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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans">资助维基百科</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"> 创建账号</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"> 登录</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" 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aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-分類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 分類 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-分類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-症狀" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#症狀"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 症狀 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-症狀-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关症狀子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-症狀-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-運動症狀" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#運動症狀"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 運動症狀 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-運動症狀-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-颤抖" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#颤抖"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 颤抖 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-颤抖-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-運動功能減退症" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#運動功能減退症"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 運動功能減退症 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-運動功能減退症-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-肢體僵硬" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#肢體僵硬"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 肢體僵硬 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-肢體僵硬-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-姿態不穩" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#姿態不穩"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.4 姿態不穩 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-姿態不穩-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-不宁腿综合征" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#不宁腿综合征"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.5 不宁腿综合征 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-不宁腿综合征-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其他运动障碍" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其他运动障碍"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.6 其他运动障碍 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-其他运动障碍-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-神經性精神疾患" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#神經性精神疾患"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 神經性精神疾患 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-神經性精神疾患-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-认知混乱" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#认知混乱"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 认知混乱 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-认知混乱-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-失智症" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#失智症"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 失智症 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-失智症-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-情绪障碍" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#情绪障碍"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 情绪障碍 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-情绪障碍-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-睡眠障碍" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#睡眠障碍"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 睡眠障碍 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-睡眠障碍-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-日间过度思睡" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#日间过度思睡"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 日间过度思睡 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-日间过度思睡-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-快速动眼睡眠行为障碍" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#快速动眼睡眠行为障碍"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 快速动眼睡眠行为障碍 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-快速动眼睡眠行为障碍-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其他症狀" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其他症狀"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 其他症狀 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-其他症狀-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-病因" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#病因"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 病因 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-病因-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关病因子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-病因-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-年龄因子" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#年龄因子"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 年龄因子 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-年龄因子-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-環境因子" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#環境因子"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 環境因子 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-環境因子-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-遺傳因子" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#遺傳因子"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 遺傳因子 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-遺傳因子-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-病理學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#病理學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 病理學 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-病理學-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关病理學子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-病理學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-解剖學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#解剖學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 解剖學 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-解剖學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-病理生理學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#病理生理學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 病理生理學 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-病理生理學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-腦神經元死亡" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#腦神經元死亡"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 腦神經元死亡 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-腦神經元死亡-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-診斷" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#診斷"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 診斷 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-診斷-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-預防" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#預防"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 預防 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-預防-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-治療" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#治療"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 治療 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-治療-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关治療子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-治療-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-L-多巴" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L-多巴"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 L-多巴 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L-多巴-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-多巴胺受體激動劑" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#多巴胺受體激動劑"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 多巴胺受體激動劑 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-多巴胺受體激動劑-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-单胺氧化酶抑制劑" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#单胺氧化酶抑制劑"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 单胺氧化酶抑制劑 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-单胺氧化酶抑制劑-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其他藥物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其他藥物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 其他藥物 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-其他藥物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-手術" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#手術"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 手術 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-手術-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-復健" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#復健"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 復健 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-復健-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-緩和醫療" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#緩和醫療"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 緩和醫療 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-緩和醫療-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其他治療" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其他治療"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 其他治療 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-其他治療-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-預後" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#預後"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 預後 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-預後-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-流行病學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#流行病學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 流行病學 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-流行病學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 歷史 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-社會與文化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#社會與文化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 社會與文化 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-社會與文化-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关社會與文化子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-社會與文化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-社會支出" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#社會支出"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 社會支出 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-社會支出-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-倡議" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#倡議"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 倡議 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-倡議-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-著名病例" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#著名病例"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 著名病例 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-著名病例-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-研究" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#研究"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 研究 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-研究-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关研究子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-研究-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-模式動物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#模式動物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 模式動物 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-模式動物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-基因療法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#基因療法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 基因療法 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-基因療法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-神經保護療法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#神經保護療法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 神經保護療法 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-神經保護療法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-神經移植" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#神經移植"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4 神經移植 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-神經移植-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 參考文獻 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 外部連結 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 开关目录 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">帕金森氏病</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。102种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-102" aria-hidden="true" > 102种语言 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson_se_siekte" title="Parkinson se siekte – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Parkinson se siekte" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson-Krankheit" title="Parkinson-Krankheit – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Parkinson-Krankheit" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaut%C3%ADa_de_Parkinson" title="Malautía de Parkinson – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Malautía de Parkinson" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="مرض باركنسون – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مرض باركنسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="مرض باركنسون – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مرض باركنسون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfermed%C3%A1_de_Parkinson" title="Enfermedá de Parkinson – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Enfermedá de Parkinson" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson_x%C9%99st%C9%99liyi" title="Parkinson xəstəliyi – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Parkinson xəstəliyi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B6%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="پارکینسون مریضلیگی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پارکینسون مریضلیگی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Хвароба Паркінсона – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хвароба Паркінсона" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Болест на Паркинсон – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Болест на Паркинсон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97" title="পারকিনসন রোগ – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পারকিনসন রোগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinsonova_bolest" title="Parkinsonova bolest – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Parkinsonova bolest" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaltia_de_Parkinson" title="Malaltia de Parkinson – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Malaltia de Parkinson" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%86%D9%86" title="پارکینسۆن – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پارکینسۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malat%C3%ACa_di_Parkinson" title="Malatìa di Parkinson – 科西嘉语" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Malatìa di Parkinson" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="科西嘉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinsonova_nemoc" title="Parkinsonova nemoc – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Parkinsonova nemoc" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinsons_sygdom" title="Parkinsons sygdom – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Parkinsons sygdom" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson-Krankheit" title="Parkinson-Krankheit – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Parkinson-Krankheit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8C%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%AA%DE%8C%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%AA%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%85%DE%A7_%DE%84%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%A8" title="ތުރުތުރުއަޅާ ބަލި – 迪维希语" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ތުރުތުރުއަޅާ ބަލި" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="迪维希语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A0%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Νόσος του Πάρκινσον – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νόσος του Πάρκινσον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0rkinson" title="Pàrkinson – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Pàrkinson" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Parkinson's disease" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinsona_malsano" title="Parkinsona malsano – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Parkinsona malsano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enfermedad_de_Parkinson" title="Enfermedad de Parkinson – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Enfermedad de Parkinson" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinsoni_t%C3%B5bi" title="Parkinsoni tõbi – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Parkinsoni tõbi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinsonen_gaixotasuna" title="Parkinsonen gaixotasuna – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Parkinsonen gaixotasuna" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="بیماری پارکینسون – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیماری پارکینسون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinsonin_tauti" title="Parkinsonin tauti – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Parkinsonin tauti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maladie_de_Parkinson" title="Maladie de Parkinson – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Maladie de Parkinson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galar_Parkinson" title="Galar Parkinson – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Galar Parkinson" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maladi_di_Parkinson" title="Maladi di Parkinson – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Maladi di Parkinson" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1rkinson" title="Párkinson – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Párkinson" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson_mba%27asy" title="Parkinson mba'asy – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Parkinson mba'asy" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutar_Parkinson" title="Cutar Parkinson – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Cutar Parkinson" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" title="מחלת פרקינסון – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מחלת פרקינסון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="पार्किंसन रोग – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पार्किंसन रोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinsonova_bolest" title="Parkinsonova bolest – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Parkinsonova bolest" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson-k%C3%B3r" title="Parkinson-kór – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Parkinson-kór" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Պարկինսոնի հիվանդություն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պարկինսոնի հիվանդություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A8%D5%B6" title="Փարքինսըն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Փարքինսըն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maladia_de_Parkinson" title="Maladia de Parkinson – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Maladia de Parkinson" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyakit_Parkinson" title="Penyakit Parkinson – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penyakit Parkinson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cri%C3%A0_Parkinson" title="Ọrià Parkinson – 伊博语" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ọrià Parkinson" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="伊博语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morbo_di_Parkinson" title="Morbo di Parkinson – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Morbo di Parkinson" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinsonsveiki" title="Parkinsonsveiki – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Parkinsonsveiki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malattia_di_Parkinson" title="Malattia di Parkinson – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Malattia di Parkinson" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3%E7%97%85" title="パーキンソン病 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パーキンソン病" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paakinsn_diziiz" title="Paakinsn diziiz – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Paakinsn diziiz" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyuten" title="Buyuten – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Buyuten" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="პარკინსონის დაავადება – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პარკინსონის დაავადება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Паркинсон ауруы – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Паркинсон ауруы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%ED%82%A8%EC%8A%A8%EB%B3%91" title="파킨슨병 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파킨슨병" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A0%D9%85%D9%B2%D8%B1%D8%A0" title="پارکنسن بؠمٲرؠ – 克什米尔语" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="پارکنسن بؠمٲرؠ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="克什米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexwe%C5%9Fiya_parkinson%C3%AA" title="Nexweşiya parkinsonê – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nexweşiya parkinsonê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morbus_Parkinsonianus" title="Morbus Parkinsonianus – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Morbus Parkinsonianus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson-Krankheet" title="Parkinson-Krankheet – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Parkinson-Krankheet" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinsono_liga" title="Parkinsono liga – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Parkinsono liga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81rkinsona_slim%C4%ABba" title="Pārkinsona slimība – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pārkinsona slimība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Паркинсонова болест – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Паркинсонова болест" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%82" title="പാർക്കിൻസൺസ് രോഗം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പാർക്കിൻസൺസ് രോഗം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D3%A9%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Паркинсоны өвчин – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Паркинсоны өвчин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%81%8A_%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B2" title="ပါကိန်သောန်၊ ယဲ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ပါကိန်သောန်၊ ယဲ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="कंपवात – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कंपवात" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyakit_Parkinson" title="Penyakit Parkinson – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penyakit Parkinson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="पार्किन्सन – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पार्किन्सन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziekte_van_Parkinson" title="Ziekte van Parkinson – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ziekte van Parkinson" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinsons_sykdom" title="Parkinsons sykdom – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Parkinsons sykdom" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinsonan_taudi" title="Parkinsonan taudi – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Parkinsonan taudi" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D_%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%97" title="ପାର୍କିନ୍‌ସନ୍ ରୋଗ – 奥里亚语" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପାର୍କିନ୍‌ସନ୍ ରୋଗ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="奥里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%97" title="ਪਾਰਕਿਨਸਨ ਰੋਗ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਾਰਕਿਨਸਨ ਰੋਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choroba_Parkinsona" title="Choroba Parkinsona – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Choroba Parkinsona" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="پارکنسن دی بیماری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پارکنسن دی بیماری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%90%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%8A" title="د پارکېنسون ناروغي – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د پارکېنسون ناروغي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doen%C3%A7a_de_Parkinson" title="Doença de Parkinson – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Doença de Parkinson" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boala_Parkinson" title="Boala Parkinson – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Boala Parkinson" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Болезнь Паркинсона – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Болезнь Паркинсона" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinsonova_bolest" title="Parkinsonova bolest – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Parkinsonova bolest" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BA" title="පාර්කින්සන් රෝගය – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පාර්කින්සන් රෝගය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Parkinson's disease" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinsonova_choroba" title="Parkinsonova choroba – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Parkinsonova choroba" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinsonova_bolezen" title="Parkinsonova bolezen – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Parkinsonova bolezen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenjazi" title="Jenjazi – 绍纳语" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Jenjazi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="绍纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ABmundja_e_Parkinsonit" title="Sëmundja e Parkinsonit – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sëmundja e Parkinsonit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Паркинсонова болест – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Паркинсонова болест" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinsons_sjukdom" title="Parkinsons sjukdom – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Parkinsons sjukdom" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugonjwa_wa_Parkinson" title="Ugonjwa wa Parkinson – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ugonjwa wa Parkinson" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நடுக்குவாதம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நடுக்குவாதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%BF" title="పార్కిన్సన్స్ వ్యాధి – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పార్కిన్సన్స్ వ్యాధి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="โรคพาร์คินสัน – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โรคพาร์คินสัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karamdamang_Parkinson" title="Karamdamang Parkinson – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Karamdamang Parkinson" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson_hastal%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Parkinson hastalığı – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Parkinson hastalığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Паркинсон чире – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Паркинсон чире" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Хвороба Паркінсона – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хвороба Паркінсона" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%86_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="پارکنسن کی بیماری – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پارکنسن کی بیماری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson_kasalligi" title="Parkinson kasalligi – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Parkinson kasalligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%87nh_Parkinson" title="Bệnh Parkinson – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bệnh Parkinson" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakit_Parkinson" title="Sakit Parkinson – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sakit Parkinson" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E7%97%85" title="帕金森病 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="帕金森病" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A7" title="פארקינסאן קרענק – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פארקינסאן קרענק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80r%C3%B9n_Parkinson" title="Àrùn Parkinson – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àrùn Parkinson" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson_%C3%AA_p%C4%93%E2%81%BF" title="Parkinson ê pēⁿ – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Parkinson ê pēⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E9%87%91%E9%81%9C%E7%97%87" title="柏金遜症 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="柏金遜症" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11085#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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.hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/24px-Confusion_grey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/36px-Confusion_grey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/48px-Confusion_grey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="200" /></a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74069148">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.mobile{display:none}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.nomobile{display:inherit;display:initial}</style>  提示：此条目页的主题不是<a 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:lightgrey">帕金森氏病</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">又称</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">原發性帕金森症候群、運動減弱僵直症候群、震顫麻痺症候群</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/File:Paralysis_agitans_(1907,_after_St._Leger).png" class="mw-file-description" title="兩幅插畫分別由前面和右側描繪了同個男人，可見他面無表情、彎腰駝背、舉步維艱。"><img alt="兩幅插畫分別由前面和右側描繪了同個男人，可見他面無表情、彎腰駝背、舉步維艱。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Paralysis_agitans_%281907%2C_after_St._Leger%29.png/300px-Paralysis_agitans_%281907%2C_after_St._Leger%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Paralysis_agitans_%281907%2C_after_St._Leger%29.png/450px-Paralysis_agitans_%281907%2C_after_St._Leger%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Paralysis_agitans_%281907%2C_after_St._Leger%29.png/600px-Paralysis_agitans_%281907%2C_after_St._Leger%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1580" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%C2%B7%E9%AB%98%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·理查·高爾斯（页面不存在）">威廉·理查·高爾斯</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Richard_Gowers" class="extiw" title="en:William Richard Gowers">William Richard Gowers</a>）繪製的帕金森氏病插圖，此圖首見於1886年出版的《神經系統疾病手冊》（A Manual of Diseases of the Nervous System）。</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">症状</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%AB%E6%8A%96" class="mw-redirect" title="顫抖">顫抖</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%94%B6%E7%B8%AE%E7%97%99%E6%94%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肌性收縮痙攣（页面不存在）">肢體僵硬</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spasticity" class="extiw" title="en:Spasticity">Spasticity</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%B8%9B%E9%80%80%E7%97%87" title="運動功能減退症">運動遲緩</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%A5%E6%85%8B%E7%95%B0%E5%B8%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="步態異常（页面不存在）">步態異常</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/gait_abnormality" class="extiw" title="en:gait abnormality">gait abnormality</a>）<a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%B5%E7%99%BC%E7%97%87" title="併發症">併發症</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E6%99%BA%E7%97%87" title="失智症">失智</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E6%80%A7%E6%8A%91%E9%83%81%E9%9A%9C%E7%A2%8D" title="重性抑郁障碍">憂鬱</a>、焦慮<a href="#cite_note-Sv2016-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">起病年龄</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">60歲以上<a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Car2016-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">类型</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2376264" class="extiw" title="d:Q2376264">突触核蛋白病</a><abbr title="此维基尚无此条目">[*]</abbr>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" title="疾病">疾病</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">病因</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">未知<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2015-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9%E5%9B%A0%E7%B4%A0" title="风险因素">风险因素</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E8%8D%AF" title="农药">殺蟲劑</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E9%83%A8%E5%A4%96%E5%82%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="頭部外傷">頭部外傷</a><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2015-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%8A%E6%96%AD" title="诊断">診斷方法</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">根據症狀<a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%91%91%E5%88%A5%E8%A8%BA%E6%96%B7" title="鑑別診斷">鑑別診斷</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%B0%8F%E9%AB%94%E5%A4%B1%E6%99%BA%E7%97%87" title="路易氏體失智症">路易氏體失智症</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%B2%E8%A1%8C%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%8A%E7%9C%BC%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E6%A0%B8%E9%BA%BB%E7%97%BA%E7%97%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="進行性上眼神經核麻痺症（页面不存在）">進行性上眼神經核麻痺症</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/progressive_supranuclear_palsy" class="extiw" title="en:progressive supranuclear palsy">progressive supranuclear palsy</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%AC%E6%85%8B%E6%80%A7%E9%A1%AB%E6%8A%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="本態性顫抖（页面不存在）">本態性顫抖</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/essential_tremor" class="extiw" title="en:essential tremor">essential tremor</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%97%85%E8%8D%AF" title="抗精神病药">抗精神病药</a>使用<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">治療</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">藥物治療、手術治療<a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">藥物</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/L-%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%B4" title="L-多巴">L-多巴</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%B4%E8%83%BA%E5%8F%97%E9%AB%94%E6%BF%80%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多巴胺受體激動劑（页面不存在）">多巴胺受體激動劑</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/dopamine_agonist" class="extiw" title="en:dopamine agonist">dopamine agonist</a>）<a href="#cite_note-Sv2016-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%84%E5%90%8E" title="预后">预后</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%84%E6%9C%9F%E5%AF%BF%E5%91%BD" title="预期寿命">预期寿命</a>約15年<a href="#cite_note-Ley2018-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%82%A3%E7%97%85%E7%8E%87" title="患病率">患病率</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">620萬人（2015年）<a href="#cite_note-Ley2018-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;">死亡數</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">117,400人（2015年）<a href="#cite_note-GBD2015De-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;;;">分类和外部资源</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%B0%88%E7%A7%91" title="醫學專科">醫學專科</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%85%A7%E7%A7%91" title="神經內科">神經內科</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E5%92%8C%E6%9C%89%E5%85%B3%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="疾病和有关健康问题的国际统计分类">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">11</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">8A00.0</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E5%92%8C%E6%9C%89%E5%85%B3%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="疾病和有关健康问题的国际统计分类">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-9%E7%BC%96%E7%A0%81%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="ICD-9编码列表">9-CM</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">332.0、332</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%9F%E5%BE%B7%E7%88%BE%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="人類孟德爾遺傳學">OMIM</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/168600">168600</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%BA%AB" title="疾病資料庫">DiseasesDB</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb9651.htm">9651</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000755.htm">000755</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1831191</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Orphanet" title="Orphanet">Orphanet</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=en&Expert=2828">2828</a></td></tr><tr class="noprint"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: right; font-size:0.9em;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11085" class="extiw" title="d:Q11085">编辑此条目的维基数据</a>]</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><table class="infobox" style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; float: right;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:;">「Parkinson's Disease」的各地常用名稱</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; background-color:; width:4em;;">中国大陸</th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap; font-size: 1rem;;">帕金森病、震顫麻痺 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; background-color:; width:4em;;">臺灣</th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap; font-size: 1rem;;">帕金森氏症、巴金森氏症 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap; background-color:; width:4em;;">港澳</th><td class="infobox-data" style="white-space: nowrap; font-size: 1rem;;">柏金遜症 </td></tr></tbody></table> 帕金森氏病（英語：Parkinson's disease，簡稱PD）是種影響<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%A8%9E%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="中樞神經系統">中樞神經系統</a>的慢性<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E9%80%80%E8%A1%8C%E6%80%A7%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" class="mw-redirect" title="神经退行性疾病">神經退化疾病</a>，主要影響<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="运动系统">運動神經系统</a>，症狀通常隨時間緩慢出現，早期最明顯的症狀為<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%AB%E6%8A%96" class="mw-redirect" title="顫抖">顫抖</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%99%E6%94%A3" title="痙攣">肢體僵硬</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%B8%9B%E9%80%80%E7%97%87" title="運動功能減退症">運動功能減退</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%A5%E6%85%8B%E7%95%B0%E5%B8%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="步態異常（页面不存在）">步態異常</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/gait_abnormality" class="extiw" title="en:gait abnormality">gait abnormality</a>）<a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-1">[1]</a>，也可能有<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="認知">認知</a>和行為問題；<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E6%99%BA%E7%97%87" title="失智症">失智症</a>在病情嚴重的患者中相當常見，超過三分之一的病例也會發生<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E6%80%A7%E6%8A%91%E9%83%81%E9%9A%9C%E7%A2%8D" title="重性抑郁障碍">重性抑鬱障礙</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E6%85%AE%E7%97%87" class="mw-redirect" title="焦慮症">焦慮症</a><a href="#cite_note-Sv2016-2">[2]</a>。