CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Mulatto - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"b9c91971-8a4f-4f10-b88a-e4a110e9d68d","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Mulatto","wgTitle":"Mulatto","wgCurRevisionId":1281592285,"wgRevisionId":1281592285,"wgArticleId":193629,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","CS1 maint: others","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","CS1 errors: missing periodical","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2020","CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1: unfit URL","Wikipedia semi-protected pages","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from May 2021","\"Related ethnic groups\" needing confirmation","Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters","Articles containing Spanish-language text","Articles containing Portuguese-language text","Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing Arabic-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2023","Articles needing additional references from March 2016","All articles needing additional references","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2023","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Mulatto","African–Native American relations","Ethnic groups in Latin America","Ethnic groups in the United States","Latin American caste system","Multiracial affairs","Anti-black racism","Ethnic and religious slurs","Anti-African and anti-black slurs"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Mulatto","wgRelevantArticleId":193629,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["autoconfirmed"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q191923","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Dice%C3%B1o_de_Mulata_%281711%29_Arellano.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1648"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Dice%C3%B1o_de_Mulata_%281711%29_Arellano.jpg/960px-Dice%C3%B1o_de_Mulata_%281711%29_Arellano.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1099"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="879"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Mulatto - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulatto"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulatto"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Mulatto rootpage-Mulatto skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Mulatto" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Mulatto" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Mulatto" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Mulatto" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Africa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Africa subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cape_Verde" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cape_Verde"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Cape Verde</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cape_Verde-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afro-European_ethnicities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afro-European_ethnicities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Afro-European ethnicities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afro-European_ethnicities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uganda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uganda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Uganda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uganda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equatorial_Guinea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equatorial_Guinea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Equatorial Guinea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equatorial_Guinea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Latin America and the Caribbean</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Latin America and the Caribbean subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mulattoes_in_colonial_Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mulattoes_in_colonial_Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Mulattoes in colonial Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mulattoes_in_colonial_Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mulattoes_in_the_modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mulattoes_in_the_modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Mulattoes in the modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mulattoes_in_the_modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haiti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haiti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Haiti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haiti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dominican_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominican_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2.1</span> <span>Dominican Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dominican_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dominican_Republic_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominican_Republic_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Dominican Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dominican_Republic_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Puerto_Rico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puerto_Rico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Puerto Rico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puerto_Rico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>Cuba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-United_States-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle United States subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colonial_and_Antebellum_eras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_and_Antebellum_eras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Colonial and Antebellum eras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_and_Antebellum_eras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-California" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#California"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>California</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-California-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Louisiana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Louisiana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Louisiana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Louisiana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Contemporary era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Colonial references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Mulatto</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88" title="مولاتو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مولاتو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamba" title="Kamba – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kamba" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulatlar" title="Mulatlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mulatlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="مولات‌لار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مولات‌لار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Мулат – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мулат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Мулати – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мулати" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulat" title="Mulat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mulat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulat" title="Mulat – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mulat" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulat" title="Mulat – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mulat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulatte" title="Mulatte – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mulatte" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulatt" title="Mulatt – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mulatt" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulato" title="Mulato – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mulato" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulato" title="Mulato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mulato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulato" title="Mulato – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mulato" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88" title="مولاتو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مولاتو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mul%C3%A2tre" title="Mulâtre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mulâtre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EB%9D%BC%ED%86%A0" title="물라토 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="물라토" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մուլատներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մուլատներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%81" title="मुलाटु – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मुलाटु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulati" title="Mulati – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mulati" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulato" title="Mulato – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mulato" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mulatto" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAlatti" title="Múlatti – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Múlatti" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mulatto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מולאטים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מולאטים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мулаттар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мулаттар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milat" title="Milat – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Milat" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мулаттар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мулаттар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulatai" title="Mulatai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mulatai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulatt" title="Mulatt – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mulatt" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="მულატი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მულატი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulat" title="Mulat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mulat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88" title="ムラート – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ムラート" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulatt" title="Mulatt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mulatt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulatlar" title="Mulatlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mulatlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulat" title="Mulat – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mulat" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulato" title="Mulato – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mulato" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulatru" title="Mulatru – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mulatru" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Мулаты – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мулаты" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Мулаты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мулаты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mulatto" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulat" title="Mulat – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mulat" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulat" title="Mulat – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mulat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Мулати – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мулати" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulati" title="Mulati – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mulati" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulatti" title="Mulatti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mulatti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulatt" title="Mulatt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mulatt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mulatto" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Мулати – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мулати" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mulatto" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%8B%89%E6%89%98%E4%BA%BA" title="穆拉托人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="穆拉托人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q191923#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Mulatto" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mulatto"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mulatto&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mulatto&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mulatto"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mulatto&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mulatto&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Mulatto" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Mulatto" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mulatto&oldid=1281592285" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mulatto&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Mulatto&id=1281592285&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMulatto"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMulatto"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Mulatto&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mulatto&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mulatto" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q191923" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected until December 14, 2025 at 22:55 UTC."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical racial classification</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Mulatto_(rapper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulatto (rapper)">Mulatto (rapper)</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mulatto_Mountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulatto Mountain">Mulatto Mountain</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Mulato" and "Mulatos" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mulato_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mulato (disambiguation)">Mulato (disambiguation)</a>. For the river in Colombia, see <a href="/wiki/Mulatos_River" title="Mulatos River">Mulatos River</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Mulatto</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dice%C3%B1o_de_Mulata_(1711)_Arellano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Dice%C3%B1o_de_Mulata_%281711%29_Arellano.jpg/250px-Dice%C3%B1o_de_Mulata_%281711%29_Arellano.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Dice%C3%B1o_de_Mulata_%281711%29_Arellano.jpg/330px-Dice%C3%B1o_de_Mulata_%281711%29_Arellano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Dice%C3%B1o_de_Mulata_%281711%29_Arellano.jpg/500px-Dice%C3%B1o_de_Mulata_%281711%29_Arellano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1096" data-file-height="1505" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A mulatto woman in the viceregal era in 1711</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li>mainly <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></li></ul></div></li><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Creole" title="Cape Verdean Creole">Cape Verdean</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>; religious minorities including <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestants</a> exist</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black people</a></li><li>other <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people" title="Multiracial people">mixed people</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pardo" title="Pardo">Pardo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zambo" title="Zambo">Zambo</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Mulatto</i></span></b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span></span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">mew-<span style="font-size:90%">LAT</span>-oh, mə-</i></a>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span></span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">mə-<span style="font-size:90%">LAH</span>-toh, mew-</i></a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">racial classification</a> that refers to people of mixed <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_African" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-Saharan African">African</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">European</a> ancestry only. When speaking or writing about a singular woman in English, the word is <b><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">mulatta</i></span></b> (Spanish: <i lang="es">mulata</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-CollinsDictionary2021_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CollinsDictionary2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lexico_2021_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lexico_2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of this term began in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States of America</a> shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Slave_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Slave Trade">Atlantic Slave Trade</a> began and its use was widespread, derogatory and disrespectful. After the post <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Era">Civil Rights Era</a>, the term is now considered to be both outdated and offensive in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Beck1975_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beck1975-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other Anglophone countries (the <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a>) such as English and Dutch-speaking West Indian countries, the word mulatto is still used.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lexico2021_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lexico2021-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Countries with the highest percentages of multi-racials who specifically have equally high European and African ancestry — <i>Mulatto</i> — are the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> (74%)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> (71%).<sup id="cite_ref-worldatlas.com_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldatlas.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mulattos in many Latin American countries, aside from predominately European and African ancestry, usually also have slight indigenous admixture. "Race-mixing" has been strong in Latin America for centuries, since the start of the <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization of the Americas</a> in many cases. Many Latin American multiracial families (including mulatto) have been mixed for several generations. In the 21st century, multiracials now frequently have unions and marriages with other multiracials. Other countries and territories with notable mulatto populations in percentage or total number include <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-web.archive.org_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web.archive.org-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Retrato_de_Juan_Pareja,_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Retrato_de_Juan_Pareja%2C_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez.jpg/250px-Retrato_de_Juan_Pareja%2C_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Retrato_de_Juan_Pareja%2C_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez.jpg/330px-Retrato_de_Juan_Pareja%2C_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Retrato_de_Juan_Pareja%2C_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez.jpg/500px-Retrato_de_Juan_Pareja%2C_by_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3363" data-file-height="3908" /></a><figcaption><i>Juan de Pareja</i> by Diego Velázquez, CE 1650 – <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Pareja" title="Juan de Pareja">Juan de Pareja</a> was born into slavery in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. He was of mixed African and Spanish descent.</figcaption></figure> <p>The English term and spelling <i>mulatto</i> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">mulato</i></span>. It was a common term in the Southeastern United States during the era of slavery. Some sources suggest that it may derive from the Portuguese word <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">mula</i></span> (from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">mūlus</i></span>), meaning '<a href="/wiki/Mule" title="Mule">mule</a>', the <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrid</a> offspring of a <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horse</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">donkey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Academy" title="Royal Spanish Academy">Real Academia Española</a> traces its origin to <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">mulo</i></span> in the sense of hybridity; originally used to refer to any <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mixed race</a> person.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is now generally considered outdated and offensive in non-Spanish and non-Portuguese speaking countries,<sup id="cite_ref-DaCosta2007_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DaCosta2007-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was considered offensive even in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Beck1975_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beck1975-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jack D. Forbes suggests it originated in the <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> term <i><a href="/wiki/Muwallad" class="mw-redirect" title="Muwallad">muwallad</a></i>, which means 'a person of mixed ancestry'.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">Muwallad</i></span> literally means 'born, begotten, produced, generated; brought up', with the implication of being born of Arab and non-Arab parents. <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">Muwallad</i></span> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">root word</a> <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">WaLaD</i></span> (Arabic: <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ولد</span></span>, direct Arabic <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a>: <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">waw</i></span><i>,</i> <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">lam</i></span><i>,</i> <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">dal</i></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">colloquial Arabic</a> pronunciation can vary greatly. <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">Walad</i></span> means 'descendant, offspring, scion; child; son; boy; young animal, young one'.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a>, <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">muwallad</i></span> referred to the offspring from parents of Arab Muslim origin and non-Arab Muslim people who adopted the Islamic religion and manners. Specifically, the term was historically applied to the descendants of Arab or Berber Muslims and indigenous Christian Iberians who, after several generations of living among a Muslim majority, adopted their culture and religion. </p><p>In English, printed usage of <i>mulatto</i> dates to at least the 16th century. The 1595 work <i>Drake's Voyages</i> first used the term in the context of intimate unions producing biracial children. The <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> defined mulatto as "one who is the offspring of a European and a Black". This earliest usage regarded "black" and "white" as discrete "species", with the "mulatto" constituting a third separate "species".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Julio_Izquierdo_Labrado" title="Julio Izquierdo Labrado">Julio Izquierdo Labrado</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 19th-century linguist Leopoldo Eguilaz y Yanguas, as well as some Arabic sources<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">muwallad</i></span> is the etymological origin of <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">mulato</i></span><i>.</i> These sources specify that <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">mulato</i></span> would have been derived directly from <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">muwallad</i></span> independently of the related word <i><a href="/wiki/Mulad%C3%AD" title="Muladí">muladí</a>,</i> a term that was applied to <a href="/wiki/Mozarab" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozarab">Iberian Christians</a> who had <a href="/wiki/Converted_to_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Converted to Islam">converted to Islam</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moorish</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">governance of Iberia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Academia Española">Real Academia Española</a> (Spanish Royal Academy) casts doubt on the <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">muwallad</i></span> theory. It states, "The term <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">mulata</i></span> is documented in our diachronic data bank in 1472 and is used in reference to livestock mules in <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Documentacion medieval de la Corte de Justicia de Ganaderos de Zaragoza</i></span><i>,</i> whereas <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">muladí</i></span> (from <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">mullawadí</i></span>) does not appear until the 18th century, according to <a href="/wiki/Joan_Coromines" title="Joan Coromines">[Joan] Corominas</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Werner_Sollors" title="Werner Sollors">Werner Sollors</a> cast doubt on the mule etymology for <i>mulatto</i>. In the 18th and 19th centuries, <a href="/wiki/Racialism_(racial_categorization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Racialism (racial categorization)">racialists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Edward_Long_(colonial_administrator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Long (colonial administrator)">Edward Long</a> and <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Nott" class="mw-redirect" title="Josiah Nott">Josiah Nott</a> began to assert that mulattoes were sterile like mules. They projected this belief back onto the etymology of the word mulatto. Sollors points out that this etymology is anachronistic: "The Mulatto sterility hypothesis that has much to do with the rejection of the term by some writers is only half as old as the word 'Mulatto'."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of this word does not have the same negative associations found among English speakers. Among Latinos in both the US and Latin America, the word is used in every day speech and its meaning is a source of racial and ethnic pride. In four of the Latin-based languages, the default, masculine word ends with the letter "o" and is written as follows: Spanish and Portuguese – mulato; Italian – mulatto. The French equivalent is mulâtre. In English, the masculine plural is written as mulattoes while in Spanish and Portuguese it is mulatos. The masculine plural in Italian is mulatti and in French it is mulâtres. The feminine plurals are: English – mulattas; Spanish and Portuguese – mulatas; Italian – mulatte; French – mulâtresses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Africa">Africa</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Africa" title="Indigenous peoples of Africa">Indigenous peoples of Africa</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mulatto" title="Special:EditPage/Mulatto">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a>'s 193,413 inhabitants, the largest segment is classified as <i><a href="/wiki/Mesti%C3%A7o" title="Mestiço">mestiço</a>,</i> or mixed race.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 71% of the population of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> is also classified as such.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The great majority of their current populations descend from unions between the Portuguese, who colonized the islands from the 15th century onward, and black Africans they brought from the <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African mainland</a> to work as slaves. In the early years, mestiços began to form a third-class between the Portuguese colonists and African slaves, as they were usually bilingual and often served as interpreters between the populations. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Angola#Mestiço" title="Culture of Angola">Angola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, the <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">mestiço</i></span> constitute smaller but still important minorities; 2% in Angola<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 0.2% in Mozambique.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Mulatto</i> and <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">mestiço</i></span> are not terms commonly used in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> to refer to people of mixed ancestry. The persistence of some authors in using this term, anachronistically, reflects the old-school essentialist views of race as a <i>de facto</i> biological phenomenon, and the 'mixing' of race as legitimate grounds for the creation of a 'new race'. This disregards cultural, linguistic and ethnic diversity and/or differences between regions and globally among populations of mixed ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, an ethnic group known as <a href="/wiki/Baster" class="mw-redirect" title="Baster">Rehoboth Basters</a>, descend from historic liaisons between the Cape Colony Dutch and indigenous African women. The name <i>Baster</i> is derived from the Dutch word for 'bastard' (or 'crossbreed'). While some people consider this term demeaning, the <a href="/wiki/Basters" title="Basters">Basters</a> proudly use the term as an indication of their history. In the early 21st century, they number between 20,000 and 30,000 people. There are, of course, other people of mixed race in the country.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cape_Verde">Cape Verde</h3></div> <p>As of 2018, 71% of Cape Verdeans were Mulatto or Creole.<sup id="cite_ref-worldatlas.com_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldatlas.com-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloureds</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdullah_Abdurahman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Abdullah_Abdurahman.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="289" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="289" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Abdurahman" title="Abdullah Abdurahman">Abdullah Abdurahman</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloured</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cape_Malays" title="Cape Malays">Cape Malay</a> people from Africa are descendants of mixed ancestry, from the early 17th Century European colonizers namely Dutch, British and French intermixed with the indigenous Khoisan and Bantu tribes of that region, as well as intermixing with Asian slaves from Indonesia, Malaysia and India. </p><p>The intermixing of different races began in the Cape province of South Africa during the 17th and 18th centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Company rule in the Dutch East Indies">Dutch east India company</a> brought enslaved people from Asian regions, including; <a href="/wiki/Indonesians" title="Indonesians">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysians" title="Malaysians">Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">India</a> these individuals were brought to the Cape Colony to work on farms, in households, as they were enslaved labourers . There is a significant genetic mixture of European, African and (Indian) Asian DNA in the modern ethnic group of Coloured people. Thus forced into their own communities and therefore created a generational mix of people and are to date an ethnic group. </p><p>In addition to African, European and Asian ancestry, Coloured people had some portion of Spanish or Portuguese ancestry. In the early 19th century some immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Brazilians" title="Brazilians">Brazil</a> arrived in South Africa as sailors, traders or refugees, and some intermarried with local mixed race (Coloured) communities. Also The (Canary Islands) <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> off the northwest coast of Africa, were a Spanish colony, and during the 17th and 18th centuries, the Dutch east India Company and other European powers brought enslaved people from the Canary Islands to South Africa, particularly to the Cape Colony (now known as South Africa). The Dutch East India Company's ship "Het Gelderland", which arrived at the Cape in 1671 with 174 slaves from the Canary Islands and The Portuguese ship, "Sao Jose" which was captured by the Dutch in 1713 and brought to the Cape with slaves from the Canary Islands. These enslaved people were forced to work on farms, in households, and in other industries and many were subjected to harsh conditions and treatment. The intermixing among European men and Spanish and Portuguese women's descendants are part of the diverse Coloured communities in South Africa. It is however important to note that Spanish and Portuguese ancestry is not a dominant feature amongst the Coloured identity in South Africa, Namibia and Zimbabwe. Individual family histories and ancestry may vary widely while the African, European and Asian ancestry is dominant amongst Coloured people from Africa. </p><p>Based on the Population Registration Act to classify people, the government passed laws prohibiting mixed marriages. Many people who classified as belonging to the "Asian" category could legally intermarry with "mixed-race" people because they shared the same nomenclature.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of the term <i>Coloured</i> has changed over the course of history. For instance, in the first census after the South African war (1912), Indians were counted as 'Coloured'. Before and after this war, they were counted as 'Asiatic'.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zimbabwean Coloureds were descended from <a href="/wiki/Shona_people" title="Shona people">Shona</a> or <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_people" title="Northern Ndebele people">Ndebele</a> mixing with British and <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner">Afrikaner</a> settlers and Arab slaves.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Griqua_people" title="Griqua people">Griqua</a>, on the other hand, are descendants of <a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisan</a> and Afrikaner <a href="/wiki/Trekboers" title="Trekboers">trekboers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Griqua were subjected to an ambiguity of other creole people within Southern African social order. According to Nurse and Jenkins (1975), the leader of this "mixed" group, Adam Kok I, was a former slave of the Dutch governor. He was manumitted and provided land outside Cape Town in the eighteenth century. With territories beyond the Dutch East India Company administration, Kok provided refuge to deserting soldiers, refugee slaves, and remaining members of various Khoikhoi tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afro-European_ethnicities">Afro-European ethnicities</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aku_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Aku people">Akus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian" class="mw-redirect" title="Americo-Liberian">Americo-Liberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilians_in_Nigeria" title="Brazilians in Nigeria">Amaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernandino_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernandino peoples">Fernandinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_Euro-Africans" title="Gold Coast Euro-Africans">Gold Coast Euro-Africans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saro_people" title="Saro people">Saro people</a></li> <li>Sherbro Hubris</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherbro_Tuckers" title="Sherbro Tuckers">Sherbro Tuckers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caulker_family_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Caulker family of Sierra Leone">Sherbro Caulkers</a></li> <li>Sherbro Rogers</li> <li>Sherbro Clevelands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone Creole people</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uganda">Uganda</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Ugandans_in_Uganda#Ugandan-Europeans_(Afro-Europeans)" title="Multiracial Ugandans in Uganda">Multiracial Ugandans in Uganda § Ugandan-Europeans (Afro-Europeans)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equatorial_Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fernandino_people" title="Fernandino people">Fernandino people</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mulattoes_in_colonial_Mexico">Mulattoes in colonial Mexico</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Casta</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pardo" title="Pardo">Pardo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morisco" title="Morisco">Morisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torna_atr%C3%A1s" title="Torna atrás">Torna atrás</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lobo_(racial_category)" title="Lobo (racial category)">Lobo (racial category)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castas_04mulata_max.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Castas_04mulata_max.jpg/220px-Castas_04mulata_max.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Castas_04mulata_max.jpg/330px-Castas_04mulata_max.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Castas_04mulata_max.jpg/440px-Castas_04mulata_max.