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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Druze_faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Druze faith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Druze_faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bábism_and_Baháʼí_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bábism_and_Baháʼí_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Bábism and Baháʼí Faith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bábism_and_Baháʼí_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Other religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other religions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cargo_cults" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cargo_cults"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Cargo cults</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cargo_cults-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazi_messianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazi_messianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Nazi messianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi_messianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_and_Slavic_messianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_and_Slavic_messianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Russian and Slavic messianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_and_Slavic_messianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sebastianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sebastianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Sebastianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sebastianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taoism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taoism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Taoism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taoism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wicca,_Stregheria,_Neopaganism_and_Witchcraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wicca,_Stregheria,_Neopaganism_and_Witchcraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Wicca, Stregheria, Neopaganism and Witchcraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wicca,_Stregheria,_Neopaganism_and_Witchcraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zoroastrianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zoroastrianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Zoroastrianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zoroastrianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messianismus" title="Messianismus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Messianismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مسيانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مسيانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messianisme" title="Messianisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Messianisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesianismus" title="Mesianismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mesianismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messianismus" title="Messianismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Messianismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Μεσσιανισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεσσιανισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesianismo" title="Mesianismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mesianismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesianismo" title="Mesianismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mesianismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesianismo" title="Mesianismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mesianismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="موعودگرایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موعودگرایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messianisme" title="Messianisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Messianisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EC%84%B8%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="구세주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="구세주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesianisme" title="Mesianisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mesianisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messianismo" title="Messianismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Messianismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="მესიანიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მესიანიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Мессианизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мессианизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messianizmus" title="Messianizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Messianizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesianisma" title="Mesianisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mesianisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="المسيانيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المسيانيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messianisme" title="Messianisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Messianisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3" title="メシア思想 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メシア思想" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messianisme" title="Messianisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Messianisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesjanizm" title="Mesjanizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mesjanizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messianismo" title="Messianismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Messianismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesianism" title="Mesianism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mesianism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Мессианизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мессианизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesianizmus" title="Mesianizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mesianizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Messianism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesih%C3%A7ilik" title="Mesihçilik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mesihçilik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Месіанство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Месіанство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%82_%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD" title="عقیدۂ مسیح – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عقیدۂ مسیح" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%A5%E8%B5%9B%E4%BA%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="弥赛亚主义 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="弥赛亚主义" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q630281#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Belief in the advent of a messiah</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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.mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Messianism</b> is the belief in the advent of a <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">messiah</a> who acts as the <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">savior</a> of a group of people.