其它可能伴隨的症狀包括知覺、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9D%A1%E7%9C%A0%E9%9A%9C%E7%A2%8D" title="睡眠障碍">睡眠</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E7%BB%AA" title="情绪">情绪</a>問題<a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sv2016-2">[2]</a>。帕金森氏病帶來的主要運動症狀合稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E7%97%87%E5%80%99%E7%BE%A4" title="帕金森症候群">帕金森症候群</a><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2015-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a>。 帕金森氏病的成因目前還不清楚，但普遍認為和<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3" title="遺傳">遺傳</a>與環境因子相關。家族中有帕金森氏病患者的人較可能得到此病，暴露於特定<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E8%97%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="農藥">農藥</a>、曾有<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E9%83%A8%E5%A4%96%E5%82%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="頭部外傷">頭部外傷</a>者風險也比較高；但有<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E8%8F%B8" title="吸菸">吸菸</a>習慣、常喝<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%96%E5%95%A1" title="咖啡">咖啡</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%B6" title="茶">茶</a>者風險較低<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2015-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>。帕金森氏病主要的運動症狀導因於<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%85%A6" title="中腦">中腦</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="黑質">黑質</a>細胞死亡，使患者相關腦區的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%B4%E8%83%BA" title="多巴胺">多巴胺</a>不足<a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-1">[1]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1" title="细胞死亡">細胞死亡</a>的原因目前瞭解很少，但已知和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%85%83" title="神經元">神經元</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="蛋白質">蛋白質</a>組成<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%B0%8F%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="路易氏體（页面不存在）">路易氏體</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewy_bodies" class="extiw" title="en:Lewy bodies">Lewy bodies</a>）的過程有關<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2015-4">[4]</a>。典型的帕金森氏病主要靠症狀診斷，<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E6%88%90%E5%83%8F" title="神经成像">神经成像</a>也能協助排除其他疾病的可能性<a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-1">[1]</a>。 帕金森氏病目前無法治癒<a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-1">[1]</a>，初期症狀常用<a href="/wiki/L-%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%B4" title="L-多巴">L-多巴</a>治療，當L-多巴效果降低後則配合使用<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%B4%E8%83%BA%E6%BF%80%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多巴胺激動劑（页面不存在）">多巴胺激動劑</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/dopamine_agonist" class="extiw" title="en:dopamine agonist">dopamine agonist</a>）。隨著病程惡化，神經元將持續流失，因此必須隨之增加藥物劑量，但藥量剛增加時又會產生以不自主抽動為首的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%95%B0%E5%8B%95%E7%97%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="異動症（页面不存在）">異動症</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/dyskinesia" class="extiw" title="en:dyskinesia">dyskinesia</a>）<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%AF%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="副作用">副作用</a><a href="#cite_note-Sv2016-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nice-pharma-10">[10]</a>。飲食計畫和復健對症狀改善有些許效果<a href="#cite_note-pmid19691125-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neuro2011-12">[12]</a>。對於藥物無效的嚴重患者，可以考慮<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91" title="神經外科">神經外科</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E6%B7%B1%E5%B1%A4%E5%88%BA%E6%BF%80%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="腦深層刺激手術">腦深層刺激手術</a>，這種手術利用<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E9%9B%BB%E6%A5%B5_(%E9%9B%BB%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="微電極 (電生理學)">微電極</a>放電以減少運動症狀<a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-1">[1]</a>。至於非運動相關症狀的帕金森氏病（如以睡眠干擾或情緒問題為主的患者）治療效果通常較差<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2015-4">[4]</a>。 2015年，全球約有620萬人患有帕金森氏病，並造成11.7萬人死亡<a href="#cite_note-GBD2015Pre-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-GDB2013-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-GBD2015De-7">[7]</a>。帕金森氏病通常發生在60歲以上的老人，約有1%的老人罹患該病.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Car2016-3">[3]</a>；男性較女性容易得到帕金森氏病<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2015-4">[4]</a>。若患者在小於50歲發病，則稱為早發性帕金森氏病<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>。帕金森氏病確診後的預期餘命約為7－15年<a href="#cite_note-Sv2016-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ley2018-6">[6]</a>。此病以英國醫生<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE" title="詹姆斯·帕金森">詹姆斯·帕金森</a>為名，他在1817年發表了《論震顫性麻痺》（An Essay on the Shaking Palsy）一書，書中首次詳述了帕金森氏病的相關症狀<a href="#cite_note-An_Essay_on_the_Shaking_Palsy-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a>，其生日4月11日也定為世界帕金森氏日，社群團體會在此日舉行公眾推廣活動；<a href="/wiki/%E9%AC%B1%E9%87%91%E9%A6%99" class="mw-redirect" title="鬱金香">鬱金香</a>則是帕金森氏病的象徵符號<a href="#cite_note-pmid18175393-18">[18]</a>。一些著名患者的病情提高了大眾對此病的關注，包括<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E9%A2%86%E5%AF%BC%E4%BA%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中华人民共和国领导人列表">领导人</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3" title="邓小平">邓小平</a>、演員<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7J%C2%B7%E7%A6%8F%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="迈克尔·J·福克斯">迈克尔·J·福克斯</a>、奧林匹克自行車手<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%B4%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%B2%BB%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="戴維斯·費尼（页面不存在）">戴維斯·費尼</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_Phinney" class="extiw" title="en:Davis Phinney">Davis Phinney</a>）和職業拳擊手<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C" title="穆罕默德·阿里">穆罕默德·阿里</a><a href="#cite_note-MJF_TIME-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mac2008-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ali_NN_comment-21">[21]</a>。 <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Parkinsons_disease.webm/290px--Parkinsons_disease.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="290" height="163" data-durationhint="540" data-mwtitle="Parkinsons_disease.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Parkinsons_disease.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Parkinsons_disease.webm/Parkinsons_disease.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Parkinsons_disease.webm/Parkinsons_disease.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Parkinsons_disease.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1812" data-height="1018" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Parkinsons_disease.webm/Parkinsons_disease.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Parkinsons_disease.webm/Parkinsons_disease.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Parkinsons_disease.webm/Parkinsons_disease.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Parkinsons_disease.webm/Parkinsons_disease.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AParkinsons_disease.webm&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية‪（ar）‬" data-dir="rtl" /></video><figcaption>解說影片</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56805754">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="分類">分類</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：分類">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E7%97%87%E5%80%99%E7%BE%A4" title="帕金森症候群">帕金森症候群</a>是一種運動<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%87%E5%80%99%E7%BE%A4" title="症候群">症候群</a>，為數種症狀類似的運動障礙合稱。定義上，症狀必須有運動遲緩（自主性運動減退，或重複性動作的速率及靈活度下降，如自發性手指輕敲<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a>），再加上一項以上的下列症狀：鉛管樣強直（lead-pipe）、齒輪樣強直（cogwheel）、靜態顫抖，及姿態不穩等<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a>，可根據成因分為以下四型： <ol><li>原發性或<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%99%BC%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自發性（页面不存在）">自發性</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/idiopathic" class="extiw" title="en:idiopathic">idiopathic</a>）</li> <li>次級或後天獲得</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3" title="遺傳">遺傳性</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E9%99%84%E5%8A%A0%E7%97%87%E5%80%99%E7%BE%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="帕金森附加症候群（页面不存在）">帕金森附加症候群</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson_plus_syndrome" class="extiw" title="en:Parkinson plus syndrome">Parkinson plus syndrome</a>）或多重系統退化<a href="#cite_note-Jankovic2008-25">[25]</a></li></ol> 帕金森氏病（Parkinson's disease）則是指原發性的帕金森症候群，意即它沒有其餘三者明確可識別的成因，同時也是最常見的一種帕金森症候群<a href="#cite_note-pmid15172778-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jankovic_book-Epidemiology-27">[27]</a>。近年來發現數個基因與帕金森氏病有直接關聯，這與原先以自發性疾病為準的定義產生衝突，因此一般也將和帕金森氏病病程類似的遺傳性帕金森症候群納入帕金森氏病，並用「家族性帕金森氏病」和「偶發性帕金森氏病」來區別遺傳性和真正病因不明的帕金森症候群<a href="#cite_note-pmid18398010-28">[28]</a>。 帕金森氏病通常歸類為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E7%96%BE%E6%82%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="運動疾患（页面不存在）">運動性疾病</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/movement_disorder" class="extiw" title="en:movement disorder">movement disorder</a>），但它也會引起其他非運動性的症狀，例如感覺障礙<a href="#cite_note-pmid20206672-29">[29]</a>、認知困難和睡眠障礙。帕金森附加症候群則是在原發性帕金森氏病的基礎外還有其他附加症狀，包括<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E9%87%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E9%80%80%E5%8C%96%E7%97%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多重系統退化症（页面不存在）">多重系統退化</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/multiple_system_atrophy" class="extiw" title="en:multiple system atrophy">multiple system atrophy</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%B2%E8%A1%8C%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%8A%E7%9C%BC%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E6%A0%B8%E9%BA%BB%E7%97%BA%E7%97%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="進行性上眼神經核麻痺症（页面不存在）">進行性上眼神經核麻痺</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/progressive_supranuclear_palsy" class="extiw" title="en:progressive supranuclear palsy">progressive supranuclear palsy</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E8%85%A6%E7%9A%AE%E8%B3%AA%E5%9F%BA%E5%BA%95%E6%A0%B8%E9%80%80%E5%8C%96%E7%97%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大腦皮質基底核退化症（页面不存在）">大腦皮質基底核退化</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/corticobasal_degeneration" class="extiw" title="en:corticobasal degeneration">corticobasal degeneration</a>）和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%B0%8F%E9%AB%94%E5%A4%B1%E6%99%BA%E7%97%87" title="路易氏體失智症">路易氏體失智症</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15172778-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20506312-30">[30]</a>。 就<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="病理生理學">病理生理學</a>而言，由於<a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%91-%E7%AA%81%E8%A7%B8%E6%A0%B8%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Α-突觸核蛋白（页面不存在）">α-突觸核蛋白</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/alpha-synuclein" class="extiw" title="en:alpha-synuclein">alpha-synuclein</a>）以<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%B0%8F%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="路易氏體（页面不存在）">路易氏體</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewy_body" class="extiw" title="en:Lewy body">Lewy body</a>）的形式堆積，帕金森氏病被視為一種<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AA%81%E8%A7%B8%E6%A0%B8%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E7%97%85%E8%AE%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="突觸核蛋白病變（页面不存在）">突觸核蛋白病變</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/synucleiopathy" class="extiw" title="en:synucleiopathy">synucleiopathy</a>），這和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%B9%E6%B5%B7%E9%BB%98%E7%97%85" class="mw-redirect" title="阿兹海默病">阿茲海默症</a>當中<a href="/wiki/Tau%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="Tau蛋白">Tau蛋白</a>堆積形成的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%BA%96%E7%B6%AD%E7%B3%BE%E7%BA%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經纖維糾纏（页面不存在）">神經纖維糾纏</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/neurofibrillary_tangle" class="extiw" title="en:neurofibrillary tangle">neurofibrillary tangle</a>）截然不同。然而，突觸核蛋白病和<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tau%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tau蛋白病（页面不存在）">Tau蛋白病</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/tauopathy" class="extiw" title="en:tauopathy">tauopathy</a>）在臨床上有重疊的地方，嚴重的帕金森氏病患者往往也會出現典型的阿茲海默症症狀（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E6%99%BA%E7%97%87" title="失智症">失智</a>），他們的腦內也常會發現神經纖維糾纏<a href="#cite_note-pmid16489609-31">[31]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%B0%8F%E9%AB%94%E5%A4%B1%E6%99%BA%E7%97%87" title="路易氏體失智症">路易氏體失智症</a>是另一種與帕金森氏病類似的突觸核蛋白病變，這樣的相似性在伴隨有失智症的帕金森氏病患者身上更為明顯，然而這兩種病的關係目前仍有待進一步研究釐清。它們可能視同兩種分別的疾病，也可能視為一種疾病在不同面向的展現<a href="#cite_note-pmid19173762-32">[32]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="症狀">症狀</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：症狀">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paralysis_agitans-Male_Parkinson%27s_victim-1892.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="黑白照片中的帕金森氏病患者走路時身體佝僂，照片由他的左邊拍攝，而他的後方有一張椅子。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Paralysis_agitans-Male_Parkinson%27s_victim-1892.jpg/220px-Paralysis_agitans-Male_Parkinson%27s_victim-1892.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Paralysis_agitans-Male_Parkinson%27s_victim-1892.jpg/330px-Paralysis_agitans-Male_Parkinson%27s_victim-1892.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Paralysis_agitans-Male_Parkinson%27s_victim-1892.jpg/440px-Paralysis_agitans-Male_Parkinson%27s_victim-1892.jpg 2x" data-file-width="991" data-file-height="1464" /></a><figcaption>帕金森氏病患者曲姿走路的照片，攝於1892年。<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Writing_by_a_Parkinson%27s_disease_patient.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="圖中的法文為「Catherine Metzger 13 Octobre 1869」" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Writing_by_a_Parkinson%27s_disease_patient.png/220px-Writing_by_a_Parkinson%27s_disease_patient.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Writing_by_a_Parkinson%27s_disease_patient.png/330px-Writing_by_a_Parkinson%27s_disease_patient.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Writing_by_a_Parkinson%27s_disease_patient.png/440px-Writing_by_a_Parkinson%27s_disease_patient.png 2x" data-file-width="2175" data-file-height="845" /></a><figcaption>一名帕金森氏病患者寫的手稿。<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></figcaption></figure> 帕金森氏病使患者產生運動症狀和非運動症狀，後者包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E4%B8%BB%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="自主神經系統">自主神經系統</a>功能異常、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%97%85%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經精神病學（页面不存在）">神經精神</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/neuropsychiatry" class="extiw" title="en:neuropsychiatry">neuropsychiatry</a>）疾患（包括情緒、認知、行為和思想改變）、感覺和睡眠障礙等。一些非運動症狀常在診斷時就已經出現，甚至可能比運動症狀更早發生。<a href="#cite_note-Jankovic2008-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="運動症狀">運動症狀</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：運動症狀">编辑</a>]</div> 帕金森氏病有四種<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E5%BE%B5%E8%B1%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="主要徵象（页面不存在）">主要</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_sign_(pathology)" class="extiw" title="en:Cardinal sign (pathology)">Cardinal sign (pathology)</a>）運動症狀：顫抖、肢體僵硬、動作遲緩、姿態不穩<a href="#cite_note-Jankovic2008-25">[25]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="颤抖">颤抖</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：颤抖">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%AB%E6%8A%96" class="mw-redirect" title="顫抖">顫抖</a>是最明顯且最為人所知的症狀，大約有30%的帕金森氏病病患在疾病剛開始時不會顫抖，但隨著病程進展，多數病患會逐漸產生此症狀。帕金森氏病的顫抖通常是靜止性顫抖，也就是四肢在靜止狀態時抖動最明顯，但睡覺或有意識移動四肢時症狀卻會消失。顫抖對四肢<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E4%BD%93%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%B9%E4%BD%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="人体解剖学方位">遠端</a>的影響較大，剛發病時通常只有一隻手或一隻腳有症狀，但隨後會擴及雙手和雙腳。帕金森氏病的顫抖頻率介於4－6<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%85%B9" title="赫兹">赫兹</a>，常伴隨有「搓藥丸」的手部動作，也就是患者食指會不自主向大拇指靠攏，使兩指相互繞圈圈<a href="#cite_note-Jankovic2008-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cooper-35">[35]</a>，就好像藥師在做藥丸一般<a href="#cite_note-Cooper-35">[35]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="運動功能減退症">運動功能減退症</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：運動功能減退症">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%B8%9B%E9%80%80%E7%97%87" title="運動功能減退症">運動功能減退症</a>是帕金森氏病的另一個特徵，患者動作變慢，且會影響從運動起始到執行的整個過程。患者無法做出連續動作或同步執行不同動作<a href="#cite_note-Jankovic2008-25">[25]</a>。運動遲緩症（bradykinesia）屬於運動功能減退症的一種，強調運動執行過程的動作緩慢，是帕金森氏病早期常見的症狀<a href="#cite_note-pmid15172778-26">[26]</a>。患者最初會在執行日常生活的精細動作（如寫字、縫紉或梳妝）時遇到困難<a href="#cite_note-Jankovic2008-25">[25]</a>；臨床評估則是令患者做出類似上述的動作來觀察<a href="#cite_note-pmid15172778-26">[26]</a>。運動遲緩症造成的影響隨動作種類和患者身心狀態而異，影響程度受到患者活動力和情緒狀態的影響，導致有些患者嚴重到無法走路，但有些患者卻還能騎自行車。一般而言，帕金森氏病患者在治療後能改善運動遲緩的症狀<a href="#cite_note-Jankovic2008-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19909911-36">[36]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="肢體僵硬">肢體僵硬</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：肢體僵硬">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%A2%E9%AB%94%E5%83%B5%E7%A1%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肢體僵硬（页面不存在）">肢體僵硬</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spasticity" class="extiw" title="en:Spasticity">Spasticity</a>）是由於患者<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8C%E5%BC%A0%E5%8A%9B%E9%9A%9C%E7%A2%8D" title="肌张力障碍">肌張力增加</a>，肌肉持續收縮，導致四肢移動困難。帕金森症候群造成的肢體僵硬可能是鉛管型僵硬（阻力固定）或齒輪型僵硬（阻力不固定但具規則性）<a href="#cite_note-Jankovic2008-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15172778-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Banich-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a>，齒輪型僵硬可能是顫抖結合肌張力增加造成的<a href="#cite_note-Jankovic_book-Rigidity-39">[39]</a>。肢體僵硬也可能和關節痛有關，患者初期常會有此種症狀<a href="#cite_note-Jankovic2008-25">[25]</a>。帕金森氏病早期患者的肢體僵硬常是不對稱的，且好發於頸部和肩膀，隨後擴及顏面和四肢，最後隨病程進展蔓延到全身，使患者逐漸失去運動能力<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="姿態不穩">姿態不穩</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：姿態不穩">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A7%BF%E6%85%8B%E4%B8%8D%E7%A9%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="姿態不穩（页面不存在）">姿態不穩</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postural_instability" class="extiw" title="en:Postural instability">Postural instability</a>）是帕金森氏病晚期的典型症狀，患者因<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1%E5%A4%B1%E8%AA%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="平衡失調（页面不存在）">喪失平衡感</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_disorder" class="extiw" title="en:Balance disorder">Balance disorder</a>）而經常跌倒<a href="#cite_note-OFP-41">[41]</a>，並常因此骨折。疾病初期通常不會有姿態不穩的現象，年輕患者尤其如此<a href="#cite_note-pmid15172778-26">[26]</a>。高達40%的患者曾因姿態不穩跌倒，10%更是每週都跌倒至少一次，跌倒的次數和病情嚴重程度有關<a href="#cite_note-Jankovic2008-25">[25]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="不宁腿综合征">不宁腿综合征</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：不宁腿综合征">编辑</a>]</div> 不宁腿综合征(RLS)是一种常见的运动障碍，主要指小腿深部休息时，小腿出现无法忍受的不适，包括小腿剧烈的疼痛、异常感觉等。不宁腿综合征(RLS)在帕金森氏病患者中常见，其发病率可达8%~34% <a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a>，它通过干扰睡眠和睡眠维持来影响患者的睡眠品質。其发病机制可能与多巴胺能系统障碍、基因变异、铁代谢异常等方面相关。众所周知，PD的一个重要病因是由于帕金森病患者黑质中DA的变性和死亡，而多巴胺传播与RLS的发生密切相关，因此多巴胺药物常可用于治疗RLS <a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a>。LRRK2基因突变(PARK8)是遗传性帕金森病(PD)的常见原因，在A. De Rosa的研究中观察到一名患有遗传性帕金森病合并RLS的77岁女性患者，其LRRK2基因中携带了一个杂合子G2019S突变，虽然这种情况可能是偶然的，但不能排除RLS可能是PARK8表型表现 <a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a>。据研究报道，在一些PD合并的RLS (PD-RLS)患者中运动症状和一些非运动症状常更严重，其原因可能与外周和中枢系统中的代谢功能障碍引起的缺铁相关。铁是酪氨酸羟化酶的重要辅助因子，酪氨酸羟化酶是一种限速酶，影响体内多巴胺的合成。当人体缺铁时，能通过降低大脑DA和5-HT引起PD-RLS <a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a>。值得注意的是，便秘和嗅觉丧失频率较高的PD女性患者中更容易发生RLS，其发病机制还不明<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a>。临床工作中，帕金森氏病患者中很大一部分RLS病例不是“经典”RLS，而是一些不典型的腿部不适表现，且在PD晚期RLS的高发病率很大部分原因是不恰当应用DA受体激动剂引起，因此，医务工作者应当学会加以识别RLS并调整帕金森的用药。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="其他运动障碍">其他运动障碍</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：其他运动障碍">编辑</a>]</div> 帕金森氏病其他的運動徵象還包括姿態、說話與吞嚥異常。患者為避免跌倒可能會產生<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%AD%A5%E5%A7%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="帕金森步姿（页面不存在）">慌張步態</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinsonian_gait" class="extiw" title="en:Parkinsonian gait">Parkinsonian gait</a>）（走路時加速步伐且<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BB%80%E5%B9%B9%E5%BD%8E%E6%9B%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="軀幹彎曲（页面不存在）">姿體前屈</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/camptocormia" class="extiw" title="en:camptocormia">camptocormia</a>））<a href="#cite_note-Jankovic2008-25">[25]</a>；他們也可能<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BC%E8%81%B2%E5%9B%B0%E9%9B%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="發聲困難（页面不存在）">發聲困難</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/dysphonia" class="extiw" title="en:dysphonia">dysphonia</a>）<a href="#cite_note-pmid20233583-47">[47]</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%89%E9%83%A8%E8%A1%A8%E6%83%85%E6%B8%9B%E5%B0%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="臉部表情減少（页面不存在）">面具臉</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hypomimia" class="extiw" title="en:hypomimia">hypomimia</a>）或<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%AB%E5%AD%97%E9%81%8E%E5%B0%8F%E7%97%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="寫字過小症（页面不存在）">寫字越來越小</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/micrographia_(handwriting)" class="extiw" title="en:micrographia (handwriting)">micrographia (handwriting)</a>），患者可能產生各種運動問題<a href="#cite_note-Jankovic2008-25">[25]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="神經性精神疾患">神經性精神疾患</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：神經性精神疾患">编辑</a>]</div> 帕金森氏病可能導致輕度到重度的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E6%80%A7%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%96%BE%E6%82%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經性精神疾患（页面不存在）">神經性精神疾患</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropsychiatry" class="extiw" title="en:Neuropsychiatry">Neuropsychiatry</a>），包括言語、認知、情緒、行為和思考混亂<a href="#cite_note-Jankovic2008-25">[25]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="认知混乱">认知混乱</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：认知混乱">编辑</a>]</div> 疾病早期就可能有認知混亂的現象，有時候甚至在診斷出帕金森氏病前就會有此類症狀，且盛行率隨得病時間增加<a href="#cite_note-Jankovic2008-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid18175397-48">[48]</a>。帕金森氏病患者最常見的認知缺陷問題為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%B7%E8%A1%8C%E5%9B%B0%E9%9B%A3%E7%97%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="執行困難症（页面不存在）">執行困難</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/executive_dysfunction" class="extiw" title="en:executive dysfunction">executive dysfunction</a>），這將使患者在計畫、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E5%BD%88%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="認知彈性（页面不存在）">認知彈性</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cognitive_flexibility" class="extiw" title="en:cognitive flexibility">cognitive flexibility</a>）、抽象思考、規則理解、做出適當行為、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%AE%B0%E5%BF%86" title="工作记忆">工作记忆</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%88%E6%B3%A8%E5%8A%9B" title="專注力">專注力</a>等方面都受到影響；其他認知困難症狀還包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E6%84%8F" title="注意">注意力</a>渙散、時間感受和估計不準確、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%BA%E5%8A%9B%E9%81%B2%E9%88%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="智力遲鈍（页面不存在）">認知處理緩慢</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/bradyphrenia" class="extiw" title="en:bradyphrenia">bradyphrenia</a>）等問題。患者的記憶力會受到影響，尤其難以<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E5%BF%86" title="回忆">回憶</a>先前學習的訊息；然而，若提供線索輔助患者回憶則能改善相關的症狀。失去空間感是另一種可能的症狀，檢驗中會要求患者辨識臉部表情和畫線的方向來判斷患者是否有此類障礙<a href="#cite_note-pmid18175397-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-PD_timing_review-49">[49]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="失智症">失智症</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：失智症">编辑</a>]</div> 帕金森氏病患者患<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E6%99%BA%E7%97%87" title="失智症">失智症</a>的風險約為一般人的2－6倍<a href="#cite_note-Jankovic2008-25">[25]</a>，且發生率隨得病時間增加。失智症使患者和<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A3%E8%AD%B7%E5%B7%A5" title="監護工">照護者</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F" title="生活质量">生活品質</a>降低，同時使患者死亡率增高，並有更大的機會需要住進<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%82%E9%A4%8A%E9%99%A2" title="療養院">療養院</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid18175397-48">[48]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="情绪障碍">情绪障碍</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：情绪障碍">编辑</a>]</div> 相較於一般人，沒有認知障礙的帕金森氏病患者較容易有行為和情緒障礙，且這些患者通常沒有失智症。最常見的情緒障礙有<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%91%E9%83%81_(%E6%83%85%E7%BB%AA)" class="mw-redirect" title="抑郁 (情绪)">憂鬱</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E6%BC%A0" title="冷漠">冷漠</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E8%99%91%E7%97%87" title="焦虑症">焦慮</a><a href="#cite_note-Jankovic2008-25">[25]</a>。然而，帕金森氏病患者常會有失智症、臉部表情減少、<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%B8%9B%E9%80%80%E7%97%87" title="運動功能減退症">運動功能減退</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E6%BC%A0" title="冷漠">冷漠</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%99%BC%E8%81%B2%E5%9B%B0%E9%9B%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="發聲困難（页面不存在）">發聲困難</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hypophonia" class="extiw" title="en:hypophonia">hypophonia</a>）等症狀，這使得要診斷出情緒障礙變得更加複雜<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a>。帕金森氏病患者也可能會有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%B4%E8%83%BA%E5%A4%B1%E8%AA%BF%E7%97%87%E5%80%99%E7%BE%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多巴胺失調症候群（页面不存在）">藥物濫用和成癮</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_dysregulation_syndrome" class="extiw" title="en:Dopamine dysregulation syndrome">Dopamine dysregulation syndrome</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8B%82%E9%A3%9F%E7%97%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="狂食症（页面不存在）">狂食症</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/binge_eating" class="extiw" title="en:binge eating">binge eating</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E6%85%BE%E4%BA%A2%E9%80%B2" title="性慾亢進">性慾亢進</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AD%E5%8D%9A%E6%88%90%E7%99%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="賭博成癮">賭博成癮</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%9D%E5%8B%95%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E9%9A%9C%E7%A4%99" title="衝動控制障礙">衝動控制</a>行為，這些行為可能和治療使用的藥物有關<a href="#cite_note-Jankovic2008-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20123548-51">[51]</a>。約4%的帕金森氏病病患有<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BB%E8%A7%89" title="幻觉">幻觉</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%84%E6%83%B3" title="妄想">妄想</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E8%A6%BA%E5%A4%B1%E8%AA%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="思覺失調">思覺失調</a>症狀，一般認為這些精神症狀是治療過程中多巴胺過量造成的結果，因此得病越久或服用越多L-多巴的患者也越容易有這些症狀<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20538500-53">[53]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="睡眠障碍">睡眠障碍</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：睡眠障碍">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%E7%9D%A1%E7%9C%A0%E9%9A%9C%E7%A4%99" class="mw-redirect" title="睡眠障礙">睡眠障礙</a>也是一種可能的帕金森氏病症狀，治療用的藥物可能會惡化相關問題。患者會有<a href="/wiki/%E5%97%9C%E7%9D%A1%E7%97%87" title="嗜睡症">嗜睡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%AB%E9%80%9F%E5%8B%95%E7%9C%BC%E6%9C%9F" title="快速動眼期">快速動眼期</a>中斷、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E7%9C%A0" title="失眠">失眠</a>等現象<a href="#cite_note-Jankovic2008-25">[25]</a>，一份系統性回顧報告顯示13.0%服用多巴胺藥物的帕金森氏病患者都有睡眠問題<a href="#cite_note-Yeung_2014-54">[54]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="日间过度思睡">日间过度思睡</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：日间过度思睡">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E9%97%B4%E8%BF%87%E5%BA%A6%E6%80%9D%E7%9D%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="日间过度思睡（页面不存在）">日间过度思睡</a>(ESD)是指患者日间清醒时没有先兆的突然入睡 <a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a>。目前，日间过度思睡(ESD)发病机制尚未明确，可能与上行网状系统破坏有关 <a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a>。据研究报道，约有50% 帕金森氏病患者受ESD的影响，男性常见、抑郁者常见 <a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a>。在某些情况下，ESD对患者日常生活的影响甚至比PD运动症状还要大。ESD的病因有很多，药物使用不当是一个重要的原因，在治疗PD的过程中，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%B4%E8%83%BA" title="多巴胺">多巴胺</a>(DR)激动剂作为一种治疗方案常被使用，但许多DR激动剂在临床实验中都有表现出EDS反应 <a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a>，如果患者经常驾驶汽车，使用这种药物就会变得危险，在M. Gallazzi的实验中表明<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%B8%E6%9D%A5%E5%90%89%E5%85%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="司来吉兰（页面不存在）">司来吉兰</a>可以作为治疗患者ESD的附加疗法 <a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a>。PD是一种慢性疾病，随着疾病持续时间的延长，很大比例的患者发展为EDS，但一些危险因素是可以改变的，我们可以通过早期识别ESD，适当的对其进行监测干预，以期改善患者生活质量并降低伤害风险。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="快速动眼睡眠行为障碍">快速动眼睡眠行为障碍</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：快速动眼睡眠行为障碍">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%AB%E9%80%9F%E5%8A%A8%E7%9C%BC%E7%9D%A1%E7%9C%A0%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E9%9A%9C%E7%A2%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="快速动眼睡眠期行为障碍（页面不存在）">快速动眼睡眠期行为障碍</a>(RBD)是一种与<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%AB%E5%8A%A8%E7%9C%BC%E7%9D%A1%E7%9C%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="快动眼睡眠（页面不存在）">快动眼睡眠</a>(REM)相关的异常睡眠行为。这是一种以<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="梦">梦</a>境相关为特征的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9D%A1%E7%9C%A0%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="睡眠模式">睡眠模式</a>。RBD患者睡眠中通常伴随<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%90%E6%83%A7" title="恐惧">恐惧</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%B4%E5%8A%9B" title="暴力">暴力</a>，同时在REM期可有肌肉张力丧失和快速<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%8C%E8%82%89%E6%8A%BD%E6%90%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肌肉抽搐（页面不存在）">肌肉抽搐</a> <a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a>。一项meta分析提示，与无RBD的帕金森氏病患者相比，确诊RBD的帕金森氏病患者<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E7%9C%A0" title="失眠">失眠</a>发生率高，这可能是由于夜间异常睡眠行为所导致<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> 。事实上，不仅仅是RBD患者有夜间做梦行为(DEBs)，患有严重<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BB%E5%A1%9E%E6%80%A7%E7%9D%A1%E7%9C%A0%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E6%9A%82%E5%81%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停">阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停</a>(OSA)、<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9B%E4%BC%A4%E5%90%8E%E5%BA%94%E6%BF%80%E9%9A%9C%E7%A2%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="创伤后应激障碍">创伤后应激障碍</a>，NREM睡眠引起的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%A6%E6%B8%B8%E7%97%87" title="梦游症">梦游症</a>的患者也可能表现类似做梦的现象。