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="912" /></a><figcaption><i>From Spaniard and Black woman, Coloured girl</i>. <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Cabrera_(painter)" title="Miguel Cabrera (painter)">Miguel Cabrera</a>. Mexico 1763</figcaption></figure> <p>Africans were transported by Spaniards slave traders to Mexico starting in the early 16th century. Offspring of Spaniards and African women resulted early on in mixed-race children, termed mulattoes. In Spanish law, the status of the child followed that of the mother, so that despite having a Spanish parent, their offspring were enslaved. The label <i>mulatto</i> was recorded in official colonial documentation, so that marriage registers, censuses, and court documents allow research on different aspects of mulattoes’ lives. Although some legal documents simply label a person a <i>mulatto/a</i>, other designations occurred. In the sales of <a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">casta</a> slaves in 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, official notaries recorded gradations of skin color in the transactions. These included <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">mulato blanco</i></span> or <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">mulata blanca</i></span> ('white mulatto'), for light-skinned slave. These were usually American-born slaves. Some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (December 2024)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> said categorized persons i.e. <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">mulata blanca</i></span> used their light skin to their advantage if they escaped slavery. <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Mulatos blancos</i></span> often emphasized their Spanish parentage, and considered themselves and were considered separate from <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">negros</i></span> or <i><a href="/wiki/Pardo" title="Pardo">pardos</a></i> and ordinary mulattoes. Darker mulatto slaves were often termed <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">mulatos prietos</i></span> or sometimes <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">mulatos cochos</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Chile, along with <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">mulatos blancos</i></span>, there were also <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">españoles oscuros</i></span> ('dark Spaniards').<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was considerable malleability and manipulation of racial labeling, including the seemingly stable category of mulatto. In a case that came before the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Inquisition" title="Mexican Inquisition">Mexican Inquisition</a>, a woman publicly identified as a mulatta was described by a Spanish priest, Diego Xaimes Ricardo Villavicencio, as "a white <span title="Spanish-language text"><span lang="es" style="font-style: normal;">mulata</span></span> with curly hair, because she is the daughter of a dark-skinned <span title="Spanish-language text"><span lang="es" style="font-style: normal;">mulata</span></span> and a Spaniard, and for her manner of dress she has flannel petticoats and a native blouse (<i><a href="/wiki/Huipil" title="Huipil">huipil</a></i>), sometimes silken, sometimes woolen. She wears shoes, and her natural and common language is not Spanish, but <a href="/wiki/Chocho_language" title="Chocho language">Chocho</a> [an indigenous Mexican language], as she was brought up among Indians with her mother, from which she contracted the vice of drunkenness, to which she often succumbs, as Indians do, and from them she has also received the crime of [idolatry]." Community members were interrogated as to their understanding of her racial standing. Her mode of dress, very wavy hair and light skin confirmed for one witness that she was a mulatta. Ultimately though, her rootedness in the indigenous community persuaded the Inquisition that she was an <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">India</i></span>, and therefore outside of their jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though the accused had physical features of a mulatta, her cultural category was more important. In colonial Latin America, <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">mulato</i></span> could also refer to an individual of mixed African and Native American ancestry, but the term <i><a href="/wiki/Zambo" title="Zambo">zambo</a></i> was more consistently used for that racial mixture.<sup id="cite_ref-aim_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aim-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> friar <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage_(priest)" title="Thomas Gage (priest)">Thomas Gage</a> spent over a decade in the <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">Viceroyalty of New Spain</a> in the early 17th century; he converted to <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a> and later wrote of his travels, often disparaging Spanish colonial society and culture. In Mexico City, he observed in considerable detail the opulence of dress of women, writing that "The attire of this baser sort of people of blackamoors and mulattoes (which are of a mixed nature, of Spaniards and blackamoors) is so light, and their carriage so enticing, that many Spaniards even of the better sort (who are too too [sic] prone to venery) disdain their wives for them... Most of these are or have been slaves, though love have set them loose, at liberty to enslave souls to sin and Satan."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 18th century, some mixed-race persons sought legal "certificates of whiteness" (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">cédulas de gracias al sacar</i></span>), in order to rise socially and practice professions. American-born Spaniards (<i><a href="/wiki/Criollos" class="mw-redirect" title="Criollos">criollos</a></i>) sought to prevent the approval of such petitions, since the "purity" of their own whiteness would be in jeopardy. They asserted their "purity of blood" (<i><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">limpieza de sangre</a></i>) as white persons who had "always been known, held and commonly reputed to be white persons, Old Christians of the nobility, clean of all bad blood and without any mixture of commoner, Jew, Moor, Mulatto, or <a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">converso</a> in any degree, no matter how remote."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spaniards both American- and Iberian-born discriminated against pardos and mulattoes because of their "bad blood." One Cuban sought the grant of his petition in order to practice as a surgeon, a profession from which he was barred because of his mulatto designation. Royal laws and decrees prevented pardos and mulattoes from serving as a public notary, lawyer, pharmacist, ordination to the priesthood, or graduation from university. Mulattas declared white could marry a Spaniard.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gallery">Gallery</h4></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alcibar-Mulatto.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Casta painting of a Spaniard, a Negra and a Mulatto. José de Alcíbar, 18th c. Mexico"><img alt="Casta painting of a Spaniard, a Negra and a Mulatto. José de Alcíbar, 18th c. Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Alcibar-Mulatto.jpg/120px-Alcibar-Mulatto.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Alcibar-Mulatto.jpg/250px-Alcibar-Mulatto.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3588" data-file-height="2814" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Casta painting</a> of a Spaniard, a <i>Negra</i> and a Mulatto. <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alc%C3%ADbar" title="José de Alcíbar">José de Alcíbar</a>, 18th c. Mexico</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:An%C3%B3nimo_-_Escena_del_M%C3%A9jico_colonial.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="De Español y Negra, Mulato. Anon. 18th c."><img alt="De Español y Negra, Mulato. Anon. 18th c." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/An%C3%B3nimo_-_Escena_del_M%C3%A9jico_colonial.jpg/120px-An%C3%B3nimo_-_Escena_del_M%C3%A9jico_colonial.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/An%C3%B3nimo_-_Escena_del_M%C3%A9jico_colonial.jpg/250px-An%C3%B3nimo_-_Escena_del_M%C3%A9jico_colonial.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="475" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">De Español y Negra, Mulato. Anon. 18th c.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Mag%C3%B3n_-_La_Mulata.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="De Español y Negra, Mulato. José Joaquín Magón. 18th c. Mexico"><img alt="De Español y Negra, Mulato. José Joaquín Magón. 18th c. Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Mag%C3%B3n_-_La_Mulata.jpg/120px-Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Mag%C3%B3n_-_La_Mulata.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Mag%C3%B3n_-_La_Mulata.jpg/180px-Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Mag%C3%B3n_-_La_Mulata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Mag%C3%B3n_-_La_Mulata.jpg/240px-Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Mag%C3%B3n_-_La_Mulata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="358" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">De Español y Negra, Mulato. <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Mag%C3%B3n" title="José Joaquín Magón">José Joaquín Magón</a>. 18th c. Mexico</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BMVB_-_an%C3%B2nim_-_%226._De_Espa%C3%B1ol_y_Negra,_Mulato%22_-_9347.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="De Español y Negra, Mulato. Anon."><img alt="De Español y Negra, Mulato. Anon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BMVB_-_an%C3%B2nim_-_%226._De_Espa%C3%B1ol_y_Negra%2C_Mulato%22_-_9347.jpg/120px-BMVB_-_an%C3%B2nim_-_%226._De_Espa%C3%B1ol_y_Negra%2C_Mulato%22_-_9347.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BMVB_-_an%C3%B2nim_-_%226._De_Espa%C3%B1ol_y_Negra%2C_Mulato%22_-_9347.jpg/250px-BMVB_-_an%C3%B2nim_-_%226._De_Espa%C3%B1ol_y_Negra%2C_Mulato%22_-_9347.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4723" data-file-height="3543" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">De Español y Negra, Mulato. Anon.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mulatto.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="De negro y española, sale mulato (From a Black man and a Spanish woman, a Mulatto is begotten). Anon."><img alt="De negro y española, sale mulato (From a Black man and a Spanish woman, a Mulatto is begotten). Anon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Mulatto.jpg/120px-Mulatto.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Mulatto.jpg/250px-Mulatto.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="475" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>De negro y española, sale mulato</i> (From a Black man and a Spanish woman, a Mulatto is begotten). Anon.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BMVB_-_an%C3%B2nim_-_%227._De_Espa%C3%B1ol_y_Mulata,_Morisca%22_-_1080.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="De Español y Mulata, Morisca. Anon. 1799"><img alt="De Español y Mulata, Morisca. Anon. 1799" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/BMVB_-_an%C3%B2nim_-_%227._De_Espa%C3%B1ol_y_Mulata%2C_Morisca%22_-_1080.jpg/120px-BMVB_-_an%C3%B2nim_-_%227._De_Espa%C3%B1ol_y_Mulata%2C_Morisca%22_-_1080.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/BMVB_-_an%C3%B2nim_-_%227._De_Espa%C3%B1ol_y_Mulata%2C_Morisca%22_-_1080.jpg/250px-BMVB_-_an%C3%B2nim_-_%227._De_Espa%C3%B1ol_y_Mulata%2C_Morisca%22_-_1080.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4694" data-file-height="3521" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">De Español y Mulata, Morisca. Anon. 1799</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Mulata_y_Espa%C3%B1ol,_Morisca_(Juan_Patricio_Morlete).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="De Mulata y Español, Morisca, Juan Patricio Morlete. 18th c. Mexico"><img alt="De Mulata y Español, Morisca, Juan Patricio Morlete. 18th c. Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/De_Mulata_y_Espa%C3%B1ol%2C_Morisca_%28Juan_Patricio_Morlete%29.jpg/120px-De_Mulata_y_Espa%C3%B1ol%2C_Morisca_%28Juan_Patricio_Morlete%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/De_Mulata_y_Espa%C3%B1ol%2C_Morisca_%28Juan_Patricio_Morlete%29.jpg/180px-De_Mulata_y_Espa%C3%B1ol%2C_Morisca_%28Juan_Patricio_Morlete%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/De_Mulata_y_Espa%C3%B1ol%2C_Morisca_%28Juan_Patricio_Morlete%29.jpg/240px-De_Mulata_y_Espa%C3%B1ol%2C_Morisca_%28Juan_Patricio_Morlete%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4017" data-file-height="2471" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">De Mulata y Español, Morisca, Juan Patricio Morlete. 18th c. Mexico</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Mulato_y_Mestiza.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="De Mulato y Mestiza, Torna atrás"><img alt="De Mulato y Mestiza, Torna atrás" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/De_Mulato_y_Mestiza.jpg/120px-De_Mulato_y_Mestiza.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/De_Mulato_y_Mestiza.jpg/180px-De_Mulato_y_Mestiza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/De_Mulato_y_Mestiza.jpg/240px-De_Mulato_y_Mestiza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1002" data-file-height="702" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">De Mulato y Mestiza, <a href="/wiki/Torna_atr%C3%A1s" title="Torna atrás">Torna atrás</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sambo_1770.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="De Negro y Mulata, Zambo. 18th c. Peru"><img alt="De Negro y Mulata, Zambo. 18th c. Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sambo_1770.jpg/120px-Sambo_1770.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sambo_1770.jpg/180px-Sambo_1770.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sambo_1770.jpg/240px-Sambo_1770.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1319" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">De Negro y Mulata, Zambo. 18th c. Peru</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Miguel_Enriquez.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Don Miguel Enríquez, a Puerto Rican privateer"><img alt="Don Miguel Enríquez, a Puerto Rican privateer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Miguel_Enriquez.jpg/107px-Miguel_Enriquez.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Miguel_Enriquez.jpg/160px-Miguel_Enriquez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Miguel_Enriquez.jpg/214px-Miguel_Enriquez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="295" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Don_(honorific)" title="Don (honorific)">Don</a> <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Enr%C3%ADquez_(privateer)" title="Miguel Enríquez (privateer)">Miguel Enríquez</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a> <a href="/wiki/Privateering" class="mw-redirect" title="Privateering">privateer</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1763-MARRIAGE_(2-14-1763)_Juan_Antonio_Ambrosio_Rosales_and_Juana_Anastacia_Briones_(Right,_2nd_row)_(with_Salvador,JuanaJosefa).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Examples of Nueva Espana (New Spain/Mexico) classifications of Mulatto and Mestizo in 1763"><img alt="Examples of Nueva Espana (New Spain/Mexico) classifications of Mulatto and Mestizo in 1763" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/1763-MARRIAGE_%282-14-1763%29_Juan_Antonio_Ambrosio_Rosales_and_Juana_Anastacia_Briones_%28Right%2C_2nd_row%29_%28with_Salvador%2CJuanaJosefa%29.jpg/120px-1763-MARRIAGE_%282-14-1763%29_Juan_Antonio_Ambrosio_Rosales_and_Juana_Anastacia_Briones_%28Right%2C_2nd_row%29_%28with_Salvador%2CJuanaJosefa%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/1763-MARRIAGE_%282-14-1763%29_Juan_Antonio_Ambrosio_Rosales_and_Juana_Anastacia_Briones_%28Right%2C_2nd_row%29_%28with_Salvador%2CJuanaJosefa%29.jpg/250px-1763-MARRIAGE_%282-14-1763%29_Juan_Antonio_Ambrosio_Rosales_and_Juana_Anastacia_Briones_%28Right%2C_2nd_row%29_%28with_Salvador%2CJuanaJosefa%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="5322" data-file-height="3958" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Examples of Nueva Espana (New Spain/Mexico) classifications of Mulatto and Mestizo in 1763</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:About_1948-Descendants_of_Salvador_Rosales(1711)_the_mulatto(moor)_from_the_land_NewSpain.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Descendants of (1711) Salvador Rosales the mulatto."><img alt="Descendants of (1711) Salvador Rosales the mulatto." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/About_1948-Descendants_of_Salvador_Rosales%281711%29_the_mulatto%28moor%29_from_the_land_NewSpain.jpg/120px-About_1948-Descendants_of_Salvador_Rosales%281711%29_the_mulatto%28moor%29_from_the_land_NewSpain.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/About_1948-Descendants_of_Salvador_Rosales%281711%29_the_mulatto%28moor%29_from_the_land_NewSpain.jpg/180px-About_1948-Descendants_of_Salvador_Rosales%281711%29_the_mulatto%28moor%29_from_the_land_NewSpain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/About_1948-Descendants_of_Salvador_Rosales%281711%29_the_mulatto%28moor%29_from_the_land_NewSpain.jpg/240px-About_1948-Descendants_of_Salvador_Rosales%281711%29_the_mulatto%28moor%29_from_the_land_NewSpain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Descendants of (1711) Salvador Rosales the mulatto.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mulattoes_in_the_modern_era">Mulattoes in the modern era</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazil">Brazil</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Pardo_Brazilians" title="Pardo Brazilians">Pardo Brazilians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mixed-race_Brazilian" title="Mixed-race Brazilian">Mixed-race Brazilian</a></div><p> The term "Pardo" was first used by the Portuguese after their arrival in Brazil in 1500. The earliest reference comes from a letter by <a href="/wiki/Pero_Vaz_de_Caminha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pero Vaz de Caminha">Pero Vaz de Caminha</a>. Over time, the term evolved from the Latin word "Pardus" and was used to name birds called "<a href="/wiki/Passer" title="Passer">Pardais"</a> in the Middle East and the Americas. Currently, "Pardo" is officially used in Brazil by the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Institute_of_Geography_and_Statistics" title="Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics">IBGE</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) for the classification of color/race. "Pardo" can also be known as "mulatto," referring to a person of <a href="/wiki/Mixed-race_Brazilian" title="Mixed-race Brazilian">mixed ethnic ancestry</a>, typically including white, black, and indigenous roots</p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reden%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Reden%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg/250px-Reden%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Reden%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg/375px-Reden%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Reden%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg/500px-Reden%C3%A7%C3%A3o.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption><i>A Redenção de Cam</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Curse_of_Ham" title="Curse of Ham">Redemption of Ham</a></i>), by <a href="/wiki/Galicians" title="Galicians">Galician</a> painter <a href="/wiki/Modesto_Brocos" title="Modesto Brocos">Modesto Brocos</a>, 1895, <a href="/wiki/Museu_Nacional_de_Belas_Artes" title="Museu Nacional de Belas Artes">Museu Nacional de Belas Artes</a>. (Brazil) The painting depicts a black grandmother, mulatta mother, white father and their <a href="/wiki/Quadroon" title="Quadroon">quadroon</a> child, hence three generations of <a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">hypergamy</a> through <a href="/wiki/Racial_whitening" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial whitening">racial whitening</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Institute_of_Geography_and_Statistics" title="Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics">IBGE</a> 2020 census, 45,3% of Brazilians identified as <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">pardo</i></span>, a term for people of mixed backgrounds.