<sup id="cite_ref-EECO_2018_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EECO_2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Messianism originated as a <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian religious</a> belief and followed to <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Greisiger_2015_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greisiger_2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but other religions also have messianism-related concepts. Religions with a <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">messiah</a> concept include <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a>) <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Mashiach</a>), <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a>), <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isa_Masih" class="mw-redirect" title="Isa Masih">Isa Masih</a>), <a href="/wiki/Druze_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze faith">Druze faith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Ali" title="Hamza ibn Ali">Hamza ibn Ali</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Dana47_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dana47-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Louis_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Louis-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saoshyant" title="Saoshyant">Saoshyant</a>), <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a>), <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Li_Hong_(Taoist_eschatology)" title="Li Hong (Taoist eschatology)">Li Hong</a>), and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a> (<a href="/wiki/He_whom_God_shall_make_manifest" class="mw-redirect" title="He whom God shall make manifest">He whom God shall make manifest</a>). </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, the messiah will be a future <a href="/wiki/King_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Israel">Jewish king</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">line of David</a> and redeemer of the Jewish people and humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-EECO_2018_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EECO_2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> is the messiah,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">savior</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Redeemer_(Christianity)" title="Redeemer (Christianity)">redeemer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EECO_2018_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EECO_2018-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Greisiger_2015_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greisiger_2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Islam</a>, Jesus was a <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">prophet</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Masih_(title)" title="Masih (title)">messiah</a> of the Jewish people who will return in the end times.<sup id="cite_ref-Greisiger_2015_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greisiger_2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abrahamic_religions">Abrahamic religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messianism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Abrahamic religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_messiah_claimants" title="List of messiah claimants">List of messiah claimants</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messianism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah in Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chabad_messianism" title="Chabad messianism">Chabad messianism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_messiah_claimants" title="List of Jewish messiah claimants">List of Jewish messiah claimants</a>.</div> <p>Messiah (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">משיח</span>; <i>mashiah</i>, <i>moshiah</i>, <i>mashiach</i>, or <i>moshiach</i>, ("anointed [one]") is a term used in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> to describe priests and kings, who were traditionally <a href="/wiki/Anointing" title="Anointing">anointed</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Persia">King of Persia</a>, is referred to as "God's anointed" (Messiah) in the Bible. </p><p>In Jewish messianic tradition and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">eschatology</a>, the term came to refer to a future Jewish <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">king</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">Davidic line</a>, who will be "anointed" with <a href="/wiki/Holy_anointing_oil" title="Holy anointing oil">holy anointing oil</a> and rule the Jewish people during the <a href="/wiki/Messianic_Age" title="Messianic Age">Messianic Age</a>. In Standard Hebrew, the messiah is often referred to as <i>Melekh ha-Mashiaḥ</i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">מלך המשיח</span>‎), literally "the Anointed King". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a> and current <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a> hold that the messiah will be an anointed one, descended from his father through the Davidic line of <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">King David</a>, who will gather the Jews back into the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a> and usher in an era of peace. </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain" title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain">Expulsion of Jews from Spain</a> in 1492 many Spanish rabbis, such as <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ben_Eliezer_Halevi" title="Abraham ben Eliezer Halevi">Abraham ben Eliezer Halevi</a>, believed that the year 1524 would be the beginning of the Messianic Age and that the Messiah himself would appear in 1530–31.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Orthodox Jewish messianic movements have occasionally emerged throughout the centuries among Jewish communities worldwide. These surround various messiah claimants. However, from the Jewish view, the claimants failed to deliver the promises of redemption, and generally remained with only a handful of followers. Excepting <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, the most popular messiah claimants were <a href="/wiki/Simon_bar_Kokhba" title="Simon bar Kokhba">Simon bar Kokhba</a> in 2nd century <a href="/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">Judea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nehemiah_ben_Hushiel" title="Nehemiah ben Hushiel">Nehemiah ben Hushiel</a> in the 7th century <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabbatai_Zevi" title="Sabbatai Zevi">Sabbatai Zevi</a> in the 17th century Ottoman Empire (precursor to <a href="/wiki/Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbateans</a>), <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Frank" title="Jacob Frank">Jacob Frank</a> in 18th century Europe, <a href="/wiki/Shukr_Kuhayl_I" title="Shukr Kuhayl I">Shukr Kuhayl I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Shalom" title="Judah ben Shalom">Judah ben Shalom</a> in 19th century Ottoman Yemen. There are those who currently identify the 20th century <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem Mendel Schneerson</a> (the Lubavitcher Rebbe) as the <a href="/wiki/Chabad_messianism" title="Chabad messianism">Mashiach</a>. </p><p>Other denominations, such as <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a>, believe in a Messianic Age when the world will be at peace, but do not agree that there will be a messiah as the leader of this era. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messianism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus in Christianity</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian eschatology</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_claimed_to_be_Jesus" title="List of people claimed to be Jesus">List of people claimed to be Jesus</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, the Messiah is called the <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Χριστός</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">Khristós</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Anointed One'; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">מָשִׁיחַ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Māšîah</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Mashiach'), the saviour and <a href="/wiki/Redeemer_(Christianity)" title="Redeemer (Christianity)">redeemer</a> who would bring <a href="/wiki/Salvation_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvation (Christianity)">salvation</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish people">Jewish people</a> and mankind. "Christ" is the Greek translation of "Messiah", meaning "Anointed one". The role of the Christ, the Messiah in Christianity, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism#The_Messiah" title="Christianity and Judaism">originated from the concept</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">messiah in Judaism</a>. Though the conceptions of the messiah in each religion are similar, for the most part they are distinct from one another due to the <a href="/wiki/Split_of_early_Christianity_and_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Split of early Christianity and Judaism">split of early Christianity and Judaism</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st century</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> believe <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> to be the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_messiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish messiah">Jewish messiah</a> (Christ) of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Christian