因此，为了区分这些情况，详细的病史采集和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E5%AF%BC%E7%9D%A1%E7%9C%A0%E7%9B%91%E6%B5%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多导睡眠监测（页面不存在）">多导睡眠监测</a>对于诊断RBD至关重要<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a>。RBD可作为<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E9%80%80%E8%A1%8C%E6%80%A7%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" class="mw-redirect" title="神经退行性疾病">神经退行性疾病</a>的早期标志物已被证实，约18%~52%的患者在PD发病之前可出现RBD，因此常被认为是PD的前驱症状之一。据N. Jozwiak研究报道，与没有RBD的帕金森氏病患者对比，患有RBD的帕金森氏病患者的轻度<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E7%9F%A5%E9%9A%9C%E7%A2%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="认知障碍">认知障碍</a>(MCI)诊断频率几乎高出三倍 <a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a>。目前来说，治疗RBD公认有效药物包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E7%A1%9D%E8%A5%BF%E6%B3%AE" title="氯硝西泮">氯硝西泮</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%AA%E9%BB%91%E7%B4%A0" title="褪黑素">褪黑素</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E7%B4%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="普拉克索（页面不存在）">普拉克索</a>，其中<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E7%A1%9D%E8%A5%BF%E6%B3%AE" title="氯硝西泮">氯硝西泮</a>被认为是帕金森病(PD)中<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%AB%E9%80%9F%E7%9C%BC%E5%8A%A8%E7%9D%A1%E7%9C%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="快速眼动睡眠">快速眼动睡眠</a>相关<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E9%9A%9C%E7%A2%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="行为障碍（页面不存在）">行为障碍</a>(RBD)的一线治疗方法 <a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a>。目前对于RBD患者诊断存在争议，在今后的工作中，我们可以通过不断的讨论为RBD制定更统一的诊断标准，以帮助临床工作者更好地对RBD进行诊断。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="其他症狀">其他症狀</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：其他症狀">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E4%B8%BB%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="自主神经系统">自主神经系统</a>的改變可能會導致<a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%BF%E4%BD%8D%E6%80%A7%E4%BD%8E%E8%A1%80%E5%A3%93" class="mw-redirect" title="姿位性低血壓">姿勢性低血壓</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%9A%AE%E8%86%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="人類皮膚">油性皮膚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E6%B1%97%E7%97%87" title="多汗症">多汗</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BF%E5%A4%B1%E7%A6%81" title="尿失禁">尿失禁</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E9%9A%9C%E7%A2%8D" title="性功能障碍">性功能障碍</a><a href="#cite_note-Jankovic2008-25">[25]</a>。患者也可能會嚴重<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%BF%E7%A7%98" title="便秘">便秘</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%B8%E8%83%83%E8%A0%95%E5%8B%95%E7%95%B0%E5%B8%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="腸胃蠕動異常（页面不存在）">腸胃蠕動異常</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/intestinal_pseudoobstruction" class="extiw" title="en:intestinal pseudoobstruction">intestinal pseudoobstruction</a>），造成患者極度不舒服並危害健康<a href="#cite_note-pmid19691125-11">[11]</a>。帕金森氏病也和部分眼疾和視力異常有關，包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%A8%E7%9C%BC" title="眨眼">眨眼</a>頻率降低、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E7%9C%BC%E7%97%87" title="乾眼症">乾眼症</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%BD%E8%A6%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="追視（页面不存在）">追視</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/smooth_pursuit" class="extiw" title="en:smooth pursuit">smooth pursuit</a>）障礙、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%B3%E8%A6%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="跳視（页面不存在）">跳視</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccade" class="extiw" title="en:Saccade">Saccade</a>）（雙眼受自主神經影響而往同方向跳動）、無法向上凝視、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E5%8A%9B%E6%A8%A1%E7%B3%8A" title="視力模糊">視力模糊</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8D%E8%A7%86" title="复视">复视</a><a href="#cite_note-Jankovic2008-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid18271776-65">[65]</a>。感官問題則可能表現在失去<a href="/wiki/%E5%97%85%E8%A7%89" title="嗅觉">嗅觉</a>、失去痛覺和<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E8%A6%BA%E7%95%B0%E5%B8%B8" title="感覺異常">感覺異常</a>（皮膚刺痛和麻木）。上述所有自主神經和感官症狀在確診前一年就可能發生<a href="#cite_note-Jankovic2008-25">[25]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="病因">病因</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：病因">编辑</a>]</div> 多數帕金森氏病患者<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E7%99%BC%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="特發性">病因不明</a>，只有小部分可歸因於遺傳因子<a href="#cite_note-Mayo-66">[66]</a>。专家普遍比较认可的是说法是PD发病不是单因子引起，而是多种因子共同参与，包括环境因子、年龄因子、遗传因子等 <a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a>，其他風險因子也可能和帕金森氏病有關，但因果關係還未證實<a href="#cite_note-Noy2012-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maele-Fabry2012-69">[69]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="年龄因子">年龄因子</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：年龄因子">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E9%BD%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="高齡">高龄</a>是帕金森病(PD)的一个重要的危险因素，随着<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B4%E9%BE%84" title="年龄">年龄</a>的增加，人体中DA<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%83" class="mw-redirect" title="神经元">神经元</a>会持续丢失。据报道，每增长10岁，人体内DA丢失约15%左右<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a>。随着人体DA持续的丢失，非运动症状会表现的显著<a href="#cite_note-未命名-20231105161114-71">[71]</a>，包括认知障碍、焦虑抑郁，睡眠困难等。Camilla Fardell等人的研究发现年龄和疾病的持续时间都与PD的临床进展相关，但比起疾病持续的时间，年龄是预测患者预后更重要的因素<a href="#cite_note-未命名-20231105161114-71">[71]</a>。随着年龄的增长，人体自身的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB" title="免疫">免疫</a>功能会发生退变。因此，相较于年轻人，老年人群在面对外界<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%93" title="病原体">病原体</a>侵袭时，更容易引起<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E5%BA%94%E6%BF%80" title="氧化应激">氧化应激</a>的发生，一旦发生<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E5%BA%94%E6%BF%80" title="氧化应激">氧化应激</a>则会导致体内<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%A7%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%9F%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="氧自由基（页面不存在）">氧自由基</a>ROS过度积累，遂及可对氧化代谢非常敏感的<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%91" title="脑">脑</a>组织造成影响，引发<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96" title="氧化">氧化</a>损伤，最终诱发DA<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%83" class="mw-redirect" title="神经元">神经元</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B0%83%E4%BA%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="调亡（页面不存在）">调亡</a>。这一过程可能与老年人群体<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E8%85%A6%E5%B1%8F%E9%9A%9C" title="血腦屏障">血脑屏障</a>(blood-brain barrier, BBB)完整性的破坏有关 <a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a>。S100B在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%9E%A2%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="中枢神经系统">中枢神经系统</a>中广泛表达，具有调节钙稳态、抑制炎症的功能。Sasivimol Virameteekul <a href="#cite_note-未命名-20231105161114-71">[71]</a> 研究证明，年龄的增长会使人体内S100B表达含量下降，导致老年人群体更容易受到<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C" title="细菌">细菌</a>的侵袭。虽然，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B4%E9%BE%84" title="年龄">年龄</a>的增长与PD的发生发展有着密切的关系，但并没有研究能够直接证明年龄是PD发生的病因，它更多像是一个诱发的因素。因此，在未来的研究中我们可以进一步探究年龄与PD发生发展相关的机制。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="環境因子">環境因子</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：環境因子">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US-Huey-helicopter-spraying-Agent-Orange-in-Vietnam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/US-Huey-helicopter-spraying-Agent-Orange-in-Vietnam.jpg/220px-US-Huey-helicopter-spraying-Agent-Orange-in-Vietnam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/US-Huey-helicopter-spraying-Agent-Orange-in-Vietnam.jpg/330px-US-Huey-helicopter-spraying-Agent-Orange-in-Vietnam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/US-Huey-helicopter-spraying-Agent-Orange-in-Vietnam.jpg/440px-US-Huey-helicopter-spraying-Agent-Orange-in-Vietnam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="越南战争">越戰</a>期間，美軍直升機在越南農地上空噴灑<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%99%E5%8A%91" title="橙劑">橙劑</a>。</figcaption></figure> 一些環境因子可能會增加罹患帕金森氏病的風險，包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%BA%E8%9F%B2%E5%8A%91" title="殺蟲劑">農藥</a>、頭部創傷、務農或生活在鄉間<a href="#cite_note-Noy2012-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maele-Fabry2012-69">[69]</a>。郊外的環境和飲用水較有可能暴露於殺蟲劑，因此間接影響人們的罹病風險<a href="#cite_note-pmid16713924-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Veterans-74">[74]</a>。 和帕金森氏病相關的物質包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%BA%E8%9F%B2%E5%8A%91" title="殺蟲劑">殺蟲劑</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E6%AD%BB%E8%9C%B1" title="毒死蜱">毒死蜱</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="有机氯化合物">有機氯化物</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a>、農藥（如<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%9A%E8%97%A4%E9%85%AE" title="魚藤酮">魚藤酮</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E8%8D%89%E6%9E%AF" title="百草枯">百草枯</a>）和<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%A4%E8%8D%89%E5%89%82" title="除草剂">除草剂</a>（如<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%99%E5%8A%91" title="橙劑">橙劑</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E7%BE%8E%E9%8B%85" title="福美鋅">福美鋅</a>）<a href="#cite_note-pmid16713924-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Veterans-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-#1-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-#1-77">[77]</a>。由於<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="重金属">重金属</a>可能會累積在中腦黑質，因此也存疑為風險因子，但目前研究並無定論<a href="#cite_note-pmid16713924-73">[73]</a>。多种环境的暴露(包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9F%E6%B0%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="有機氯">有机氯</a>杀虫剂的使用、情绪的调控不佳、过度的使用B受体阻滞剂、严重的头颅赏花以及长期生活在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9E" title="汞">汞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%85" title="铅">铅</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B0" title="锰">锰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9C" title="铜">铜</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81" title="铁">铁</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9D" title="铝">铝</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8B" title="铋">铋</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8A" title="铊">铊</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8C" title="锌">锌</a>暴露的人群 <a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a>)是可视为与PD发病相关的危险因素 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="遺傳因子">遺傳因子</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：遺傳因子">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Structure_of_parkin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Structure_of_parkin.png/220px-Structure_of_parkin.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Structure_of_parkin.png/330px-Structure_of_parkin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Structure_of_parkin.png/440px-Structure_of_parkin.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption> 帕金蛋白晶體的結構</figcaption></figure> 傳統上認為帕金森氏病不是遺傳性疾病，但15%的病患都有一級親屬（包括父母、子女和手足）以內的親屬罹患帕金森氏病<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a>。已知至少5%的帕金森氏病是由一或數個特定基因突變造成<a href="#cite_note-lesage-81">[81]</a>。 目前已證實特定的基因突變會造成帕金森氏病，這些基因編碼的蛋白質包括<a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%91-%E7%AA%81%E8%A7%B8%E6%A0%B8%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Α-突觸核蛋白（页面不存在）">α-突觸核蛋白</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/alpha-synuclein" class="extiw" title="en:alpha-synuclein">alpha-synuclein</a>）（SNCA）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="帕金蛋白（页面不存在）">帕金蛋白</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkin_(ligase)" class="extiw" title="en:Parkin (ligase)">Parkin (ligase)</a>）（PRKN）、PARK8（<a href="/wiki/LRRK2" title="LRRK2">LRRK2</a>，又稱震顫素）、PTEN誘導激酶（<a href="/w/index.php?title=PINK1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PINK1（页面不存在）">PINK1</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PINK1" class="extiw" title="en:PINK1">PINK1</a>））、<a href="/w/index.php?title=PARK7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PARK7（页面不存在）">DJ-1</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PARK7" class="extiw" title="en:PARK7">PARK7</a>）和<a href="/w/index.php?title=ATP13A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ATP13A2（页面不存在）">ATP13A2</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP13A2" class="extiw" title="en:ATP13A2">ATP13A2</a>）<a href="#cite_note-pmid18398010-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-lesage-81">[81]</a>。除了LRRK2之外，擁有這些突變的人通常都會罹患帕金森氏病；而LRRK2突變只會造成小部分人得病<a href="#cite_note-pmid18398010-28">[28]</a>。SNCA和LRRK2是目前研究最深入的帕金森氏病相關基因，SNCA、LRRK2和<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E7%B3%96%E8%85%A6%E8%8B%B7%E8%84%82" title="葡糖腦苷脂">葡糖腦苷脂</a>（GBA）突變會增加罹患偶發性帕金森氏病的風險；GBA突變則會造成<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%98%E9%9B%AA%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="高雪氏病（页面不存在）">高雪氏病</a><a href="#cite_note-lesage-81">[81]</a>。研究人員利用<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%BB%84%E5%85%B3%E8%81%94%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="全基因组关联分析">全基因組關聯分析</a>搜索偶發性帕金森氏病中外顯率很低的突變<a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E4%BD%8D%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="等位基因">等位基因</a>，目前已經獲得了許多正面結果<a href="#cite_note-IPDGC-82">[82]</a>。 由於α-突觸核蛋白是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%B0%8F%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="路易氏體（页面不存在）">路易氏體</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewy_body" class="extiw" title="en:Lewy body">Lewy body</a>）的成分，因此SNCA基因對帕金森氏病很重要<a href="#cite_note-lesage-81">[81]</a>。α-突觸核蛋白可誘發<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B1%E6%BF%9F%E5%A4%B1%E8%AA%BF%E5%BE%AE%E8%A1%80%E7%AE%A1%E6%93%B4%E5%BC%B5%E7%97%87%E8%AE%8A%E7%95%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="共濟失調微血管擴張症變異（页面不存在）">ATM基因</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATM_serine/threonine_kinase" class="extiw" title="en:ATM serine/threonine kinase">ATM serine/threonine kinase</a>）突變，而ATM基因又是修復<a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a>損傷的重要激酶<a href="#cite_note-Abugable2019-83">[83]</a>。α-突觸核蛋白還具有活化<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E5%90%8C%E6%BA%90%E6%80%A7%E6%9C%AB%E7%AB%AF%E6%8E%A5%E5%90%88" title="非同源性末端接合">非同源性末端接合</a><a href="/wiki/DNA%E4%BF%AE%E5%BE%A9" title="DNA修復">DNA修復</a>的功能，若沉積形成路易氏體則會降低其<a href="/wiki/DNA%E4%BF%AE%E5%BE%A9" title="DNA修復">DNA修復</a>的能力，可能與帕金森氏病的腦細胞死亡相關<a href="#cite_note-Abugable2019-83">[83]</a>。 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%8F%E6%80%A7%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="家族性帕金森氏病（页面不存在）">家族性帕金森氏病</a>患者的SCNA基因可能發生<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AF%E7%BE%A9%E7%AA%81%E8%AE%8A" title="錯義突變">錯義突變</a>（單<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8" title="核苷酸">核苷酸</a>改變造成胺基酸改變）、二<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8D%E8%A4%87" title="基因重複">重複</a>或三重複；錯意突變很少見；但約有2%的家族性帕金森氏病病患是基因重複造成的。一些帕金森氏病<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B6%E5%8E%9F%E8%80%85" title="帶原者">帶原者</a>身上也能發現<a href="/w/index.php?title=SNCA%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SNCA基因（页面不存在）">SNCA基因</a>突變，但由於<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E6%98%BE%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="外显度">外显度</a>不足或年齡未到而未發病<a href="#cite_note-lesage-81">[81]</a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%8F%E6%80%A7%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="家族性帕金森氏（页面不存在）">家族性帕金森氏</a>症密切相关的19个基因突变可能会引起DA神经元的损伤，其机制可能与<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E7%B2%92%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="线粒体">线粒体</a>功能障碍、氧化应激、<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="蛋白质">蛋白质</a>聚集、自噬受损和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%82%8E%E7%97%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神经炎症（页面不存在）">神经炎症</a>有关 <a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a>。 LRRK2基因編碼的蛋白質稱為<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%87%E9%A2%A4%E7%B4%A0" title="震颤素">震顫素</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/dardarin" class="extiw" title="en:dardarin">dardarin</a>），由於這個基因最先在英格蘭和北西班牙的家族中發現，因此其英文名稱「dardarin」來自<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E8%AA%9E" title="巴斯克語">巴斯克語</a>的「顫抖」。LRRK2基因突變是家族性及偶發性帕金森氏病最常見的已知成因，佔了有家族遺傳史患者的5%和偶發性患者的3%<a href="#cite_note-pmid18398010-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-lesage-81">[81]</a>，其突變的類型很多，但目前只有少數證實會致病<a href="#cite_note-lesage-81">[81]</a>。 部分帕金森氏病相關基因參與<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="溶體">溶體</a>的消化功能，因此有研究推測帕金森氏病可能和溶體失能有關，這將使細胞無法分解α-突觸核蛋白<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="病理學">病理學</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：病理學">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lewy_Body_alphaSynuclein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="藍染的細胞為腦神經細胞，其中最大的一顆細胞含有棕色的路易氏體構造，其直徑占總細胞直徑的40%。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lewy_Body_alphaSynuclein.jpg/220px-Lewy_Body_alphaSynuclein.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lewy_Body_alphaSynuclein.jpg/330px-Lewy_Body_alphaSynuclein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lewy_Body_alphaSynuclein.jpg/440px-Lewy_Body_alphaSynuclein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="523" /></a><figcaption>帕金森氏病患者大腦<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="黑質">黑質</a>中的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%B0%8F%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="路易氏體（页面不存在）">路易氏體</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewy_body" class="extiw" title="en:Lewy body">Lewy body</a>）（褐色構造）。本樣本對<a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%91-%E7%AA%81%E8%A7%B8%E6%A0%B8%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Α-突觸核蛋白（页面不存在）">α-突觸核蛋白</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/alpha-synuclein" class="extiw" title="en:alpha-synuclein">alpha-synuclein</a>）進行<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="免疫組織化學">免疫組織染色</a>。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="解剖學">解剖學</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：解剖學">编辑</a>]</div> 帕金森氏病的主要病理變化發生在中腦<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="黑質">黑質</a>腹側的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E8%B3%AA%E7%B7%BB%E5%AF%86%E9%83%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黑質緻密部（页面不存在）">緻密部</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pars_compacta" class="extiw" title="en:pars compacta">pars compacta</a>）。該區含有大量多巴胺神經元，並傳訊給大腦<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%BA%95%E6%A0%B8" title="基底核">基底核</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid18781672-85">[85]</a>。本疾病的患者緻密部神經元大量死亡，有的甚至喪失高達70%的神經元<a href="#cite_note-pmid18398010-28">[28]</a>。 一般來說，正常人的<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E6%96%91%E6%A0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="藍斑核">藍斑核</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="黑質">黑質</a>顏色較深，因為該區的細胞會產生<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E9%BB%91%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經黑色素（页面不存在）">神經黑色素</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/neuromelanin" class="extiw" title="en:neuromelanin">neuromelanin</a>）。而帕金森氏病患者的藍斑核及黑質會因神經元大量死亡而顯得較淡。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="組織病理學（页面不存在）">微觀病例變化</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/histopathology" class="extiw" title="en:histopathology">histopathology</a>）則可觀察到黑質的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%85%83" title="神經元">神經元</a>數量減少，並在殘餘細胞中存有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%B0%8F%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="路易氏體（页面不存在）">路易氏體</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewy_body" class="extiw" title="en:Lewy body">Lewy body</a>）；同時，<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%BD%A2%E8%86%A0%E8%B3%AA%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="星形膠質細胞">星狀細胞</a>會伴隨著神經元一起死亡，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E8%86%A0%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="微膠細胞">微膠細胞</a>則會活化以清除細胞殘骸。其中路易氏體為帕金森氏病最具鑑別性的病理特徵<a href="#cite_note-Jankovic_book-Neuropathology-86">[86]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="病理生理學">病理生理學</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：病理生理學">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Journal.pone.0008247.g001.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Composite of three images, one in top row (referred to in caption as A), two in second row (referred to as B). Top shows a mid-line sagittal plane of the brainstem and cerebellum. There are three circles superimposed along the brainstem and an arrow linking them from bottom to top and continuing upward and forward towards the frontal lobes of the brain. A line of text accompanies each circle: lower is "1. Dorsal Motor X Nucleus", middle is "2. Gain Setting Nuclei" and upper is "3. Substantia Nigra/Amygdala". The fourth line of text above the others says "4. ...". The two images at the bottom of the composite are magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, one sagittal and the other transverse, centred at the same brain coordinates (x=-1, y=-36, z=-49). A colored blob marking volume reduction covers most of the brainstem." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Journal.pone.0008247.g001.png/220px-Journal.pone.0008247.g001.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Journal.pone.0008247.g001.png/330px-Journal.pone.0008247.g001.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Journal.pone.0008247.g001.png/440px-Journal.pone.0008247.g001.png 2x" data-file-width="1958" data-file-height="1868" /></a><figcaption>A：此示意圖說明帕金森氏病早期路易氏體堆積的進程。病程發展依序為：1.背側迷走神經(CN X)運動神經核；2.運動設置神經核；3.黑質/杏仁核。 B：圖中的定位點顯示出早期帕金森氏病患者腦部<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%94%E7%A9%8D%E6%98%8E%E9%A1%AF%E6%B8%9B%E5%B0%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="體積明顯減少（页面不存在）">體積明顯減少</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voxel-based_morphometry" class="extiw" title="en:Voxel-based morphometry">Voxel-based morphometry</a>），該份研究比較帕金森氏病患者和非患者的神經學影像，歸納出<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E5%B9%B9" title="腦幹">腦幹</a>損傷可能是帕金森氏病最早能診斷出的<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E9%82%8A%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%97%85%E8%AE%8A" title="周邊神經病變">神經病變</a>。<a href="#cite_note-pmid20011063-87">[87]</a></figcaption></figure> 帕金森氏病的主要症狀大多肇因於黑質<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E8%B3%AA%E7%B7%BB%E5%AF%86%E9%83%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黑質緻密部（页面不存在）">緻密部</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pars_compacta" class="extiw" title="en:pars compacta">pars compacta</a>）的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%B4%E8%83%BA" title="多巴胺">多巴胺</a>性神經元退化<a href="#cite_note-pmid18781672-85">[85]</a>。 大腦基底核與外界聯繫的路徑大致依其投射位置可分為五條，分別為<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E7%9A%AE%E8%B4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="运动皮质">動作迴路</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A1%8D%E8%91%89%E7%9C%BC%E5%8B%95%E5%8D%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="額葉眼動區（页面不存在）">動眼迴路</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontal_eye_fields" class="extiw" title="en:Frontal eye fields">Frontal eye fields</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%84%91%E7%9A%AE%E8%B4%A8" title="大脑皮质">聯合皮質迴路</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B9%E7%BC%98%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="边缘系统">邊緣系統迴路</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E7%9C%B6%E9%A1%8D%E8%91%89%E7%9A%AE%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="眼眶額葉皮質">眼眶額葉皮質迴路</a>。由於帕金森氏病會影響基底核上游訊息的傳遞，因此前述的所有迴路都會受到波及，使得帕金森氏病患者會出現動作、注意力和學習上的障礙。目前該疾病對運動迴路的影響研究得最為透澈<a href="#cite_note-pmid18781672-85">[85]</a>。 1980年，運動迴路的理論雛形以及該迴路與帕金森氏病的關聯性提出，對當時的科學界帶來極大的影響。雖然事後發現該模型無法解釋某些現象，因此做了一些修正。在這個模型中，基底核負責抑制運動系統，以避免其於不適當的時機活化。當大腦確定要做某個動作時，基底核會減少<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%91%E5%88%B6%E6%80%A7%E7%AA%81%E8%A7%B8%E5%BE%8C%E9%9B%BB%E4%BD%8D" title="抑制性突觸後電位">抑制信號</a>，使動作能順利執行。而多巴胺可以抑制來自基底核的抑制訊息，因此多巴胺濃度高時能促使運動指令順利發生，多巴胺濃度低時運動指令就會受到基底核的抑制。帕金森氏病患者的中樞神經多巴胺濃度較低，因而造成<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%B8%9B%E9%80%80%E7%97%87" title="運動功能減退症">運動功能減退</a>。基於此種理論，藥物治療上常會選用提升多巴胺濃度的藥品，但這樣的結果也常導致運動系統在不恰當的時機活化，造成身體產生<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%95%B0%E5%8B%95%E7%97%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="異動症（页面不存在）">不自主的運動</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/dyskinesia" class="extiw" title="en:dyskinesia">dyskinesia</a>）<a href="#cite_note-pmid18781672-85">[85]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="腦神經元死亡">腦神經元死亡</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：腦神經元死亡">编辑</a>]</div> 帕金森氏病造成多巴胺神經元死亡的原因目前仍未有定論<a href="#cite_note-pmid20495568-88">[88]</a>。有理論認為是因為患者的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%91-%E7%AA%81%E8%A7%B8%E6%A0%B8%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Α-突觸核蛋白（页面不存在）">α-突觸核蛋白</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/alpha-synuclein" class="extiw" title="en:alpha-synuclein">alpha-synuclein</a>）累積，並與<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E7%B4%A0" title="泛素">泛素</a>結合，導致細胞破壞，這些不易溶的蛋白質便沉積於細胞體內，形成<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%B0%8F%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="路易氏體（页面不存在）">路易氏體</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewy_bodies" class="extiw" title="en:Lewy bodies">Lewy bodies</a>）<a href="#cite_note-pmid18398010-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20563819-89">[89]</a>。根據<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E5%88%86%E6%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布拉克分期（页面不存在）">布拉克分期</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braak_staging" class="extiw" title="en:Braak staging">Braak staging</a>），路易氏體會先出現於<a href="/wiki/%E5%97%85%E7%90%83" title="嗅球">嗅球</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%B6%E9%AB%93" title="延髓">延髓</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A9%8B%E8%85%A6%E8%A2%AB%E8%93%8B%E5%8D%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="橋腦被蓋區（页面不存在）">橋腦被蓋區</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pontine_tegmentum" class="extiw" title="en:pontine tegmentum">pontine tegmentum</a>），此階段的患者尚未有明顯症狀。隨著疾病進展，路易氏體會出現於<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%85%A6" title="中腦">中腦</a>黑質區以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E8%84%91" title="前脑">前腦</a>基部，最後出現於<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%9A%AE%E8%B4%A8" title="新皮质">新皮質</a>，這也是患者主要受創的腦區<a href="#cite_note-pmid18398010-28">[28]</a>。然而，也有人認為路易氏體未必會導致細胞死亡，甚至有可能是一種保護性的蛋白質<a href="#cite_note-pmid20495568-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20563819-89">[89]</a>。路易氏體也普遍存在失智症患者的大腦皮質，但<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%BA%96%E7%B6%AD%E7%B3%BE%E7%BA%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經纖維糾纏（页面不存在）">神經纖維糾纏</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurofibrillary_tangles" class="extiw" title="en:Neurofibrillary tangles">Neurofibrillary tangles</a>）和<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%B9%B4%E6%96%91" title="老年斑">老年斑</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%B9%E6%B5%B7%E9%BB%98%E7%97%85" class="mw-redirect" title="阿兹海默病">阿兹海默症</a>的特色只會在失智的患者中出現<a href="#cite_note-Jankovic_book-Neuropathology-86">[86]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E9%85%B6%E4%BD%93" title="蛋白酶体">蛋白酶体</a>失能、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="溶體">溶體</a>失能以及<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%9A%E7%B2%92%E9%AB%94" title="線粒體">線粒體</a>活性降低也是造成細胞死亡的機制<a href="#cite_note-pmid20495568-88">[88]</a>。中腦黑質細胞的離子堆積常伴隨蛋白質包涵體一起出現，這可能和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E5%BA%94%E6%BF%80" title="氧化应激">氧化壓力</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA%E5%87%9D%E9%9B%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蛋白質凝集（页面不存在）">蛋白質凝集</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/protein_aggregation" class="extiw" title="en:protein aggregation">protein aggregation</a>）和神經細胞死亡有關，但確切機制仍未明瞭<a href="#cite_note-pmid20082992-90">[90]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="診斷">診斷</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：診斷">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PET-image.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sagittal PET scan at the level of the striatum. Hottest areas are the cortical grey matter and the striatum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/PET-image.jpg/220px-PET-image.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/PET-image.jpg/330px-PET-image.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/PET-image.jpg/440px-PET-image.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1132" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>健康腦部的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F%E4%BB%A3%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%B3%96" title="氟代脱氧葡萄糖">氟代脱氧葡萄糖</a>（18F，FDG）<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%91%E5%B0%84%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E6%96%AD%E5%B1%82%E6%89%AB%E6%8F%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="正电子发射计算机断层扫描">正子斷層掃描</a>。熱區表示葡萄糖攝取量較高，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%BA%95%E6%A0%B8" title="基底核">基底核</a>的狀況能幫助診斷帕金森氏病。 </figcaption></figure> 帕金森氏病的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%8A%E6%96%AD" title="诊断">诊断</a>仰賴<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E5%8F%B2" title="病史">病史</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%AD%B8%E6%AA%A2%E6%9F%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經學檢查（页面不存在）">神經學檢查</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/neurological_examination" class="extiw" title="en:neurological examination">neurological examination</a>），目前沒有<a href="/wiki/%E6%AA%A2%E9%A9%97%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="檢驗醫學">檢驗</a>方法能有效確認帕金森氏病，但腦部造影有時能排除其他症狀相似的疾病。患者服用<a href="/wiki/L-%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%B4" title="L-多巴">L-多巴</a>後運動症狀的改善能幫助醫師確認病患罹患的確實是帕金森氏病。<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%97%E5%B1%8D" title="驗屍">驗屍</a>時若能在中腦找到<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%B0%8F%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="路易氏體（页面不存在）">路易氏體</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewy_body" class="extiw" title="en:Lewy body">Lewy body</a>），則能證明該患者生前罹患帕金森氏病。隨著病程進展，有時疾病自然會出現不是帕金森氏病的症狀，醫師便能排除帕金森氏病的可能，因此一些權威指引建議醫師必須定期重新檢視帕金森氏病病患的診斷結果<a href="#cite_note-Jankovic2008-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nice-Diagnosis-91">[91]</a>。 其他一些疾病可能會間接造成帕金森症候群，包括<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%85%B9%E6%B5%B7%E9%BB%98%E7%97%85" class="mw-redirect" title="阿兹海默病">阿兹海默症</a>、多重<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E8%85%A6%E6%A2%97%E5%A1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大腦梗塞（页面不存在）">大腦梗塞</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cerebral_infarction" class="extiw" title="en:cerebral infarction">cerebral infarction</a>）和藥物誘導<a href="#cite_note-Nice-Diagnosis-91">[91]</a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E9%99%84%E5%8A%A0%E7%97%87%E5%80%99%E7%BE%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="帕金森附加症候群（页面不存在）">帕金森附加症候群</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson_plus_syndrome" class="extiw" title="en:Parkinson plus syndrome">Parkinson plus syndrome</a>）（如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%B2%E8%A1%8C%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%8A%E7%9C%BC%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E6%A0%B8%E9%BA%BB%E7%97%BA%E7%97%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="進行性上眼神經核麻痺症（页面不存在）">進行性上眼神經核麻痺</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/progressive_supranuclear_palsy" class="extiw" title="en:progressive supranuclear palsy">progressive supranuclear palsy</a>）和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E9%87%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E9%80%80%E5%8C%96%E7%97%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多重系統退化症（页面不存在）">多重系統退化</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/multiple_system_atrophy" class="extiw" title="en:multiple system atrophy">multiple system atrophy</a>））則必須透過<a href="/wiki/%E9%91%91%E5%88%A5%E8%A8%BA%E6%96%B7" title="鑑別診斷">鑑別診斷</a>排除。抗帕金森藥物對帕金森附加症候群通常較無效<a href="#cite_note-Jankovic2008-25">[25]</a>，若患者有病程較快、早期認知困難、姿態不穩、輕度顫抖或兩側同時產生症狀，代表他可能罹患帕金森附加症候群，而非單純的帕金森氏病<a href="#cite_note-pmid12464118-92">[92]</a>。遺傳性的帕金森症候群通常會歸類為帕金森氏病，但家族性帕金森氏病和家族性帕金森症候群這兩個詞彙都能用來表示此類疾患。<a href="#cite_note-pmid15172778-26">[26]</a> 醫學機構訂定了帕金森氏病的診斷條件，以將此流程簡化和標準化，這在疾病早期尤其有用。其中最廣為人知的為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="英國帕金森氏病協會（页面不存在）">英國帕金森氏病協會</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_UK" class="extiw" title="en:Parkinson's UK">Parkinson's UK</a>）的大腦銀行和和美國<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E5%8F%8A%E4%B8%AD%E9%A2%A8%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="國家神經疾病及中風研究中心（页面不存在）">國家神經疾病及中風研究中心</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Neurological_Disorders_and_Stroke" class="extiw" title="en:National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke">National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke</a>）。大腦銀行定義動作遲緩為帕金森氏病患者的診斷要件，且同時要有肢體僵硬、靜止性顫抖或姿態不穩中至少其中一種症狀，並排除其他疾病的可能；隨著病程進展，患者的症狀還必須有下列特色：包括由單側發作、靜止性顫抖、疾病隨時間進展、運動症狀不對稱、至少五年內對L-多巴治療有反應、臨床病程至少十年、服用過多L-多巴後會造成運動困難等。根據病理解剖的評估，上述診斷條件的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%96%E7%A2%BA%E8%88%87%E7%B2%BE%E5%AF%86" class="mw-redirect" title="準確與精密">準確性</a>約75－90%，神經內科醫師等專家做出的診斷則有更高的準確率<a href="#cite_note-Jankovic2008-25">[25]</a>。 帕金森氏病患者腦部的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E6%96%B7%E5%B1%A4%E6%8E%83%E6%8F%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="電腦斷層掃描">電腦斷層掃描</a>（CT）和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%A3%81%E5%85%B1%E6%8C%AF%E6%88%90%E5%83%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="核磁共振成像">核磁共振成像</a>（MRI）常看起來與正常者無異，但這些技術能用來排除其他可能造成帕金森症候群的間接原因，例如基底核<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%AB%E7%98%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="腫瘤">腫瘤</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E7%AE%A1" title="血管">血管</a>病變和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%A6%E6%B0%B4%E8%85%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="腦水腫（页面不存在）">腦水腫</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_edema" class="extiw" title="en:Cerebral edema">Cerebral edema</a>）。有報告指出<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%B4%E6%95%A3%E7%A3%81%E6%8C%AF%E9%80%A0%E5%BD%B1" title="擴散磁振造影">擴散磁振造影</a>（一種<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%A3%81%E5%85%B1%E6%8C%AF%E6%88%90%E5%83%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="核磁共振成像">核磁共振成像</a>技術）有助於辨別典型和非典型帕金森症候群，但其確切的診斷力仍在研究中。