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many mixed-race Brazilians have varying degrees of European, Amerindian and African ancestry.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Institute_of_Geography_and_Statistics" title="Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics">Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics</a> census 2006, some 42.6% of Brazilian identify as <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">pardo</i></span><i>,</i> an increase over the 2000 census.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Haiti">Haiti</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mulatto_Haitians" title="Mulatto Haitians">Mulatto Haitians</a></div> <p>Mulattoes account for up to 5% of <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>'s population. In <a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">Haitian history</a>, such mixed-race people, known in colonial times as free people of color, gained some education and property before the Revolution. In some cases, their white fathers arranged for multiracial sons to be educated in France and join the military, giving them an advance economically. Free people of color gained some social capital and political power before the Revolution, were influential during the Revolution and since then. The people of color have retained their elite position, based on education and social capital, that is apparent in the political, economic and cultural hierarchy in present-day Haiti. Numerous leaders throughout Haiti's history have been people of color.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Haitian mulattoes were slaveholders and often actively participated in the oppression of the black majority.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Dominican mulattoes were also slave owners.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a> was started by mulattoes. The subsequent struggle within Haiti between the mulattoes led by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Rigaud" title="André Rigaud">André Rigaud</a> and the black Haitians led by <a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Louverture" title="Toussaint Louverture">Toussaint Louverture</a> devolved into the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Knives" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Knives">War of Knives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With secret aid from the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toussaint eventually won the conflict and made himself ruler of the entire island of Hispaniola. <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> ordered for <a href="/wiki/Charles_Leclerc_(general,_born_1772)" title="Charles Leclerc (general, born 1772)">Charles Leclerc</a> and a substantial army to put down the rebellion; Leclerc seized Toussaint in 1802 and deported him to France, where he died in prison a year later. Leclerc was succeeded by General <a href="/wiki/Donatien-Marie-Joseph_de_Vimeur,_vicomte_de_Rochambeau" title="Donatien-Marie-Joseph de Vimeur, vicomte de Rochambeau">Rochambeau</a>. With reinforcements from France and Poland, Rochambeau began a bloody campaign against the mulattoes and intensified operations against the blacks, importing bloodhounds to track and kill them. Thousands of black POW and suspects were chained to cannonballs and tossed into the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians of the Haitian Revolution credit Rochambeau's brutal tactics for uniting black and mulatto soldiers against the French. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Jean-Pierre_Boyer_of_Haiti_(Hispaniola_Unification_Regime)_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/President_Jean-Pierre_Boyer_of_Haiti_%28Hispaniola_Unification_Regime%29_Portrait.jpg/250px-President_Jean-Pierre_Boyer_of_Haiti_%28Hispaniola_Unification_Regime%29_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/President_Jean-Pierre_Boyer_of_Haiti_%28Hispaniola_Unification_Regime%29_Portrait.jpg/330px-President_Jean-Pierre_Boyer_of_Haiti_%28Hispaniola_Unification_Regime%29_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/President_Jean-Pierre_Boyer_of_Haiti_%28Hispaniola_Unification_Regime%29_Portrait.jpg/440px-President_Jean-Pierre_Boyer_of_Haiti_%28Hispaniola_Unification_Regime%29_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>Jean-Pierre Boyer, the mulatto ruler of Haiti (1818–43)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1806, Haiti divided into a black-controlled north and a mulatto-ruled south. Haitian President <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Boyer" title="Jean-Pierre Boyer">Jean-Pierre Boyer</a>, the son of a Frenchman and a former African slave, managed to unify a divided Haiti but excluded blacks from power. In 1847, a black military officer named <a href="/wiki/Faustin_Soulouque" title="Faustin Soulouque">Faustin Soulouque</a> was made president, with the mulattoes supporting him; but, instead of proving a tool in the hands of the senators, he showed a strong will, and, although by his antecedents belonging to the mulatto party, he began to attach the blacks to his interest. The mulattoes retaliated by conspiring; but Soulouque began to decimate his enemies by confiscation, proscriptions, and executions. The black soldiers began a general massacre in Port-au-Prince, which ceased only after the French consul, Charles Reybaud, threatened to order the landing of marines from the men-of-war in the harbor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Dominican_Republic">Dominican Republic</h5></div> <p>Soulouque considered the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>'s white and mulatto rulers as his "natural" enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-Baur_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baur-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He invaded the Dominican Republic in March 1849, but was defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Carreras" title="Battle of Las Carreras">Battle of Las Carreras</a> by Pedro Santana<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> near Ocoa on 21 April and compelled to retreat. Haitian strategy was ridiculed by the American press: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[At the first encounter] ... a division of negro troops of Faustin ran, and their commander, Gen. Garat, was killed. The main body, eighteen thousand troops, under the Emperor, encountered four hundred Dominicans with a field piece, and notwithstanding the disparity of force, the latter charged and caused the Haytiens to flee in every direction ... Faustin came very near falling into the enemy's hands. They were once within a few feet of him, and he was only saved by Thirlonge and other officers of his staff, several of whom lost their lives. The Dominicans pursued the retreating Haytiens some miles until they were checked and driven back by the <i>Garde Nationale</i> of Port-au-Prince, commanded by Robert Gateau, the auctioneer.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Haitians were unable to ward off a series of Dominican navy reprisal raids along Haiti's south coast, launched by Dominican president Buenaventura Báez.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the failure of the Dominican campaign, Soulouque caused himself to be proclaimed <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Haiti" title="List of monarchs of Haiti">emperor</a> on 26 August 1849, under the name of <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Faustin_I" title="Crown of Faustin I">Faustin I</a>. He was called a <i>rey de farsa</i> (clown emperor) by the Dominicans.<sup id="cite_ref-Baur_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baur-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toward the close of 1855, he invaded the Dominican Republic again at the head of an army of 30,000 men, but was again defeated by Santana, and barely escaped being captured. His treasure and crown fell into the hands of the enemy. Soulouque was ousted in a military coup led by mulatto General Fabre Geffrard in 1858–59. </p><p>In the eastern two-thirds of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>, the mulattoes were an ever-growing majority group, and in essence they took over the entire Dominican Republic, with no organized black opposition. Many of its rulers and famous figures were mulattoes, such as <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Luper%C3%B3n" title="Gregorio Luperón">Gregorio Luperón</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulises_Heureaux" title="Ulises Heureaux">Ulises Heureaux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Puello" title="José Joaquín Puello">José Joaquín Puello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mat%C3%ADas_Ram%C3%B3n_Mella" title="Matías Ramón Mella">Matías Ramón Mella</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_B%C3%A1ez" title="Buenaventura Báez">Buenaventura Báez</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo" title="Rafael Trujillo">Rafael Trujillo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dominican Republic has been described as the only true mulatto country in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Keen_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keen-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pervasive <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Racism in the Dominican Republic">Dominican racism</a>, based on rejection of African ancestry, has led to many assaults against the large Haitian immigrant community,<sup id="cite_ref-Keen_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keen-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the most lethal of which was the 1937 <a href="/wiki/Parsley_massacre" title="Parsley massacre">parsley massacre</a>. Approximately 5,000–67,000<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> men, women, children, babies and elderly, who were selected by their skin color, were massacred with machetes, or were thrown to sharks.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dominican_Republic_2">Dominican Republic</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mixed_Dominicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed Dominicans">Mixed Dominicans</a></div> <p>Mixed Dominicans, also referred to as <b>mulatto</b>, <b>mestizo</b> or historically <b>quadroon</b>, are <a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="People of the Dominican Republic">Dominicans</a> who are of mixed racial ancestry. Dominican Republic has many racial terms and some are used differently than in other countries, for example Mestizo signifies any racial mix and not solely a European/indigenous mix like in other Latin American countries, while Indio describes people of skin tones between white and black and has nothing to do with native peoples. Representing 73.9% of the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>'s population, they are by far the single largest racial grouping of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-ONE-Encuesta-Autopercepcion_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONE-Encuesta-Autopercepcion-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mixed Dominicans are the descendants from the racial integration between the Europeans, Native Americans, and later the Africans. They have a total population of approximately 8 million.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Dominican Republic was the site of the first European <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">settlement</a> in the Americas, the <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Captaincy General of Santo Domingo</a> founded in 1493. After the arrival of Europeans and the founding of the colony, <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">African</a> people were imported to the island. The fusion of European, native <a href="/wiki/Taino" class="mw-redirect" title="Taino">Taino</a>, and African influences contributed to the development of present-day Dominican culture. From the start of the colonial period in the 1500s, <a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">Miscegenation</a> (<i>Mestizaje)</i>, intermixing of races particularly Spanish settlers, native Tainos, and imported Africans (free or enslaved), was very strong.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, colonial Santo Domingo had higher amount of mixing and lesser racial tensions in comparison to other colonies, even other Spanish colonies, this was due to the fact that for most of its colonial period, Santo Domingo was a poorer colony where even the majority of the white Spanish settlers were poor, which helped foster a relatively peaceful racial atmosphere, allowing for growth in its mixed race population and racial fluidity. Santo Domingo as a colony was used a military base and had an economy based on <a href="/wiki/Cattle_ranching" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattle ranching">Cattle ranching</a>, which was a far less labor-intensive than the more common plantation slavery at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1700s, the majority of the population was mixed race, forming the basis of the Dominican ethnicity as a distinct people well before independence was achieved.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During colonial times, mixed-race/mulatto Dominicans had a lot of influence, they were instrumental in the independence period and the founding of the nation. Many Dominican presidents were mulatto, and mulatto Dominicans have had influence in every aspect of Dominican culture and society. </p><p>According to recent <a href="/wiki/Genealogical_DNA_test" title="Genealogical DNA test">genealogical DNA studies</a> of the Dominican population, the genetic makeup is predominantly <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">European</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_African" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-Saharan African">Sub-Saharan African</a>, with a lesser degree of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-Supplementary_Data_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Supplementary_Data-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average Dominican DNA of the founder population is estimated to be 73% European, 10% Native, and 17% African. After the Haitian and Afro-Caribbean migrations the overall percentage changed to 57% European, 8% Native and 35% African.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to mixed race Dominicans (and most Dominicans in general) being a mix of mainly European and African, with lesser amounts of indigenous Taino, they can accurately be described as <i>"Mulatto"</i> or <i>"Tri-racial"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dominican Republic have several informal terms to loosely describe a person's degree of racial admixture, Mestizo means any type of mixed ancestry unlike in other Latin American countries it describes specifically a European/native mix,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Indio</i> describes mixed race people whose skin color is between white and black.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Dominican Republic and some other Latin American countries, it can sometimes be difficult to determine the exact number of racial groups, because the lines between whites and lighter multiracials are very blurry, which is also true between blacks and darker multiracials. As race in Dominican Republic acts as a continuum of white—mulatto—black and not as clear cut as in places like the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And many times in the same family, there can be people of different colors and racial phenotypes who are blood related, this is due to the large amounts of interracial mixing for hundreds of years in Dominican Republic and the Spanish Caribbean in general, allowing for high amounts of genetic diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-scholarworks.umb.edu_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scholarworks.umb.edu-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of the Dominican population is tri-racial, with nearly all Dominicans having <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno</a> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> ancestry along with <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Europe" title="Demographics of Europe">European</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Africa" title="Demographics of Africa">African</a> ancestry. European ancestry in the mixed population typically ranges between 50% and 60% on average, while African ancestry ranges between 30% and 40%, and the Native ancestry usually ranges between 5% and 10%. European and Native ancestry tends to be strongest in cities and towns of the north-central <a href="/wiki/Cibao" title="Cibao">Cibao</a> region, and generally in the mountainous interior of the country. African ancestry is strongest in coastal areas, the southeast plain, and the border regions.<sup id="cite_ref-Supplementary_Data_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Supplementary_Data-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Puerto_Rico">Puerto Rico</h4></div> <p>Although the average Puerto Rican is of mixed-race,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> few actually identified as multiracial ("two or more races") in the 2010 census; only 3.3% did so.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They more often identified with their predominant heritage or phenotype. However, in the 2020 census, the amount of Puerto Ricans identifying as multiracial went up to 49.8% and an additional 25.5% identified as "some other race", showing a marked change in the way Puerto Ricans view themselves. This may show that Puerto Ricans are now more open to embracing all sides of their mixed-race heritage and do not view themselves as part of the standard race dynamic in the United States hence the high number of people identifying as "some other race", a similar phenomenon went on in the mainland United States with the overall US Hispanic/Latino population.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most have significant ancestry from two or more of the founding source populations of Spaniards, Africans, and Tainos, although Spanish ancestry is predominant in a majority of the population. Similar to many other Latin American ethnic groups, Puerto Ricans are multi-generationally mixed race, though most are European dominant in ancestry, Puerto Ricans who are "evenly mixed" can accurately be described "<i>Mulatto</i>", "<i><a href="/wiki/Quadroon" title="Quadroon">Quadroon</a></i>", or <i>Tri-racial</i> very similar to mixed populations in Cuba and Dominican Republic. Overall, Puerto Ricans are European-dominant Tri-racials, however there are many with near even European and African ancestry. According to the <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic</a> <a href="/wiki/Genographic_Project" title="Genographic Project">Genographic Project</a>, "the average Puerto Rican individual carries 12% Native American, 65% West Eurasian (Mediterranean, Northern European and/or Middle Eastern) and 20% Sub-Saharan African DNA."