Old Testament</a>. </p><p>Christians believe that the <a href="/wiki/Christian_messianic_prophecies" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian messianic prophecies">messianic prophecies</a> were fulfilled in his <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">mission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">death</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">ascension</a> to his <a href="/wiki/Session_of_Christ" title="Session of Christ">Session</a> on the heavenly throne, where "he sat down at the right hand of God, where he is now waiting until his enemies are made a footstool for his feet" (Heb 10:12–13 NET, quoting the Davidic royal Psalm 110:1). Christians believe that the rest of the messianic prophecies will be fulfilled in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming of Christ</a>. One prophecy, distinctive in both the Jewish and Christian concept of the messiah, is that a Jewish king from the <a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">Davidic line</a>, who will be "anointed" with <a href="/wiki/Holy_anointing_oil" title="Holy anointing oil">holy anointing oil</a>, will be king of <a href="/wiki/God%27s_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="God's kingdom">God's kingdom</a> on earth, and rule the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish people">Jewish people</a> and mankind during the <a href="/wiki/Messianic_Age#Christianity" title="Messianic Age">Messianic Age</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_to_come#Christian_eschatology" title="World to come">World to come</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messianism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Masih_(title)" title="Masih (title)">Masih</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mahdism" title="Mahdism">Mahdism</a></div><p>In Islam (Shia and Sunni), the Mahdi is considered as the promised one [6] but there is a difference in who the Mahdi is, the Shiites of the Twelve Imams believe that the Mahdi is Muhammad, the son of Hassan Askari, the twelfth Imam and the Imam of their time, who was born before and now He is hidden from most people by Allah/god's will for more than a thousand years and appears at the appointed time. But according to some people of the Sunnah, Mahdi is someone from the Prophet's generation (probably Sadat's dynasty) who has not yet been born. He will be born in the future and become the savior of mankind. Also, most of the followers of Sunnah consider Mahdi as an ordinary and very pure person, which is in contradiction with other prophecies of Abrahamic religions. Most of the Abrahamic religions have emphasized that the savior of the end of time is a divine messenger for humanity. According to Shiites, Mahdi is a divine chosen one, the proof of God and infallible. Also, they have mentioned many signs about the appearance of Mahdi. Shiites consider Mahdi an imam, and unlike Sunnis, according to their claim, relying on hadiths, traditions and verses of the Qur'an, especially the affliction of Abraham in Surah Baqarah, they consider Imamate to be a divine position and it is the highest position in the system of previous creation. They know Muhammad's status as the highest of creations. Shiites emphasize the imams' formative authority and consider them to be the manifestation of God, and they have repeatedly mentioned in their works the superhuman powers given to imams by God. In fact, Shiites are not the first ones who have proposed the savior of the apocalypse as a manifestation of God. In Hindu religion, the savior of the end of time is called Avatar, which means manifestation, Avatar comes from the word Avatarai, which means the manifestation of a superior power. Some groups of Muslims, especially the Wahhabis, consider this claim of Shiites to be completely polytheistic and superstitious. While in the Torah, the book of Genesis, 12 kings from Ismael's generation are mentioned, and Shiites consider these 12 kings to be their 12 imams. In the Sunni hadith books, 12 caliphs are mentioned after the Prophet of Islam, the last of whom is the promised Mahdi. All Muslims agree on the return of Jesus Christ, and some Sunnis and all Shiites of twelve Imams believe in the return of Christ at the time of the appearance of the Mahdi and consider him one of the special helpers of the promised Mahdi.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></p><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mahdi_claimants" title="List of Mahdi claimants">List of Mahdi claimants</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Islam" title="Jesus in Islam">Jesus in Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic eschatology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:End_times.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/End_times.svg/220px-End_times.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/End_times.svg/330px-End_times.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/End_times.svg/440px-End_times.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, Isa ibn Maryam is the <i><a href="/wiki/Masih_(title)" title="Masih (title)">al-Masih</a></i> ("Jesus son of Mary, the Messiah") who is believed to have been anointed from birth by <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> with the specific task of being a prophet and a king. In Islam, the <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a> is believed to hold the task of establishing the truth and fighting against divisions of Islam, uniting all sects before the return of Jesus who will kill the false messiah <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">Al-Masih ad-Dajjal</a></i> (similar to the <a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a> in Christianity), who will emerge shortly before him in human form in the end of the times, claiming that he is the messiah.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then Jesus will pray for the death of <a href="/wiki/Gog_and_Magog" title="Gog and Magog">Gog and Magog</a> (Yajuj Majuj) who are an ancient tribe sealed away from humanity who will rise to cause destruction. After he has destroyed al-Dajjal, Mahdi's final task will be to become a just king and to re-establish justice. After the death of Mahdi, Jesus' reign of the messianic King will begin bringing long-lasting peace in the world until the Day of Judgement. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih al-Bukhari</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/043-sbt.php#003.043.656">3:43:656</a>: Narrated <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hurairah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hurairah">Abu Hurairah</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Allah's Apostle said, "The Hour will not be established until the son of Mary (Mariam) (i.e. Jesus) descends amongst you as a just ruler, he will break the cross, kill the pigs, and abolish the Jizya tax. Money will be in abundance so that nobody will accept it (as charitable gifts)."</p></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya Muslim community</a> believes that the prophecies regarding the advent of the Messiah and Mahdi have been fulfilled in the person of <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad">Mirza Ghulam Ahmad</a> of <a href="/wiki/Qadian" title="Qadian">Qadian</a>. He claimed to be the Promised Messiah and Mahdi, the metaphorical second coming of Jesus of Nazareth and the divine guide, whose advent was foretold by the Prophet of Islam, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Druze_faith">Druze faith</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messianism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Druze faith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> faith, Jesus is considered the <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a> and one of God's important prophets,<sup id="cite_ref-Hitti_1928_37_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hitti_1928_37-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dana_2008_17_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dana_2008_17-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> being among the seven prophets who appeared in different periods of history.<sup id="cite_ref-Hitti_1928_37_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hitti_1928_37-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dana_2008_17_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dana_2008_17-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Druze manuscripts Jesus is the Greatest Imam and the incarnation of Ultimate <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">Reason</a> (Akl) on earth and the first cosmic principle (Hadd),<sup id="cite_ref-Dana47_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dana47-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and regards <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Ali" title="Hamza ibn Ali">Hamza ibn Ali</a> as the incarnations of one of the five great celestial powers, who form part of their system.