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class="breadcrumb_last" aria-current="page">How Does the Supercontinent Cycle Work?</span></span></div><h1 class="entry-title">How Does the Supercontinent Cycle Work?</h1><div class="entry-meta entry-meta-divider-customicon"> <div class="meta-comments"><span class="kadence-svg-iconset"><svg class="kadence-svg-icon kadence-comments-alt-svg" fill="currentColor" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="28" height="28" viewBox="0 0 28 28"><title>Comments</title><path d="M10 14c0 1.109-0.891 2-2 2s-2-0.891-2-2 0.891-2 2-2 2 0.891 2 2zM16 14c0 1.109-0.891 2-2 2s-2-0.891-2-2 0.891-2 2-2 2 0.891 2 2zM22 14c0 1.109-0.891 2-2 2s-2-0.891-2-2 0.891-2 2-2 2 0.891 2 2zM14 6c-6.5 0-12 3.656-12 8 0 2.328 1.563 4.547 4.266 6.078l1.359 0.781-0.422 1.5c-0.297 1.109-0.688 1.969-1.094 2.688 1.578-0.656 3.016-1.547 4.297-2.672l0.672-0.594 0.891 0.094c0.672 0.078 1.359 0.125 2.031 0.125 6.5 0 12-3.656 12-8s-5.5-8-12-8zM28 14c0 5.531-6.266 10-14 10-0.766 0-1.531-0.047-2.266-0.125-2.047 1.813-4.484 3.094-7.187 3.781-0.562 0.156-1.172 0.266-1.781 0.344h-0.078c-0.313 0-0.594-0.25-0.672-0.594v-0.016c-0.078-0.391 0.187-0.625 0.422-0.906 0.984-1.109 2.109-2.047 2.844-4.656-3.219-1.828-5.281-4.656-5.281-7.828 0-5.516 6.266-10 14-10v0c7.734 0 14 4.484 14 10z"></path> </svg></span><a class="meta-comments-link anchor-scroll" href="#comments">1 Comment</a></div></div></header> <div class="entry-content single-content"> <figure class="wp-block-image alignwide is-style-default"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="678" height="378" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Supercontinent-Cycle-678x378.png" alt="Supercontinent Cycle" class="wp-image-2549"/></figure> <div class="wp-block-group" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30)"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-css-opacity is-style-default"/> <blockquote class="wp-block-quote has-text-align-center is-style-large is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"> <p>“If you had a time capsule and traveled back in time 200 million years ago, you’d experience Earth as the supercontinent of Pangaea. It was made up of one continent and one ocean.”</p> </blockquote> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-css-opacity is-style-default"/> <div style="height:10px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div><p>From coast to coast, <a href="https://earthhow.com/pangaea-supercontinent/">the supercontinent of Pangaea</a> was surrounded by the superocean Panthalassa. Gradually, continental drift tore the supercontinent apart into our current placement of continents.</p> <p>Today, we pick up the pieces and look at the clues of Pangaea. For example, notice the striking similarities of continental boundaries aligning on a world map.</p> <p>One day, our continents will connect to form <a href="https://earthhow.com/pangea-ultima/">another supercontinent in the future “Pangea Ultima”</a>. But it takes time. For example, this won’t happen for another 250 million years in the future.</p></div></div><div class="wp-block-group" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">What supercontinents existed before Pangea?</h3> <p>As part of the supercontinent cycle, this list contains all the former supercontinents in Earth’s history (and future ones).</p> <figure class="wp-block-table"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Supercontinent</strong></td><td><strong>Time (Billions of Years Ago)</strong></td><td><strong>Landmass Description</strong></td></tr><tr><td>Vaalbara</td><td>3.6-2.8</td><td>Western Australia and South Africa</td></tr><tr><td>Ur</td><td>3.0-2.8</td><td>Madagascar, Australia and India</td></tr><tr><td>Kenorland</td><td>2.7-2.1</td><td>Laurentia (North America & Greenland), Baltica (Scandinavia & Baltic), Western Australia and Kalaharia</td></tr><tr><td>Columbia</td><td>1.8-1.35</td><td>Laurentia, Australia, North China, Siberia, Baltica, India, Amazonia and Congo-Sao Francisco</td></tr><tr><td>Rodinia</td><td>1.07-0.75</td><td>Laurentia, Amazonia, West Africa, Australia, Antarctica, Arabian Numidian Shield, Siberia, North/South China, Kalahari, Baltica and Congo-Sao Francisco</td></tr><tr><td>Pannotia</td><td>0.62-0.55</td><td>Laurentia, Amazonia, West Africa, Australia, Antarctica, Siberia, Saharan Metacraton, Kalahari, Baltica and Congo-Sao Francisco</td></tr><tr><td>Pangaea</td><td>0.335-0.173</td><td>Most landmass that existed during Pangaea persist today but in different locations. Exceptions are Iceland, Panama, Costa Rica and other landmasses that formed after Pangaea.</td></tr><tr><td>Pangaea Ultima</td><td>0.25 (future)</td><td>Possible future supercontinent (consistent with the supercontinent cycle) which will assemble 250 million years in the future</td></tr></tbody></table></figure></div></div><div class="wp-block-group" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Was Vaalbara the first supercontinent?</h3> <div class="wp-block-image is-style-default"> <figure class="alignright"><a href="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Pilbara-Kaapval-Vaalbara-Cratons.png"><img decoding="async" width="290" height="300" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Pilbara-Kaapval-Vaalbara-Cratons-290x300.png" alt="Pilbara Kaapval Vaalbara Cratons" class="wp-image-3893" srcset="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Pilbara-Kaapval-Vaalbara-Cratons-290x300.png 290w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Pilbara-Kaapval-Vaalbara-Cratons.png 407w" sizes="(max-width: 290px) 100vw, 290px"/></a></figure></div><p>Vaalbara is the theorized first supercontinent. There’s still a heated debate about whether Vaalbara was the first supercontinent to emerge 3 billion years ago. The name Vaalbara comes from two cratons believed to have been combined about 3.1 billion years ago.</p> <p>First, the Kaapvaal craton exists now in South Africa. Next, the Pilbara craton is now situated in West Australia. Hence, the theorized supercontinent Vaalbara incorporates both cratons as part of its name.