<sup id="cite_ref-Puerto_Rican_History_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puerto_Rican_History-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies have shown that the racial ancestry mixture of the average Puerto Rican (regardless of racial self-identity) is about 64% European, 21% African, and 15% Native Taino, with European ancestry strongest on the west side of the island and West African ancestry strongest on the east side, and the levels of Taino ancestry (which, according to some research, ranges from about 5%-35%) generally highest in the southwest of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Via_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Via-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study of a sample of 96 healthy self-identified White Puerto Ricans and self-identified Black Puerto Ricans in the U.S. showed that, although all carried a contribution from all 3 ancestral populations (European, African, and Amerindian), the proportions showed significant variation. Depending on individuals, although often correlating with their self-identified race, African ancestry ranged from less than 10% to over 50%, while European ancestry ranged from under 20% to over 80%. Amerindian ancestry showed less fluctuation, generally hovering between 5% and 20% irrespective of self-identified race.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-genographic.nationalgeographic.com_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-genographic.nationalgeographic.com-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Latino_populations:_a_unique_opport_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Latino_populations:_a_unique_opport-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Spaniard men took indigenous Taino and West African wives and in the first centuries of the Spanish colonial period the island was overwhelmingly racially mixed. Under Spanish rule, mass immigration shifted the ethnic make-up of the island, as a result of the Royal Decree of Graces of 1815. Puerto Rico went from being two-thirds black and mulatto in the beginning of the 19th century, to being nearly 80% white by the middle of the 20th century. This was compounded by more flexible attitudes to race under Spanish rule, as epitomized by the <i>Regla del Sacar</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Puerto_Rico's_History_on_race_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puerto_Rico's_History_on_race-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mona.uwi.edu_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mona.uwi.edu-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Spanish rule, Puerto Rico had laws such as <i>Regla del Sacar</i> or <i>Gracias al Sacar</i>, which allowed persons of mixed ancestry to pay a fee to be classified as white,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was the opposite of "<a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">one-drop rule</a>" in US society after the American Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cuba">Cuba</h4></div> <p>In the 2012 Census of Cuba, 26.6% (2.97 million) of the Cubans self-identified as mulatto or <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people" title="Multiracial people">mestizo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the percentage multiracial/mulatto make up varies widely, from as low as 26% to as high as 51%.<sup id="cite_ref-web.archive.org_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web.archive.org-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike, the two other Spanish Caribbean islands (Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico) where nearly everyone even most self-proclaimed whites and blacks are mixed to varying degrees, in Cuba there are significant pure or nearly pure European and African populations.<sup id="cite_ref-scholarworks.umb.edu_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scholarworks.umb.edu-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multi-racials/Mulattos are widespread throughout Cuba. The DNA average for the Cuban population is 72% European, 23% African, and 5% indigenous, though among mulatto Cubans the European and African ancestry is more even.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the 20th century, majority of the Cuban population was of mixed race descent to varying degrees, with pure Spaniards or <a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">criollos</a> being a significant minority. Between 1902 and 1933, some 750,000 Spaniards migrated to Cuba from Europe, which changed the racial demographics of the region rapidly. Many of the newly arrived Spanish migrants did not intermix with the native Cuban population, unlike the earlier colonial settlers and <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistadors</a> who intermixed with <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Tainos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afro-Cubans" title="Afro-Cubans">Africans</a> at large scale rates. Self identified “white” Cubans with colonial roots on the island usually have Amerindian and or African admixture to varying degrees, as well as self identified “black” Cubans with colonial roots having varying degrees of European and or Amerindian admixture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_and_Antebellum_eras">Colonial and Antebellum eras</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_plantation" title="Children of the plantation">Children of the plantation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shadow_family" title="Shadow family">Shadow family</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Run_away_from_the_subscriber_-_Thomas_Jefferson.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Run_away_from_the_subscriber_-_Thomas_Jefferson.png/220px-Run_away_from_the_subscriber_-_Thomas_Jefferson.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Run_away_from_the_subscriber_-_Thomas_Jefferson.png/330px-Run_away_from_the_subscriber_-_Thomas_Jefferson.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Run_away_from_the_subscriber_-_Thomas_Jefferson.png/440px-Run_away_from_the_subscriber_-_Thomas_Jefferson.png 2x" data-file-width="885" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption>Advertisement in the <i>Virginia Gazette</i> placed by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> offering a reward for his <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">escaped slave</a> named Sandy who was defined as "mulatto".<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Historians have documented sexual abuse of enslaved women during the colonial and post-revolutionary slavery times by white men in power: planters, their sons before marriage, overseers, etc., which resulted in many multiracial children born into slavery. Starting with Virginia in 1662, colonies adopted the principle of <i><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">partus sequitur ventrem</a></i> in slave law, which said that children born in the colony were born into the status of their mother. Thus, children born to slave mothers were born into slavery, regardless of who their fathers were and whether they were baptized as Christians. Children born to white mothers were free, even if they were mixed-race. Children born to free mixed-race mothers were also free.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paul Heinegg has documented that most of the free people of color listed in the 1790–1810 censuses in the Upper South were descended from unions and marriages during the colonial period in Virginia between white women, who were free or indentured servants, and African or African American men, servant, slave or free. In the early colonial years, such working-class people lived and worked closely together, and slavery was not as much of a racial caste. Slave law had established that children in the colony took the status of their mothers. This meant that multi-racial children born to white women were born free. The colony required them to serve lengthy indentures if the woman was not married, but nonetheless, numerous individuals with African ancestry were born free, and formed more free families. Over the decades, many of these free people of color became leaders in the African-American community; others married increasingly into the white community.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His findings have been supported by <a href="/wiki/DNA_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA studies">DNA studies</a> and other contemporary researchers as well.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A daughter born to a <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Americans" title="South Asian Americans">South Asian</a> father and <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish</a> mother in <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> in 1680, both of whom probably came to the colony as indentured servants, was classified as a "mulatto" and sold into slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian F. James Davis says, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Rapes occurred, and many slave women were forced to submit regularly to white males or suffer harsh consequences. However, slave girls often courted a sexual relationship with the master, or another male in the family, as a way of gaining distinction among the slaves, avoiding field work, and obtaining special jobs and other favored treatment for their mixed children (Reuter, 1970:129). Sexual contacts between the races also included prostitution, adventure, <a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">concubinage</a>, and sometimes love. In rare instances, where free blacks were concerned, there was marriage (Bennett, 1962:243–68).<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FashionableMarquisB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/FashionableMarquisB.jpg/250px-FashionableMarquisB.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/FashionableMarquisB.jpg/330px-FashionableMarquisB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/FashionableMarquisB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Creole</a> woman with black servant, New Orleans, 1867.</figcaption></figure> <p>Historically in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">American South</a>, the term mulatto was also applied at times to persons with mixed <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> and <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-afch_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afch-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a 1705 <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> statute reads as follows: </p> <blockquote><p>"And for clearing all manner of doubts which hereafter may happen to arise upon the construction of this act, or any other act, who shall be accounted a mulatto, Be it enacted and declared, and it is hereby enacted and declared, That the child of an <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Indian</a> and the child, grand child, or great grand child, of a <a href="/wiki/Negro" title="Negro">negro</a> shall be deemed, accounted, held and taken to be a mulatto."<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>However, southern colonies began to prohibit Indian slavery in the eighteenth century, so, according to their own laws, even mixed-race children born to Native American women should be considered free. The societies did not always observe this distinction. </p><p>Certain Native American tribes of the Inocoplo family in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> referred to themselves as "mulatto".<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At one time, Florida's laws declared that a person from any number of mixed ancestries would be legally defined as a mulatto, including White/Hispanic, Black/Native American, and just about any other mix as well.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, due to the influence and laws making slavery a racial caste, and later practices of <a href="/wiki/Hypodescent" title="Hypodescent">hypodescent</a>, white colonists and settlers tended to classify persons of mixed African and Native American ancestry as black, regardless of how they identified themselves, or sometimes as <a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a>. But many tribes had <a href="/wiki/Matrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilineal">matrilineal</a> <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">kinship</a> systems and practices of absorbing other peoples into their cultures. Multiracial children born to Native American mothers were customarily raised in her family and specific tribal culture. Federally recognized Native American tribes have insisted that identity and membership is related to culture rather than race, and that individuals brought up within tribal culture are fully members, regardless of whether they also have some European or African ancestry. Many tribes have had mixed-race members who identify primarily as members of the tribes. </p><p>If the multiracial children were born to slave women (generally of at least partial African descent), they were classified under slave law as slaves. This was to the advantage of slaveowners, as Indian slavery had been abolished. If mixed-race children were born to Native American mothers, they should be considered free, but sometimes slaveholders kept them in slavery anyway. Multiracial children born to slave mothers were generally raised within the African-American community and considered "black".<sup id="cite_ref-afch_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afch-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mulattoes_Nachitoches_July_1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Mulattoes_Nachitoches_July_1940.jpg/250px-Mulattoes_Nachitoches_July_1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Mulattoes_Nachitoches_July_1940.jpg/330px-Mulattoes_Nachitoches_July_1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Mulattoes_Nachitoches_July_1940.jpg/500px-Mulattoes_Nachitoches_July_1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>"Mulattoes returning from town with groceries and supplies near Melrose, Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana." <a href="/wiki/Marion_Post_Wolcott" title="Marion Post Wolcott">Marion Post Wolcott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farm_Security_Administration" title="Farm Security Administration">Farm Security Administration</a>, July 1940</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="California">California</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Pobladores" title="Los Angeles Pobladores">Los Angeles Pobladores</a></div> <p>The first pioneers of <a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a> were of mulatto ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Louisiana">Louisiana</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Public_notice_by_Jean_Baptiste_Soileau_Fils_Dative_Testimentary_Executor_of_the_last_Will_of_Andre_Deshotels,_deceased.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Public_notice_by_Jean_Baptiste_Soileau_Fils_Dative_Testimentary_Executor_of_the_last_Will_of_Andre_Deshotels%2C_deceased.jpg/250px-Public_notice_by_Jean_Baptiste_Soileau_Fils_Dative_Testimentary_Executor_of_the_last_Will_of_Andre_Deshotels%2C_deceased.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Public_notice_by_Jean_Baptiste_Soileau_Fils_Dative_Testimentary_Executor_of_the_last_Will_of_Andre_Deshotels%2C_deceased.jpg/330px-Public_notice_by_Jean_Baptiste_Soileau_Fils_Dative_Testimentary_Executor_of_the_last_Will_of_Andre_Deshotels%2C_deceased.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Public_notice_by_Jean_Baptiste_Soileau_Fils_Dative_Testimentary_Executor_of_the_last_Will_of_Andre_Deshotels%2C_deceased.jpg/500px-Public_notice_by_Jean_Baptiste_Soileau_Fils_Dative_Testimentary_Executor_of_the_last_Will_of_Andre_Deshotels%2C_deceased.jpg 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="805" /></a><figcaption>Three different race classifications appear in this public notice by the executor of the last will of Andre Deshotels, deceased, regarding emancipation of his former slaves. (<i>Opelousas Patriot</i>, St. Landry Parish, November 3, 1855, via <a href="/wiki/Chronicling_America" title="Chronicling America">Chronicling America</a> digital newspaper archive)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Guide" class="mw-redirect" title="American Guide">American Guide</a> to Louisiana, published by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Writers%27_Project" title="Federal Writers' Project">Federal Writers Project</a> in 1941, included a breakdown of traditional race classifications in that region, stating "The following elaborate terminology, now no longer in use because of the lack of genealogical records upon which to base finely drawn blood distinctions, was once employed to differentiate between types according to diminution of Negro blood."<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Original <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> preserved.) </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Term</th> <th>Parentage</th> <th>"Percentage of Negro blood" </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>Sacatro</i></td> <td>Negro and Griffe</td> <td>87.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Griffe</i></td> <td>Negro and Mulatto</td> <td>75 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Marabon</i></td> <td>Mulatto and Griffe</td> <td>62.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Mulatto</i></td> <td>Negro and white</td> <td>50 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Os rouge</i></td> <td>Negro and Indian</td> <td>50 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Tierceron</i></td> <td>Mulatoon and Quadroon</td> <td>37.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Quadroon</i></td> <td>White and Mulatto</td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Octoroon</i></td> <td>White and Quadroon</td> <td>12.5 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A 1916 history called <i>The Mulatto in the United States</i> reported two other archaic race-classification systems:<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>From <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Law_Olmsted" title="Frederick Law Olmsted">Frederick Law Olmsted</a>'s <i>A Journey to the Seaboard Slave States</i> (1854) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Header text</th> <th>Header text </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>Sacatra</i></td> <td>griffe and negress </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Griffe</i></td> <td>Negro and mulatto </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Marabon</i></td> <td>mulatto and griffe </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Mulatto</i></td> <td>white and Negro </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Quadroon</i></td> <td>white and mulatto </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Metif</i></td> <td>white and Quadroon </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Meamelouc</i></td> <td>white and metif </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Quarteron</i></td> <td>white and meamelouc </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Sang-mele</i></td> <td>white and quarteron </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>From <a href="/wiki/Charles_Davenport" title="Charles Davenport">Charles Davenport</a>'s <i>Heredity of Skin Color in Negro-White Crosses</i> (1910) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Header text</th> <th>Header text </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>Mulatto</i></td> <td>Negro and white </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Quadroon</i></td> <td>mulatto and white </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Octoroon</i></td> <td>quadroon and white </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Cascos</i></td> <td>mulatto and mulatto </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Sambo</i></td> <td>mulatto and Negro </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Mango</i></td> <td>sambo and Negro </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Mustifee</i></td> <td>octoroon and white </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Mustifino</i></td> <td>mustifee and white </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_era">Contemporary era</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Multiracial Americans</a></div> <p>Mulatto was used as an official <a href="/wiki/United_States_census" title="United States census">census</a> racial category in the United States, to acknowledge multiracial persons, until 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (In the early 20th century, several southern states had adopted the <a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">one-drop rule</a> as law, and southern Congressmen pressed the US Census Bureau to drop the mulatto category: they wanted all persons to be classified as "black" or "white".)