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Druze doctrines include the beliefs that Jesus was <a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">born of a virgin</a> named <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>, performed <a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">miracles</a>, and died by <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">crucifixion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dana47_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dana47-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> tradition, Jesus is known under three titles: the True Messiah (<i>al-Masih al-Haq</i>), the Messiah of all Nations (<i>Masih al-Umam</i>), and the Messiah of Sinners. This is due, respectively, to the belief that Jesus delivered the true Gospel message, the belief that he was the Saviour of all nations, and the belief that he offers forgiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Druze believe that Hamza ibn Ali was a <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a> of Jesus,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that <a href="/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Ali" title="Hamza ibn Ali">Hamza ibn Ali</a> is the true Messiah, who directed the deeds of the messiah Jesus "the son of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>", but when messiah Jesus "the son of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>" strayed from the path of the true Messiah, Hamza filled the hearts of the Jews with hatred for him – and for that reason, they <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucified</a> him, according to the Druze manuscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-Dana47_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dana47-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Louis_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Louis-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, <a href="/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Ali" title="Hamza ibn Ali">Hamza ibn Ali</a> took him down from the cross and allowed him to return to his family, in order to prepare men for the preaching of his religion.<sup id="cite_ref-Dana47_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dana47-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bábism_and_Baháʼí_Faith"><span id="B.C3.A1bism_and_Bah.C3.A1.CA.BC.C3.AD_Faith"></span>Bábism and Baháʼí Faith</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messianism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bábism and Baháʼí Faith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Manifestation_of_God_(Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith)" title="Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)">Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/He_whom_God_shall_make_manifest" class="mw-redirect" title="He whom God shall make manifest">He whom God shall make manifest</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">من يظهر الله</span>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">مظهر کلّیه الهی</span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Messianic_figure" class="mw-redirect" title="Messianic figure">messianic figure</a> in the religion of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a>. The messianic figure was repeatedly mentioned by the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1b" title="Báb">Báb</a>, the founder of Bábism, in His book, the <a href="/wiki/Bay%C3%A1n" title="Bayán">Bayán</a>. The Báb described the messianic figure as the origin of all divine attributes, and stated that his command was equivalent to <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>’s command. The Báb stated that once the messianic figure had arrived, the perusal of one of his verses was to be greater than a thousand perusals of the <a href="/wiki/Bay%C3%A1n" title="Bayán">Bayán</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PSmith_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSmith-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prediction is widely recognized as being fulfilled by <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'u'lláh">Bahá'u'lláh</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eor_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eor-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_religions">Other religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messianism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messianism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist eschatology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddha_claimants" title="List of Buddha claimants">List of Buddha claimants</a></div> <p>Maitreya is a <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a> who in the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> tradition is to appear on Earth, achieve complete <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment (Buddhism)">enlightenment</a>, and teach the pure <a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharma (Buddhism)">dharma</a>. According to scriptures, Maitreya will be a successor of the historic <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Śākyamuni Buddha</a>, the founder of Buddhism. The prophecy of the arrival of Maitreya is found in the canonical literature of all Buddhist sects<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (<a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayāna</a>) and is accepted by most Buddhists as a statement about an actual event that will take place in the distant future. </p><p>Although Maitreya Buddha appears in the canonical literature shared by many sects of Buddhism, Buddhists in different historical contexts have conceived of Maitreya Buddha in different ways. In early medieval <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a>, for example, Taoist and Buddhist ideas combined to produce a particular emphasis on the messianic role of a Bodhisattva called "Prince Moonlight."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the Chinese Maitreyan traditions were themselves marked by considerable diversity. <a href="/wiki/Erik_Z%C3%BCrcher" title="Erik Zürcher">Erik Zürcher</a> has argued that a certain "canonical" Maitreyan cult from the fourth to sixth centuries believed Maitreya to inhabit the <a href="/wiki/Tushita" title="Tushita">Tushita</a> heaven where Buddhists might be reborn in the very distant future. Another rival tradition, however, believed that Maitreya would appear in the imminent future in this world to provide salvation during a time of misery and decline.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This latter form of Maitreyan belief was generally censored and condemned as heretical to the point that few manuscripts survive written by Buddhists sympathetic to this tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maitreya Buddha continued to be an important figure in millenarian rebellions throughout Chinese history such as in the rebellions associated with the so-called <a href="/wiki/White_Lotus" title="White Lotus">White Lotus</a> Society. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cargo_cults">Cargo cults</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messianism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cargo cults"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/John_Frum" title="John Frum">John Frum</a></div> <p>John Frum is a figure associated with <a href="/wiki/Cargo_cult" title="Cargo cult">cargo cults</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Tanna_(island)" title="Tanna (island)">Tanna</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>. He is often depicted as an American <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> serviceman who will bring wealth and prosperity to the people if they follow him. He is sometimes portrayed as black, sometimes as white. Quoting <a href="/wiki/David_Attenborough" title="David Attenborough">David Attenborough</a>'s report of an encounter: "'E look like you. 'E got white face. 'E tall man. 'E live 'long South America."