基底核的多巴胺功能可以透過<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%91%E5%B0%84%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E6%96%AD%E5%B1%82%E6%89%AB%E6%8F%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="正电子发射计算机断层扫描">正子發射電腦斷層掃描</a>（PET）和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%AE%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90%E7%99%BC%E5%B0%84%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E6%96%B7%E5%B1%A4%E6%8E%83%E6%8F%8F%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="單光子發射電腦斷層掃描術（页面不存在）">單光子發射電腦斷層掃描</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_photon_emission_computed_tomography" class="extiw" title="en:Single photon emission computed tomography">Single photon emission computed tomography</a>）（SPECT）等<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E7%A4%BA%E8%B8%AA%E5%89%82" title="放射性示踪剂">放射顯影</a>技術量測，例如SPECT所使用的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A2%98%E6%B0%9F%E6%BD%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="碘氟潘（页面不存在）">碘氟潘（碘-123）</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ioflupane_(123I)" class="extiw" title="en:ioflupane (123I)">ioflupane (123I)</a>）（商品名DaTSCAN）和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A2%98%E8%8B%AF%E6%89%98%E7%83%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="碘苯托烷（页面不存在）">碘苯托烷</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTI-55" class="extiw" title="en:RTI-55">RTI-55</a>）（Dopascan），以及PET所使用的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F%E4%BB%A3%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%B3%96" title="氟代脱氧葡萄糖">氟代脱氧葡萄糖</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20351351-93">[93]</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=DTBZ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DTBZ（页面不存在）">DTBZ</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DTBZ" class="extiw" title="en:DTBZ">DTBZ</a>）<a href="#cite_note-pmid24840973-94">[94]</a>。基底核的多巴胺活性降低也能協助診斷帕金森氏病。<a href="#cite_note-pmid20351351-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="預防">預防</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节：預防">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%B9%B4" title="中年">中年</a>人運動有助於減少往後得到帕金森氏病的風險<a href="#cite_note-Neuro2011-12">[12]</a>。喝較多<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%96%E5%95%A1%E5%9B%A0" title="咖啡因">咖啡因</a>飲料的人得病風險明顯較低，咖啡因似乎在其中扮演保護性的作用<a href="#cite_note-pmid20182023-95">[95]</a>。雖然吸菸會造成負面的健康效應、降低壽命和生活品質，但或許能減少罹患帕金森氏病的風險<a href="#cite_note-pmid16713924-73">[73]</a>，其中的機制還不明瞭，但可能和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E4%B8%81" title="尼古丁">尼古丁</a>刺激多巴胺的功能有關<a href="#cite_note-pmid16713924-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a>；另外菸中也含有一些能作為<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E8%83%BA%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%85%B6%E6%8A%91%E5%88%B6%E5%89%82" title="单胺氧化酶抑制剂">單胺氧化酶抑制劑</a>（MAO）的化合物，這或許也是造成此種效應的原因<a href="#cite_note-#2-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-#2-97">[97]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0C" title="维生素C">维生素C</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0D" title="维生素D">D</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E5%89%82" title="抗氧化剂">抗氧化剂</a>被認為能保護腦細胞免於罹患帕金森氏病，但研究並沒有得到正面的結論。脂肪和<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA%E9%85%B8" title="脂肪酸">脂肪酸</a>相關的研究同樣也缺乏一致的結論，有些研究顯示它們有保護作用、能減低罹病風險；但有些顯示沒有效果。此外，目前研究初步顯示<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%8C%E6%BF%80%E7%B4%A0" title="雌激素">雌激素</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%94%BE%E4%BD%93%E6%8A%97%E7%82%8E%E8%8D%AF" title="非甾体抗炎药">非甾体抗炎药</a>也可能有保護性作用<a href="#cite_note-pmid16713924-73">[73]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="治療">治療</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节：治療">编辑</a>]</div> 目前尚未發展出能完全治癒帕金森氏病的方法，但有一些藥物、手術和跨領域整合治療能緩解症狀。治療運動症狀的藥物有<a href="/wiki/L-%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%B4" title="L-多巴">L-多巴</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%B4%E8%83%BA%E5%8F%97%E9%AB%94%E6%BF%80%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多巴胺受體激動劑（页面不存在）">多巴胺受體激動劑</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/dopamine_agonist" class="extiw" title="en:dopamine agonist">dopamine agonist</a>）和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E8%83%BA%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%85%B6%E6%8A%91%E5%88%B6%E5%89%82" title="单胺氧化酶抑制剂">单胺氧化酶抑制剂</a>等。至於要選用哪一種藥物，則須視疾病的狀態而定。一般而言，症狀初期會用前述的後兩類藥物治療，以避免L-多巴相關的副作用。到了症狀後期症狀較強時，才會開始使用<a href="/wiki/L-%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%B4" title="L-多巴">L-多巴</a>。此時期需注意劑量波動對於患者的傷害，增減劑量需在醫師處方下才能執行<a href="#cite_note-Nice-pharma-10">[10]</a>。當藥物治療已無法控制症狀時，則可以考慮使用腦深層刺激手術<a href="#cite_note-pmid20937936-98">[98]</a>。到疾病末期，則建議進入<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E7%BC%93%E5%8C%BB%E7%96%97" class="mw-redirect" title="和缓医疗">安寧療護</a>，以維持病患的生活品質<a href="#cite_note-Nice-palliative-99">[99]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L-多巴">L-多巴</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节：L-多巴">编辑</a>]</div> L-多巴（Levodopa）是近30年使用最為廣泛的藥物。本品會於多巴胺性神經元中，透過<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B3%E9%A6%99%E6%97%8FL-%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8%E8%84%B1%E7%BE%A7%E9%85%B6" title="芳香族L-氨基酸脱羧酶">芳香族L-氨基酸脱羧酶</a>轉化為多巴胺，藉此暫時緩解疾病的運動症狀<a href="#cite_note-Nice-pharma-10">[10]</a>。 然而，大約只有5-10%的L-多巴會穿透<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E8%85%A6%E9%9A%9C%E8%94%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="血腦障蔽">血腦障蔽</a>，殘餘的藥物則會代謝為多巴胺，造成包含<a href="/wiki/%E5%99%81%E5%BF%83" class="mw-redirect" title="噁心">噁心</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%95%B0%E5%8B%95%E7%97%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="異動症（页面不存在）">異動症</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/dyskinesia" class="extiw" title="en:dyskinesia">dyskinesia</a>）和關節僵硬等副作用。因此本品一般會與<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E6%AF%94%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡比多巴（页面不存在）">卡比多巴</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbidopa" class="extiw" title="en:Carbidopa">Carbidopa</a>）（carbidopa）或<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8A%90%E7%B5%B2%E8%82%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="芐絲肼（页面不存在）">芐絲肼</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/benserazide" class="extiw" title="en:benserazide">benserazide</a>）（benserazide）等<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%B4%E8%84%AB%E7%BE%A7%E9%85%B6%E6%8A%91%E5%88%B6%E5%8A%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多巴脫羧酶抑制劑（页面不存在）">多巴脫羧酶抑制劑</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/dopa_decarboxylase_inhibitor" class="extiw" title="en:dopa decarboxylase inhibitor">dopa decarboxylase inhibitor</a>）藥物合併使用，以抑制周邊組織產生多巴胺，達到提升<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E5%BA%A6" title="生物利用度">生物利用度</a>及減少副作用的效果<a href="#cite_note-Nice-pharma-10">[10]</a>。現有藥廠生產複方藥劑將<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%AF%94%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%B4/L-%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="卡比多巴/L-多巴">卡比多巴和L-多巴</a>或<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8A%90%E7%B5%B2%E8%82%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="芐絲肼（页面不存在）">芐絲肼和L-多巴</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/benserazide" class="extiw" title="en:benserazide">benserazide</a>）製成複方藥劑。L-多巴具<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E7%99%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="成癮">成癮性</a>，可能造成某些特有的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8D%E8%A4%87%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="重複行為（页面不存在）">重複行為</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/punding" class="extiw" title="en:punding">punding</a>），此類藥物性症狀稱為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%B4%E8%83%BA%E5%A4%B1%E8%AA%BF%E7%97%87%E5%80%99%E7%BE%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多巴胺失調症候群（页面不存在）">多巴胺失調症候群</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/dopamine_dysregulation_syndrome" class="extiw" title="en:dopamine dysregulation syndrome">dopamine dysregulation syndrome</a>）<a href="#cite_note-pmid20123548-51">[51]</a>。 L-多巴在體內容易由<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%BF%E8%8C%B6%E9%85%9A-O-%E7%94%B2%E5%9F%BA%E8%BD%AC%E7%A7%BB%E9%85%B6" title="儿茶酚-O-甲基转移酶">儿茶酚-O-甲基转移酶</a>（COMT）降解，因此本品可與COMT抑制劑<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E5%8D%A1%E6%9C%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="托卡朋（页面不存在）">托卡朋</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolcapone" class="extiw" title="en:Tolcapone">Tolcapone</a>）合併使用以維持藥效。然而COMT抑制劑具有肝毒性，因此在使用上必須注意，另也可選用肝毒性較小的<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E4%BB%96%E5%8D%A1%E6%9C%8B" title="恩他卡朋">恩他卡朋</a>替代。目前核准的藥物有托卡朋或恩他卡朋的單品，也有含L-多巴及卡比多巴的複方藥劑<a href="#cite_note-Nice-pharma-10">[10]</a>。 另外，用藥時的劑量波動會對患者生活造成嚴重影響。患者剛用藥時，體內劑量較高，因此患者的症狀較和緩，此時稱為「通電狀態」（"on" state）；反之，在藥效降低後，患者的運動性症狀又會出現，此時稱為「斷電狀態」（"off" state）。過高劑量的L-多巴會使患者產生<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%95%B0%E5%8B%95%E7%97%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="異動症（页面不存在）">異動症</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/dyskinesia" class="extiw" title="en:dyskinesia">dyskinesia</a>），無限制提高藥物劑量並非將藥物濃度控制於「通電狀態」的方法。因此須以其他方法延長藥物在體內滯留的時間，方法包含合併使用多巴胺受體激動劑及MAO-B受體抑制劑。以往醫師會藉由暫時停用L-多巴以減少運動性症狀，但該作法可能導致<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%97%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%97%85%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E6%83%A1%E6%80%A7%E7%97%87%E5%80%99%E7%BE%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="抗精神病藥物惡性症候群（页面不存在）">抗精神病藥物惡性症候群</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/neuroleptic_malignant_syndrome" class="extiw" title="en:neuroleptic malignant syndrome">neuroleptic malignant syndrome</a>）等致命性的副作用，所以現在已不再使用。目前有廠商發展出<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9C%E8%84%88%E6%B3%A8%E5%B0%84" title="靜脈注射">靜脈內</a>及腸道內的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B7%A9%E9%87%8B%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="緩釋技術（页面不存在）">緩釋技術</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow-release" class="extiw" title="en:Slow-release">Slow-release</a>），讓L-多巴穩定緩慢釋放。研究顯示緩釋劑比起傳統劑型能有效減少異動症的情形<a href="#cite_note-Nice-pharma-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jankovic_book-Pharma-100">[100]</a>。大多數患者終身必須服用L-多巴，且一般日後皆會遇到本品的運動性副作用<a href="#cite_note-Nice-pharma-10">[10]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="多巴胺受體激動劑">多巴胺受體激動劑</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=30" title="编辑章节：多巴胺受體激動劑">编辑</a>]</div> 除了L-多巴之外，還有數種<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%B4%E8%83%BA%E5%8F%97%E9%AB%94%E6%BF%80%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多巴胺受體激動劑（页面不存在）">多巴胺受體激動劑</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/dopamine_agonist" class="extiw" title="en:dopamine agonist">dopamine agonist</a>）也能與突觸後的多巴胺受體結合，藉此達到治療的效果。此類藥品最初應用於改善患者使用L-多巴後的副作用，現在則大多用於延緩初期運動性症狀的治療<a href="#cite_note-Nice-pharma-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a>，症狀後期使用本品則能改善「斷電狀態」（"off" state）的症狀<a href="#cite_note-Nice-pharma-10">[10]</a>。屬於多巴胺受體激動劑的藥物包含<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B4%E9%9A%B1%E4%BA%AD" title="溴隱亭">溴隱亭</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%B9%E9%AB%98%E5%88%A9%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="培高利特（页面不存在）">培高利特</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pergolide" class="extiw" title="en:pergolide">pergolide</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E7%B4%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="普拉克索（页面不存在）">普拉克索</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pramipexole" class="extiw" title="en:pramipexole">pramipexole</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%9B%E5%BF%85%E5%B9%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="力必平（页面不存在）">力必平</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ropinirole" class="extiw" title="en:ropinirole">ropinirole</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%8E%E4%B9%B3%E9%99%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="過乳降（页面不存在）">過乳降</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cabergoline" class="extiw" title="en:cabergoline">cabergoline</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E6%A8%B8%E5%97%8E%E5%95%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿樸嗎啡（页面不存在）">阿樸嗎啡</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/apomorphine" class="extiw" title="en:apomorphine">apomorphine</a>）和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BA%A5%E8%A7%92%E4%B9%99%E8%84%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="麥角乙脲（页面不存在）">麥角乙脲</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/lisuride" class="extiw" title="en:lisuride">lisuride</a>）<a href="#cite_note-Brooks2000-102">[102]</a>。 多巴胺受體激動劑可能造成或重或輕的副作用，包含<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8F%E7%9D%A1" title="昏睡">昏睡</a>、幻覺、失眠、噁心和便祕等。有些患者即使劑量極輕也會產生副作用，此時建議醫生考慮更換藥品。多巴胺受體激動劑可以延緩運動性症狀的產生，雖藥效不如L-多巴那樣強<a href="#cite_note-Nice-pharma-10">[10]</a>，但足以控制初期症狀。此類藥物價格一般較L-多巴為高。年輕患者服用本類藥物通常較少產生異動症，副作用會隨年齡越大而增加。本類藥物通常用於治療初期症狀，以延緩L-多巴的使用<a href="#cite_note-pmid15172778-26">[26]</a>。它產生的衝動控制障礙較L-多巴強，患者可能會出現病態性的暴食、性衝動、賭博和購物等現象<a href="#cite_note-pmid20123548-51">[51]</a>。 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E6%A8%B8%E5%97%8E%E5%95%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿樸嗎啡（页面不存在）">阿樸嗎啡</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apomorphine" class="extiw" title="en:Apomorphine">Apomorphine</a>）可用於減緩病程晚期的斷電狀態症狀及異動症現象，能選用的給藥途徑包括間歇性注射和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9A%AE%E4%B8%8B%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E8%BC%B8%E6%B3%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="皮下持續輸注（页面不存在）">皮下持續輸注</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/subcutaneous_infusion" class="extiw" title="en:subcutaneous infusion">subcutaneous infusion</a>）<a href="#cite_note-Nice-pharma-10">[10]</a>。由於意識混亂和幻覺等副作用相當常見，接受阿樸嗎啡治療的病患狀況必須嚴密監控<a href="#cite_note-Nice-pharma-10">[10]</a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BA%A5%E8%A7%92%E4%B9%99%E8%84%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="麥角乙脲（页面不存在）">麥角乙脲</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/lisuride" class="extiw" title="en:lisuride">lisuride</a>）和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E6%9B%BF%E6%88%88%E6%B1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="羅替戈汀（页面不存在）">羅替戈汀</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/rotigotine" class="extiw" title="en:rotigotine">rotigotine</a>）是兩種藉由皮膚貼片給藥的多巴胺激動劑，它們不僅對早期患者很有用，也可能可以控制嚴重患者斷電狀態下的病情<a href="#cite_note-Jankovic_book-Pharma-100">[100]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="单胺氧化酶抑制劑">单胺氧化酶抑制劑</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=31" title="编辑章节：单胺氧化酶抑制劑">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E8%83%BA%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%85%B6%E6%8A%91%E5%88%B6%E5%89%82" title="单胺氧化酶抑制剂">单胺氧化酶抑制剂</a>包括有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%99%E8%8A%AC%E9%86%AF%E8%83%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="沙芬醯胺（页面不存在）">沙芬醯胺</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/safinamide" class="extiw" title="en:safinamide">safinamide</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%8C%E5%88%A9%E6%B2%BB%E6%9E%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="希利治林（页面不存在）">希利治林</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/selegiline" class="extiw" title="en:selegiline">selegiline</a>）和<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E6%B2%99%E5%90%89%E5%85%B0" title="雷沙吉兰">雷沙吉兰</a>，此類藥品能藉由抑制<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%AE%E8%83%BA%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%85%B6B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="單胺氧化酶B（页面不存在）">單胺氧化酶B</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/monoamine_oxidase_B" class="extiw" title="en:monoamine oxidase B">monoamine oxidase B</a>）（MAO-B）增加基底核的多巴胺含量，多巴胺神經元分泌的MAO-B會降解多巴胺，因此MAO-B活性降低將能使<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B9%E7%8A%B6%E4%BD%93" title="纹状体">紋狀體</a>（基底核的一部分）<a href="/wiki/L-%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%B4" title="L-多巴">L-多巴</a>含量增加。就如同多巴胺受體激動劑一樣，單用单胺氧化酶抑制剂治療患者能改善運動症狀，並延遲早期患者需要服用L-多巴的時間，但它比多巴胺受體激動劑有更多副作用，且效果也不如L-多巴。雖然有研究指出單胺氧化酶抑制劑能減少嚴重患者的病情在「斷電」（"off" state）和「通電」（"on" state）狀態之間波動，但針對較晚期患者的单胺氧化酶抑制剂研究卻不多。目前一項初步結果顯示希利治林和L-多巴複方可能會導致死亡率增加，但還有待進一步證實<a href="#cite_note-Nice-pharma-10">[10]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="其他藥物">其他藥物</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=32" title="编辑章节：其他藥物">编辑</a>]</div> 其他藥物如<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%88%9A%E7%83%B7%E8%83%BA" title="金刚烷胺">金刚烷胺</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E8%86%BD%E9%B9%BC%E5%8A%91" title="抗膽鹼劑">抗膽鹼劑</a>在治療運動症狀方面可能有用，然而相關的研究證據品質不佳，因此不是治療的首選<a href="#cite_note-Nice-pharma-10">[10]</a>。除了運動症狀之外，帕金森氏病也常伴隨多樣的症狀，許多藥物因此用來解決這些問題，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%B9%E7%A1%AB%E5%B9%B3" title="喹硫平">喹硫平</a>用來治療精神疾患；<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%BD%E9%B9%BC%E9%85%AF%E9%85%B6%E6%8A%91%E5%88%B6%E5%8A%91" title="膽鹼酯酶抑制劑">膽鹼酯酶抑制劑</a>能治療失智；<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E8%BE%BE%E9%9D%9E%E5%B0%BC" title="莫达非尼">莫达非尼</a>則用來治療<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E9%96%93%E5%97%9C%E7%9D%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="日間嗜睡（页面不存在）">日間嗜睡</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/excessive_daytime_sleepiness" class="extiw" title="en:excessive daytime sleepiness">excessive daytime sleepiness</a>）<a href="#cite_note-Nice-NonMotor-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19559160-104">[104]</a>。2010的一項<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E8%A8%AD%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="後設分析">後設分析</a>研究發現<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E9%A1%9E%E5%9B%BA%E9%86%87%E6%B6%88%E7%82%8E%E6%AD%A2%E7%97%9B%E8%97%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="非類固醇消炎止痛藥">非類固醇消炎止痛藥</a>（除了<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8F%B8%E5%8C%B9%E6%9E%97" class="mw-redirect" title="阿司匹林">阿司匹林</a>）使用者的帕金森氏病發生率比一般人少15%，長期使用者降低的比率更多<a href="#cite_note-Gagne-2010-105">[105]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="手術">手術</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=33" title="编辑章节：手術">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parkinson_surgery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Parkinson_surgery.jpg/220px-Parkinson_surgery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Parkinson_surgery.jpg/330px-Parkinson_surgery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Parkinson_surgery.jpg/440px-Parkinson_surgery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="1174" /></a><figcaption>圖為置入腦中的微電極，患者頭部固定以實施<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%8B%E9%AB%94%E5%AE%9A%E4%BD%8D%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="立體定位手術（页面不存在）">立體定位手術</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/stereotactic_surgery" class="extiw" title="en:stereotactic surgery">stereotactic surgery</a>）。</figcaption></figure> 使用手術治療運動症狀一度很常見，但自從L-多巴發現後，接受手術的患者大幅減少。過去數十年來的研究使外科技術進步良多，於是較嚴重且藥物治療無效的患者又重新將手術列入考量。帕金森氏病的手術可分為兩大類：燒灼術和<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E6%B7%B1%E5%B1%A4%E5%88%BA%E6%BF%80%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="腦深層刺激手術">腦深層刺激手術</a>（DBS），手術的目標包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E4%B8%98" class="mw-redirect" title="視丘">視丘</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%92%BC%E7%99%BD%E7%90%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蒼白球（页面不存在）">蒼白球</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/globus_pallidus" class="extiw" title="en:globus pallidus">globus pallidus</a>）或<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E4%B8%98%E4%B8%8B%E6%A0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="視丘下核">視丘下核</a><a href="#cite_note-Nice-surgery-106">[106]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E6%B7%B1%E5%B1%A4%E5%88%BA%E6%BF%80%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="腦深層刺激手術">腦深層刺激手術</a>於1980年代由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%E7%BA%B3%E6%AF%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿里姆·路易斯·本纳比（页面不存在）">阿里姆·路易斯·本纳比</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alim-Louis_Benabid" class="extiw" title="en:Alim-Louis Benabid">Alim-Louis Benabid</a>）等人發展出來，是目前最常使用的手術治療方式，手術將一個<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%88%BA%E6%BF%80%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經刺激器（页面不存在）">神經刺激器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/neurostimulator" class="extiw" title="en:neurostimulator">neurostimulator</a>）置入腦中，刺激器再以電衝動刺激特定腦區。一般會推薦運動症狀時好時壞而呈反覆波動的病人接受腦深層刺激手術，對於藥物控制不佳或無法接受藥物的顫抖病人也很適合，只要他們沒有嚴重的精神問題<a href="#cite_note-pmid20937936-98">[98]</a>。另一種較少見的手術方式是破壞特定的區域以壓制<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%B3%AA%E4%B8%8B%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="皮質下區">皮質下區</a>的過度表現，例如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%92%BC%E7%99%BD%E7%90%83%E5%88%87%E9%99%A4%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蒼白球切除術（页面不存在）">蒼白球切除術</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/pallidotomy" class="extiw" title="en:pallidotomy">pallidotomy</a>）就是將蒼白球破壞以舒緩運動困難<a href="#cite_note-Nice-surgery-106">[106]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="復健">復健</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=34" title="编辑章节：復健">编辑</a>]</div> 醫師通常會建議帕金森氏病患者執行運動計畫<a href="#cite_note-Neuro2011-12">[12]</a>，部分證據指出說話或運動問題能透過復健改善，雖然這方面的研究不多且品質不齊<a href="#cite_note-Nice-rehab-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid18181210-108">[108]</a>。規律的<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%94%E8%83%BD%E9%8D%9B%E7%85%89" title="體能鍛煉">體能鍛煉</a>有益於患者維持或改善運動能力、靈活度、力氣、行走速度和生活品質，體能鍛鍊也可以搭配<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" title="物理治療">物理治療</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid18181210-108">[108]</a>。有證據顯示在物理治療師的指導下，患者的運動症狀、情緒知能、日常活動和生活品質能比自行在家訓練者有更顯著的改善<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a>。對想改善動作靈活度的<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%B8%9B%E9%80%80%E7%97%87" title="運動功能減退症">肢體僵硬</a>患者來說，一般的放鬆技巧（如輕微擺動肢體）就能減少肌肉過度緊張，其他促進肌肉放鬆的技巧還包括緩慢的旋轉四肢或軀幹、節律啟動、<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%B9%E5%BC%8F%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8" title="腹式呼吸">腹式呼吸</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%A5%E6%83%B3" title="冥想">冥想</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a>。至於如<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%B8%9B%E9%80%80%E7%97%87" title="運動功能減退症">運動減緩</a>、曳步、走路時手不擺動等步姿問題則有多種策略能改善患者的運動功能和安全性，此類的復健計畫著重但不限於改善患者的步型速度、下肢支撐、跨步距離和肢體擺動，具體策略包括使用輔助器材（如北歐式健走或踏步機訓練）、口語（手法、聽覺或視覺）引導、運動（踏步或<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%AC%E9%AB%94%E6%84%9F%E8%A6%BA%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E8%82%8C%E8%82%89%E4%BF%83%E9%80%B2%E4%BC%B8%E5%B1%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="本體感覺神經肌肉促進伸展（页面不存在）">PNF伸展</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNF_stretching" class="extiw" title="en:PNF stretching">PNF stretching</a>））和環境改造<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a>。伸展運動有助於改善原發性肌無力以及輕中度帕金森氏病患者的動作和力量。報告顯示，患者的肌力和服藥時間有明顯的相關性。因此，帕金森氏病患者應在服藥後45分鐘至一個小時左右身體狀態最好的時候運動<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a>。此外，由於較嚴重的帕金森氏患者軀體前彎且呼吸系統失能，腹式深呼吸運動有助於強化胸腔壁的運動能力和肺活量<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a>。運動也有助於改善便秘問題<a href="#cite_note-pmid19691125-11">[11]</a>。 在<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" title="言語治療">言語治療</a>方面，最常用的方法之一為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%8E%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E5%BC%97%E6%9B%BC%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="李·西弗曼語音治療（页面不存在）">李·西弗曼語音治療</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Silverman_voice_treatment" class="extiw" title="en:Lee Silverman voice treatment">Lee Silverman voice treatment</a>）（LVST）<a href="#cite_note-Nice-rehab-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17117354-114">[114]</a>，此類治療對於患者的口語表達有所幫助。<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B7%E8%83%BD%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" title="職能治療">職能治療</a>方面則是以改善患者健康及生活品質為目標，協助患者恢復最大量的<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%B8%B8%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E6%B4%BB%E5%8B%95" title="日常生活活動">日常生活活動</a>。雖然有文獻指出職能治療可以改善運動技巧，並有助於提升患者在治療期間的生活品質，但有關職能治療對於帕金森氏病患者的效果研究很少，且品質大多不佳<a href="#cite_note-Nice-rehab-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17636709-115">[115]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="緩和醫療">緩和醫療</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=35" title="编辑章节：緩和醫療">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%A9%E5%92%8C%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82" class="mw-redirect" title="緩和醫療">緩和醫療</a>是給嚴重疾病患者的特殊醫療照護，當中也包括了帕金森氏病。緩和醫療以提升患者和其家屬的生活品質為目的，透過各種方式讓患者能免於疾病所帶來的症狀、痛苦和壓力<a href="#cite_note-pmid17531914-116">[116]</a>。由於帕金森氏病無法治癒，所有醫療行為的目標都是要減緩病程並改善患者生活品質，因此這些治療本身就有緩和醫療的意味<a href="#cite_note-pmid24182372-117">[117]</a>。 帕金森氏病患者應及早接受緩和醫療，而非等惡化後才治療<a href="#cite_note-pmid22771241-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20081638-119">[119]</a>。緩和治療師能協助患者減輕身體症狀和情緒方面的問題，包括身體功能低落而導致失業、憂鬱、恐懼或存在意義上的擔憂<a href="#cite_note-pmid22771241-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20081638-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24801658-120">[120]</a>。 給予情緒支持的同時，緩和醫療也擔負著向患者和家屬說明治療目標的任務。隨著病程進展，帕金森氏病的患者可能會面臨困難的抉擇，例如是否插<a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E8%83%83%E7%AE%A1" title="鼻胃管">鼻胃管</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E4%BE%B5%E8%A5%B2%E6%80%A7%E6%AD%A3%E5%A3%93%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非侵襲性正壓呼吸器（页面不存在）">非侵襲性正壓呼吸器</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/non-invasive_ventilation" class="extiw" title="en:non-invasive ventilation">non-invasive ventilation</a>）或執行<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E7%AE%A1%E5%88%87%E9%96%8B%E8%A1%93" title="氣管切開術">氣切</a>，或是要不要做<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E8%82%BA%E5%BE%A9%E7%94%A6%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="心肺復甦術">心肺復甦術</a>，以及何時該進<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%AF%A7%E7%97%85%E6%88%BF" title="安寧病房">安寧病房</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24182372-117">[117]</a>。緩和醫療團隊能夠協助回答這些問題，並在複雜的醫療資訊和情緒問題間給予患者指引，幫助患者做出最佳的選擇<a href="#cite_note-pmid20081638-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24195263-121">[121]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="其他治療">其他治療</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=36" title="编辑章节：其他治療">编辑</a>]</div> 控制消化系統的神經和肌肉也可能受到帕金森氏病的影響，導致<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%BF%E7%A7%98" title="便秘">便秘</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%83%E8%BC%95%E7%99%B1" title="胃輕癱">胃輕癱</a>（即胃下垂，指食物停留在胃內較長時間）。藉由定期營養評估制訂均衡的飲食能避免患者體重減少，並使腸胃道功能減退造成的影響降到最低。當疾病更形嚴重後，也可能出現<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9E%E5%9A%A5%E5%9B%B0%E9%9B%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="吞嚥困難">吞嚥困難</a>的症狀，在用餐時添加<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%9E%E7%A8%A0%E5%8A%91" class="mw-redirect" title="增稠劑">增稠劑</a>並把身體挺直或許有助於進食，同時能減少噎到的風險。對於更嚴重的患者可能會採用<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%83%E9%80%A0%E5%8F%A3%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="胃造口術（页面不存在）">胃造口術</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrostomy" class="extiw" title="en:Gastrostomy">Gastrostomy</a>），直接將食物送到患者的胃中<a href="#cite_note-pmid19691125-11">[11]</a>。 L-多巴和蛋白質使用同一套運輸系統穿越腸壁和血腦障壁，因此會彼此競爭，當兩者同時出現時，便會減少藥物的效用。因此，服用L-多巴的患者不應該攝取高蛋白飲食，較推薦的飲食種類則是<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7%E9%A3%B2%E9%A3%9F" title="地中海飲食">地中海飲食</a>。在疾病較為嚴重的時候，基於相同的原因，也會建議患者攝取低蛋白飲食。為了減少蛋白質造成的交互作用，患者必須在餐前30分鐘服用L-多巴。同時，給帕金森氏病患者的處方也會限制患者早餐和午餐的蛋白質攝取，讓蛋白質盡量在晚上吸收<a href="#cite_note-pmid19691125-11">[11]</a>。 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8D%E8%A4%87%E6%80%A7%E7%B6%93%E9%A1%B1%E7%A3%81%E5%88%BA%E6%BF%80%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="重複性經顱磁刺激術（页面不存在）">重複性經顱磁刺激術</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repetitive_transcranial_magnetic_stimulation" class="extiw" title="en:Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation">Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation</a>）（rTMS）能暫時改善L-多巴造成的運動困難<a href="#cite_note-pmid20714078-122">[122]</a>，但其效用仍在研究當中<a href="#cite_note-pmid20714064-123">[123]</a>，近期也有研究顯示rTMS沒有效果<a href="#cite_note-pmid20669300-124">[124]</a>。數種<a href="/wiki/%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="營養素">營養素</a>被認為有治療潛力，但目前仍無證據顯示<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0" title="维生素">维生素</a>或其他<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E6%B7%BB%E5%8A%A0%E5%89%82" title="食品添加剂">食品添加剂</a>能改善症狀<a href="#cite_note-pmid16606908-125">[125]</a>。此外，目前也無證據證明<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%9D%E7%81%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="針灸">針灸</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E5%8A%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="氣功">氣功</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E6%A5%B5%E6%8B%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="太極拳">太極拳</a>對疾病的進程或症狀有任何效果，太極拳是否能改善患者的平衡或運動能力仍有待進一步的研究<a href="#cite_note-pmid18374620-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid18973253-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid18618661-128">[128]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E8%9A%95%E8%B1%86" title="蚕豆">蚕豆</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%BA%E6%AF%9B%E9%BB%A7%E8%B1%86" title="刺毛黧豆">刺毛黧豆</a>是帕金森氏病患者補充L-多巴的天然來源，雖然它們在臨床試驗當中已經展現出了一定的效果<a href="#cite_note-#3-129">[129]</a>，但攝取此類食物也有對應的風險，如產生<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%97%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E6%83%A1%E6%80%A7%E7%97%87%E5%80%99%E7%BE%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="抗精神藥物惡性症候群（页面不存在）">抗精神藥物惡性症候群</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/neuroleptic_malignant_syndrome" class="extiw" title="en:neuroleptic malignant syndrome">neuroleptic malignant syndrome</a>）等可能危及生命的副作用<a href="#cite_note-pmid15719433-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19678834-131">[131]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="預後">預後</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=37" title="编辑章节：預後">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parkinson_disease_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Parkinson_disease_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/290px-Parkinson_disease_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Parkinson_disease_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/435px-Parkinson_disease_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Parkinson_disease_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/580px-Parkinson_disease_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>以<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E8%83%BD%E8%AA%BF%E6%95%B4%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E5%B9%B4" title="失能調整生命年">失能調整生命年</a>估量全球各國因帕金森氏病造成的負擔（2004年，數值以每100,000居民為單位） <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82553231">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output table.multicol>tr>td,.mw-parser-output table.multicol>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important;padding:0!important}}.mw-parser-output table.multicol{border:0;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;color:inherit;padding:0}.mw-parser-output table.multicol>tr>td,.mw-parser-output table.multicol>tbody>tr>td{vertical-align:top!important}</style><div> <table class="multicol" role="presentation" style="table-layout: fixed; width: 100% !important"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-right:1.6em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84565780">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,black);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .legend-color-styled{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,black);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  無資料</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  < 5</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  5–12.5</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  12.5–20</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  20–27.5</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  27.5–35</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  35–42.5</div> </td> <td style="padding-right: 1.6em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  42.5–50</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  50–57.5</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  57.5–65</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  65–72.5</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  72.5–80</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  > 80</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></figcaption></figure> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85%E8%A9%95%E5%AE%9A%E9%87%8F%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="統一帕金森氏病評定量表（页面不存在）">統一帕金森氏病評定量表</a>（UPDRS）是最常用來評估帕金森氏病嚴重程度的方法<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a>，但由於此量表有較不重視運動以外症狀的限制<a href="#cite_note-goetz-133">[133]</a>，因此現在更傾向使用由此量表改良過的MDS-UPDRS<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a>。<a href="/wiki/Hoehn-Yahr%E5%88%86%E7%B4%9A%E8%A1%A8" title="Hoehn-Yahr分級表">宏恩亞爾分級表</a>則是一種較舊的評估方法（最初於1967年發表），它將帕金森氏病的進程分為五個階段<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a>。 若沒有接受治療，患者的運動症狀在早期進展得很快，但後來則會趨緩。一般患者在發病八年後會失去獨立<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A5%E8%A1%8C" title="步行">步行</a>的能力，並需臥病在床。雖然現在不太容易找到沒有接受過治療的人，醫療已經改善了運動症候群的預後，但與此同時，長期使用L-多巴造成的副作用也導致一些病患出現運動障礙。使用L-多巴的人，從症狀開始出現到需要高度依賴照護的時間可能超過15年。目前還是難以預測單一病例的疾病進程<a href="#cite_note-pmid17131223-136">[136]</a>，年齡是預測帕金森氏病進程最好的指標；在診斷出帕金森氏病時運動症狀較輕微的病患，之後的功能減退也會比較少；認知功能障礙則在70歲以上才發病的老人中較為普遍<a href="#cite_note-pmid20495568-88">[88]</a>。 由於現在的治療已經大幅改善運動問題，目前疾病造成的障礙大多顯現在運動以外的症狀<a href="#cite_note-pmid20495568-88">[88]</a>。然而，疾病的進程與功能減退程度呈非線性關係，患者的症狀一開始通常是運動症狀，隨著疾病進展，藥物療效較差的運動症狀和藥物導致的併發症會更加明顯，前者包括吞嚥、言語困難和步態不穩等平衡性問題；後者則常發生在使用L-多巴的患者，使用L-多巴超過五年的患者有一半以上會產生併發症。發病十年後，大多數的帕金森氏病患者最終會出現自律神經疾患、睡眠障礙、認知功能減退等問題<a href="#cite_note-pmid17131223-136">[136]</a>，這些症狀（尤其是認知功能減退）是造成患者殘障的主因<a href="#cite_note-pmid20495568-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17131223-136">[136]</a>。 帕金森氏病患者的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%84%E6%9C%9F%E5%AF%BF%E5%91%BD" title="预期寿命">预期寿命</a>較一般人短，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%8C%96%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E7%8E%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="標準化死亡率（页面不存在）">死亡率</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardized_mortality_ratio" class="extiw" title="en:Standardized mortality ratio">Standardized mortality ratio</a>）大約是其他人的兩倍，造成患者死亡的風險因子包括認知功能減退和失智、吞嚥障礙、老年發病和較嚴重的疾病狀態。另一方面，以顫抖為主要症狀的患者較肢體僵硬為主的患者有更高的存活率。帕金森氏病患者因<a href="/w/index.php?title=Aspiration_pneumonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aspiration pneumonia（页面不存在）">吸入性肺炎</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/aspiration_pneumonia" class="extiw" title="en:aspiration pneumonia">aspiration pneumonia</a>）導致死亡的機率也大約是健康人的兩倍。