<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2000, persons responding to the census have been allowed to identify as having more than one type of ethnic ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mulatto (<i>Biracial</i> in the U.S.) populations come from various sources. Firstly, the average ancestral DNA of African Americans is about 90% African, 9% European, and 1% indigenous.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lighter skinned (African descendant Americans) are usually "more mixed" than the average African American, with the white ancestors sometimes being several generations back, which gives them a multiracial phenotype.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these lighter African Americans have abandoned the black identity and started to identify as multiracial.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many small isolate mixed race groups, such as for example Louisiana Creole people, got absorbed into the overall African American population. There also growing numbers of black/white interracial couples and <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">multiracial</a> people of recent origins– parents being of different races.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many immigrants who are racially Mulattos, have come to the United States from countries like Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico, being most prevalent in cities like New York and Miami. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colonial_references">Colonial references</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basters" title="Basters">Basters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernandino_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernandino peoples">Fernandino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadroon" title="Quadroon">Quadroon</a> – and other terms denoting the degree of African descent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castizo" title="Castizo">Castizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-breed" title="Half-breed">Half-breed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambo" title="Zambo">Zambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardo" title="Pardo">Pardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_peoples" title="Creole peoples">Creole peoples</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people" title="Multiracial people">Multiracial people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">Miscegenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">Interracial marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_fluidity" title="Racial fluidity">Racial fluidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biracial_and_multiracial_identity_development" title="Biracial and multiracial identity development">Biracial and multiracial identity development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracialism" title="Multiracialism">Multiracialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Latin_America" title="Ethnic groups in Latin America">Ethnic groups in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_Dominicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed Dominicans">Mixed Dominicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="People of the Dominican Republic">Dominican people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans" title="Puerto Ricans">Puerto Ricans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubans" title="Cubans">Cubans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Caribbean">Spanish Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moreno_Venezuelans" title="Moreno Venezuelans">Moreno Venezuelans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdeans" title="Cape Verdeans">Cape Verdeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-race_Brazilian" title="Mixed-race Brazilian">Mixed-race Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardo_Brazilians" title="Pardo Brazilians">Pardo Brazilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_Race_Day" title="Mixed Race Day">Mixed Race Day</a>, holiday in Brazil celebrating mixed race heritage</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Multiracial Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">Passing (racial identity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a>, United States racial classification</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_yellow" title="High yellow">High yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redbone_(ethnicity)" title="Redbone (ethnicity)">Redbone (ethnicity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominickers" title="Dominickers">Dominickers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">Creoles of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_peoples" title="Creole peoples">Creole peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulatto_Haitians" title="Mulatto Haitians">Mulatto Haitians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marabou_(ethnicity)" title="Marabou (ethnicity)">Marabou (ethnicity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dougla_people" title="Dougla people">Dougla people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Antiguans_and_Barbudans" title="Multiracial Antiguans and Barbudans">Multiracial Antiguans and Barbudans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-race_Caymanians" title="Mixed-race Caymanians">Mixed-race Caymanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Ugandans_in_Uganda" title="Multiracial Ugandans in Uganda">Multiracial Ugandans in Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloureds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_Bastard" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhineland Bastard">Rhineland Bastard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cafres" title="Cafres">Cafres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassare" title="Cassare">Cassare</a>, a marriage alliance between European traders and African rulers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_White_and_Black_African_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mixed White and Black African people in the United Kingdom">Mixed White and Black African people in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castizo" title="Castizo">Castizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Casta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambo" title="Zambo">Zambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardo" title="Pardo">Pardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadroon" title="Quadroon">Quadroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mischling" title="Mischling">Mischling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Free people of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_mulatto" title="Tragic mulatto">Tragic mulatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanqueamiento" title="Blanqueamiento">Blanqueamiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_in_the_Americas" title="African diaspora in the Americas">African diaspora in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Latin_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Latin Americans">Afro-Latin Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Arabs" title="Afro-Arabs">Afro-Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Europeans_of_African_ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Europeans of African ancestry">Black Europeans of African ancestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_admixture_in_Europe" title="African admixture in Europe">African admixture in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin_America" title="History of Latin America">History of Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorism_in_the_Caribbean" title="Colorism in the Caribbean">Colorism in the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_color" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination based on skin color">Discrimination based on skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_twins" title="Mixed twins">Mixed twins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_genetics" title="Race and genetics">Race and genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_of_the_future" title="Race of the future">Race of the future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_race_concepts" title="Historical race concepts">Historical race concepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signare" title="Signare">Signare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_Creole_people" title="Seychellois Creole people">Seychellois Creole people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goffal" title="Goffal">Goffal</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Corominas describes his doubts on the theory as follows: "[<i>Mulato</i>] does not derive from the Arab <i>muwállad</i>, 'acculturated foreigner' and sometimes 'mulatto' (see <span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span><i>Mdí</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>), as Eguílaz would have it, since this word was pronounced 'moo-EL-led' in the Arabic of Spain. In the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Reinhart_Dozy" title="Reinhart Dozy">Reinhart Dozy</a> (<i>Supplément aux Dictionnaires Arabes</i>, Vol. II, Leyden, 1881, 841a) rejected this Arabic etymology, indicating the true one, supported by the Arabic <i>nagîl,</i> 'mulatto', derived from <i>nagl</i>, 'mule'."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">General Pedro Santana, who also held the Spanish noble name <a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Las_Carreras" title="Marquess of Las Carreras">Marquess de las Carreras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schoenrich_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schoenrich-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Citations</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CollinsDictionary2021-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CollinsDictionary2021_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/mulatta">"Mulatta definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary"</a>. <i>www.collinsdictionary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.collinsdictionary.com&rft.atitle=Mulatta+definition+and+meaning+%7C+Collins+English+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fus%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fmulatta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lexico_2021-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lexico_2021_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200629201155/https://www.lexico.com/en-es/translate/mulatto">"mulato | Traducción de MULATTO al inglés por Oxford Dictionary en Lexico.com y también el significado de MULATTO en español"</a>. <i>Lexico Dictionaries</i> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexico.com/en-es/translate/mulatto">the original</a> on 29 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lexico+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=mulato+%7C+Traducci%C3%B3n+de+MULATTO+al+ingl%C3%A9s+por+Oxford+Dictionary+en+Lexico.com+y+tambi%C3%A9n+el+significado+de+MULATTO+en+espa%C3%B1ol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fen-es%2Ftranslate%2Fmulatto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beck1975-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beck1975_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beck1975_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNicholas_Patrick_Beck1975" class="citation book cs1">Nicholas Patrick Beck (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eUElAQAAIAAJ&q=%22mulatto%22"><i>The Other Children: Minority Education in California Public Schools from Statehood to 1890</i></a>. University of California, Los Angeles. p. 132. <q>Strictly speaking, a "mulatto" is the first-generation offspring of a white and a Negro. Often regarded, even in the 19th century, as an offensive term, the word was frequently used to indicate a person of any mixture of caucasian and Negro ancestry.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+Children%3A+Minority+Education+in+California+Public+Schools+from+Statehood+to+1890&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Los+Angeles&rft.date=1975&rft.au=Nicholas+Patrick+Beck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeUElAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522mulatto%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trouw.nl/nieuws/is-mulat-taboe~b8ce3ecf/?referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2F">“Is 'mulat' taboo?”</a>. trouw.nl</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quote: In English and among many African Americans, the term "mulatto" carries offensive connotations. In Spanish and Portuguese, however, and among U.S. Latinos/as and Latin Americans, the term mulato/a (so spelled) not only does not carry an offensive connotation but has become a sign of pride and identity. (in "Grace and Humanness: Theological Reflections Because of Culture<i> by Orlando O. Esp, Orbis Books, 2007)</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lexico2021-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lexico2021_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200628173703/https://www.lexico.com/definition/mulatto">"Mulatto"</a>. <i>Lexico Dictionaries</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexico.com/definition/mulatto">the original</a> on 28 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lexico+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=Mulatto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2Fmulatto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/mulatto">"Dictionary.com | Meanings & Definitions of English Words"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Dictionary.com+%26%23124%3B+Meanings+%26+Definitions+of+English+Words&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fmulatto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/ethnic-groups-of-the-dominican-republic.html">"Ethnic Groups Of The Dominican Republic"</a>. <i>WorldAtlas</i>. 25 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldAtlas&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Groups+Of+The+Dominican+Republic&rft.date=2017-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fethnic-groups-of-the-dominican-republic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMontinaroBusbyPascaliMyers2015" class="citation journal cs1">Montinaro, Francesco; Busby, George B.J.; Pascali, Vincenzo L.; Myers, Simon; Hellenthal, Garrett; Capelli, Cristian (24 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4374169">"Unravelling the hidden ancestry of American admixed populations"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>6</b>: 6596. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatCo...6.6596M">2015NatCo...6.6596M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms7596">10.1038/ncomms7596</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4374169">4374169</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25803618">25803618</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Unravelling+the+hidden+ancestry+of+American+admixed+populations&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=6596&rft.date=2015-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4374169%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25803618&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms7596&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015NatCo...6.6596M&rft.aulast=Montinaro&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rft.au=Busby%2C+George+B.J.&rft.au=Pascali%2C+Vincenzo+L.&rft.au=Myers%2C+Simon&rft.au=Hellenthal%2C+Garrett&rft.au=Capelli%2C+Cristian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4374169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-worldatlas.com-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-worldatlas.com_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-worldatlas.com_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/ethnic-groups-of-cape-verde.html">"Ethnic Groups Of Cape Verde"</a>. <i>WorldAtlas</i>. 5 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldAtlas&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Groups+Of+Cape+Verde&rft.date=2018-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fethnic-groups-of-cape-verde.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarker2012" class="citation journal cs1">Barker, Jean E. (12 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.umb.edu/trotter_review/vol10/iss1/6/">"Cape Verdean-Americans: A Historical Perspective of Ethnicity and Race"</a>. <i>Trotter Review</i>. <b>10</b> (1)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trotter+Review&rft.atitle=Cape+Verdean-Americans%3A+A+Historical+Perspective+of+Ethnicity+and+Race&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2012-09-12&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Jean+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.umb.edu%2Ftrotter_review%2Fvol10%2Fiss1%2F6%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.countryreports.org/country/CapeVerde.htm">"Cabo Verde | Culture, Facts & Travel | - CountryReports"</a>. <i>www.countryreports.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.countryreports.org&rft.atitle=Cabo+Verde+%26%23124%3B+Culture%2C+Facts+%26+Travel+%26%23124%3B+-+CountryReports&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.countryreports.org%2Fcountry%2FCapeVerde.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/2021/countries/cabo-verde/">"Cabo Verde - The World Factbook"</a>. <i>www.cia.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cia.gov&rft.atitle=Cabo+Verde+-+The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fabout%2Farchives%2F2021%2Fcountries%2Fcabo-verde%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFisherModel2012" class="citation journal cs1">Fisher, Gene A.; Model, Suzanne (2012). "Cape Verdean identity in a land of Black and White". <i>Ethnicities</i>. <b>12</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">354–</span>379. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1468796811419599">10.1177/1468796811419599</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145341841">145341841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnicities&rft.atitle=Cape+Verdean+identity+in+a+land+of+Black+and+White&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E354-%3C%2Fspan%3E379&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1468796811419599&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145341841%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Gene+A.