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nazi_messianism">Nazi messianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messianism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nazi messianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Religion in Nazi Germany">Religion in Nazi Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Religious views of Adolf Hitler">Religious views of Adolf Hitler</a></div> <p>There has been significant literature on the potential <a href="/wiki/Religious_aspects_of_Nazism" title="Religious aspects of Nazism">religious aspects of Nazism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wilfried_Daim" title="Wilfried Daim">Wilfried Daim</a> suggests that Hitler and the Nazi leadership planned to replace Christianity in Germany with a new religion in which Hitler would be considered a <a href="/wiki/Messiah_complex" title="Messiah complex">messiah</a>. In his book on the connection between <a href="/wiki/Lanz_von_Liebenfels" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanz von Liebenfels">Lanz von Liebenfels</a> and Hitler, Daim published a reprint of an alleged document of a session on "the unconditional abolishment of all religious commitments (<i>Religionsbekenntnisse</i>) after the final victory (<i>Endsieg</i>) ... with a simultaneous proclamation of Adolf Hitler as the new messiah."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the <a href="/wiki/Wotansvolk" title="Wotansvolk">Wotansvolk</a> Neo-Völkisch mystery religion, <a href="/wiki/David_Lane_(white_supremacist)" title="David Lane (white supremacist)">David Eden Lane</a> is regarded as the "666 Man" and the "Man David" of prophecy, an anti-Christian "Messiah" incarnated to "warn and save the White Aryan race from near extinction". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_and_Slavic_messianism">Russian and Slavic messianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messianism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Russian and Slavic messianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Polish_messianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish messianism">Polish messianism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic</a> <a href="/wiki/Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic peoples">Slavic</a> messianism held that the Slavs, especially the <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>, suffer in order that other European nations, and eventually all of humanity, may be redeemed.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">This theme</a> had a profound impact in the development of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Pan-Slavism</a> and Russian and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet imperialism">Soviet imperialism</a>; it also appears in works by the Polish <a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland" title="Romanticism in Poland">Romantic</a> poets <a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Krasi%C5%84ski" title="Zygmunt Krasiński">Zygmunt Krasiński</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Adam Mickiewicz</a>, including the latter's familiar expression, "<i>Polska Chrystusem narodów</i>" ("<a href="/wiki/Christ_of_Europe" title="Christ of Europe">Poland is the Christ of nations</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Messianic ideas appear in the "<a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Genesis_of_the_Ukrainian_People" title="Books of the Genesis of the Ukrainian People">Books of the Genesis of the Ukrainian People</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius" title="Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius">Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius</a> Manifesto),<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which universal equality and democracy in the <a href="/wiki/Zaporizhian_Sich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaporizhian Sich">Zaporizhian Sich</a>, recognized as a revival of human society initially planned by God and faith in its future revival, associated with faith in the death and resurrection of Christ. Reborn <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> will expand universal freedom and faith in all Slavic countries and, thus designed by God, an ideal society will be restored.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sebastianism">Sebastianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messianism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sebastianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sebastianism" title="Sebastianism">Sebastianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian of Portugal">Sebastian of Portugal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Empire" title="Fifth Empire">Fifth Empire</a></div> <p>Sebastianism (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">Sebastianismo</i>) is a Portuguese messianic myth, based on the belief that King <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastian of Portugal">Sebastian of Portugal</a>, disappeared in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alc%C3%A1cer_Quibir" title="Battle of Alcácer Quibir">battle of Alcácer Quibir</a>, will return to <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> and create the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Empire" title="Fifth Empire">Fifth Empire</a>. The belief gained momentum after an interpretation by priest <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Vieira" title="António Vieira">António Vieira</a> of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_2" title="Daniel 2">Daniel 2</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> the most important manifestation of Sebastianism took place in the context of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil_(1889%E2%80%931930)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brazil (1889–1930)">Proclamation of the Republic</a>, when movements emerged that defended a return to the monarchy. It is categorised as an example of the <a href="/wiki/King_asleep_in_mountain" title="King asleep in mountain">King asleep in mountain</a> folk motif, typified by people waiting for a hero. The Portuguese author <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Pessoa" title="Fernando Pessoa">Fernando Pessoa</a> wrote about such a hero in his epic <i>Mensagem</i> (<i>The Message</i>). </p><p>It is the longest-lived and most influential <a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">millenarian</a> legends in Western Europe, having had profound political and cultural resonances from the time of Sebastians death till at least the late 19th century in Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taoism">Taoism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messianism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Taoism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around the 3rd century CE, religious <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> developed eschatological ideas. A number of scriptures <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2015)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> predict the end of the world cycle, the deluge, epidemics, and coming of the saviour <a href="/wiki/Li_Hong_(Taoist_eschatology)" title="Li Hong (Taoist eschatology)">Li Hong</a> 李弘 (not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Li_Hong" title="Li Hong">Tang personalities</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wicca,_Stregheria,_Neopaganism_and_Witchcraft"><span id="Wicca.2C_Stregheria.2C_Neopaganism_and_Witchcraft"></span>Wicca, Stregheria, Neopaganism and Witchcraft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messianism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Wicca, Stregheria, Neopaganism and Witchcraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aradia" title="Aradia">Aradia</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Aradia" title="Aradia">Aradia</a> is one of the principal figures in the American folklorist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Godfrey_Leland" title="Charles Godfrey Leland">Charles Godfrey Leland</a>'s 1899 work <i><a href="/wiki/Aradia,_or_the_Gospel_of_the_Witches" title="Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches">Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches</a></i>, which he believed to be a genuine religious text used by a group of <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witches</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, a claim that has subsequently been disputed by other folklorists and historians.