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 (None)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1831_National_Republican_National_Convention" title="1831 National Republican National Convention">1831 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Sergeant_(politician)" title="John Sergeant (politician)">Sergeant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836 (None)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Francis_Granger" title="Francis Granger">Granger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White" title="Hugh Lawson White">White</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a>/<a href="/wiki/Francis_Granger" title="Francis Granger">Granger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_P._Mangum" title="Willie P. Mangum">Mangum</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1839_Whig_National_Convention" title="1839 Whig National Convention">1839 (Harrisburg)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_Whig_National_Convention" title="1844 Whig National Convention">1844 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a>/<a href="/wiki/Theodore_Frelinghuysen" title="Theodore Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_Whig_National_Convention" title="1848 Whig National Convention">1848 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Z. Taylor</a>/<a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Fillmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_Whig_National_Convention" title="1852 Whig National Convention">1852 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Scott</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Graham" title="William Alexander Graham">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Whig_National_Convention" title="1856 Whig National Convention">1856 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Fillmore</a>/<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Donelson" title="Andrew Jackson Donelson">Donelson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House<br />Speakers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Taylor_(politician)" title="John W. Taylor (politician)">J. Taylor</a> (1825–1827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Hunter</a> (1839–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_White_(Kentucky_politician)" title="John White (Kentucky politician)">White</a> (1841–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_Winthrop" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Charles Winthrop">Winthrop</a> (1847–1849)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Banks</a> (1856–1857)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">U.S. Cabinet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (1825–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a> (1841–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_P._Upshur" title="Abel P. Upshur">Abel P. Upshur</a> (1843–1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Clayton" title="John M. Clayton">John M. Clayton</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a> (1850–1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Edward Everett</a> (1852–1853)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Richard Rush</a> (1825–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ewing" title="Thomas Ewing">Thomas Ewing</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Forward" title="Walter Forward">Walter Forward</a> (1841–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Canfield_Spencer" title="John Canfield Spencer">John C. Spencer</a> (1843–1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Bibb" title="George M. Bibb">George M. Bibb</a> (1844–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Meredith" title="William M. Meredith">William M. Meredith</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Corwin" title="Thomas Corwin">Thomas Corwin</a> (1850–1853)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">James Barbour</a> (1825–1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Buell_Porter" title="Peter Buell Porter">Peter B. Porter</a> (1828–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">John Bell</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Canfield_Spencer" title="John Canfield Spencer">John C. Spencer</a> (1841–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Porter" title="James Madison Porter">James M. Porter</a> (1843–1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Crawford" title="George W. Crawford">George W. Crawford</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Magill_Conrad" title="Charles Magill Conrad">Charles M. Conrad</a> (1850–1853)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Wirt_(attorney_general)" title="William Wirt (attorney general)">William Wirt</a> (1825–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">John J. Crittenden</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nelson_(lawyer)" title="John Nelson (lawyer)">John Nelson</a> (1843–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverdy_Johnson" title="Reverdy Johnson">Reverdy Johnson</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">John J. Crittenden</a> (1850–1853)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Southard" title="Samuel L. Southard">Samuel L. Southard</a> (1825–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Edmund_Badger" title="George Edmund Badger">George E. Badger</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_P._Upshur" title="Abel P. Upshur">Abel P. Upshur</a> (1841–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ballard_Preston" class="mw-redirect" title="William Ballard Preston">William B. Preston</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Graham" title="William Alexander Graham">William A. Graham</a> (1850–1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Kennedy" title="John P. Kennedy">John P. Kennedy</a> (1852–1853)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ewing" title="Thomas Ewing">Thomas Ewing</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McKean_Thompson_McKennan" title="Thomas McKean Thompson McKennan">Thomas M. T. McKennan</a> (1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hugh_Holmes_Stuart" title="Alexander Hugh Holmes Stuart">Alexander H. H. Stuart</a> (1850–1853)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q714106#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q714106#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q714106#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/120996324">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85207841">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p241504376">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007425376105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14359422">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td 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