</p> <p>Scientists looked for resemblances and found geochronological and paleomagnetic similarities in both cratons. About 2.5 billion years ago, they drifted apart making it possible they were once connected.</p></div></div><div class="wp-block-group" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Was Pangaea the last supercontinent?</h3> <div class="wp-block-image is-style-default"> <figure class="alignright"><img decoding="async" width="290" height="300" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Superocean-290x300.png" alt="Superocean" class="wp-image-1822" srcset="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Superocean-290x300.png 290w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Superocean.png 407w" sizes="(max-width: 290px) 100vw, 290px"/></figure></div><p><strong>PANGEA:</strong> About 200 million years ago, all continents were connected as one giant supercontinent Pangaea (sometimes spelled “Pangea”).</p> <p>Over time, continents tore apart into the seven continents, and <a href="https://earthhow.com/5-oceans/">5 oceans</a> we are all familiar with today from a world map. Like a giant jigsaw puzzle, the continental puzzle pieces fit nearly perfectly.</p> <p>The landmass that existed during Pangaea persists today. But they are situated in different locations due to continental drift. New land can be easily created as it can be taken away.</p> <p>For example, Iceland, Panama, and Costa Rica formed after Pangaea. The oldest surface rocks in Iceland are only 14-16 million years old. But it’s believed that tectonic activity started building Iceland about 24 million years ago.</p></div></div><div class="wp-block-group" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">What will be the next supercontinent?</h3> <div class="wp-block-image is-style-default"> <figure class="alignright"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="290" height="300" src="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Pangea-Ultima-290x300.png" alt="Pangea Ultima" class="wp-image-1807" srcset="https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Pangea-Ultima-290x300.png 290w, https://earthhow.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Pangea-Ultima.png 407w" sizes="(max-width: 290px) 100vw, 290px"/></figure></div><p><strong>PANGEA ULTIMA:</strong> If you could fast-forward 250 million years in the future, <a href="https://earthhow.com/pangea-ultima/">Pangea Ultima is projected as the next supercontinent</a>. Other names given to the next supercontinent include Pangaea Proxima, Neopangaea, and Pangaea II.</p> <p>If you incorporate the velocities and trajectories of current plate movement, then you can model how continents will evolve. The landmass itself would extend 13,000 miles with one superocean covering two-thirds of Earth.</p> <p>In the case of Pangea Ultima, it’s an odd-shaped continent because it’s circular with a hole in the middle. Similar to Pangea, North America would collide with the southern part of Africa.</p> <p>South America, Antarctica, and Australia would wrap around to connect with the south of Asia to create a ring of continents. Finally, the hole in the center of Pangea Ultima is a remnant of the Indian Ocean.</p></div></div><div class="wp-block-group" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50)"><div class="wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">How Does the Supercontinent Cycle Work?</h3> <p>One of the most interesting patterns in Earth’s history is the supercontinent cycle. The supercontinent cycle is a long-term geological process that involves the repeated formation and breakup of supercontinents over millions to billions of years.</p> <p>This pattern can be seen through the fossil record, and it is characterized by a large number of supercontinents followed by a long period with many smaller continents.</p> <p>Do you have any questions or comments? 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class="kt-blocks-post-grid-item-inner"><header><h6 class="entry-title"><a href="https://earthhow.com/shield-volcano/">What is a Shield Volcano?</a></h6><div class="kt-blocks-post-top-meta"></div></header><div class="entry-content"></div><footer class="kt-blocks-post-footer"><div class="kt-blocks-post-footer-left"></div><div class="kt-blocks-post-footer-right"></div></footer></div></div></article></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></article> <div id="comments" class="comments-area"> <h2 class="comments-title">One Comment</h2> <ol class="comment-list"> <li id="comment-24519" class="comment even thread-even depth-1"> <article id="div-comment-24519" class="comment-body"> <footer class="comment-meta"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <b class="fn">John Doe</b> <span class="says">says:</span></div><div class="comment-metadata"> <a href="https://earthhow.com/supercontinent-cycle/#comment-24519"><time datetime="2023-11-01T17:01:53-06:00">November 1, 2023 at 5:01 pm</time></a></div></footer> <div class="comment-content"> <p>Very nice information</p></div></article> </li> </ol> <div id="respond" class="comment-respond"> <h3 id="reply-title" class="comment-reply-title">Leave a Reply</h3><form action="https://earthhow.com/wp-comments-post.php" method="post" id="commentform" class="comment-form" novalidate><p class="comment-notes"><span id="email-notes">Your email address will not be published.</span> <span class="required-field-message">Required fields are marked <span class="required">*</span></span></p><p class="comment-form-comment comment-form-float-label"><textarea autocomplete="new-password" id="i477054932" name="i477054932" placeholder="Leave a comment..." cols="45" rows="8" maxlength="65525" aria-required="true" required="required"></textarea><textarea id="comment" aria-label="hp-comment" aria-hidden="true" name="comment" autocomplete="new-password" style="padding:0 !important;clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px) !important;position:absolute 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