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Leland's <i>Gospel</i>, Aradia is portrayed as a <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a> who was sent to Earth in order to teach the oppressed peasants how to perform witchcraft to use against the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> and the upper classes. </p><p>Since the publication of Leland's <i>Gospel</i>, Aradia has become "arguably one of the central figures of the modern pagan witchcraft revival" and as such has featured in various forms of <a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Neopaganism</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stregheria" title="Stregheria">Stregheria</a>, as an actual deity.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Raven_Grimassi" title="Raven Grimassi">Raven Grimassi</a>, founder of the Wiccan-inspired tradition of Stregheria, claims that Aradia was a historical figure named <i>Aradia di Toscano</i>, who led a group of "Diana-worshipping witches" in 14th-century Tuscany.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messianism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Zoroastrianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Saoshyant" title="Saoshyant">Saoshyant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Frashokereti</a></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a> philosophy, redacted in the <a href="/wiki/Yasht" title="Yasht">Zand-i Vohuman Yasht</a>, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>at the end of thy tenth hundredth winter [...] the sun is more unseen and more spotted; the year, month, and day are shorter; and the earth is more barren; and the crop will not yield the seed; and men [...] become more deceitful and more given to vile practices. They have no gratitude. Honorable wealth will all proceed to those of perverted faith [...] and a dark cloud makes the whole sky night [...] and it will rain more noxious creatures than winter.</p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Saoshyant" title="Saoshyant">Saoshyant</a>, the Man of Peace, battles the forces of evil.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The events of <a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">the final renovation</a> are described in the <i><a href="/wiki/Bundahishn" title="Bundahishn">Bundahishn</a></i> (30.1ff): "In the final battle with evil, the <a href="/wiki/Yazata" title="Yazata"><i>yazata</i>s</a> <a href="/wiki/Airyaman" title="Airyaman">Airyaman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atar" title="Atar">Atar</a> will 'melt the metal in the hills and mountains, and it will be upon the earth like a river' (<a href="/wiki/Bundahishn" title="Bundahishn">Bundahishn</a> 34.18), but the righteous (<i><a href="/wiki/Ashavan" title="Ashavan">ashavan</a></i>) will not be harmed." </p><p>Eventually, <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a> will triumph, and his agent Saoshyant will resurrect the dead, whose bodies will be restored to eternal perfection, and whose souls will be cleansed and reunited with God. Time will then end, and truth/righteousness (<i><a href="/wiki/Asha" title="Asha">asha</a></i>) and immortality will thereafter be everlasting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messianism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_complex" title="Messiah complex">Messiah complex</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messianism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christ, pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span> From <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Christus</i>, via <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">χριστός</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">khristós</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'the anointed one [of God]'; <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calqued</a> from <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">מָשִׁיחַ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">māšîaḥ</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'<i><a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">messiah</a></i> or <i>messias</i>'.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nfcnqq_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nfcnqq-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively (<i>Messiah</i> or <i>Messias</i>): <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">messias</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">μεσσίας</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">messías</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'<i>messias</i> or <i>messiah</i>' (alternative to <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">χριστός</span></span>), via <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Aramaic language">Imperial Aramaic</a>: <span lang="arc" dir="rtl">משיחא</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Imperial Aramaic-language romanization"><i lang="arc-Latn">məšīḥā</i></span>, ultimately from the same Hebrew.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messianism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EECO_2018-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EECO_2018_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EECO_2018_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EECO_2018_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAngel2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Angel, Joseph L. (2018). "Messianism/Messianic Movements". In Hunter, David G.; van Geest, Paul J. J.; Lietaert Peerbolte, Bert Jan (eds.). <i>Brill Encyclopedia of Early Christianity Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2589-7993_EECO_SIM_041888">10.1163/2589-7993_EECO_SIM_041888</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2589-7993">2589-7993</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Messianism%2FMessianic+Movements&rft.btitle=Brill+Encyclopedia+of+Early+Christianity+Online&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2589-7993_EECO_SIM_041888&rft.issn=2589-7993&rft.aulast=Angel&rft.aufirst=Joseph+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/messianism">"Define Messianism at Dictionary.com"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Define+Messianism+at+Dictionary.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fmessianism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greisiger_2015-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greisiger_2015_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greisiger_2015_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greisiger_2015_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreisiger2015" class="citation book cs1">Greisiger, Lutz (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8rhRCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA272">"Apocalypticism, Millenarianism, and Messianism"</a>. In Blidstein, Moshe; Silverstein, Adam J.; <a href="/wiki/Guy_Stroumsa" title="Guy Stroumsa">Stroumsa, Guy G.</a> (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of the Abrahamic Religions</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 272–294. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199697762.013.14">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697762.013.14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969776-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969776-2"><bdi>978-0-19-969776-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2014960132">2014960132</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170614787">170614787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Apocalypticism%2C+Millenarianism%2C+and+Messianism&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Abrahamic+Religions&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pages=272-294&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199697762.013.14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170614787%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2014960132&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969776-2&rft.aulast=Greisiger&rft.aufirst=Lutz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8rhRCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dana47-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dana47_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dana47_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dana47_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dana47_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dana47_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDana2008" class="citation book cs1">Dana, Nissim (2008). <i>The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status</i>. Michigan University press. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903900-36-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903900-36-9"><bdi>978-1-903900-36-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Druze+in+the+Middle+East%3A+Their+Faith%2C+Leadership%2C+Identity+and+Status&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Michigan+University+press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-903900-36-9&rft.aulast=Dana&rft.aufirst=Nissim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Louis-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Louis_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Louis_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassignon2019" class="citation book cs1">Massignon, Louis (2019). <i>The Passion of Al-Hallaj, Mystic and Martyr of Islam, Volume 1: The Life of Al-Hallaj</i>. Princeton University Press. p. 594. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691610832" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691610832"><bdi>978-0691610832</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Passion+of+Al-Hallaj%2C+Mystic+and+Martyr+of+Islam%2C+Volume+1%3A+The+Life+of+Al-Hallaj&rft.pages=594&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0691610832&rft.aulast=Massignon&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinsburgh2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yitzchak_Ginsburgh" title="Yitzchak Ginsburgh">Ginsburgh, Rabbi Yitzchak</a> (2001). <i>Awakening the Spark Within – Five Dynamics of Leadership That Can Change the World</i>. Gal Einai. pp. 18–19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Awakening+the+Spark+Within+%E2%80%93+Five+Dynamics+of+Leadership+That+Can+Change+the+World&rft.pages=18-19&rft.pub=Gal+Einai&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Ginsburgh&rft.aufirst=Rabbi+Yitzchak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZanzig2000" class="citation book cs1">Zanzig, Thomas (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusofhistorych03edzanz/page/314"><i>Jesus of history, Christ of faith</i></a>. Saint Mary's Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusofhistorych03edzanz/page/314">314</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88489-530-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-88489-530-0"><bdi>0-88489-530-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+of+history%2C+Christ+of+faith&rft.pages=314&rft.pub=Saint+Mary%27s+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-88489-530-0&rft.aulast=Zanzig&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjesusofhistorych03edzanz%2Fpage%2F314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nfcnqq-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nfcnqq_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=messiah">"Etymology Online: <i>messiah</i>"</a>. Etymonline.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Etymology+Online%3A+messiah&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dmessiah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/abraham-ben-eliezer-ha-levi">"Abraham ben Eliezer Ha-Levi | Encyclopedia.com"</a>. <i>www.encyclopedia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Abraham+ben+Eliezer+Ha-Levi+%7C+Encyclopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Freligion%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fabraham-ben-eliezer-ha-levi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFsafaee_thakhtehfolady" class="citation book cs1">safaee thakhtehfolady, mohammad reza. <i>mahdy</i>. bid.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=mahdy&rft.pub=bid&rft.aulast=safaee+thakhtehfolady&rft.aufirst=mohammad+reza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Sahih_Muslim" title="Sahih Muslim">Sahih Muslim</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19700101010101/http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/muslim/041-smt.php#041.7023">41:7023</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli" class="citation web cs1">Ali, Mohammed Ali Ibn Zubair. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120419163830/http://www.islam.tc/prophecies/masdaj.html">"Who is the evil Dajjal (the "anti-Christ")?"</a>. <i>Islam.tc</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islam.tc/prophecies/masdaj.html">the original</a> on 2012-04-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Islam.tc&rft.atitle=Who+is+the+evil+Dajjal+%28the+%22anti-Christ%22%29%3F&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Mohammed+Ali+Ibn+Zubair&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islam.tc%2Fprophecies%2Fmasdaj.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alislam.org/topics/messiah/">"The Promised Messiah"</a>. <i>alislam.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=alislam.org&rft.atitle=The+Promised+Messiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alislam.org%2Ftopics%2Fmessiah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hitti_1928_37-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hitti_1928_37_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hitti_1928_37_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitti1928" class="citation book cs1">Hitti, Philip K. (1928). <i>The Origins of the Druze People and Religion: With Extracts from Their Sacred Writings</i>. Library of Alexandria. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4655-4662-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4655-4662-3"><bdi>978-1-4655-4662-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Druze+People+and+Religion%3A+With+Extracts+from+Their+Sacred+Writings&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Library+of+Alexandria&rft.date=1928&rft.isbn=978-1-4655-4662-3&rft.aulast=Hitti&rft.aufirst=Philip+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dana_2008_17-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dana_2008_17_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dana_2008_17_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDana2008" class="citation book cs1">Dana, Nissim (2008). <i>The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status</i>. Michigan University press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903900-36-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903900-36-9"><bdi>978-1-903900-36-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Druze+in+the+Middle+East%3A+Their+Faith%2C+Leadership%2C+Identity+and+Status&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Michigan+University+press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-903900-36-9&rft.aulast=Dana&rft.aufirst=Nissim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrone2013" class="citation book cs1">Crone, Patricia (2013). <i>The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought</i>. Princeton University Press. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691134840" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691134840"><bdi>978-0691134840</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Political+Thought&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0691134840&rft.aulast=Crone&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwayd2019" class="citation book cs1">Swayd, Samy (2019). <i>The A to Z of the Druzes</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810870024" title="Special:BookSources/9780810870024"><bdi>9780810870024</bdi></a>. <q>Jesus is known in the Druze tradition as the "True Messiah" (al-Masih al-Haq), for he delivered what Druzes view as the true message. He is also referred to as the "Messiah of the Nations" (Masih al-Umam) because he was sent to the world as "Masih of Sins" because he is the one who forgives.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+the+Druzes&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780810870024&rft.aulast=Swayd&rft.aufirst=Samy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Sorenson2008" class="citation book cs1">S. Sorenson, David (2008). <i>The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought</i>. Routledge. p. 239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0429975042" title="Special:BookSources/978-0429975042"><bdi>978-0429975042</bdi></a>. <q>They further believe that Hamza ibn Ali was a reincarnation of many prophets, including Christ, Plato, Aristotle.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Political+Thought&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0429975042&rft.aulast=S.+Sorenson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PSmith-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PSmith_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Smith, Peter (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pYfrAQAAQBAJ">"He whom God shall make Manifest"</a>. <i>A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith</i>. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. pp. 180–1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85168-184-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85168-184-1"><bdi>1-85168-184-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=He+whom+God+shall+make+Manifest&rft.btitle=A+concise+encyclopedia+of+the+Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD+Faith&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=180-1&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-85168-184-1&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpYfrAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eor-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eor_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutter2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hutter, Manfred (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofre0000unse_v8f2">"Bahā'īs"</a></span>. In Lindsay Jones (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Religion</i>. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference US. pp. 737–740. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-865733-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-865733-0"><bdi>0-02-865733-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bah%C4%81%27%C4%ABs&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=737-740&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+US&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-02-865733-0&rft.aulast=Hutter&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofre0000unse_v8f2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZürcher1982" class="citation journal cs1">Zürcher, E. (1982). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Prince Moonlight": Messianism and Eschatology in Early Medieval Chinese Buddhism". <i>T'oung Pao</i>. <b>68</b>: 2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156853282X00073">10.1163/156853282X00073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=T%27oung+Pao&rft.atitle=%22Prince+Moonlight%22%3A+Messianism+and+Eschatology+in+Early+Medieval+Chinese+Buddhism&rft.volume=68&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156853282X00073&rft.aulast=Z%C3%BCrcher&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZürcher1982" class="citation journal cs1">Zürcher, E. (1982). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Prince Moonlight": Messianism and Eschatology in Early Medieval Chinese Buddhism". <i>T'oung Pao</i>. <b>68</b>: 13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156853282X00073">10.1163/156853282X00073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=T%27oung+Pao&rft.atitle=%22Prince+Moonlight%22%3A+Messianism+and+Eschatology+in+Early+Medieval+Chinese+Buddhism&rft.volume=68&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156853282X00073&rft.aulast=Z%C3%BCrcher&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZürcher1982" class="citation journal cs1">Zürcher, E. (1982). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Prince Moonlight": Messianism and Eschatology in Early Medieval Chinese Buddhism". <i>T'oung Pao</i>. <b>68</b>: 16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156853282X00073">10.1163/156853282X00073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=T%27oung+Pao&rft.atitle=%22Prince+Moonlight%22%3A+Messianism+and+Eschatology+in+Early+Medieval+Chinese+Buddhism&rft.volume=68&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156853282X00073&rft.aulast=Z%C3%BCrcher&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAttenborough,_David1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Attenborough" title="David Attenborough">Attenborough, David</a> (1960). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peopleofparadise0000atte"><i>People of Paradise</i></a></span>. New York: Harper & Brothers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People+of+Paradise&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1960&rft.au=Attenborough%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeopleofparadise0000atte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilfried Daim: <i>Der Mann, der Hitler die Ideen gab</i>, Vienna 1994, p. 222; quoted after: H. T. Hakl: <i>Nationalsozialismus und Okkultismus</i>. <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> In: Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke: <i>Die okkulten Wurzeln des Nationalsozialismus</i>, 1997, Graz, Austria: Stocker (German edition of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Occult_Roots_of_Nazism" title="The Occult Roots of Nazism">The Occult Roots of Nazism</a></i>), p. 196</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Russian Messianism: Third Rome, Revolution, Communism and After</i>, Peter J. S. Duncan, London, 2000 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.georgefox.edu/academics/undergrad/departments/soc-swk/ree/Chrostowski_Suffering.html">The Suffering, Choseness and Mission of the Polish Nation, Waldemar Chrostowski</a>, Religion in Eastern Europe, <a href="/wiki/George_Fox_University" title="George Fox University">George Fox University</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages/K/O/KostomarovMykola.htm">Kostomarov, Mykola</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Ukraine" title="Encyclopedia of Ukraine">Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161109085145/http://www.anthropos.lnu.edu.ua/jspui/bitstream/123456789/609/1/56-70_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%A1.pdf">"Between The Philosophy of History and Messianism (The Books of the Genesis of the Ukrainian People) S.Kozak"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anthropos.lnu.edu.ua/jspui/bitstream/123456789/609/1/56-70_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%A1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-11-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Between+The+Philosophy+of+History+and+Messianism+%28The+Books+of+the+Genesis+of+the+Ukrainian+People%29+S.Kozak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anthropos.lnu.edu.ua%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F609%2F1%2F56-70_%25D0%259A%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA_%25D0%25A1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMessianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bryan Givens: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EuiOWqJ7u8YC&q=sebastianismSebastianism&pg=PA127">in Theory and Practice in Early Modern Portugal</a>" in <i>Braudel Revisited</i> University of Toronto Press, 2010, p. 127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hut99">Hutton 1999</a>. p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Magliocco, Sabina (2009). 'Aradia in Sardinia: The Archaeology of a Folk Character' in <i>Ten Years of Triumph of the Moon</i>. Hidden Publishing. p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Gri96">Grimassi 1996</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Messianism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Millenarianism and Messianism in Early Modern Culture</i>, (4 voll.), Dordrecht: Kluwer. <ul><li>Vol. 1: Goldish, Matt and Popkin, Richard H. (eds.). <i>Jewish Messianism in the Early Modern World</i>, 2001.</li> <li>Vol. 2: Kottmnan, Karl (eds.). <i>Catholic Millenarianism: From Savonarola to the Abbè Grégoire</i>, 2001.</li> <li>Vol. 3: Force, James E. and Popkin, Richard H. (eds.). <i>The Millenarian Turn: Millenarian Contexts of Science, Politics and Everyday Anglo-American Life in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries</i>, 2001.</li> <li>Vol. 4: Laursen, John Christian and Popkin, Richard H. (eds.). <i>Continental Millenarians: Protestants, Catholics, Heretics</i>, 2001.</li></ul></li> <li>Bockmuehl, Markus and Paget, James Carleton Paget (eds.), <i>Redemption and Resistance. The Messianic Hopes of Jews and Christians in Antiquity</i> London, New York: T & T Clark, 2009.</li> <li>Desroche, Henri, <i>Dieux d'hommes. Dictionnaire des messianismes et millénarismes de l'ère chrétienne</i>, The Hague: Mouton, 1969.</li> <li>Idel, Moshe, <i>Messianic Mystics</i>, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998.</li> <li>Kavka, Martin, <i>Jewish Messianism and the History of Philosophy</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.</li> <li>Saperstein, Marc (ed.), <i>Essential Papers on Messianic Movements and Personalities in Jewish History</i>, NY: New York University Press, 1992.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hinduism" title="Women in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_women" title="Mormonism and women">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddesses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" 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