<a href="#cite_note-pmid17131223-136">[136]</a> 1990年時，帕金森氏病造成約44,000名患者死亡；到了2013年，死亡人數則成長到103,000人，這段時間，死亡率由每十萬人1.5例增加到了1.8例<a href="#cite_note-GDB2013-14">[14]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="流行病學">流行病學</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=38" title="编辑章节：流行病學">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parkinsons_disease_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Parkinsons_disease_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/290px-Parkinsons_disease_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Parkinsons_disease_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/435px-Parkinsons_disease_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Parkinsons_disease_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/580px-Parkinsons_disease_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>各地區每百萬人中死於帕金森氏病的人數（2012年）<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin columns references-column-count references-column-count-3" style="-moz-column-count: 3; -webkit-column-count: 3; column-count: 3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  0-1</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  2-4</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  5-6</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  7-8</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  9-10</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  11-12</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  13-17</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  18-36</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  37-62</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  63-109</div></div></figcaption></figure> 遗传帕金森氏病為繼<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%8C%B2%E6%B5%B7%E9%BB%98%E7%97%87" class="mw-redirect" title="阿茲海默症">阿茲海默症</a>之後，第二常見的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E9%80%80%E8%A1%8C%E6%80%A7%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" class="mw-redirect" title="神经退行性疾病">神经退行性疾病</a>。全球罹患帕金森氏病的患者約有700萬人，其中美國就佔了約100萬人<a href="#cite_note-OFP-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16713924-73">[73]</a>。在工業化國家中，本疾病的<a href="/wiki/%E6%82%A3%E7%97%85%E7%8E%87" title="患病率">盛行率</a>約為0.3%，且患者主要集中於高齡人口。60歲以上每增加一歲，盛行率便提高1%；80歲以上則每增加一歲就增加4%<a href="#cite_note-pmid16713924-73">[73]</a>。帕金森氏病的平均發病年齡約為60歲，但有5–10%患者屬於早發型帕金森氏病（young onset PD，YOPD），此類患者會在20至50歲間發病<a href="#cite_note-pmid15172778-26">[26]</a>。有研究顯示帕金森氏病在非裔及亞裔的盛行率較低，但此結果仍有爭議。也有研究認為男性的罹病率較女性高，但有些研究不支持這個結果。帕金森氏病的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E7%97%85%E7%8E%87" title="发病率">發生率</a>約介於每年每十萬人8至18人之間<a href="#cite_note-pmid16713924-73">[73]</a>。 許多危險因子與保護因子都已發現，有些與目前推測的致病機轉有關，無論如何，目前還沒有任何一個因子與臨床反應的關聯性獲得證實。雖然有數項研究試圖闡明帕金森氏病與某些因子之間的關係，然而研究設計上多有瑕疵，且有些結果互相牴觸。目前結果一致性最高的兩項因子分別是暴露於殺蟲劑會提升風險，而吸菸則會減低風險<a href="#cite_note-pmid16713924-73">[73]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史">歷史</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=39" title="编辑章节：歷史">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charcot1893.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Charcot1893.jpg/170px-Charcot1893.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Charcot1893.jpg/255px-Charcot1893.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Charcot1893.jpg/340px-Charcot1893.jpg 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A9-%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E5%8F%AF" title="让-马丁·沙可">让-马丁·沙可</a>（圖）為紀念<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E5%A3%AB%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="詹姆士·帕金森">詹姆士·帕金森</a>，將疾病定名為「帕金森氏病」。沙可對於帕金森氏病的研究有重大貢獻。</figcaption></figure> 早在遠古時代就有相關文獻紀載類似帕金森氏病的症狀。印度醫書《<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%82%B2%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80" title="阿育吠陀">阿育吠陀</a>》中，有紀錄一種名為「坎帕吠陀」（kampavata）的疾病，就描述了類似帕金森氏病的症狀，包含顫抖及運動困難等<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a>。書中還提到可用<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%BA%E6%AF%9B%E9%BB%A7%E8%B1%86" title="刺毛黧豆">刺毛黧豆</a>治療，後續研究發現其植物體內含有L-多巴的成分<a href="#cite_note-#3-129">[129]</a>。 其他文獻，如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="古埃及">古埃及</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%8E%E8%8D%89%E7%B4%99" class="mw-redirect" title="莎草紙">草紙文獻</a>、中國最古老的醫書《<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E5%B8%9D%E5%85%A7%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="黃帝內經">黃帝內經</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93" title="聖經">聖經</a>》和<a href="/wiki/%E8%93%8B%E5%80%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="蓋倫">蓋倫</a>的著作都有描述類似的症狀<a href="#cite_note-pmid15568171-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a>。但自蓋倫之後則未見類似的症狀紀錄<a href="#cite_note-pmid15568171-138">[138]</a>，直到17至18世紀開始，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E8%98%AD%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%BA%AB%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E7%88%BE%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗蘭基斯庫斯·西爾維斯（页面不存在）">西爾維斯</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscus_Sylvius" class="extiw" title="en:Franciscus Sylvius">Franciscus Sylvius</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%8C%E7%BE%85%E5%B0%BC%E7%B1%B3%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E7%B6%AD%C2%B7%E9%AB%98%E6%AF%94%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="希羅尼米斯·戴維·高比烏斯（页面不存在）">高比烏斯</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieronymus_David_Gaubius" class="extiw" title="en:Hieronymus David Gaubius">Hieronymus David Gaubius</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E7%89%B9_(%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E9%86%AB%E5%B8%AB)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="約翰·亨特 (外科醫師)（页面不存在）">亨特</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hunter_(surgeon)" class="extiw" title="en:John Hunter (surgeon)">John Hunter (surgeon)</a>）及<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A7%E5%B1%85%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%98%87%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%82%96%E6%A2%85%E7%88%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奧居斯特·弗朗蘇瓦斯·肖梅爾（页面不存在）">肖梅爾</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Fran%C3%A7ois_Chomel" class="extiw" title="en:Auguste François Chomel">Auguste François Chomel</a>）等人才又紀錄了該疾病的相關資訊<a href="#cite_note-pmid15568171-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid19892136-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid9380070-141">[141]</a>。 1817年，英國醫師<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE" title="詹姆斯·帕金森">詹姆斯·帕金森</a>在其論文《論震顫性麻痺》（An Essay on the Shaking Palsy）中紀錄了六個震顫性麻痺的病例<a href="#cite_note-pmid18175393-18">[18]</a>。帕金森在文中描述了帕金森氏病的典型症狀，包含靜止性顫抖、步態及姿勢異常、肢體僵硬、肌力退化等等，並記錄了疾病的進程<a href="#cite_note-An_Essay_on_the_Shaking_Palsy-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid9399240-142">[142]</a>。之後<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E6%9B%BC%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E9%AD%AF%E7%B4%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亞曼德·特魯索（页面不存在）">特魯索</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Trousseau" class="extiw" title="en:Armand Trousseau">Armand Trousseau</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%C2%B7%E9%AB%98%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·理查·高爾斯（页面不存在）">高爾斯</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Richard_Gowers" class="extiw" title="en:William Richard Gowers">William Richard Gowers</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%96%A9%E5%A7%86%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E9%87%91%E5%B0%BC%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E6%A3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="薩姆爾·亞歷山大·金尼爾·威爾森（页面不存在）">威爾森</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Alexander_Kinnier_Wilson" class="extiw" title="en:Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson">Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson</a>）和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E6%AD%90%E5%8B%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·海因里希·歐勃（页面不存在）">歐勃</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Erb" class="extiw" title="en:Wilhelm Heinrich Erb">Wilhelm Heinrich Erb</a>）等人又更深入研究該病。在該病的早期研究者中，最知名的當屬<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A9-%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E5%8F%AF" title="让-马丁·沙可">让-马丁·沙可</a>，他在1868年至1881年間詳細研究該疾病，留下不可磨滅的貢獻，並將該疾病定名為「帕金森氏病」，以紀念詹姆士·帕金森醫師；除此之外，他也給出了肌肉僵硬（rigidity）、無力（weakness）和動作遲緩（bradykinesia）的明確定義以茲區別<a href="#cite_note-pmid18175393-18">[18]</a>。 1912年，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗德里克·路易（页面不存在）">弗德里克·路易</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Lewy" class="extiw" title="en:Frederic Lewy">Frederic Lewy</a>）在觀察病變腦神經組織後，發現顯微鏡下的組織可看到一種特殊顆粒狀構造，後人因此將其命名為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%B0%8F%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="路易氏體（页面不存在）">路易氏體</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewy_body" class="extiw" title="en:Lewy body">Lewy body</a>）<a href="#cite_note-pmid18175393-18">[18]</a>。1919年，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%B7%E5%A3%AB%E5%9D%A6%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E5%88%97%E5%AD%A3%E4%BA%9E%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="康士坦丁·特列季亞科夫（页面不存在）">康士坦丁·特列季亞科夫</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Tretiakoff" class="extiw" title="en:Konstantin Tretiakoff">Konstantin Tretiakoff</a>）發現患者主要受損的區域為中腦的<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="黑質">黑質</a>，然而當時該發現並未受到重視。直到1938年，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%9B%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E7%91%9F%E5%8B%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="洛夫·海瑟勒（页面不存在）">洛夫·海瑟勒</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf_Hassler" class="extiw" title="en:Rolf Hassler">Rolf Hassler</a>）在其進一步的研究著作中證實了該發現，特氏的發現才為人們接受<a href="#cite_note-pmid18175393-18">[18]</a>。1950年代，<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%B4%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E6%A3%AE" title="阿尔维德·卡尔森">阿尔维德·卡尔森</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A7%E8%90%8A%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B%E7%B6%AD%E8%8C%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奧萊·霍尼克維茲（页面不存在）">奧萊·霍尼克維茲</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleh_Hornykiewicz" class="extiw" title="en:Oleh Hornykiewicz">Oleh Hornykiewicz</a>）分別深入研究了多巴胺的神經傳訊功能及對帕金森氏病的影響，使人們對於該疾病的生化機轉有了更充分的瞭解<a href="#cite_note-pmid18781671-143">[143]</a>。1997年，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%91%AA%E9%BA%97%E4%BA%9E%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E9%BD%8A%E4%BA%9E%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%9A%AE%E8%98%AD%E8%92%82%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瑪麗亞·格拉齊亞·斯皮蘭蒂尼（页面不存在）">斯皮蘭蒂尼</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Grazia_Spillantini" class="extiw" title="en:Maria Grazia Spillantini">Maria Grazia Spillantini</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7Q%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E7%BE%85%E6%8F%9A%E6%B2%83%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="約翰·Q·特羅揚沃斯基（页面不存在）">特羅揚沃斯基</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Q._Trojanowski" class="extiw" title="en:John Q. Trojanowski">John Q. Trojanowski</a>）和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B1%B3%E6%A6%AD%C2%B7%E9%AB%98%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="米榭·高德（页面不存在）">高德</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Goedert" class="extiw" title="en:Michel Goedert">Michel Goedert</a>）等人發現了路易氏體的主要成分為α-突觸核蛋白<a href="#cite_note-pmid20563819-89">[89]</a>。 在<a href="/wiki/L-%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%B4" title="L-多巴">L-多巴</a>問世之前，治療以給予抗膽鹼類藥物及手術（破壞部分<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%90%E9%AB%94%E6%9D%9F" title="錐體束">錐體束</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%BA%95%E6%A0%B8" title="基底核">基底核</a>構造）為主<a href="#cite_note-pmid19892136-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid9361073-144">[144]</a>。1911年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%A5%BF%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%E5%85%8B" title="卡西米尔·冯克">卡西米尔·冯克</a>首次合成L-多巴，但在20世紀中葉以前並沒受到重視。1967年，L-多巴成為帕金森氏病的臨床用藥，迅速取代了舊有的療法<a href="#cite_note-pmid18781671-143">[143]</a>。1980年代，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a>科學家<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%E7%B4%8D%E6%AF%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿里姆·路易斯·本納比（页面不存在）">阿里姆·路易斯·本納比</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alim-Louis_Benabid" class="extiw" title="en:Alim-Louis Benabid">Alim-Louis Benabid</a>）等人發展了<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E6%B7%B1%E5%B1%A4%E5%88%BA%E6%BF%80%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="腦深層刺激手術">腦深層刺激手術</a>，為帕金森氏病的治療帶來新的研究方向及可能性<a href="#cite_note-pmid18684199-145">[145]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="社會與文化">社會與文化</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=40" title="编辑章节：社會與文化">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="社會支出">社會支出</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=41" title="编辑章节：社會支出">编辑</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pdtulip-aware3-72dpi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Pdtulip-aware3-72dpi.jpg/125px-Pdtulip-aware3-72dpi.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Pdtulip-aware3-72dpi.jpg/188px-Pdtulip-aware3-72dpi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Pdtulip-aware3-72dpi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="216" /></a><figcaption>「认知帕金森」（"Parkinson's awareness"）活動的標誌，標誌中央為一朵紅色鬱金香。</figcaption></figure> 帕金森氏病帶來龐大的社會成本，實際金額因方法問題及國別差異而難以計算。英國每年花費於帕金森氏病的金額估計在4.49億至33億<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E9%8E%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="英鎊">英鎊</a>之間；美國則約為230億美元，平均每名病患每年花費約1萬美元，其中最大一部份用於<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8F%E9%99%A2%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" class="mw-redirect" title="住院治療">住院治療</a>和護理之家，其次則為藥物花費<a href="#cite_note-pmid17702630-146">[146]</a>。2006年中國上海的統計指出當地每名帕金森氏病患者每年平均花費7679人民幣，這個數目是當地平均所得的一半，其中最大的開銷來自藥物花費<a href="#cite_note-WangCheng2006-147">[147]</a>。除了直接成本外，帕金森氏病也帶來鉅額的間接成本，例如患者的生產力下降，並連帶加重照顧者的勞力與經濟負擔，且影響到雙方的生活品質<a href="#cite_note-pmid17702630-146">[146]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="倡議">倡議</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=42" title="编辑章节：倡議">编辑</a>]</div> 為提升公眾對於該疾病的重視，歐洲帕金森氏病協會將詹姆士·帕金森的生日（4月11日）訂為每年的世界帕金森日（World Parkinson's Day）<a href="#cite_note-pmid18175393-18">[18]</a>。2005年，國際組織將紅色鬱金香選為本疾病的象徵，原因是一位荷蘭的園藝家威爾德（J.W.S. Van der Wereld）將其於1981年培育出來的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BD%E5%9F%B9%E5%93%81%E7%A7%8D" title="栽培品种">栽培品种</a>命名為「詹姆士·帕金森鬱金香」<a href="#cite_note-tulip-148">[148]</a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國帕金森基金會（页面不存在）">美國帕金森基金會</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Parkinson_Foundation" class="extiw" title="en:National Parkinson Foundation">National Parkinson Foundation</a>）自1982年起每年提供1.8億美元，贊助帕金森氏病相關的照護、研究及服務<a href="#cite_note-urlNational_Parkinson_Foundation_–_Mission-149">[149]</a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="帕金森氏病基金會（页面不存在）">帕金森氏病基金會</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_Disease_Foundation" class="extiw" title="en:Parkinson's Disease Foundation">Parkinson's Disease Foundation</a>）由威廉·布拉克（William Black）在1957年所創辦，自成立以來已捐助了1.15億美元於相關研究、5000萬美元於教育及推廣計畫<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a>。其他還包含1961年成立的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美國帕金森氏病協會（页面不存在）">美國帕金森氏病協會</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Parkinson_Disease_Association" class="extiw" title="en:American Parkinson Disease Association">American Parkinson Disease Association</a>）<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a>，以及1992年成立的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="歐洲帕金森氏病協會（页面不存在）">歐洲帕金森氏病協會</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parkinson%27s_Disease_Association" class="extiw" title="en:European Parkinson's Disease Association">European Parkinson's Disease Association</a>）<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="著名病例">著名病例</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=43" title="编辑章节：著名病例">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muhammad_Ali,_Davos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Muhammad_Ali%2C_Davos.jpg/170px-Muhammad_Ali%2C_Davos.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Muhammad_Ali%2C_Davos.jpg/255px-Muhammad_Ali%2C_Davos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Muhammad_Ali%2C_Davos.jpg/340px-Muhammad_Ali%2C_Davos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1346" data-file-height="2748" /></a><figcaption>在<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E6%B2%83%E6%96%AF" title="达沃斯">达沃斯</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E8%AB%96%E5%A3%87" title="世界經濟論壇">世界經濟論壇</a>上的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C" title="穆罕默德·阿里">穆罕默德·阿里</a>，時年64歲。阿里從38歲起即有帕金森氏病的症狀，直至其逝世。</figcaption></figure> 演員<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7J%C2%B7%E7%A6%8F%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="迈克尔·J·福克斯">迈克尔·J·福克斯</a>在罹患帕金森氏病後，引起公眾對此疾病的重視<a href="#cite_note-MJF_TIME-19">[19]</a>。福克斯在確診後，選擇面對疾病，甚至在不服藥的情形下，於公共節目演出，真實呈現疾病的影響。他還寫了兩部自傳，敘述其對抗此病的歷程。此外，福克斯還曾在不服藥的情形下於<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A" title="美国国会">美国国会</a>內說明疾病的影響，並成立<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7J%C2%B7%E7%A6%8F%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="迈克尔·J·福克斯基金會（页面不存在）">迈克尔·J·福克斯基金會</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Michael_J._Fox_Foundation" class="extiw" title="en:The Michael J. Fox Foundation">The Michael J. Fox Foundation</a>），以尋找治癒帕金森氏病的方法<a href="#cite_note-MJF_guardian-154">[154]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%BD%97%E7%90%B3%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="卡罗琳学院">卡罗琳学院</a>為肯定福克斯於帕金森氏病研究上的支持與貢獻，頒予他<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%AA%89%E5%AD%A6%E4%BD%8D" title="名誉学位">名譽醫學博士</a>學位<a href="#cite_note-doctorate_Fox-155">[155]</a>。 曾獲奧林匹克銅牌的自行車手<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%B4%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%8F%B2%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="戴維斯·菲尼（页面不存在）">戴維斯·菲尼</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_Phinney" class="extiw" title="en:Davis Phinney">Davis Phinney</a>）於40歲時發現有青年帕金森氏病。於是菲尼於2004年創辦了<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%B4%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%8F%B2%E5%B0%BC%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E6%9C%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="戴維斯·菲尼基金會（页面不存在）">戴維斯·菲尼基金會</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davis_Phinney_Foundation" class="extiw" title="en:Davis Phinney Foundation">Davis Phinney Foundation</a>），資助提升患者生活品質的相關研究<a href="#cite_note-Mac2008-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-DPF-156">[156]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C" title="穆罕默德·阿里">穆罕默德·阿里</a>於38歲時出現帕金森氏病的症狀，但遲至42歲才確診，有「全世界最知名的帕金森氏病患者」之稱<a href="#cite_note-Ali_NN_comment-21">[21]</a>。但阿里罹患的是帕金森氏病還是<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%B3%E6%93%8A%E6%89%8B%E5%9E%8B%E5%A4%B1%E6%99%BA%E7%97%87" class="mw-redirect" title="拳擊手型失智症">拳擊手型失智症</a>，迄今仍未有定論<a href="#cite_note-Ali_NN-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ali_NYT-158">[158]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="研究">研究</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=44" title="编辑章节：研究">编辑</a>]</div> 近期帕金森氏病新療法的進展很有限<a href="#cite_note-Dimond-159">[159]</a>，目前的研究方向包括尋找新的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="模式生物">模式生物</a>、開發<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" title="基因治療">基因治療</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B9%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="幹細胞">幹細胞</a>移植和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經保護（页面不存在）">神經保護</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/neuroprotective" class="extiw" title="en:neuroprotective">neuroprotective</a>）性物質<a href="#cite_note-pmid20495568-88">[88]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="模式動物">模式動物</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=45" title="编辑章节：模式動物">编辑</a>]</div> 目前仅发现一例罹患自發性帕金森氏病的动物（<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E8%9F%B9%E7%8C%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="食蟹猴">食蟹猴</a>）<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a>。研究上常用具有某些特性的動物作為模式動物。誘發實驗動物產生帕金森氏病候群的技術來自於一場意外。1980年代，一批服用<a href="/wiki/%E9%B4%89%E7%89%87%E5%8A%91" class="mw-redirect" title="鴉片劑">鴉片劑</a>「<a href="/wiki/1-%E7%94%B2%E5%9F%BA-4-%E8%8B%AF%E5%9F%BA-4-%E5%93%8C%E5%95%B6%E4%B8%99%E9%85%B8%E9%85%AF" title="1-甲基-4-苯基-4-哌啶丙酸酯">MPPP</a>」的藥癮者產生了帕金森氏病候群的徵象，經追查發現後發現這些藥物受到另一種化學物質<a href="/wiki/MPTP" title="MPTP">MPTP</a>的汙染，從此之後，MPTP成為了實驗室用來誘發實驗動物產生帕金森氏病候群的藥物<a href="#cite_note-pmid6823561-161">[161]</a>。除了MPTP以外，有些毒物如用作殺蟲劑的<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%9A%E8%97%A4%E9%85%AE" title="魚藤酮">魚藤酮</a>、殺草劑<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E8%8D%89%E6%9E%AF" title="百草枯">百草枯</a>和殺真菌劑<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%8C%B3%E4%B9%83%E6%B5%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="錳乃浦（页面不存在）">錳乃浦</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/maneb" class="extiw" title="en:maneb">maneb</a>）也有類似的效果<a href="#cite_note-pmid19729209-162">[162]</a>，這類毒素誘發模式通常用於<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%B5%E9%95%BF%E7%9B%AE" title="灵长目">靈長類</a>動物實驗上。目前也發展出可誘發不同症狀的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E8%BD%89%E6%AE%96" class="mw-redirect" title="基因轉殖">轉殖</a>囓齒類模式<a href="#cite_note-pmid18642640-163">[163]</a>。從黑質注射神經毒素<a href="/w/index.php?title=6-%E7%BE%A5%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%B4%E8%83%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6-羥多巴胺（页面不存在）">6-羥多巴胺</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6-hydroxydopamine" class="extiw" title="en:6-hydroxydopamine">6-hydroxydopamine</a>）（6-OHDA）可專一地摧毀黑質紋狀體路徑的多巴胺神經元<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="基因療法">基因療法</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=46" title="编辑章节：基因療法">编辑</a>]</div> 一般基因療法的概念是利用非感染性的<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="病毒">病毒</a>（如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%BA%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="腺聯合病毒（页面不存在）">腺聯合病毒</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/adeno-associated_virus" class="extiw" title="en:adeno-associated virus">adeno-associated virus</a>））作為<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E8%BC%89%E9%AB%94" title="病毒載體">載體</a>將基因片段送入目標細胞中。這些基因可以協助製造改善帕金森氏病的<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B5%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="酵素">酵素</a>，使大腦免受傷害<a href="#cite_note-pmid20495568-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20155994-165">[165]</a>。迄2010年，全球有四個帕金森氏病案例用基因療法治療，但治療的副作用及效果仍有待觀察<a href="#cite_note-pmid20495568-88">[88]</a>。其中一個試驗者在2011年的論文中表示有改善<a href="#cite_note-pmid21419704-166">[166]</a>，但一同試驗的藥廠Neurologix已在2012年3月宣告破產<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="神經保護療法">神經保護療法</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=47" title="编辑章节：神經保護療法">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDNF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/GDNF.jpg/220px-GDNF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/GDNF.jpg/330px-GDNF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/GDNF.jpg/440px-GDNF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1889" data-file-height="1230" /></a><figcaption>有些化學物質如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%86%A0%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E6%BA%90%E6%80%A7%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E6%BB%8B%E9%A4%8A%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="膠細胞源性神經滋養因子（页面不存在）">GDNF</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glial_cell_line-derived_neurotrophic_factor" class="extiw" title="en:Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor">Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor</a>）（如圖示）被認為可保護帕金森氏病患者的神經，但其效果尚未證實。</figcaption></figure> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經保護（页面不存在）">神經保護</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/neuroprotective" class="extiw" title="en:neuroprotective">neuroprotective</a>）目前是帕金森氏病相關研究中最尖端的題材之一，目前已報導數種化學物質有治療潛力，但尚未證實有任何物質能減緩退化。現今仍有研究的物質包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%87%8B%E4%BA%A1" title="细胞凋亡">抗細胞凋亡物質</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=Omigapil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omigapil（页面不存在）">omigapil</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/omigapil" class="extiw" title="en:omigapil">omigapil</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=CEP-1347&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CEP-1347（页面不存在）">CEP-1347</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%80%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="穀氨酸">抗穀胺酸藥物</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E8%83%BA%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%85%B6" title="单胺氧化酶">单胺氧化酶</a>抑制劑（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%8C%E5%88%A9%E6%B2%BB%E6%9E%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="希利治林（页面不存在）">希利治林</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/selegiline" class="extiw" title="en:selegiline">selegiline</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E6%B2%99%E5%90%89%E5%85%B0" title="雷沙吉兰">雷沙吉兰</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%9A%E7%B2%92%E9%AB%94" title="線粒體">促线粒体生物能转换剂</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%85%E9%85%B6Q10" title="辅酶Q10">辅酶Q10</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8C%E9%85%B8" title="肌酸">肌酸</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%99%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90%E9%80%9A%E9%81%93%E9%98%BB%E6%BB%9E%E5%89%82" class="mw-redirect" title="钙离子通道阻滞剂">钙离子通道阻滞剂</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BE%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%85%E5%B9%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="艾雷待平（页面不存在）">艾雷待平</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/isradipine" class="extiw" title="en:isradipine">isradipine</a>））和<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E9%95%BF%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90" title="生长因子">生长因子</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%86%A0%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E6%BA%90%E6%80%A7%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E6%BB%8B%E9%A4%8A%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="膠細胞源性神經滋養因子（页面不存在）">GDNF</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glial_cell_line-derived_neurotrophic_factor" class="extiw" title="en:Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor">Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor</a>））等<a href="#cite_note-pmid20495568-88">[88]</a>。也有研究以<a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%91-%E7%AA%81%E8%A7%B8%E6%A0%B8%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Α-突觸核蛋白（页面不存在）">α-突觸核蛋白</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/alpha-synuclein" class="extiw" title="en:alpha-synuclein">alpha-synuclein</a>）作為治療標靶<a href="#cite_note-Dimond-159">[159]</a>，針對<a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%91-%E7%AA%81%E8%A7%B8%E6%A0%B8%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Α-突觸核蛋白（页面不存在）">α-突觸核蛋白</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/alpha-synuclein" class="extiw" title="en:alpha-synuclein">alpha-synuclein</a>）的<a href="/wiki/%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="疫苗">疫苗</a>PD01A現在已進入人體臨床試驗<a href="#cite_note-NS1-168">[168]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="神經移植">神經移植</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=48" title="编辑章节：神經移植">编辑</a>]</div> 自1980年代初期，已經有多人嘗試將<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%8E%E5%85%92" title="胎兒">胎兒</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%AC%E5%B1%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="豬屬">豬</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%BD%E9%A0%B8%E5%8B%95%E8%84%88" title="總頸動脈">頸動脈</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%86%E7%BD%91%E8%86%9C" title="视网膜">视网膜</a>組織移植到黑質，以期修復黑質與大腦間的神經聯繫。雖然有初步證據顯示移植中腦的多巴胺神經元可能有效，但<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E7%9B%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="雙盲">雙盲</a>試驗目前仍顯示無長期效益<a href="#cite_note-pmid20495568-88">[88]</a>。此外，移植組織可能會釋放過量的多巴胺，造成<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8C%E5%BC%A0%E5%8A%9B%E9%9A%9C%E7%A2%8D" title="肌张力障碍">肌张力障碍</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B9%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="幹細胞">幹細胞</a>移植為現今研究焦點，因為幹細胞方便操作，且在猴子與齧齒類身上的實驗顯示動物不但能成功存活，還能減少行為異常<a href="#cite_note-pmid20495568-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Science_Daily-170">[170]</a>。然而，胚胎幹細胞的使用迄今仍有相當<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%B9%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%9A%84%E7%88%AD%E8%AD%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="幹細胞的爭議（页面不存在）">爭議</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell_controversy" class="extiw" title="en:Stem cell controversy">Stem cell controversy</a>）存在，因此可能會朝向使用爭議較小的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%B1%E5%AF%BC%E6%80%A7%E5%A4%9A%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E5%B9%B2%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="诱导性多功能干细胞">诱导性多功能干细胞</a>（iPS）研究<a href="#cite_note-pmid20495568-88">[88]</a>。 <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻">參考文獻</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&section=49" title="编辑章节：參考文獻">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NIH2016-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016_1-0">1.00</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016_1-1">1.01</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016_1-2">1.02</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016_1-3">1.03</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016_1-4">1.04</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016_1-5">1.05</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016_1-6">1.06</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016_1-7">1.07</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016_1-8">1.08</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016_1-9">1.09</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIH2016_1-10">1.10</a> <cite class="citation 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John Wiley & Sons. 2016: 188 [2016-10-29]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781118777367" title="Special:网络书源/9781118777367">ISBN 9781118777367</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191217040546/https://books.google.ca/books?id=mRl6DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA188">存档</a>于2019-12-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&rft.aufirst=William+M.&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.btitle=International+Neurology&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781118777367&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmRl6DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA188&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Lancet2015-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet2015_4-0">4.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet2015_4-1">4.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet2015_4-2">4.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet2015_4-3">4.3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet2015_4-4">4.4</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet2015_4-5">4.5</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet2015_4-6">4.6</a> <cite class="citation journal">Kalia, Lorraine V; Lang, Anthony E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220623113246/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673614613933">Parkinson's disease</a>. The Lancet. 2015-08, 386 (9996): 896–912 [2020-12-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2814%2961393-3">doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61393-3</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673614613933">原始内容</a>存档于2022-06-23） （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&rft.atitle=Parkinson%27s+disease&rft.au=Lang%2C+Anthony+E&rft.aufirst=Lorraine+V&rft.aulast=Kalia&rft.date=2015-08&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=9996&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.pages=896-912&rft.volume=386&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0140673614613933&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2814%2961393-3&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Ferri, Fred F. Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders 2nd. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Mosby. 2010: Chapter P. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0323076998" title="Special:网络书源/0323076998">ISBN 0323076998</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&rft.aufirst=Fred+F.&rft.aulast=Ferri&rft.btitle=Ferri%27s+differential+diagnosis+%3A+a+practical+guide+to+the+differential+diagnosis+of+symptoms%2C+signs%2C+and+clinical+disorders&rft.date=2010&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0323076998&rft.pages=Chapter+P&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pub=Elsevier%2FMosby&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Ley2018-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ley2018_6-0">6.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ley2018_6-1">6.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ley2018_6-2">6.2</a> <cite class="citation journal">Golbe, Lawrence I.; Leyton, Cristian E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220607043735/https://n.neurology.org/content/91/22/991">Life expectancy in Parkinson disease</a>. Neurology. 2018-11-27, 91 (22): 991–992 [2019-08-23]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-3878">ISSN 0028-3878</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30381371">PMID 30381371</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1212%2FWNL.0000000000006560">doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000006560</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://n.neurology.org/content/91/22/991">原始内容</a>存档于2022-06-07） （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&rft.atitle=Life+expectancy+in+Parkinson+disease&rft.au=Leyton%2C+Cristian+E.&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+I.&rft.aulast=Golbe&rft.date=2018-11-27&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0028-3878&rft.issue=22&rft.jtitle=Neurology&rft.pages=991-992&rft.volume=91&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fn.neurology.org%2Fcontent%2F91%2F22%2F991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1212%2FWNL.0000000000006560&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30381371&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-GBD2015De-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GBD2015De_7-0">7.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GBD2015De_7-1">7.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Wang, Haidong; Naghavi, Mohsen; Allen, Christine; Barber, Ryan M; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A; Carter, Austin; Casey, Daniel C; Charlson, Fiona J; Chen, Alan Zian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673616310121">Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015</a>. The Lancet. 