&rft.au=Model%2C+Suzanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-web.archive.org-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-web.archive.org_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-web.archive.org_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200527182206/http://latinostories.com/Latin_America_Resources/Latin_American_Country_Profiles.htm">Latin American Country Profiles</a> latinostories.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200324164653/https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2014/07/25/genographic-project-dna-results-reveals-details-of-puerto-rican-history/">Genographic Project DNA Results Reveal Details of Puerto Rican History</a> nationalgeographic.org 25 July 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ine.gob.ve/documentos/Demografia/CensodePoblacionyVivienda/pdf/nacional.pdf">Nacional</a> ine.gob.ve</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/panama/#people-and-society">"Panama"</a>. Central Intelligence Agency. 6 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2023</span> – via CIA.gov.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Panama&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2023-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fpanama%2F%23people-and-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoportal.dane.gov.co/geovisores/sociedad/cnpv-2018/?lt=4.456007353293281&lg=-73.2781601239999&z=5">"Geoportal del DANE - Geovisor CNPV 2018"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geoportal+del+DANE+-+Geovisor+CNPV+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeoportal.dane.gov.co%2Fgeovisores%2Fsociedad%2Fcnpv-2018%2F%3Flt%3D4.456007353293281%26lg%3D-73.2781601239999%26z%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220805121321/https://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0302/P03022022.pdf">Stats</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBodenhorn2002" class="citation report cs1">Bodenhorn, Howard (2002). The Complexion Gap: The Economic Consequences of Color among Free African Americans in the Rural Antebellum South (Report). Cambridge, MA. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3386%2Fw8957">10.3386/w8957</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+Complexion+Gap%3A+The+Economic+Consequences+of+Color+among+Free+African+Americans+in+the+Rural+Antebellum+South&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3386%2Fw8957&rft.aulast=Bodenhorn&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Chambers Dictionary of Etymology". <i>Robert K. Barnhart</i>. Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd. 2003. p. 684.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chambers+Dictionary+of+Etymology&rft.btitle=Robert+K.+Barnhart&rft.pages=684&rft.pub=Chambers+Harrap+Publishers+Ltd.&rft.date=2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=mulatto">"mulatto"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=mulatto&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dmulatto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dle.rae.es/srv/fetch?id=Q2jb9eE">"Mulato"</a>. Real Academia Española<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2017</span>. <q>De mulo, en el sentido de híbrido, aplicado primero a cualquier mestizo</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mulato&rft.pub=Real+Academia+Espa%C3%B1ola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdle.rae.es%2Fsrv%2Ffetch%3Fid%3DQ2jb9eE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DaCosta2007-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DaCosta2007_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKimberly_McClain_DaCosta2007" class="citation book cs1">Kimberly McClain DaCosta (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7065AAAAIAAJ"><i>Making Multiracials: State, Family, and Market in the Redrawing of the Color Line</i></a>. Stanford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">165–</span>166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5545-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5545-0"><bdi>978-0-8047-5545-0</bdi></a>. <q>Although the "mulatto" ad is supposed to be streetwise, authentic, and hip, the mixed-race character's use of an outdated, even offensive, term to refer to herself belies such assertions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Multiracials%3A+State%2C+Family%2C+and+Market+in+the+Redrawing+of+the+Color+Line&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E165-%3C%2Fspan%3E166&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-5545-0&rft.au=Kimberly+McClain+DaCosta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7065AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJack_D._Forbes1993" class="citation book cs1">Jack D. Forbes (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6aLAeB5QiHAC"><i>Africans and Native Americans: the language of race and the evolution of Red-Black peoples</i></a>. University of Illinois Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6aLAeB5QiHAC&pg=PA145">145</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06321-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06321-3"><bdi>978-0-252-06321-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africans+and+Native+Americans%3A+the+language+of+race+and+the+evolution+of+Red-Black+peoples&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-252-06321-3&rft.au=Jack+D.+Forbes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6aLAeB5QiHAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid_S._GoldsteinAudrey_B._Thacker2007" class="citation book cs1">David S. Goldstein; Audrey B. Thacker, eds. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9qxlZj8oRrcC&pg=PT105"><i>Complicating Constructions: Race, Ethnicity, and Hybridity in American Texts</i></a>. University of Washington Press. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0295800745" title="Special:BookSources/978-0295800745"><bdi>978-0295800745</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complicating+Constructions%3A+Race%2C+Ethnicity%2C+and+Hybridity+in+American+Texts&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0295800745&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9qxlZj8oRrcC%26pg%3DPT105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIzquierdo_Labrado" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Izquierdo Labrado, Julio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mgar.net/var/esclavos3.htm">"La esclavitud en Huelva y Palos (1570-1587)"</a> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+esclavitud+en+Huelva+y+Palos+%281570-1587%29&rft.aulast=Izquierdo+Labrado&rft.aufirst=Julio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mgar.net%2Fvar%2Fesclavos3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSalloum" class="citation web cs1">Salloum, Habeeb. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080630193414/http://www.syriatoday.ca/salloum-arab-lan.htm">"The impact of the Arabic language and culture on English and other European languages"</a>. The Honorary Consulate of Syria. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriatoday.ca/salloum-arab-lan.htm">the original</a> on 30 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+impact+of+the+Arabic+language+and+culture+on+English+and+other+European+languages&rft.pub=The+Honorary+Consulate+of+Syria&rft.aulast=Salloum&rft.aufirst=Habeeb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriatoday.ca%2Fsalloum-arab-lan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Corominas, Joan and Pascual, José A. (1981). <i>Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico</i>, Vol. ME-RE (4). Madrid: Editorial Gredos. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-249-1362-0" title="Special:BookSources/84-249-1362-0">84-249-1362-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Werner Sollors, <i>Neither Black Nor White Yet Both</i>, Oxford University Press, 1997, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107943.html">"São Tomé and Príncipe"</a>. Infoplease<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S%C3%A3o+Tom%C3%A9+and+Pr%C3%ADncipe&rft.pub=Infoplease&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoplease.com%2Fipa%2FA0107943.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107395.html">"Cape Verde"</a>. Infoplease<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cape+Verde&rft.pub=Infoplease&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoplease.com%2Fipa%2FA0107395.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107280.html">"Angola"</a>. Infoplease<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Angola&rft.pub=Infoplease&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoplease.com%2Fipa%2FA0107280.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107804.html">"Mozambique"</a>. Infoplease<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mozambique&rft.pub=Infoplease&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoplease.com%2Fipa%2FA0107804.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFresults2005" class="citation book cs1">results, search (17 November 2005). <i>Not White Enough, Not Black Enough: Racial Identity in the South African Coloured Community</i> (1st ed.). Athens: Ohio University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780896802445" title="Special:BookSources/9780896802445"><bdi>9780896802445</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Not+White+Enough%2C+Not+Black+Enough%3A+Racial+Identity+in+the+South+African+Coloured+Community&rft.place=Athens&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2005-11-17&rft.isbn=9780896802445&rft.aulast=results&rft.aufirst=search&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2015" class="citation thesis cs1">Palmer, Fileve T. (April 2015). <i>Through a Coloured Lens: Post-Apartheid Identity amongst Coloureds in KZN</i> (Thesis). <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2022%2F19854">2022/19854</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Through+a+Coloured+Lens%3A+Post-Apartheid+Identity+amongst+Coloureds+in+KZN&rft.date=2015-04&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2022%2F19854&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Fileve+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChristopher2009" class="citation journal cs1">Christopher, A.J. (2009). "Delineating the nation: South African censuses 1865–2007". <i>Political Geography</i>. <b>28</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">101–</span>109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.polgeo.2008.12.003">10.1016/j.polgeo.2008.12.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0962-6298">0962-6298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Geography&rft.atitle=Delineating+the+nation%3A+South+African+censuses+1865%E2%80%932007&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E109&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.polgeo.2008.12.003&rft.issn=0962-6298&rft.aulast=Christopher&rft.aufirst=A.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Griqua mission at Philippolis, 1822-1837</i>. Schoeman, Karel. Pretoria, South Africa: Protea Book House. 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1869190170" title="Special:BookSources/978-1869190170"><bdi>978-1869190170</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61189833">61189833</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Griqua+mission+at+Philippolis%2C+1822-1837&rft.place=Pretoria%2C+South+Africa&rft.pub=Protea+Book+House&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F61189833&rft.isbn=978-1869190170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVinson2018" class="citation book cs1">Vinson, Ben III. (2018). <i>Before Mestizaje: The Frontiers of Race and Caste in Colonial Mexico</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">82–</span>83, 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02643-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02643-8"><bdi>978-1-107-02643-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+Mestizaje%3A+The+Frontiers+of+Race+and+Caste+in+Colonial+Mexico&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E82-%3C%2Fspan%3E83%2C+86&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-107-02643-8&rft.aulast=Vinson&rft.aufirst=Ben+III.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUndurraga_Schüler2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Undurraga Schüler, Verónica (2009). "Españoles oscuros y mulatos blancos: Identidades múltiples y disfraces del color en el ocaso de la colonia chilena: 1778–1820". In Gaune, Rafael; Lara, Martín (eds.). <i>Historias de racismo y discriminación en Chile</i> (in Spanish). Santiago. pp. <span class="nowrap">341–</span>68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-956-8601-61-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-956-8601-61-4"><bdi>978-956-8601-61-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Espa%C3%B1oles+oscuros+y+mulatos+blancos%3A+Identidades+m%C3%BAltiples+y+disfraces+del+color+en+el+ocaso+de+la+colonia+chilena%3A+1778%E2%80%931820&rft.btitle=Historias+de+racismo+y+discriminaci%C3%B3n+en+Chile&rft.place=Santiago&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E341-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-956-8601-61-4&rft.aulast=Undurraga+Sch%C3%BCler&rft.aufirst=Ver%C3%B3nica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tavárez, David. "Legally Indian: Inquistorial Readings of Indigenous Identity in New Spain” in <i>Imperial Subjects: Race and Identity in Colonial Latin America</i>. Eds. Andrew B. Fisher and Matthew D. O’Hara. Durham: Duke University Press 2009, (quoting AGN Mexico, Inquisition 669, no, 10m 481r-v) pp. 91-93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aim-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aim_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchwaller2010" class="citation journal cs1">Schwaller, Robert C. (2010). "<i>Mulata, Hija de Negro y India</i>: Afro-Indigenous <i>Mulatos</i> in Early Colonial Mexico". <i>Journal of Social History</i>. <b>44</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">889–</span>914. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjsh.2011.0007">10.1353/jsh.2011.0007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21853621">21853621</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40656601">40656601</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+History&rft.atitle=Mulata%2C+Hija+de+Negro+y+India%3A+Afro-Indigenous+Mulatos+in+Early+Colonial+Mexico&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E889-%3C%2Fspan%3E914&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40656601%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21853621&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjsh.2011.0007&rft.aulast=Schwaller&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThompson1958" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, J. Eric S., ed. (1958) [1648]. <i>Thomas Gage's Travels in the New World</i>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">68–</span>69. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/229491">229491</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Gage%27s+Travels+in+the+New+World&rft.place=Norman&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E68-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F229491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ann_Twinam" title="Ann Twinam">Twinam, Ann</a>. "Purchasing Whiteness: Conversations on the Essence of Pardo-ness and Mulatto-ness at the End of Empire" in <i>Imperial Subjects</i>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Twinam, "Purchasing Whiteness" p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/livros/liv49891.pdf">Características Étnico-Rciais da População</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090213225009/http://www.ibge.gov.br/english/presidencia/noticias/20122002censo.shtm">"Last stage of publication of the 2000 Census presents the definitive results, with information about the 5,507 Brazilian municipalities"</a>. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibge.gov.br/english/presidencia/noticias/20122002censo.shtm">the original</a> on 13 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Last+stage+of+publication+of+the+2000+Census+presents+the+definitive+results%2C+with+information+about+the+5%2C507+Brazilian+municipalities&rft.pub=Instituto+Brasileiro+de+Geografia+e+Estat%C3%ADstica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibge.gov.br%2Fenglish%2Fpresidencia%2Fnoticias%2F20122002censo.shtm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/censo2000/populacao/cor_raca_Censo2000.pdf">"Populaçăo residente, por cor ou raça, segundo a situaçăo do domicÌlio e os grupos de idade - Brasil"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Censo Demográfico 2000</i>. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Censo+Demogr%C3%A1fico+2000&rft.atitle=Popula%C3%A7%C4%83o+residente%2C+por+cor+ou+ra%C3%A7a%2C+segundo+a+situa%C3%A7%C4%83o+do+domic%C3%8Clio+e+os+grupos+de+idade+-+Brasil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibge.gov.br%2Fhome%2Festatistica%2Fpopulacao%2Fcenso2000%2Fpopulacao%2Fcor_raca_Censo2000.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censo2020.ibge.gov.br/media/com_mediaibge/arquivos/bfd69167fb62613effc2bae005e4666d.pdf">"Manual do Recenseador Parte 2"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Rio de Janeiro: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. August 2019: 32<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Manual+do+Recenseador+Parte+2&rft.pages=32&rft.date=2019-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcenso2020.ibge.gov.br%2Fmedia%2Fcom_mediaibge%2Farquivos%2Fbfd69167fb62613effc2bae005e4666d.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070304102727/http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/condicaodevida/indicadoresminimos/sinteseindicsociais2006/indic_sociais2006.pdf"><i>Síntese de indicadores sociais 2006</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IBGE. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/85-240-3919-1" title="Special:BookSources/85-240-3919-1"><bdi>85-240-3919-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/condicaodevida/indicadoresminimos/sinteseindicsociais2006/indic_sociais2006.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%C3%ADntese+de+indicadores+sociais+2006&rft.pub=IBGE&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=85-240-3919-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibge.gov.br%2Fhome%2Festatistica%2Fpopulacao%2Fcondicaodevida%2Findicadoresminimos%2Fsinteseindicsociais2006%2Findic_sociais2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smucker, Glenn R. "The Upper Class". <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/httoc.html">A Country Study: Haiti</a></i> (Richard A. Haggerty, editor). <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a> (December 1989).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Haitian-Revolution">"Haitian Revolution"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>. 9 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Haitian+Revolution&rft.date=2023-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FHaitian-Revolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1230&context=gsp">"Anti-Haitianism, Historical Memory, and the Potential for Genocidal Violence in the Dominican Republic"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anti-Haitianism%2C+Historical+Memory%2C+and+the+Potential+for+Genocidal+Violence+in+the+Dominican+Republic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarcommons.usf.