2016-10, 388 (10053): 1459–1544 [2020-12-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5388903">PMC 5388903</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27733281">PMID 27733281</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2816%2931012-1">doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204095615/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673616310121">存档</a>于2021-02-04） （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&rft.atitle=Global%2C+regional%2C+and+national+life+expectancy%2C+all-cause+mortality%2C+and+cause-specific+mortality+for+249+causes+of+death%2C+1980%E2%80%932015%3A+a+systematic+analysis+for+the+Global+Burden+of+Disease+Study+2015&rft.au=Allen%2C+Christine&rft.au=Barber%2C+Ryan+M&rft.au=Bhutta%2C+Zulfiqar+A&rft.au=Carter%2C+Austin&rft.au=Casey%2C+Daniel+C&rft.au=Charlson%2C+Fiona+J&rft.au=Chen%2C+Alan+Zian&rft.au=Naghavi%2C+Mohsen&rft.aufirst=Haidong&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.date=2016-10&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=10053&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.pages=1459-1544&rft.volume=388&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5388903&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0140673616310121&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2816%2931012-1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27733281&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0">8.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1">8.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Jones, H. Royden. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.ca/books?id=kDpeeru0XD4C&pg=PA161">The Netter collection of medical illustrations. a compilation of paintings</a> 2nd. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier. 2013: 161 [2016-10-29]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781455733873" title="Special:网络书源/9781455733873">ISBN 9781455733873</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200122031444/https://books.google.ca/books?id=kDpeeru0XD4C&pg=PA161">存档</a>于2020-01-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&rft.aufirst=H.+Royden&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.btitle=The+Netter+collection+of+medical+illustrations.+a+compilation+of+paintings&rft.date=2013&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781455733873&rft.pages=161&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pub=Saunders+Elsevier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkDpeeru0XD4C%26pg%3DPA161&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Barranco Quintana, José Luis; Allam, Mohamed Farouk; Del Castillo, Amparo Serrano; Navajas, Rafael Fernández-Crehuet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220607043809/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19571153/">Parkinson's disease and tea: a quantitative review</a>. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2009-02, 28 (1): 1–6 [2020-12-20]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1541-1087">ISSN 1541-1087</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19571153">PMID 19571153</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07315724.2009.10719754">doi:10.1080/07315724.2009.10719754</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19571153">原始内容</a>存档于2022-06-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&rft.atitle=Parkinson%27s+disease+and+tea%3A+a+quantitative+review&rft.au=Allam%2C+Mohamed+Farouk&rft.au=Del+Castillo%2C+Amparo+Serrano&rft.au=Navajas%2C+Rafael+Fern%C3%A1ndez-Crehuet&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Luis&rft.aulast=Barranco+Quintana&rft.date=2009-02&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1541-1087&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+College+of+Nutrition&rft.pages=1-6&rft.volume=28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F19571153&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07315724.2009.10719754&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19571153&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Nice-pharma-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nice-pharma_10-0">10.00</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nice-pharma_10-1">10.01</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nice-pharma_10-2">10.02</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nice-pharma_10-3">10.03</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nice-pharma_10-4">10.04</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nice-pharma_10-5">10.05</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nice-pharma_10-6">10.06</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nice-pharma_10-7">10.07</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nice-pharma_10-8">10.08</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nice-pharma_10-9">10.09</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nice-pharma_10-10">10.10</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nice-pharma_10-11">10.11</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nice-pharma_10-12">10.12</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nice-pharma_10-13">10.13</a> <cite class="citation book">The National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions (编). 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Annals of Neurology. 2006-03, 59 (3): 449–458 [2020-12-21]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0364-5134">ISSN 0364-5134</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16489609">PMID 16489609</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fana.20819">doi:10.1002/ana.20819</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16489609">原始内容</a>存档于2022-06-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&rft.atitle=Interface+between+tauopathies+and+synucleinopathies%3A+a+tale+of+two+proteins&rft.au=Lang%2C+Anthony+E.&rft.aufirst=Wendy+R.&rft.aulast=Galpern&rft.date=2006-03&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0364-5134&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Neurology&rft.pages=449-458&rft.volume=59&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F16489609&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fana.20819&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16489609&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19173762-32"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19173762_32-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Aarsland, Dag; Londos, E.; Ballard, Clive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220616075643/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19173762/">Parkinson's disease dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies: different aspects of one entity</a>. International Psychogeriatrics. 2009-04, 21 (2): 216–219 [2020-12-21]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1041-6102">ISSN 1041-6102</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19173762">PMID 19173762</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1041610208008612">doi:10.1017/S1041610208008612</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19173762">原始内容</a>存档于2022-06-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&rft.atitle=Parkinson%27s+disease+dementia+and+dementia+with+Lewy+bodies%3A+different+aspects+of+one+entity&rft.au=Ballard%2C+Clive&rft.au=Londos%2C+E.&rft.aufirst=Dag&rft.aulast=Aarsland&rft.date=2009-04&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1041-6102&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=International+Psychogeriatrics&rft.pages=216-219&rft.volume=21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F19173762&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1041610208008612&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19173762&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Photo by Arthur Londe from Nouvelle Iconographie de la Salpètrière, vol. 5., p.226 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Charcot, Jean-Martin; Sigerson, George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lecturesondiseas00charrich">Lectures on the diseases of the nervous system</a> Second. 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(...) the down-strokes are all, with the exception of the first letter, made with comparative firmness and are, in fact, nearly normal—the finer up-strokes, on the contrary, are all tremulous in appearance (...).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&rft.au=Sigerson%2C+George&rft.aufirst=Jean-Martin&rft.aulast=Charcot&rft.btitle=Lectures+on+the+diseases+of+the+nervous+system&rft.date=1879&rft.edition=Second&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=113&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Henry+C.+Lea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flecturesondiseas00charrich&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Cooper-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cooper_35-0">35.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cooper_35-1">35.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Cooper G, Eichhorn G, Rodnitzky RL. Parkinson's disease. 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Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. 2008: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/neurosciencemedi00conn/page/n507">508</a>–512. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-60327-454-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-60327-454-8">ISBN 978-1-60327-454-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&rft.atitle=Parkinson%27s+disease&rft.au=Eichhorn%2C+G.&rft.au=Rodnitzky%2C+R.+L.&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.btitle=Neuroscience+in+medicine&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-1-60327-454-8&rft.pages=508-512&rft.place=Totowa%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Humana+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fneurosciencemedi00conn&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19909911-36"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19909911_36-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Rodriguez-Oroz, Maria C.; Jahanshahi, Marjan; Krack, Paul; Litvan, Irene; Macias, Raúl; Bezard, Erwan; Obeso, José A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220511074216/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19909911/">Initial clinical manifestations of Parkinson's disease: features and pathophysiological mechanisms</a>. The Lancet. Neurology. 2009-12, 8 (12): 1128–1139 [2020-12-21]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1474-4465">ISSN 1474-4465</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19909911">PMID 19909911</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1474-4422%2809%2970293-5">doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70293-5</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19909911">原始内容</a>存档于2022-05-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&rft.atitle=Initial+clinical+manifestations+of+Parkinson%27s+disease%3A+features+and+pathophysiological+mechanisms&rft.au=Bezard%2C+Erwan&rft.au=Jahanshahi%2C+Marjan&rft.au=Krack%2C+Paul&rft.au=Litvan%2C+Irene&rft.au=Macias%2C+Ra%C3%BAl&rft.au=Obeso%2C+Jos%C3%A9+A.&rft.aufirst=Maria+C.&rft.aulast=Rodriguez-Oroz&rft.date=2009-12&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1474-4465&rft.issue=12&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet.+Neurology&rft.pages=1128-1139&rft.volume=8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F19909911&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1474-4422%2809%2970293-5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19909911&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Banich-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Banich_37-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Banich MT, Compton RJ. 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Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. 2008,. 23 Suppl 3: S548–559 [2020-12-21]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1531-8257">ISSN 1531-8257</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18781672">PMID 18781672</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fmds.22062">doi:10.1002/mds.22062</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18781672">原始内容</a>存档于2022-06-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&rft.atitle=Functional+organization+of+the+basal+ganglia%3A+therapeutic+implications+for+Parkinson%27s+disease&rft.au=Benitez-Temino%2C+Beatriz&rft.au=Blesa%2C+Franscisco+J.&rft.au=Guridi%2C+Jorge&rft.au=Marin%2C+Concepci%C3%B3&rft.au=Rodr%C3%ADguez-Oroz%2C+Maria+Cruz&rft.au=Rodriguez%2C+Manuel&rft.aufirst=Jose+A.&rft.aulast=Obeso&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1531-8257&rft.jtitle=Movement+Disorders%3A+Official+Journal+of+the+Movement+Disorder+Society&rft.pages=S548-559&rft.volume=23+Suppl+3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F18781672&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fmds.22062&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18781672&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Jankovic_book-Neuropathology-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jankovic_book-Neuropathology_86-0">86.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jankovic_book-Neuropathology_86-1">86.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Dickson DV. Neuropathology of movement disorders. Tolosa E, Jankovic JJ (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/parkinsonsdiseas0000unse_q1k2">Parkinson's disease and movement disorders</a>. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2007: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/parkinsonsdiseas0000unse_q1k2/page/271">271</a>–83. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-7817-7881-6" title="Special:网络书源/0-7817-7881-6">ISBN 0-7817-7881-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&rft.atitle=Neuropathology+of+movement+disorders&rft.au=Dickson+DV&rft.btitle=Parkinson%27s+disease+and+movement+disorders&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=0-7817-7881-6&rft.pages=271-83&rft.place=Hagerstown%2C+MD&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fparkinsonsdiseas0000unse_q1k2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid20011063-87"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid20011063_87-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Jubault, Thomas; Brambati, Simona M.; Degroot, Clotilde; Kullmann, Benoît; Strafella, Antonio P.; Lafontaine, Anne-Louise; Chouinard, Sylvain; Monchi, Oury. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220607044334/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2784293/">Regional Brain Stem Atrophy in Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease Detected by Anatomical MRI</a>. 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Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 2009-12,. 15 Suppl 3: S209–211 [2020-12-21]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1873-5126">ISSN 1873-5126</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20082992">PMID 20082992</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1353-8020%2809%2970816-8">doi:10.1016/S1353-8020(09)70816-8</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20082992">原始内容</a>存档于2022-06-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&rft.atitle=Iron+transport+in+Parkinson%27s+disease&rft.aufirst=E.+C.&rft.aulast=Hirsch&rft.date=2009-12&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1873-5126&rft.jtitle=Parkinsonism+%26+Related+Disorders&rft.pages=S209-211&rft.volume=15+Suppl+3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F20082992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1353-8020%2809%2970816-8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20082992&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Nice-Diagnosis-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nice-Diagnosis_91-0">91.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nice-Diagnosis_91-1">91.1</a> <cite class="citation book">The National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions (编). 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European Journal of Neurology. 2002-11,. 9 Suppl 3: 23–30 [2020-12-21]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1351-5101">ISSN 1351-5101</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12464118">PMID 12464118</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1468-1331.9.s3.3.x">doi:10.1046/j.1468-1331.9.s3.3.x</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12464118">原始内容</a>存档于2022-06-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&rft.atitle=The+differential+diagnosis+of+Parkinson%27s+disease&rft.au=Wenning%2C+G.&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.aulast=Poewe&rft.date=2002-11&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1351-5101&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Neurology&rft.pages=23-30&rft.volume=9+Suppl+3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F12464118&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1468-1331.9.s3.3.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12464118&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid20351351-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid20351351_93-0">93.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid20351351_93-1">93.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Brooks, David J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220607044407/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20351351/">Imaging approaches to Parkinson disease</a>. Journal of Nuclear Medicine: Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 2010-04, 51 (4): 596–609 [2020-12-21]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1535-5667">ISSN 1535-5667</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20351351">PMID 20351351</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2967%2Fjnumed.108.059998">doi:10.2967/jnumed.108.059998</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20351351">原始内容</a>存档于2022-06-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&rft.atitle=Imaging+approaches+to+Parkinson+disease&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.date=2010-04&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1535-5667&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Nuclear+Medicine%3A+Official+Publication%2C+Society+of+Nuclear+Medicine&rft.pages=596-609&rft.volume=51&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F20351351&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2967%2Fjnumed.108.059998&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20351351&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid24840973-94"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid24840973_94-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Wood, Heather. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220413173346/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24840973/">Parkinson disease: 18F-DTBZ PET tracks dopaminergic degeneration in patients with Parkinson disease</a>. Nature Reviews. Neurology. 2014-06, 10 (6): 305 [2020-12-21]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1759-4766">ISSN 1759-4766</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24840973">PMID 24840973</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrneurol.2014.81">doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2014.81</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24840973">原始内容</a>存档于2022-04-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&rft.atitle=Parkinson+disease%3A+18F-DTBZ+PET+tracks+dopaminergic+degeneration+in+patients+with+Parkinson+disease&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.date=2014-06&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1759-4766&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews.+Neurology&rft.pages=305&rft.volume=10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F24840973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrneurol.2014.81&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24840973&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid20182023-95"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid20182023_95-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Costa, João; Lunet, Nuno; Santos, Catarina; Santos, João; Vaz-Carneiro, António. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220607044421/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20182023/">Caffeine exposure and the risk of Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies</a>. 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Neurotoxicology. 2004-01, 25 (1-2): 279–291 [2020-12-21]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0161-813X">ISSN 0161-813X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14697903">PMID 14697903</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0161-813X%2803%2900107-4">doi:10.1016/S0161-813X(03)00107-4</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14697903">原始内容</a>存档于2022-06-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&rft.atitle=Tobacco+leaf%2C+smoke+and+smoking%2C+MAO+inhibitors%2C+Parkinson%27s+disease+and+neuroprotection%3B+are+there+links%3F&rft.au=Murugesan%2C+Thangaraju&rft.aufirst=Kay&rft.aulast=Castagnoli&rft.date=2004-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0161-813X&rft.issue=1-2&rft.jtitle=Neurotoxicology&rft.pages=279-291&rft.volume=25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F14697903&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0161-813X%2803%2900107-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14697903&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid20937936-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid20937936_98-0">98.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid20937936_98-1">98.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Bronstein, Jeff M.; Tagliati, Michele; Alterman, Ron L.; Lozano, Andres M.; Volkmann, Jens; Stefani, Alessandro; Horak, Fay B.; Okun, Michael S.; Foote, Kelly D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220611010014/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20937936/">Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease: an expert consensus and review of key issues</a>. Archives of Neurology. 2011-02, 68 (2): 165 [2020-12-21]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1538-3687">ISSN 1538-3687</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523130">PMC 4523130</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20937936">PMID 20937936</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchneurol.2010.260">doi:10.1001/archneurol.2010.260</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20937936">原始内容</a>存档于2022-06-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&rft.atitle=Deep+brain+stimulation+for+Parkinson+disease%3A+an+expert+consensus+and+review+of+key+issues&rft.au=Alterman%2C+Ron+L.&rft.au=Foote%2C+Kelly+D.&rft.au=Horak%2C+Fay+B.&rft.au=Lozano%2C+Andres+M.&rft.au=Okun%2C+Michael+S.&rft.au=Stefani%2C+Alessandro&rft.au=Tagliati%2C+Michele&rft.au=Volkmann%2C+Jens&rft.aufirst=Jeff+M.&rft.aulast=Bronstein&rft.date=2011-02&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1538-3687&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Neurology&rft.pages=165&rft.volume=68&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4523130&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F20937936&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchneurol.2010.260&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20937936&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Nice-palliative-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Nice-palliative_99-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">The National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions (编). 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Pharmacological management of Parkinson's disease. Tolosa E, Jankovic JJ (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/parkinsonsdiseas0000unse_q1k2">Parkinson's disease and movement disorders</a>. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2007: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/parkinsonsdiseas0000unse_q1k2/page/110">110</a>–45. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-7817-7881-6" title="Special:网络书源/0-7817-7881-6">ISBN 0-7817-7881-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&rft.atitle=Pharmacological+management+of+Parkinson%27s+disease&rft.au=Jankovic%2C+JJ&rft.aufirst=E&rft.aulast=Tolosa&rft.btitle=Parkinson%27s+disease+and+movement+disorders&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=0-7817-7881-6&rft.pages=110-45&rft.place=Hagerstwon%2C+MD&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fparkinsonsdiseas0000unse_q1k2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Goldenberg, Marvin M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615131414/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2730785/">Medical Management of Parkinson’s Disease</a>. Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 2008-10, 33 (10): 590–606 [2020-12-21]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1052-1372">ISSN 1052-1372</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2730785">PMC 2730785</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19750042">PMID 19750042</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2730785/">原始内容</a>存档于2022-06-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&rft.atitle=Medical+Management+of+Parkinson%E2%80%99s+Disease&rft.aufirst=Marvin+M.&rft.aulast=Goldenberg&rft.date=2008-10&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1052-1372&rft.issue=10&rft.jtitle=Pharmacy+and+Therapeutics&rft.pages=590-606&rft.volume=33&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2730785&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2730785%2F&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19750042&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooks2000-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Brooks2000_102-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Brooks, D J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jnnp.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/jnnp.68.6.685">Dopamine agonists: their role in the treatment of Parkinson's disease</a>. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 2000-06-01, 68 (6): 685–689. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1736955">PMC 1736955</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10811688">PMID 10811688</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjnnp.68.6.685">doi:10.1136/jnnp.68.6.685</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&rft.atitle=Dopamine+agonists%3A+their+role+in+the+treatment+of+Parkinson%27s+disease&rft.aufirst=D+J&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.date=2000-06-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Neurology%2C+Neurosurgery+%26+Psychiatry&rft.pages=685-689&rft.volume=68&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1736955&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjnnp.bmj.com%2Flookup%2Fdoi%2F10.1136%2Fjnnp.68.6.685&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fjnnp.68.6.685&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10811688&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Nice-NonMotor-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Nice-NonMotor_103-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">The National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions (编). 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Victor R.; Baron, Mark S.; Beatty-Brooks, Mary; Fernandez, Antony; Pandurangi, Anand K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220607051508/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19559160/">Pharmacological management of psychosis in elderly patients with parkinsonism</a>. The American Journal of Medicine. 2009-07, 122 (7): 614–622 [2020-12-21]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1555-7162">ISSN 1555-7162</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19559160">PMID 19559160</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.amjmed.2009.01.025">doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.01.025</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19559160">原始内容</a>存档于2022-06-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&rft.atitle=Pharmacological+management+of+psychosis+in+elderly+patients+with+parkinsonism&rft.au=Baron%2C+Mark+S.&rft.au=Beatty-Brooks%2C+Mary&rft.au=Fernandez%2C+Antony&rft.au=Pandurangi%2C+Anand+K.&rft.au=Vieweg%2C+W.+Victor+R.&rft.aufirst=Mehrul&rft.aulast=Hasnain&rft.date=2009-07&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1555-7162&rft.issue=7&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.pages=614-622&rft.volume=122&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F19559160&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.amjmed.2009.01.025&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19559160&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Gagne-2010-105"><a href="#cite_ref-Gagne-2010_105-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Gagne, Joshua J.; Power, Melinda C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220607055326/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2848103/">Anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of Parkinson disease</a>. Neurology. 2010-03-23, 74 (12): 995–1002 [2020-12-21]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-3878">ISSN 0028-3878</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2848103">PMC 2848103</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20308684">PMID 20308684</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1212%2FWNL.0b013e3181d5a4a3">doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181d5a4a3</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2848103/">原始内容</a>存档于2022-06-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&rft.atitle=Anti-inflammatory+drugs+and+risk+of+Parkinson+disease&rft.au=Power%2C+Melinda+C.&rft.aufirst=Joshua+J.&rft.aulast=Gagne&rft.date=2010-03-23&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0028-3878&rft.issue=12&rft.jtitle=Neurology&rft.pages=995-1002&rft.volume=74&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2848103&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2848103%2F&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1212%2FWNL.0b013e3181d5a4a3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20308684&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Nice-surgery-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nice-surgery_106-0">106.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nice-surgery_106-1">106.1</a> <cite class="citation book">The National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions (编). 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Other key interventions. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG35/Guidance/pdf/English">Parkinson's Disease</a>. 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href="https://curlie.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Neurological_Disorders/Parkinson's_Disease/">帕金森氏病</a>”（英語）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161202234630/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/parkinsons_disease/parkinsons_disease.htm">帕金森氏病：研究帶來的希望（美國國家神經與中風疾病研究院）</a>（英語）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081220041909/http://www.pdgene.org/">帕金森氏病遺傳關聯研究資料庫（PDGENE）</a>（英語）</li></ul> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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title="Template:中枢神经系统疾病"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E4%B8%AD%E6%9E%A2%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" title="Template talk:中枢神经系统疾病"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%B8%AD%E6%9E%A2%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:中枢神经系统疾病"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="神经系统（中枢神经系统疾病）病理学（G04–G47，323–349）" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="神经系统">神经系统</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%9E%A2%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" title="中枢神经系统疾病">中枢神经系统疾病</a>）病理学（<a href="/wiki/ICD-10_%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AD%E7%AB%A0%EF%BC%9A%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" title="ICD-10 第六章：神经系统疾病">G04–G47</a>，323–349）</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon"><a href="/wiki/%E7%82%8E%E7%97%87" title="炎症">炎症</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon"><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%91" title="脑">脑部</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%91%E7%82%8E" title="脑炎">脑炎</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%91%E7%82%8E" title="脑炎">病毒性脑炎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%B1%E7%96%B9%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E6%80%A7%E8%84%91%E7%82%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="疱疹病毒性脑炎">疱疹病毒性脑炎</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E7%BB%B5%E7%AA%A6%E8%A1%80%E6%A0%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海绵窦血栓（页面不存在）">海绵窦血栓</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavernous_sinus_thrombosis" class="extiw" title="en:Cavernous sinus thrombosis">Cavernous sinus thrombosis</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%91%E8%84%93%E8%82%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="脑脓肿（页面不存在）">脑脓肿</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_abscess" class="extiw" title="en:Brain abscess">Brain abscess</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E7%B1%B3%E5%B7%B4%E8%84%91%E8%84%93%E8%82%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿米巴脑脓肿（页面不存在）">阿米巴脑脓肿</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoebic_brain_abscess" class="extiw" title="en:Amoebic brain abscess">Amoebic brain abscess</a>）</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon"><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E9%AB%93" title="脊髓">脊髓</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E9%AB%93%E7%82%8E" title="脊髓炎">脊髓炎</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E9%AB%93%E7%81%B0%E8%B3%AA%E7%82%8E" title="脊髓灰質炎">小儿麻痹症</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%B1%E9%AB%93%E9%9E%98%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="脱髓鞘疾病（页面不存在）">脱髓鞘疾病</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demyelinating_disease" class="extiw" title="en:Demyelinating disease">Demyelinating disease</a>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%AB%E7%A9%BF%E6%80%A7%E8%84%8A%E9%AB%93%E7%82%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="貫穿性脊髓炎">貫穿性脊髓炎</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E5%B8%A6%E7%97%89%E6%8C%9B%E6%80%A7%E7%98%AB%E7%97%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="热带痉挛性瘫痪（页面不存在）">热带痉挛性瘫痪</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_spastic_paraparesis" class="extiw" title="en:Tropical spastic paraparesis">Tropical spastic paraparesis</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%86%BF%E7%98%8D" title="膿瘍">硬膜外脓肿</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">同时／伴发</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%91%E8%84%8A%E9%AB%93%E7%82%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="脑脊髓炎（页面不存在）">脑脊髓炎</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encephalomyelitis" class="extiw" title="en:Encephalomyelitis">Encephalomyelitis</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%A5%E6%80%A7%E6%92%AD%E6%95%A3%E6%80%A7%E8%84%91%E8%84%8A%E9%AB%93%E7%82%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="急性播散性脑脊髓炎（页面不存在）">急性播散性脑脊髓炎</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_disseminated_encephalomyelitis" class="extiw" title="en:Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis">Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E8%86%9C%E8%85%A6%E7%82%8E" title="腦膜腦炎">腦膜腦炎</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon"><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="腦部">脑部</a> <a href="/wiki/%E8%84%91%E7%97%85%E5%8F%98" title="脑病变">脑病</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%98%E6%80%A7%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" title="神经系统变性疾病">神经退行性疾病</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%94%A5%E4%BD%93%E5%A4%96%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="锥体外系统（页面不存在）">锥体外系统</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrapyramidal_system" class="extiw" title="en:Extrapyramidal system">Extrapyramidal system</a>） <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E9%9A%9C%E7%A2%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="运动障碍（页面不存在）">运动障碍</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/movement_disorder" class="extiw" title="en:movement disorder">movement disorder</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E5%BA%95%E8%8A%82%E7%97%85%E5%8F%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="基底节病变（页面不存在）">基底节病变</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal_ganglia_disease" class="extiw" title="en:Basal ganglia disease">Basal ganglia disease</a>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E7%97%87%E5%80%99%E7%BE%A4" title="帕金森症候群">帕金森</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">帕金森氏症</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%91%E7%82%8E%E5%90%8E%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E5%BE%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="脑炎后帕金森综合征（页面不存在）">脑炎后帕金森综合征</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postencephalitic_parkinsonism" class="extiw" title="en:Postencephalitic parkinsonism">Postencephalitic parkinsonism</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E9%98%BB%E6%BB%9E%E5%89%82%E6%81%B6%E6%80%A7%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E5%BE%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神经阻滞剂恶性综合征（页面不存在）">神经阻滞剂恶性综合征</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroleptic_malignant_syndrome" class="extiw" title="en:Neuroleptic malignant syndrome">Neuroleptic malignant syndrome</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%9B%E9%85%B8%E6%BF%80%E9%85%B6%E4%BE%9D%E8%B5%96%E5%9E%8B%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E9%80%80%E8%A1%8C%E6%80%A7%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="泛酸激酶依赖型神经退行性疾病（页面不存在）">泛酸激酶依赖型神经退行性疾病</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantothenate_kinase-associated_neurodegeneration" class="extiw" title="en:Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration">Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tau%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E7%97%85%E5%8F%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tau蛋白病变（页面不存在）">Tau蛋白病变</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauopathy" class="extiw" title="en:Tauopathy">Tauopathy</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%B8%E4%B8%8A%E6%80%A7%E9%BA%BB%E7%97%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="进行性核上性麻痹（页面不存在）">进行性核上性麻痹</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_supranuclear_palsy" class="extiw" title="en:Progressive supranuclear palsy">Progressive supranuclear palsy</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%B9%E7%8A%B6%E4%BD%93%E9%BB%91%E8%B4%A8%E5%8F%98%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="纹状体黑质变性（页面不存在）">纹状体黑质变性</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striatonigral_degeneration" class="extiw" title="en:Striatonigral degeneration">Striatonigral degeneration</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%95%E4%BE%A7%E6%8A%BD%E6%90%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="单侧抽搐（页面不存在）">单侧抽搐</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiballismus" class="extiw" title="en:Hemiballismus">Hemiballismus</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E4%B8%81%E9%A0%93%E8%88%9E%E8%B9%88%E7%97%87" title="亨丁頓舞蹈症">亨丁頓舞蹈症</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A9%84%E6%A6%84%E4%BD%93%E8%84%91%E6%A1%A5%E5%B0%8F%E8%84%91%E8%90%8E%E7%BC%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="橄榄体脑桥小脑萎缩（页面不存在）">橄榄体脑桥小脑萎缩</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivopontocerebellar_atrophy" class="extiw" title="en:Olivopontocerebellar atrophy">Olivopontocerebellar atrophy</a>）</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E9%9A%9C%E7%A2%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="运动障碍（页面不存在）">运动障碍</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyskinesia" class="extiw" title="en:Dyskinesia">Dyskinesia</a>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8C%E5%BC%A0%E5%8A%9B%E9%9A%9C%E7%A2%8D" title="肌张力障碍">肌张力障碍</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E9%9A%9C%E7%A2%8D%E7%8A%B6%E5%86%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="运动障碍状况（页面不存在）">运动障碍状况</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_dystonicus" class="extiw" title="en:Status dystonicus">Status dystonicus</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%97%89%E6%8C%9B%E6%80%A7%E6%96%9C%E9%A2%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="痉挛性斜颈（页面不存在）">痉挛性斜颈</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spasmodic_torticollis" class="extiw" title="en:Spasmodic torticollis">Spasmodic torticollis</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E6%A0%BC%E6%B0%8F%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E5%BE%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美格氏综合征（页面不存在）">美格氏综合征</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meige%27s_syndrome" class="extiw" title="en:Meige's syndrome">Meige's syndrome</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E7%9E%BC%E7%97%99%E6%94%A3" title="眼瞼痙攣">睑痉挛</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8C%87%E7%97%89%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="指痉病（页面不存在）">指痉病</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athetosis" class="extiw" title="en:Athetosis">Athetosis</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%9E%E8%B9%88%E7%97%87" title="舞蹈症">舞蹈症</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%88%9E%E8%B9%88%E6%8C%87%E7%97%89%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="舞蹈指痉病（页面不存在）">舞蹈指痉病</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choreoathetosis" class="extiw" title="en:Choreoathetosis">Choreoathetosis</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8C%E9%99%A3%E6%94%A3" title="肌陣攣">肌陣攣</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%8C%E9%98%B5%E6%8C%9B%E6%80%A7%E7%99%AB%E7%97%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肌阵挛性癫痫（页面不存在）">肌阵挛性癫痫</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoclonic_epilepsy" class="extiw" title="en:Myoclonic epilepsy">Myoclonic epilepsy</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%99%E5%9D%90%E4%B8%8D%E8%83%BD" title="静坐不能">静坐不能</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%87%E9%A1%AB" title="震顫">震颤</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%8F%91%E6%80%A7%E9%9C%87%E9%A2%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="特发性震颤（页面不存在）">特发性震颤</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_tremor" class="extiw" title="en:Essential tremor">Essential tremor</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%90%91%E6%80%A7%E9%9C%87%E9%A2%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="意向性震颤（页面不存在）">意向性震颤</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intention_tremor" class="extiw" title="en:Intention tremor">Intention tremor</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%AF%A7%E8%85%BF%E7%B6%9C%E5%90%88%E7%97%87" title="不寧腿綜合症">不寧腿綜合徵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%83%B5%E4%BA%BA%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E5%BE%81" title="僵人综合征">僵人综合征</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E6%99%BA%E7%97%87" title="失智症">痴呆</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tau%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E7%97%85%E5%8F%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tau蛋白病变（页面不存在）">Tau蛋白病变</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauopathy" class="extiw" title="en:Tauopathy">Tauopathy</a>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%8C%B2%E6%B5%B7%E9%BB%98%E7%97%87" class="mw-redirect" title="阿茲海默症">阿茲海默症</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A9%E5%8F%91%E8%80%81%E5%B9%B4%E6%80%A7%E7%97%B4%E5%91%86%E7%97%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="早发老年性痴呆症（页面不存在）">早发老年性痴呆症</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early-onset_Alzheimer%27s_disease" class="extiw" title="en:Early-onset Alzheimer's disease">Early-onset Alzheimer's disease</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%8F%91%E6%80%A7%E6%B8%90%E8%A1%8C%E5%A4%B1%E8%AF%AD%E7%97%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原发性渐行失语症（页面不存在）">原发性渐行失语症</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_progressive_aphasia" class="extiw" title="en:Primary progressive aphasia">Primary progressive aphasia</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%9D%E9%A2%9E%E7%97%B4%E5%91%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="额颞痴呆（页面不存在）">额颞痴呆</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontotemporal_dementia" class="extiw" title="en:Frontotemporal dementia">Frontotemporal dementia</a>）或<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%9D%E9%A2%9E%E5%8F%B6%E5%8F%98%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="额颞叶变性（页面不存在）">额颞叶变性</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontotemporal_lobar_degeneration" class="extiw" title="en:Frontotemporal lobar degeneration">Frontotemporal lobar degeneration</a>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%85%8B%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85" title="皮克氏病">皮克氏病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%B0%8F%E9%AB%94%E5%A4%B1%E6%99%BA%E7%97%87" title="路易氏體失智症">路易氏體失智症</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E7%AE%A1%E6%80%A7%E5%A4%B1%E6%99%BA%E7%97%87" title="血管性失智症">血管性痴呆</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%BF%E7%B2%92%E4%BD%93%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="线粒体病（页面不存在）">线粒体病</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_disease" class="extiw" title="en:Mitochondrial disease">Mitochondrial disease</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%A5%E5%B9%B4%E6%9C%9F%E8%84%91%E8%84%8A%E9%AB%93%E7%97%85%E5%8F%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="童年期脑脊髓病变（页面不存在）">童年期脑脊髓病变</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leigh%27s_disease" class="extiw" title="en:Leigh's disease">Leigh's disease</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%B1%E9%AB%93%E9%9E%98%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="脱髓鞘病（页面不存在）">脱髓鞘病</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demyelinating_disease" class="extiw" title="en:Demyelinating disease">Demyelinating disease</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%B1%E9%AB%93%E9%9E%98%E8%87%AA%E8%BA%AB%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="脱髓鞘自身免疫疾病（页面不存在）">脱髓鞘自身免疫疾病</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNS_demyelinating_autoimmune_diseases" class="extiw" title="en:CNS demyelinating autoimmune diseases">CNS demyelinating autoimmune diseases</a>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%8F%91%E6%80%A7%E7%A1%AC%E5%8C%96%E7%97%87" title="多发性硬化症">多发性硬化症</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A7%86%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E8%84%8A%E9%AB%93%E7%82%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="视神经脊髓炎（页面不存在）">视神经脊髓炎</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromyelitis_optica" class="extiw" title="en:Neuromyelitis optica">Neuromyelitis optica</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%A5%E6%BC%AB%E6%80%A7%E8%84%B1%E9%AB%93%E9%9E%98%E7%A1%AC%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弥漫性脱髓鞘硬化（页面不存在）">弥漫性脱髓鞘硬化</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuse_myelinoclastic_sclerosis" class="extiw" title="en:Diffuse myelinoclastic sclerosis">Diffuse myelinoclastic sclerosis</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E4%B8%AD%E6%9E%A2%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E8%84%B1%E9%AB%93%E9%9E%98%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="遗传中枢神经系统脱髓鞘疾病（页面不存在）">遗传中枢神经系统脱髓鞘疾病</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereditary_CNS_demyelinating_disease" class="extiw" title="en:Hereditary CNS demyelinating disease">Hereditary CNS demyelinating disease</a>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%8E%E4%B8%8A%E8%85%BA%E8%85%A6%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA%E5%A4%B1%E9%A4%8A%E7%97%87" title="腎上腺腦白質失養症">肾上腺脑白质营养不良</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E7%97%87" title="亞歷山大症">亞歷山大症</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E7%BA%B3%E4%B8%87%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡纳万病（页面不存在）">卡纳万病</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canavan_disease" class="extiw" title="en:Canavan disease">Canavan disease</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克拉伯病（页面不存在）">克拉伯病</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krabbe_disease" class="extiw" title="en:Krabbe disease">Krabbe disease</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E6%9F%93%E6%80%A7%E8%85%A6%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA%E9%80%80%E5%8C%96%E7%97%87" title="異染性腦白質退化症">異染性腦白質退化症</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%A9%E6%A2%85%E6%A0%B7%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佩梅样病（页面不存在）">佩梅样病</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelizaeus-Merzbacher_disease" class="extiw" title="en:Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease">Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%91%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%97%85%E4%BC%B4%E6%9C%89%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E6%B6%88%E5%A4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="脑白质病伴有白质消失（页面不存在）">脑白质病伴有白质消失</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukoencephalopathy_with_vanishing_white_matter" class="extiw" title="en:Leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter">Leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A8%E8%84%91%E6%80%A7%E8%84%91%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%97%85%E4%BC%B4%E6%9C%89%E7%9A%AE%E5%B1%82%E4%B8%8B%E5%9B%8A%E8%82%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巨脑性脑白质病伴有皮层下囊肿（页面不存在）">巨脑性脑白质病伴有皮层下囊肿</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalencephalic_leukoencephalopathy_with_subcortical_cysts" class="extiw" title="en:Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts">Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CAMFAK%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E5%BE%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CAMFAK综合征（页面不存在）">CAMFAK综合征</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAMFAK_syndrome" class="extiw" title="en:CAMFAK syndrome">CAMFAK syndrome</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%91%E6%A1%A5%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%AB%93%E9%9E%98%E6%BA%B6%E8%A7%A3%E7%97%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="脑桥中央髓鞘溶解症（页面不存在）">脑桥中央髓鞘溶解症</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_pontine_myelinolysis" class="extiw" title="en:Central pontine myelinolysis">Central pontine myelinolysis</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%8F%91%E6%80%A7%E8%83%BC%E8%83%9D%E4%BD%93%E5%8F%98%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原发性胼胝体变性（页面不存在）">原发性胼胝体变性</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchiafava-Bignami_disease" class="extiw" title="en:Marchiafava-Bignami disease">Marchiafava-Bignami disease</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E7%8F%80%E6%96%AF%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿尔珀斯病（页面不存在）">阿尔珀斯病</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpers%27_disease" class="extiw" title="en:Alpers' disease">Alpers' disease</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">间歇式发作</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon"><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%B2%E7%99%87%E7%99%BC%E4%BD%9C" title="癲癇發作">癲癇發作</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%99%AB%E7%97%AB" title="癫痫">癫痫症</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B1%80%E7%81%B6%E6%80%A7%E7%99%AB%E7%97%AB%E5%8F%91%E4%BD%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="局灶性癫痫发作（页面不存在）">局灶性癫痫发作</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_seizures" class="extiw" title="en:Focal seizures">Focal seizures</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E9%81%8D%E7%99%AB%E7%97%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="普遍癫痫（页面不存在）">普遍癫痫</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalised_epilepsy" class="extiw" title="en:Generalised epilepsy">Generalised epilepsy</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%B2%E7%99%87%E9%87%8D%E7%A9%8D%E7%8B%80%E6%85%8B" title="癲癇重積狀態">癲癇重積狀態</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%8C%E9%98%B5%E6%8C%9B%E6%80%A7%E7%99%AB%E7%97%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肌阵挛性癫痫（页面不存在）">肌阵挛性癫痫</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoclonic_epilepsy" class="extiw" title="en:Myoclonic epilepsy">Myoclonic epilepsy</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E7%97%9B" title="頭痛">頭痛</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%8F%E9%A0%AD%E7%97%9B" title="偏頭痛">偏頭痛</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%8F%E6%80%A7%E5%81%8F%E7%98%AB%E5%9E%8B%E5%81%8F%E5%A4%B4%E7%97%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="家族性偏瘫型偏头痛（页面不存在）">家族性偏瘫型偏头痛</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familial_hemiplegic_migraine" class="extiw" title="en:Familial hemiplegic migraine">Familial hemiplegic migraine</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9B%E9%9B%86%E6%80%A7%E5%A4%B4%E7%97%9B" title="丛集性头痛">丛集性头痛</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%A7%E5%BC%A0%E6%80%A7%E5%A4%B4%E7%97%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="紧张性头痛（页面不存在）">紧张性头痛</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tension_headache" class="extiw" title="en:Tension headache">Tension headache</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon"><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E8%A1%80%E7%AE%A1%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" title="腦血管疾病">腦血管疾病</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E6%9A%82%E6%80%A7%E8%84%91%E7%BC%BA%E8%A1%80%E5%8F%91%E4%BD%9C" title="短暂性脑缺血发作">短暂性脑缺血发作</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%80%E6%97%B6%E6%80%A7%E9%BB%91%E8%92%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="一时性黑蒙（页面不存在）">一时性黑蒙</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaurosis_fugax" class="extiw" title="en:Amaurosis fugax">Amaurosis fugax</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9A%AB%E6%99%82%E6%80%A7%E5%85%A8%E9%9D%A2%E5%A4%B1%E6%86%B6%E7%97%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="暫時性全面失憶症（页面不存在）">暫時性全面失憶症</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transient_global_amnesia" class="extiw" title="en:Transient global amnesia">Transient global amnesia</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E8%AF%AD%E7%97%87" title="失语症">失语症</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%A2%A8" title="中風">中風</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E8%84%91%E4%B8%AD%E5%8A%A8%E8%84%89%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E5%BE%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大脑中动脉综合征（页面不存在）">大脑中动脉综合征</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_cerebral_artery_syndrome" class="extiw" title="en:Middle cerebral artery syndrome">Middle cerebral artery syndrome</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E8%84%91%E5%89%8D%E5%8A%A8%E8%84%89%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E5%BE%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大脑前动脉综合征（页面不存在）">大脑前动脉综合征</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_cerebral_artery_syndrome" class="extiw" title="en:Anterior cerebral artery syndrome">Anterior cerebral artery syndrome</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E8%84%91%E5%90%8E%E5%8A%A8%E8%84%89%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E5%BE%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大脑后动脉综合征（页面不存在）">大脑后动脉综合征</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_cerebral_artery_syndrome" class="extiw" title="en:Posterior cerebral artery syndrome">Posterior cerebral artery syndrome</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A6%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E5%BE%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="福维尔综合征（页面不存在）">福维尔综合征</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foville%27s_syndrome" class="extiw" title="en:Foville's syndrome">Foville's syndrome</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%91%E6%A1%A5%E5%A4%96%E4%BE%A7%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E5%BE%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="脑桥外侧综合征（页面不存在）">脑桥外侧综合征</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millard-Gubler_syndrome" class="extiw" title="en:Millard-Gubler syndrome">Millard-Gubler syndrome</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%B6%E9%AB%93%E5%A4%96%E4%BE%A7%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E5%BE%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="延髓外侧综合征（页面不存在）">延髓外侧综合征</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_medullary_syndrome" class="extiw" title="en:Lateral medullary syndrome">Lateral medullary syndrome</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%A2%E9%A2%85%E8%A1%80%E7%AE%A1%E7%98%A4%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E5%BE%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="面颅血管瘤综合征（页面不存在）">面颅血管瘤综合征</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weber%27s_syndrome" class="extiw" title="en:Weber's syndrome">Weber's syndrome</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%85%94%E9%9A%99%E6%80%A7%E8%84%91%E6%A2%97%E6%AD%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="腔隙性脑梗死（页面不存在）">腔隙性脑梗死</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacunar_stroke" class="extiw" title="en:Lacunar stroke">Lacunar stroke</a>）</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9D%A1%E7%9C%A0%E9%9A%9C%E7%A2%8D" title="睡眠障碍">睡眠障碍</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E7%9C%A0" title="失眠">失眠症</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%97%9C%E7%9D%A1%E7%97%87" title="嗜睡症">嗜睡症</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9D%A1%E7%9C%A0%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E6%9A%82%E5%81%9C" title="睡眠呼吸暂停">睡眠呼吸暂停</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BB%E5%A1%9E%E5%9E%8B%E7%9D%A1%E7%9C%A0%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E6%9A%82%E5%81%9C" title="阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停">阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%85%E5%92%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奥丁诅咒（页面不存在）">奥丁诅咒</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondine%27s_curse" class="extiw" title="en:Ondine's curse">Ondine's curse</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E4%BD%9C%E6%80%A7%E7%9D%A1%E7%97%85" title="發作性睡病">發作性嗜睡病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%8F%91%E6%80%A7%E5%97%9C%E7%9D%A1%E7%97%87" title="特发性嗜睡症">特發性嗜睡癥</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8C%9D%E5%80%92%E7%97%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="猝倒症（页面不存在）">猝倒症</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataplexy" class="extiw" title="en:Cataplexy">Cataplexy</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E8%90%8A%E6%81%A9-%E8%90%8A%E6%96%87%E7%97%87%E5%80%99%E7%BE%A4" title="克萊恩-萊文症候群">克莱恩-莱文综合征</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%9D%E5%A4%9C%E7%AF%80%E5%BE%8B%E6%80%A7%E7%9D%A1%E7%9C%A0%E9%9A%9C%E7%A4%99" title="晝夜節律性睡眠障礙">生理节律睡眠障碍</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%9B%E9%98%B6%E5%9E%8B%E7%9D%A1%E7%9C%A0%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E9%9A%9C%E7%A2%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="进阶型睡眠周期障碍（页面不存在）">进阶型睡眠周期障碍</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_sleep_phase_disorder" class="extiw" title="en:Advanced sleep phase disorder">Advanced sleep phase disorder</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9D%A1%E7%9C%A0%E7%9B%B8%E4%BD%8D%E5%90%8E%E7%A7%BB%E7%97%87%E5%80%99%E7%BE%A4" title="睡眠相位后移症候群">睡眠相位后移障碍</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%9B%E5%B0%8F%E6%97%B6%E7%9D%A1%E7%9C%A0%E6%B8%85%E9%86%92%E9%9A%9C%E7%A2%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非二十四小时睡眠清醒障碍（页面不存在）">非二十四小时睡眠清醒障碍</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-24-hour_sleep%E2%80%93wake_disorder" class="extiw" title="en:Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder">Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E5%B7%AE%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="时差问题">飞行时差反应</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon"><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%A6%E8%84%8A%E6%B6%B2" title="腦脊液">腦脊液</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%85%E5%86%85%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="颅内高压（页面不存在）">颅内高压</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracranial_hypertension" class="extiw" title="en:Intracranial hypertension">Intracranial hypertension</a>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%91%E7%A7%AF%E6%B0%B4" title="脑积水">脑积水</a>／<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%A3%E5%B8%B8%E5%8E%8B%E5%8A%9B%E8%84%91%E7%A7%AF%E6%B0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="正常压力脑积水（页面不存在）">正常压力脑积水</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_pressure_hydrocephalus" class="extiw" title="en:Normal pressure hydrocephalus">Normal pressure hydrocephalus</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%89%E7%BB%9C%E4%B8%9B%E4%B9%B3%E5%A4%B4%E7%8A%B6%E7%98%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="脉络丛乳头状瘤（页面不存在）">脉络丛乳头状瘤</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choroid_plexus_papilloma" class="extiw" title="en:Choroid plexus papilloma">Choroid plexus papilloma</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%8F%91%E6%80%A7%E9%A2%85%E5%86%85%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="特发性颅内高压（页面不存在）">特发性颅内高压</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiopathic_intracranial_hypertension" class="extiw" title="en:Idiopathic intracranial hypertension">Idiopathic intracranial hypertension</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%91%E6%B0%B4%E8%82%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="脑水肿（页面不存在）">脑水肿</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%85%E5%86%85%E4%BD%8E%E5%8E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="颅内低压（页面不存在）">颅内低压</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracranial_hypotension" class="extiw" title="en:Intracranial hypotension">Intracranial hypotension</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%91%E8%84%B1%E5%9E%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="脑脱垂（页面不存在）">脑脱垂</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_herniation" class="extiw" title="en:Brain herniation">Brain herniation</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%87%E5%80%99%E7%BE%A4" title="雷氏症候群">雷耶氏综合征</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%9D%E6%80%A7%E8%84%91%E7%97%85" title="肝性脑病">肝性脑病</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%AF%92%E6%80%A7%E8%84%91%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中毒性脑病（页面不存在）">中毒性脑病</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_encephalopathy" class="extiw" title="en:Toxic encephalopathy">Toxic encephalopathy</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon"><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E9%AB%93" title="脊髓">脊髓</a>/ <a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E9%AB%93%E7%97%85%E8%AE%8A" title="脊髓病變">脊髓病變</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E9%AB%93%E7%A9%BA%E6%B4%9E%E7%97%87" title="脊髓空洞症">脊髓空洞症</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%B6%E9%AB%93%E7%A9%BA%E6%B4%9E%E7%97%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="延髓空洞症（页面不存在）">延髓空洞症</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syringobulbia" class="extiw" title="en:Syringobulbia">Syringobulbia</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8E%AB%E6%97%BA%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="莫旺病（页面不存在）">莫旺病</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morvan%27s_syndrome" class="extiw" title="en:Morvan's syndrome">Morvan's syndrome</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%80%E7%AE%A1%E8%84%8A%E9%AB%93%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="血管脊髓病（页面不存在）">血管脊髓病</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_myelopathy" class="extiw" title="en:Vascular myelopathy">Vascular myelopathy</a>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF-%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E5%90%89%E5%AE%89%E5%B0%BC%E6%B0%8F%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E5%BE%81" title="福克斯-阿拉吉安尼氏综合征">福克斯-阿拉吉安尼氏综合征</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%8A%E9%AB%93%E5%8E%8B%E8%BF%AB%E7%97%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="脊髓压迫症（页面不存在）">脊髓压迫症</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord_compression" class="extiw" title="en:Spinal cord compression">Spinal cord compression</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon">混合／伴有</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%98%E6%80%A7%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" title="神经系统变性疾病">神经退行性疾病</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%85%A6%E8%90%8E%E7%B8%AE%E7%97%87" class="mw-redirect" title="小腦萎縮症">脊髓小脑性共济失调</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E5%B8%8C%E6%B0%8F%E5%85%B1%E6%B5%8E%E5%A4%B1%E8%B0%83" title="弗里德希氏共济失调">弗里德希氏共济失调</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E6%BF%9F%E5%A4%B1%E8%AA%BF%E5%BE%AE%E8%A1%80%E7%AE%A1%E6%93%B4%E5%BC%B5%E7%97%87%E5%80%99%E7%BE%A4" title="共濟失調微血管擴張症候群">共济失调毛细血管扩张症</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%9B%BC%E2%80%93%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%8A%B3%E6%96%AF%E5%8B%92%E2%80%93%E7%94%B3%E5%85%8B%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E5%BE%81" title="格斯特曼–斯特劳斯勒–申克综合征">格斯特曼综合征</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LemonChiffon"><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8C%E8%90%8E%E7%BC%A9%E4%BE%A7%E7%B4%A2%E7%A1%AC%E5%8C%96" title="肌萎缩侧索硬化">运动神经元病</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>仅限<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8A%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="上运动神经元（页面不存在）">上运动神经元</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_motor_neuron" class="extiw" title="en:Upper motor neuron">Upper motor neuron</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%8F%91%E6%80%A7%E8%84%8A%E9%AB%93%E4%BE%A7%E7%B4%A2%E7%A1%AC%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原发性脊髓侧索硬化（页面不存在）">原发性脊髓侧索硬化</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_lateral_sclerosis" class="extiw" title="en:Primary lateral sclerosis">Primary lateral sclerosis</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%87%E6%80%A7%E5%BB%B6%E9%AB%93%E9%BA%BB%E7%97%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="假性延髓麻痹（页面不存在）">假性延髓麻痹</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudobulbar_palsy" class="extiw" title="en:Pseudobulbar palsy">Pseudobulbar palsy</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E6%80%A7%E7%97%99%E6%94%A3%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%8B%E5%8D%8A%E8%BA%AB%E9%BA%BB%E7%97%BA" title="遺傳性痙攣性下半身麻痺">遗传性痉挛性截瘫</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>仅限<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="下运动神经元（页面不存在）">下运动神经元</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_motor_neuron" class="extiw" title="en:Lower motor neuron">Lower motor neuron</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E6%80%A7%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E6%9C%AB%E6%A2%A2%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="遗传性运动神经末梢病（页面不存在）">遗传性运动神经末梢病</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distal_hereditary_motor_neuropathies" class="extiw" title="en:Distal hereditary motor neuropathies">Distal hereditary motor neuropathies</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8C%E8%90%8E%E7%BC%A9%E4%BE%A7%E7%B4%A2%E7%A1%AC%E5%8C%96" title="肌萎缩侧索硬化">运动神经元疾病</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E9%AB%93%E6%80%A7%E8%82%8C%E8%82%89%E8%90%8E%E7%B8%AE%E7%97%87" title="脊髓性肌肉萎縮症">行性脊柱性肌萎缩症</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%80%E5%9E%8BX%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E7%9A%84%E8%84%8A%E9%AB%93%E6%80%A7%E8%82%8C%E8%82%89%E8%90%8E%E7%BC%A9%E7%97%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="一型X染色体相关的脊髓性肌肉萎缩症（页面不存在）">一型X染色体相关的脊髓性肌肉萎缩症</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-linked_spinal_muscular_atrophy_type_1" class="extiw" title="en:X-linked spinal muscular atrophy type 1">X-linked spinal muscular atrophy type 1</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E5%9E%8BX%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E7%9A%84%E8%84%8A%E9%AB%93%E6%80%A7%E8%82%8C%E8%82%89%E8%90%8E%E7%BC%A9%E7%97%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="二型X染色体相关的脊髓性肌肉萎缩症（页面不存在）">二型X染色体相关的脊髓性肌肉萎缩症</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-linked_spinal_muscular_atrophy_type_2" class="extiw" title="en:X-linked spinal muscular atrophy type 2">X-linked spinal muscular atrophy type 2</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%80%E5%9E%8B%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%8F%E8%BF%9C%E7%AB%AF%E5%9E%8B%E8%84%8A%E8%82%8C%E8%90%8E%E7%BC%A9%E7%97%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="一型家族远端型脊肌萎缩症（页面不存在）">一型家族远端型脊肌萎缩症</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distal_spinal_muscular_atrophy_type_1" class="extiw" title="en:Distal spinal muscular atrophy type 1">Distal spinal muscular atrophy type 1</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%88%E5%A4%A9%E6%80%A7%E8%BF%9C%E7%AB%AF%E5%9E%8B%E8%84%8A%E8%82%8C%E8%90%8E%E7%BC%A9%E7%97%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="先天性远端型脊肌萎缩症（页面不存在）">先天性远端型脊肌萎缩症</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_distal_spinal_muscular_atrophy" class="extiw" title="en:Congenital distal spinal muscular atrophy">Congenital distal spinal muscular atrophy</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%8A%E8%82%8C%E8%90%8E%E7%BC%A9%E7%97%87%E4%BC%B4%E6%9C%89%E5%B0%8F%E8%84%91%E5%8F%91%E8%82%B2%E4%B8%8D%E5%85%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="脊肌萎缩症伴有小脑发育不全（页面不存在）">脊肌萎缩症伴有小脑发育不全</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy_with_pontocerebellar_hypoplasia" class="extiw" title="en:Spinal muscular atrophy with pontocerebellar hypoplasia">Spinal muscular atrophy with pontocerebellar hypoplasia</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%8A%E8%82%8C%E8%90%8E%E7%BC%A9%E7%97%87%E4%BC%B4%E6%9C%89%E8%BE%83%E4%BD%8E%E6%9E%81%E9%99%90%E4%BC%98%E5%8A%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="脊肌萎缩症伴有较低极限优势（页面不存在）">脊肌萎缩症伴有较低极限优势</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_muscular_atrophy_with_lower_extremity_predominance" class="extiw" title="en:Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance">Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E9%AB%93%E6%80%A7%E8%82%8C%E8%90%8E%E7%BC%A9%E4%BC%B4%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E6%80%A7%E8%82%8C%E9%98%B5%E6%8C%9B%E6%80%A7%E7%99%AB%E7%97%AB" title="脊髓性肌萎缩伴进行性肌阵挛性癫痫">脊髓性肌萎缩伴进行性肌阵挛性癫痫</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E8%A1%8C%E6%80%A7%E8%82%8C%E8%90%8E%E7%B8%AE%E7%97%87" title="進行性肌萎縮症">进行性脊肌萎缩症</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E6%80%A7%E5%BB%B6%E9%AB%93%E9%BA%BB%E7%97%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="进行性延髓麻痹（页面不存在）">进行性延髓麻痹</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_bulbar_palsy" class="extiw" title="en:Progressive bulbar palsy">Progressive bulbar palsy</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%9B%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="洛二氏病（页面不存在）">洛二氏病</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazio%E2%80%93Londe_disease" class="extiw" title="en:Fazio–Londe disease">Fazio–Londe disease</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A9%B4%E5%84%BF%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E6%80%A7%E5%BB%B6%E9%AB%93%E9%BA%BB%E7%97%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="婴儿进行性延髓麻痹（页面不存在）">婴儿进行性延髓麻痹</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantile_progressive_bulbar_palsy" class="extiw" title="en:Infantile progressive bulbar palsy">Infantile progressive bulbar palsy</a>）</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>同时 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8C%E8%90%8E%E7%BC%A9%E4%BE%A7%E7%B4%A2%E7%A1%AC%E5%8C%96" title="肌萎缩侧索硬化">肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化症</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_nervous_system_navs" title="Template:Central nervous system navs"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_nervous_system_navs" title="Template talk:Central nervous system navs"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Central_nervous_system_navs" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Central nervous system navs"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="中樞神經系統疾病" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%A8%9E%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="中樞神經系統">中樞神經系統</a>疾病</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">描述</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="Template:神經系統">解剖</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Meninges" title="Template:Meninges">腦膜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%A4%A7%E8%84%91%E7%9A%AE%E8%B4%A8" title="Template:大脑皮质">皮质</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Association_fibers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Association fibers（页面不存在）">聯絡纖維</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Association_fibers" class="extiw" title="en:Template:Association fibers">Template:Association fibers</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%80%A3%E5%90%88%E7%BA%96%E7%B6%AD%E8%88%87%E9%9A%94" title="Template:連合纖維與隔">連合纖維</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Lateral_ventricles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Lateral ventricles（页面不存在）">侧脑室</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Lateral_ventricles" class="extiw" title="en:Template:Lateral ventricles">Template:Lateral ventricles</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Rostral_basal_ganglia_and_associated_structures" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Rostral basal ganglia and associated structures">基底核</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%97%B4%E8%84%91" title="Template:间脑">間腦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%AD%E8%84%91" title="Template:中脑">中腦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Pons" title="Template:Pons">橋腦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cerebellum" title="Template:Cerebellum">小腦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%90%8E%E8%84%91" title="Template:后脑">髓質</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Spinal_cord" title="Template:Spinal cord">脊髓</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Neural_tracts" title="Template:Neural tracts">管道</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="Template:神经系统生理学">生理</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E9%80%92%E8%B4%A8%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="Template:神经递质系统">神经传递</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E9%80%92%E8%B4%A8%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E9%85%B6%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:神经递质代谢酶类">酵素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Neurotransmitter_metabolism_intermediates" title="Template:Neurotransmitter metabolism intermediates">中間物</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Development_of_nervous_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Development of nervous system（页面不存在）">發育</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Development_of_nervous_system" class="extiw" title="en:Template:Development of nervous system">Template:Development of nervous system</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">疾病</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cerebral_palsy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Cerebral palsy（页面不存在）">腦性癱瘓</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cerebral_palsy" class="extiw" title="en:Template:Cerebral palsy">Template:Cerebral palsy</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Diseases_of_meninges" title="Template:Diseases of meninges">腦膜炎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Demyelinating_diseases_of_CNS" title="Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS">脫髓鞘疾病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%99%B2%E7%99%87%E7%99%BC%E4%BD%9C%E5%92%8C%E7%99%B2%E7%99%87" title="Template:癲癇發作和癲癇">癲癇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%A0%AD%E7%97%9B" title="Template:頭痛">頭痛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cerebrovascular_diseases" title="Template:Cerebrovascular diseases">中風</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%9D%A1%E7%9C%A0" title="Template:睡眠">睡眠</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Template:Congenital malformations and deformations of nervous system" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Template:Congenital malformations and deformations of nervous system"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Congenital_malformations_and_deformations_of_nervous_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Congenital malformations and deformations of nervous system（页面不存在）">先天性</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Congenital_malformations_and_deformations_of_nervous_system" class="extiw" title="en:Template:Congenital malformations and deformations of nervous system">Template:Congenital malformations and deformations of nervous system</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Neurotrauma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Neurotrauma（页面不存在）">損傷</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Neurotrauma" class="extiw" title="en:Template:Neurotrauma">Template:Neurotrauma</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Nervous_system_tumors" title="Template:Nervous system tumors">腫瘤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%AD%E6%9E%A2%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" title="Template:中枢神经系统疾病">其他</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Template:Cerebral palsy and other paralytic syndromes" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Template:Cerebral palsy and other paralytic syndromes"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cerebral_palsy_and_other_paralytic_syndromes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Cerebral palsy and other paralytic syndromes（页面不存在）">癱瘓疾病</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cerebral_palsy_and_other_paralytic_syndromes" class="extiw" title="en:Template:Cerebral palsy and other paralytic syndromes">Template:Cerebral palsy and other paralytic syndromes</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%82%8C%E8%90%8E%E7%B8%AE%E5%81%B4%E7%B4%A2%E7%A1%AC%E5%8C%96" title="Template:肌萎縮側索硬化">ALS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Nervous_and_musculoskeletal_system_symptoms_and_signs" title="Template:Nervous and musculoskeletal system symptoms and signs">症狀</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Symptoms_involving_head_and_neck" title="Template:Symptoms involving head and neck">頭頸部</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Eponymous_medical_signs_for_nervous_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Eponymous medical signs for nervous system（页面不存在）">齊名</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Eponymous_medical_signs_for_nervous_system" class="extiw" title="en:Template:Eponymous medical signs for nervous system">Template:Eponymous medical signs for nervous system</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Lesions_of_spinal_cord_and_brain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Lesions of spinal cord and brain（页面不存在）">病灶</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Lesions_of_spinal_cord_and_brain" class="extiw" title="en:Template:Lesions of spinal cord and brain">Template:Lesions of spinal cord and brain</a>）</li></ul></li> <li>測試 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:CSF_tests&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:CSF tests（页面不存在）">CSF</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:CSF_tests" class="extiw" title="en:Template:CSF tests">Template:CSF tests</a>）</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">治療</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Neuro_procedures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Neuro procedures（页面不存在）">程序</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Neuro_procedures" class="extiw" title="en:Template:Neuro procedures">Template:Neuro procedures</a>）</li> <li>藥物 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%85%A8%E8%BA%AB%E9%BA%BB%E9%86%89%E8%8D%AF" title="Template:全身麻醉药">全身麻醉药</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%95%87%E7%97%9B%E8%8D%AF" title="Template:镇痛药">镇痛药</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%8A%97%E6%88%90%E7%98%BE%E8%8D%AF" title="Template:抗成瘾药">抗成癮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%8A%97%E7%99%AB%E7%97%AB%E8%8D%AF" title="Template:抗癫痫药">抗癲癇藥</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Cholinergics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Cholinergics（页面不存在）">膽鹼類</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cholinergics" class="extiw" title="en:Template:Cholinergics">Template:Cholinergics</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%8A%97%E5%81%8F%E5%A4%B4%E7%97%9B%E8%8D%AF" title="Template:抗偏头痛药">抗偏头痛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%8A%97%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E7%97%85" title="Template:抗帕金森病">抗帕金森氏症</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%8A%97%E7%9C%A9%E6%99%95%E8%8D%AF" title="Template:抗眩晕药">抗暈眩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%85%B6%E5%AE%83%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%94%A8%E8%8D%AF" title="Template:其它神经系统用药">其他</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="抗帕金森病药物（英语：-&#123;Antiparkinson&#125;-）（N04）" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%8A%97%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E7%97%85" title="Template:抗帕金森病"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%8A%97%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E7%97%85" title="Template talk:抗帕金森病"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%8A%97%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E7%97%85" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:抗帕金森病"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="抗帕金森病药物（英语：-&#123;Antiparkinson&#125;-）（N04）" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%97%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E7%97%85%E8%8D%AF%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="抗帕金森病药物（页面不存在）">抗帕金森病药物</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiparkinson" class="extiw" title="en:Antiparkinson">Antiparkinson</a>）（<a href="/wiki/ATC%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81_(N04)" title="ATC代码 (N04)">N04</a>）</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%B4%E8%83%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多巴胺能（页面不存在）">多巴胺能</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopaminergic" class="extiw" title="en:Dopaminergic">Dopaminergic</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%B4%E8%83%BA" title="多巴胺">多巴胺</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E4%BD%93" title="前体">前驅物</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E4%BD%93%E8%8D%AF%E7%89%A9" title="前体药物">前体药物</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L-%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%B4" title="L-多巴">L-多巴</a>#</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melevodopa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melevodopa（页面不存在）">甲基左旋多巴</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melevodopa" class="extiw" title="en:Melevodopa">Melevodopa</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%B4%E8%83%BA%E5%8F%97%E9%AB%94" title="多巴胺受體">多巴胺受體</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%B4%E8%83%BA%E5%8F%97%E9%AB%94%E6%BF%80%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多巴胺受體激動劑（页面不存在）">激動劑</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_agonist" class="extiw" title="en:Dopamine receptor agonist">Dopamine receptor agonist</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E6%9C%B4%E5%90%97%E5%95%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿朴吗啡（页面不存在）">阿朴吗啡</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apomorphine" class="extiw" title="en:Apomorphine">Apomorphine</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B4%E9%9A%B1%E4%BA%AD" title="溴隱亭">溴隱亭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E9%BA%A5%E8%A7%92%E6%9E%97" title="卡麥角林">卡麦角林</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabergoline" class="extiw" title="en:Cabergoline">Cabergoline</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydroergocryptine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihydroergocryptine（页面不存在）">双氢麦角隐亭</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihydroergocryptine" class="extiw" title="en:Dihydroergocryptine">Dihydroergocryptine</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisuride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lisuride（页面不存在）">麦角乙脲</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisuride" class="extiw" title="en:Lisuride">Lisuride</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%B9%E9%AB%98%E5%88%A9%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="培高利特（页面不存在）">培高利特</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergolide" class="extiw" title="en:Pergolide">Pergolide</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A1%E8%B4%9D%E5%9C%B0%E5%B0%94" title="吡贝地尔">吡贝地尔</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E7%B4%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="普拉克索（页面不存在）">普拉克索</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pramipexole" class="extiw" title="en:Pramipexole">Pramipexole</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%B0%BC%E7%BD%97" title="罗匹尼罗">罗匹尼罗</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BF%E6%88%88%E6%B1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="罗替戈汀（页面不存在）">罗替戈汀</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotigotine" class="extiw" title="en:Rotigotine">Rotigotine</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoamine_oxidase_B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monoamine oxidase B（页面不存在）">MAO-B</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_B" class="extiw" title="en:Monoamine oxidase B">Monoamine oxidase B</a>）<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E8%83%BA%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%85%B6%E6%8A%91%E5%88%B6%E5%89%82" title="单胺氧化酶抑制剂">抑制劑</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E6%B2%99%E5%90%89%E5%85%B0" title="雷沙吉兰">雷沙吉兰</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%B8%E6%9D%A5%E5%90%89%E5%85%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="司来吉兰（页面不存在）">司来吉兰</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selegiline" class="extiw" title="en:Selegiline">Selegiline</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%BF%E8%8C%B6%E9%85%9A-O-%E7%94%B2%E5%9F%BA%E8%BD%AC%E7%A7%BB%E9%85%B6" title="儿茶酚-O-甲基转移酶">COMT</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%BF%E8%8C%B6%E9%85%9A-O-%E7%94%B2%E5%9F%BA%E8%BD%AC%E7%A7%BB%E9%85%B6%E6%8A%91%E5%88%B6%E8%8D%AF" title="儿茶酚-O-甲基转移酶抑制药">抑制劑</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E4%BB%96%E5%8D%A1%E6%9C%8B" title="恩他卡朋">恩他卡朋</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E5%8D%A1%E6%9C%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="托卡朋（页面不存在）">托卡朋</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolcapone" class="extiw" title="en:Tolcapone">Tolcapone</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B3%E9%A6%99%E6%97%8FL-%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8%E8%84%B1%E7%BE%A7%E9%85%B6" title="芳香族L-氨基酸脱羧酶">AAAD</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=AAAD%E6%8A%91%E5%88%B6%E5%8A%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AAAD抑制劑（页面不存在）">抑制劑</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatic_L-amino_acid_decarboxylase_inhibitor" class="extiw" title="en:Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor">Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benserazide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benserazide（页面不存在）">芐丝肼</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benserazide" class="extiw" title="en:Benserazide">Benserazide</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbidopa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbidopa（页面不存在）">卡比多巴</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbidopa" class="extiw" title="en:Carbidopa">Carbidopa</a>）#</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E8%86%BD%E9%B9%BC%E5%8A%91" title="抗膽鹼劑">抗膽鹼劑</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%AF%E6%89%8E%E6%89%98%E5%93%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苯扎托品（页面不存在）">苯扎托品</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzatropine" class="extiw" title="en:Benzatropine">Benzatropine</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%93%8C%E7%AB%8B%E7%99%BB" title="比哌立登">百比停</a>#</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E9%82%A3%E6%99%AE%E4%BB%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波那普令（页面不存在）">波那普令</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bornaprine" class="extiw" title="en:Bornaprine">Bornaprine</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF%E8%8B%AF%E6%B2%99%E6%98%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="氯苯沙明（页面不存在）">氯苯沙明</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorphenoxamine" class="extiw" title="en:Chlorphenoxamine">Chlorphenoxamine</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cycrimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cycrimine（页面不存在）">赛克立明</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycrimine" class="extiw" title="en:Cycrimine">Cycrimine</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8C%B6%E8%8B%AF%E6%B5%B7%E6%98%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="茶苯海明（页面不存在）">茶苯海明</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexetimide" class="extiw" title="en:Dexetimide">Dexetimide</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%AF%E6%B5%B7%E6%8B%89%E6%98%8E" title="苯海拉明">苯海拉明</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%99%E8%8B%AF%E6%B5%B7%E6%8B%89%E6%98%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乙苯海拉明（页面不存在）">乙苯海拉明</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etanautine" class="extiw" title="en:Etanautine">Etanautine</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E8%8B%AF%E6%89%98%E5%93%81" title="乙苯托品">乙苯托品</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E6%89%8E%E6%9B%BF%E5%8F%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马扎替可（页面不存在）">马扎替可</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazaticol" class="extiw" title="en:Mazaticol">Mazaticol</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%99%BB%E5%90%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美噻吨（页面不存在）">美噻吨</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metixene" class="extiw" title="en:Metixene">Metixene</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%90%E9%85%B8%E5%A5%A5%E8%8A%AC%E9%82%A3%E5%90%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="盐酸奥芬那君（页面不存在）">盐酸奥芬那君</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphenadrine" class="extiw" title="en:Orphenadrine">Orphenadrine</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AC%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81%E8%83%BA" title="芬格鲁胺">芬格鲁胺</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%A1%E5%92%AF%E5%BA%9A%E6%B1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吡咯庚汀（页面不存在）">吡咯庚汀</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piroheptine" class="extiw" title="en:Piroheptine">Piroheptine</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%99%E7%8E%AF%E5%AE%9A" title="丙环定">丙环定</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E7%BD%97%E5%90%A9%E8%83%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="普罗吩胺（页面不存在）">普罗吩胺</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profenamine" class="extiw" title="en:Profenamine">Profenamine</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%AF%E6%B5%B7%E7%B4%A2" title="苯海索">苯海索</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tropatepine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tropatepine（页面不存在）">曲帕替平</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropatepine" class="extiw" title="en:Tropatepine">Tropatepine</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%95%E6%A0%BC%E5%88%97%E5%AE%9A" title="惕格列定">惕格列定</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%88%9A%E7%83%B7%E8%83%BA" title="金刚烷胺">金刚烷胺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%94%E4%B8%81%E5%93%8C%E8%8B%AF" title="叔丁哌苯">叔丁哌苯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E5%98%8C%E5%91%A4" title="黄嘌呤">黄嘌呤</a>（如<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%96%E5%95%A1%E5%9B%A0" title="咖啡因">咖啡因</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%88%9A%E4%B9%99%E8%83%BA" title="金刚乙胺">金刚乙胺</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"></div></li> <li>#<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E8%8D%AF%E7%89%A9%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E6%B8%85%E5%8D%95" title="世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单">世卫基本药物（WHO-EM）</a></li> <li>‡从市场<a href="/wiki/%E6%92%A4%E5%9B%9E%E8%8D%AF%E5%93%81%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="撤回药品列表">撤回</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97" title="臨床試驗">臨床試驗</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97#Ⅲ期临床试验" title="臨床試驗">第三階段</a></li> <li>§臨床試驗<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97#Ⅱ期临床试验" title="臨床試驗">未到第三階段</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="中华人民共和国第一批罕见病目录" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%89%B9%E7%BD%95%E8%A7%81%E7%97%85%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" title="Template:中华人民共和国第一批罕见病目录"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%89%B9%E7%BD%95%E8%A7%81%E7%97%85%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:中华人民共和国第一批罕见病目录（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%89%B9%E7%BD%95%E8%A7%81%E7%97%85%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:中华人民共和国第一批罕见病目录"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="中华人民共和国第一批罕见病目录" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a>第一批<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%95%E8%A7%81%E7%97%85" title="罕见病">罕见病</a>目录</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1-10</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21-%E7%BE%9F%E5%8C%96%E9%85%B6%E7%BC%BA%E4%B9%8F%E7%97%87" title="21-羟化酶缺乏症">21-羟化酶缺乏症</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%8C%96%E7%97%87" title="白化症">白化病</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%B3%A2%E7%89%B9%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E5%BE%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奥尔波特综合征（页面不存在）">Alport 综合征</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alport_syndrome" class="extiw" title="en:Alport syndrome">Alport syndrome</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8C%E8%90%8E%E7%BC%A9%E6%80%A7%E8%84%8A%E9%AB%93%E4%BE%A7%E7%B4%A2%E7%A1%AC%E5%8C%96%E7%97%87" class="mw-redirect" title="肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化症">肌萎缩侧索硬化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%A0%BC%E6%9B%BC%E7%97%87%E5%80%99%E7%BE%A4" title="安格曼症候群">Angelman 氏症候群（天使综合征）</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B2%BE%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8%E9%85%B6%E7%BC%BA%E4%B9%8F%E7%97%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="精氨酸酶缺乏症（页面不存在）">精氨酸酶缺乏症</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argininemia" class="extiw" title="en:Argininemia">Argininemia</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E7%BA%B3%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E5%BE%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="热纳综合征（页面不存在）">热纳综合征（窒息性胸腔失养症）</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphyxiating_thoracic_dysplasia" class="extiw" title="en:Asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia">Asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E5%85%B8%E5%9E%8B%E6%BA%B6%E8%A1%80%E6%80%A7%E5%B0%BF%E6%AF%92%E7%97%87%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E5%BE%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非典型溶血性尿毒症综合征（页面不存在）">非典型溶血性尿毒症</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atypical_hemolytic_uremic_syndrome" class="extiw" title="en:Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome">Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E8%BA%AB%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E6%80%A7%E8%84%91%E7%82%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自身免疫性脑炎（页面不存在）">自身免疫性脑炎</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmune_encephalitis" class="extiw" title="en:Autoimmune encephalitis">Autoimmune encephalitis</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E8%BA%AB%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E6%80%A7%E5%9E%82%E4%BD%93%E7%82%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自身免疫性垂体炎（页面不存在）">自身免疫性垂体炎</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmune_hypophysitis" class="extiw" title="en:Autoimmune hypophysitis">Autoimmune hypophysitis</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11-20</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E8%BA%AB%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E6%80%A7%E8%83%B0%E5%B2%9B%E7%B4%A0%E5%8F%97%E4%BD%93%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自身免疫性胰岛素受体病（页面不存在）">自身免疫性胰岛素受体病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-%E9%85%AE%E7%A1%AB%E8%A7%A3%E9%85%B6%E7%BC%BA%E4%B9%8F%E7%97%87" title="Β-酮硫解酶缺乏症">β-酮硫解酶缺乏症</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%B4%A0%E9%85%B6%E7%BC%BA%E4%B9%8F%E7%97%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物素酶缺乏症（页面不存在）">生物素酶缺乏症</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%83%E8%84%8F%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90%E9%80%9A%E9%81%93%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="心脏离子通道病（页面不存在）">心脏离子通道病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%BC%E4%B8%81%E7%BC%BA%E4%B9%8F%E7%97%87" title="卡尼丁缺乏症">原发性肉碱缺乏症</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%88%BE%E6%9B%BC%E6%B0%8F%E7%97%85" title="卡斯爾曼氏病">Castleman病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%9B%E8%A1%8C%E6%80%A7%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E6%80%A7%E8%85%93%E9%AA%A8%E8%82%8C%E8%90%8E%E7%BC%A9%E7%97%87" title="进行性神经性腓骨肌萎缩症">腓骨肌萎缩症</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%9C%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8%E8%A1%80%E7%97%87" title="瓜氨酸血症">瓜氨酸血症</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E5%A4%A9%E6%80%A7%E8%85%8E%E4%B8%8A%E8%85%BA%E7%99%BC%E8%82%B2%E4%B8%8D%E8%89%AF" title="先天性腎上腺發育不良">先天性腎上腺發育不良</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%88%E5%A4%A9%E6%80%A7%E9%AB%98%E8%83%B0%E5%B2%9B%E7%B4%A0%E6%80%A7%E4%BD%8E%E8%A1%80%E7%B3%96%E8%A1%80%E7%97%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="先天性高胰岛素性低血糖血症（页面不存在）">先天性高胰岛素性低血糖血症</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21-30</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%88%E5%A4%A9%E6%80%A7%E8%82%8C%E6%97%A0%E5%8A%9B%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E5%BE%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="先天性肌无力综合征（页面不存在）">先天性肌无力综合征</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%88%E5%A4%A9%E6%80%A7%E8%82%8C%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B4%EF%BC%88%E9%9D%9E%E8%90%A5%E5%85%BB%E4%B8%8D%E8%89%AF%E6%80%A7%E8%82%8C%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B4%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E5%BE%81%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="先天性肌强直（非营养不良性肌强直综合征）（页面不存在）">先天性肌强直（非营养不良性肌强直综合征）</a></li> <li><a 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X%E8%BF%9E%E9%94%81%E6%B7%8B%E5%B7%B4%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%A2%9E%E7%94%9F%E6%80%A7%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" title="X连锁淋巴细胞增生性疾病">X-连锁淋巴增生症</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>参见：<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E5%A7%94_%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E9%83%A8_%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E5%92%8C%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%8C%96%E9%83%A8_%E8%8D%AF%E7%9B%91%E5%B1%80_%E4%B8%AD%E5%8C%BB%E8%8D%AF%E5%B1%80_%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E5%85%AC%E5%B8%83%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%89%B9%E7%BD%95%E8%A7%81%E7%97%85%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95%E7%9A%84%E9%80%9A%E7%9F%A5" class="extiw" title="s:卫生健康委科技部工业和信息化部药监局中医药局关于公布第一批罕见病目录的通知">总表</a> · <a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%89%B9%E7%BD%95%E8%A7%81%E7%97%85%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" title="Template:中华人民共和国第二批罕见病目录">第二批</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11085#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11085#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11085#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX528689">西班牙</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119760133">法国</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119760133">BnF data</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4044683-9">德国</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007565523505171">以色列</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85098118">美国</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85098115">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00571142">日本</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117988&CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000175745&local_base=nsk10">克罗地亚</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10647691">NARA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=帕金森氏病&oldid=85077699">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=帕金森氏病&oldid=85077699</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%B8%95%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE%E7%97%85" title="Category:帕金森病">帕金森病</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%80%81%E5%8C%96%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" title="Category:老化相关疾病">老化相关疾病</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%80%81%E5%B9%B4%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:老年医学">老年医学</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E6%94%AF%E6%9E%B6%E7%BC%BA%E9%99%B7" title="Category:细胞支架缺陷">细胞支架缺陷</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="Category:神經科學">神經科學</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%85%A2%E6%80%A7%E7%97%85" title="Category:慢性病">慢性病</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BA%BA%E5%90%8D%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" title="Category:人名疾病">人名疾病</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%98%E6%80%A7%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" title="Category:神经系统变性疾病">神经系统变性疾病</a></li></ul></div><div 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-gm8xq","wgBackendResponseTime":200,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.995","walltime":"3.412","ppvisitednodes":{"value":26223,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1329339,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":21963,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":35,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":278,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":450767,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":9,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2778.893 1 -total"," 39.11% 1086.747 1 Template:Reflist"," 23.46% 651.945 123 Template:Cite_journal"," 20.81% 578.312 4 Template:Navbox"," 12.07% 335.505 7 Template:Navbox_subgroup"," 11.63% 323.196 1 Template:中枢神经系统疾病"," 10.19% 283.227 1 Template:Infobox_medical_condition"," 9.91% 275.402 2 Template:Infobox"," 9.35% 259.825 149 Template:Tsl"," 6.20% 172.327 92 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[\"CITEREFCarroll2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCasey2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastagnoliMurugesan2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCeravoloFrosiniRossiBonuccelli2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharcotSigerson1879\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCherianDivya2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCicchettiDrouin-OuelletGross2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoffey2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooperEichhornRodnitzky2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCostaLunetSantosSantos2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavie2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis_P2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_RosaGuacciPelusoDel_Gaudio2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDengWangJankovic2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDereliYaliman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDickson_DV2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDixonDuncanJohnsonKirkby2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFengCaiHouOu2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFengMaguire-Zeiss2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerrellConnorCordesDahlin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerri2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFindley2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoxRamigCiucciSapir2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreireKoifman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman2010\"] = 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