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1230%26context%3Dgsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCorbett" class="citation web cs1">Corbett, Bob. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.webster.edu/~corbetre/haiti/history/revolution/revolution3.htm">"The Haitian Revolution of 1791-1803"</a>. Webster University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Haitian+Revolution+of+1791-1803&rft.pub=Webster+University&rft.aulast=Corbett&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.webster.edu%2F~corbetre%2Fhaiti%2Fhistory%2Frevolution%2Frevolution3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smucker, Glenn R. "Toussaint Louverture". <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/httoc.html">A Country Study: Haiti</a></i> (Richard A. Haggerty, editor). <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a> (December 1989).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=3&psid=222">"Digital History"</a>. <i>www.digitalhistory.uh.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.digitalhistory.uh.edu&rft.atitle=Digital+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalhistory.uh.edu%2Fdisp_textbook.cfm%3FsmtID%3D3%26psid%3D222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClodfelter2017" class="citation book cs1">Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). <i>Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015</i> (4th ed.). McFarland. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786474707" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786474707"><bdi>978-0786474707</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Armed+Conflicts%3A+A+Statistical+Encyclopedia+of+Casualty+and+Other+Figures%2C+1492-2015&rft.pages=141&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0786474707&rft.aulast=Clodfelter&rft.aufirst=Micheal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baur-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baur_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baur_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaur1949" class="citation journal cs1">Baur, John E. (1949). "Faustin Soulouque, Emperor of Haiti His Character and His Reign": 143.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Faustin+Soulouque%2C+Emperor+of+Haiti+His+Character+and+His+Reign&rft.pages=143&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Baur&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schoenrich-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schoenrich_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchoenrich1918" class="citation book cs1">Schoenrich, Otto (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924021106848"><i>Santo Domingo: a Country with a Future</i></a>. New York: Macmillan Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Santo+Domingo%3A+a+Country+with+a+Future&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Schoenrich&rft.aufirst=Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924021106848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Public_Ledger_(Philadelphia)" title="Public Ledger (Philadelphia)">Philadelphia Public Ledger</a>, January 28, 1856.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeibert2011" class="citation book cs1">Deibert, Michael (2011). <i>Notes From the Last Testament: The Struggle for Haiti</i>. Seven Stories Press. p. 161.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+From+the+Last+Testament%3A+The+Struggle+for+Haiti&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Seven+Stories+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Deibert&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRicourt" class="citation book cs1">Ricourt, Milagros. <i>The Dominican Racial Imaginary: Surveying the Landscape of Race and Nation in Hispaniola</i>. p. 69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dominican+Racial+Imaginary%3A+Surveying+the+Landscape+of+Race+and+Nation+in+Hispaniola&rft.pages=69&rft.aulast=Ricourt&rft.aufirst=Milagros&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarley" class="citation book cs1">Marley, David. <i>Historic Cities of the Americas: An Illustrated Encyclopedia</i>. p. 99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historic+Cities+of+the+Americas%3A+An+Illustrated+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=99&rft.aulast=Marley&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webhost.lclark.edu/woodrich/POWERPOINT/WarmuthTrujillo.ppt">"The Dictatorship of Rafael Leonidas Trujillo Molina"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Dictatorship+of+Rafael+Leonidas+Trujillo+Molina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebhost.lclark.edu%2Fwoodrich%2FPOWERPOINT%2FWarmuthTrujillo.ppt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keen-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keen_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keen_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeenHaynes2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Keen" title="Benjamin Keen">Keen, Benjamin</a>; Haynes, Keith A. (2009). <i>A History of Latin America</i>. Cengage Learning. p. 303.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Latin+America&rft.pages=303&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Keen&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft.au=Haynes%2C+Keith+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTarbox2012" class="citation journal cs1">Tarbox, Jeremy (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurekastreet.com.au/article/racist-massacre-in-the-dominican-pigmentocracy">"Racist massacre in the Dominican pigmentocracy"</a>. <i>Eureka Street</i>. <b>22</b> (19): <span class="nowrap">20–</span>21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eureka+Street&rft.atitle=Racist+massacre+in+the+Dominican+pigmentocracy&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Tarbox&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurekastreet.com.au%2Farticle%2Fracist-massacre-in-the-dominican-pigmentocracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ONE-Encuesta-Autopercepcion-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ONE-Encuesta-Autopercepcion_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Breve Encuesta Nacional de Autopercepción Racial y Étnica en la República Dominicana</i>. Santo Domingo: Oficina Nacional de Estadística de la República Dominicana. 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breve+Encuesta+Nacional+de+Autopercepci%C3%B3n+Racial+y+%C3%89tnica+en+la+Rep%C3%BAblica+Dominicana&rft.place=Santo+Domingo&rft.pub=Oficina+Nacional+de+Estad%C3%ADstica+de+la+Rep%C3%BAblica+Dominicana&rft.date=2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">Esteva Fabregat</span>, Claudio «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/QUCE/article/view/QUCE8181120099A/1896">La hispanización del mestizaje cultural en América</a>» Revista Complutense de Historia de América, <a href="/wiki/Universidad_Complutense_de_Madrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad Complutense de Madrid">Universidad Complutense de Madrid</a>. p. 133 (1981)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200527182206/http://latinostories.com/Latin_America_Resources/Latin_American_Country_Profiles.htm">"U.S. Department of State People Profiles Latin American Countries"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latinostories.com/Latin_America_Resources/Latin_American_Country_Profiles.htm">the original</a> on 27 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Department+of+State+People+Profiles+Latin+American+Countries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatinostories.com%2FLatin_America_Resources%2FLatin_American_Country_Profiles.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agrarianstudies.macmillan.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/colloqpapers/06turits.pdf">Race beyond the Plantation: Slavery and Freedom in Colonial Santo Domingo</a> yale.edu</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Dominican-Republic/Press-and-broadcasting">"Dominican Republic - Press, Broadcasting, Media | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Dominican+Republic+-+Press%2C+Broadcasting%2C+Media+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FDominican-Republic%2FPress-and-broadcasting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/docid/4954ce1923.html">"Refworld | World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Dominican Republic"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Refworld+%26%23124%3B+World+Directory+of+Minorities+and+Indigenous+Peoples+-+Dominican+Republic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F4954ce1923.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=&publisher=&type=COUNTRYPROF&coi=DOM&rid=&docid=4954ce1923&skip=0">"Refworld | World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Dominican Republic"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Refworld+%26%23124%3B+World+Directory+of+Minorities+and+Indigenous+Peoples+-+Dominican+Republic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Ftexis%2Fvtx%2Frwmain%3Fpage%3Dcountry%26category%3D%26publisher%3D%26type%3DCOUNTRYPROF%26coi%3DDOM%26rid%3D%26docid%3D4954ce1923%26skip%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Supplementary_Data-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Supplementary_Data_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Supplementary_Data_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMontinaro,_Francesco2015" class="citation journal cs1">Montinaro, Francesco; et al. (24 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4374169">"Unravelling the hidden ancestry of American admixed populations"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>6</b>. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4374169/bin/ncomms7596-s2.xlsx">Supplementary Data</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatCo...6.6596M">2015NatCo...6.6596M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms7596">10.1038/ncomms7596</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4374169">4374169</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25803618">25803618</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Unravelling+the+hidden+ancestry+of+American+admixed+populations&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=See+Supplementary+Data&rft.date=2015-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4374169%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25803618&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms7596&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015NatCo...6.6596M&rft.au=Montinaro%2C+Francesco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4374169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEstrada-VerasCabrera-PeñaPérez-Estrella_de_Ferrán2016" class="citation journal cs1">Estrada-Veras, Juvianee I.; Cabrera-Peña, Giselle A.; Pérez-Estrella de Ferrán, Ceila (12 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4867558">"Medical genetics and genomic medicine in the Dominican Republic: challenges and opportunities"</a>. <i>Molecular Genetics & Genomic Medicine</i>. <b>4</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">243–</span>256. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fmgg3.224">10.1002/mgg3.224</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4867558">4867558</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27247952">27247952</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Genetics+%26+Genomic+Medicine&rft.atitle=Medical+genetics+and+genomic+medicine+in+the+Dominican+Republic%3A+challenges+and+opportunities&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E243-%3C%2Fspan%3E256&rft.date=2016-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4867558%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27247952&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fmgg3.224&rft.aulast=Estrada-Veras&rft.aufirst=Juvianee+I.&rft.au=Cabrera-Pe%C3%B1a%2C+Giselle+A.&rft.au=P%C3%A9rez-Estrella+de+Ferr%C3%A1n%2C+Ceila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4867558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRodríguez2019" class="citation web cs1">Rodríguez, Ernesto (11 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thedominicans.org/2019/01/11/ancestry-dna-results-dominicans-are-spaniards-mixed-with-africans-and-tainos/">"Ancestry DNA Results: Dominicans are Spaniards Mixed with Africans and Tainos"</a>. <i>The Dominicans</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Dominicans&rft.atitle=Ancestry+DNA+Results%3A+Dominicans+are+Spaniards+Mixed+with+Africans+and+Tainos&rft.date=2019-01-11&rft.aulast=Rodr%C3%ADguez&rft.aufirst=Ernesto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthedominicans.org%2F2019%2F01%2F11%2Fancestry-dna-results-dominicans-are-spaniards-mixed-with-africans-and-tainos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGroup,_2006-2020" class="citation web cs1">Group, 2006-2020, Merit Designs Consulting. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dominicantoday.com/dr/local/2016/07/06/dominicans-are-49-black-39-white-and-4-indian/">"Dominicans are 49% Black, 39% White and 4% Indian"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dominicans+are+49%25+Black%2C+39%25+White+and+4%25+Indian&rft.aulast=Group%2C+2006-2020&rft.aufirst=Merit+Designs+Consulting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdominicantoday.com%2Fdr%2Flocal%2F2016%2F07%2F06%2Fdominicans-are-49-black-39-white-and-4-indian%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGarcía_Arévalo1995" class="citation journal cs1">García Arévalo, Manuel A. (14 December 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositorio.unphu.edu.do/handle/123456789/881">"Orígenes del mestizaje y de la mulatización en Santo Domingo"</a>. <i>repositorio.unphu.edu.do</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=repositorio.unphu.edu.do&rft.atitle=Or%C3%ADgenes+del+mestizaje+y+de+la+mulatizaci%C3%B3n+en+Santo+Domingo.&rft.date=1995-12-14&rft.aulast=Garc%C3%ADa+Ar%C3%A9valo&rft.aufirst=Manuel+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepositorio.unphu.edu.do%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F881&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRodríguez2021" class="citation web cs1">Rodríguez, Ernesto (30 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://losdominicanos.org/2021/09/30/evidencia-del-uso-de-indio-antes-de-establecerse-la-republica-dominicana/">"Evidencia del uso de "indio" antes de establecerse la República Dominicana"</a>. <i>Los Dominicanos</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Dominicanos&rft.atitle=Evidencia+del+uso+de+%22indio%22+antes+de+establecerse+la+Rep%C3%BAblica+Dominicana&rft.date=2021-09-30&rft.aulast=Rodr%C3%ADguez&rft.aufirst=Ernesto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flosdominicanos.org%2F2021%2F09%2F30%2Fevidencia-del-uso-de-indio-antes-de-establecerse-la-republica-dominicana%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPowers2011" class="citation web cs1">Powers, Anne M. (26 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aparcelofribbons.co.uk/2011/09/black-white-and-in-between-categories-of-colour/">"Black, White and In Between - Categories of Colour"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Black%2C+White+and+In+Between+-+Categories+of+Colour&rft.date=2011-09-26&rft.aulast=Powers&rft.aufirst=Anne+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faparcelofribbons.co.uk%2F2011%2F09%2Fblack-white-and-in-between-categories-of-colour%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scholarworks.umb.edu-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scholarworks.umb.edu_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scholarworks.umb.edu_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRivera2012" class="citation journal cs1">Rivera, Lucas (18 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.umb.edu/trotter_review/vol7/iss2/9/">"The Hypocrisy of the "Pigmentocracy"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Trotter Review</i>. <b>7</b> (2)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trotter+Review&rft.atitle=The+Hypocrisy+of+the+%22Pigmentocracy%22&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2012-05-18&rft.aulast=Rivera&rft.aufirst=Lucas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.umb.edu%2Ftrotter_review%2Fvol7%2Fiss2%2F9%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.2010.htmldata/"><i>2010 Census Data - 2010 Census: 2010 Census Results, Puerto Rico.</i></a> U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of the Census. Retrieved July 1, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2021/08/improved-race-ethnicity-measures-reveal-united-states-population-much-more-multiracial.html">"2020 Census Illuminates Racial and Ethnic Composition of the Country"</a>. <i>Census.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census.gov&rft.atitle=2020+Census+Illuminates+Racial+and+Ethnic+Composition+of+the+Country&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fstories%2F2021%2F08%2Fimproved-race-ethnicity-measures-reveal-united-states-population-much-more-multiracial.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Puerto_Rican_History-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Puerto_Rican_History_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200324164653/https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2014/07/25/genographic-project-dna-results-reveals-details-of-puerto-rican-history/">"Genographic Project DNA Results Reveal Details of Puerto Rican History"</a>. <i>National Geographic Society Newsroom</i>. 25 July 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.nationalgeographic.org/2014/07/25/genographic-project-dna-results-reveals-details-of-puerto-rican-history/">the original</a> on 24 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+Society+Newsroom&rft.atitle=Genographic+Project+DNA+Results+Reveal+Details+of+Puerto+Rican+History&rft.date=2014-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.nationalgeographic.org%2F2014%2F07%2F25%2Fgenographic-project-dna-results-reveals-details-of-puerto-rican-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000922/http://m.livescience.com/37624-mapping-puerto-rican-heritage.html">"Mapping Puerto Rican Heritage with Spit and Genomics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Live_Science" title="Live Science">Live Science</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.livescience.com/37624-mapping-puerto-rican-heritage.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Live+Science&rft.atitle=Mapping+Puerto+Rican+Heritage+with+Spit+and+Genomics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm.livescience.com%2F37624-mapping-puerto-rican-heritage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eldiario.es/canariasahora/sociedad/cerca-puertorriquenos-europeos-descienden-canarias_1_3275441.html">"Cerca del 40% de los puertorriqueños con genes europeos descienden de Canarias"</a>. 19 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cerca+del+40%25+de+los+puertorrique%C3%B1os+con+genes+europeos+descienden+de+Canarias&rft.date=2017-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eldiario.es%2Fcanariasahora%2Fsociedad%2Fcerca-puertorriquenos-europeos-descienden-canarias_1_3275441.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Via-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Via_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFViaGignouxRoth2011" class="citation journal cs1">Via, Marc; Gignoux, Christopher R.; Roth, Lindsay A.; et al. (January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3031579">"History Shaped the Geographic Distribution of Genomic Admixture on the Island of Puerto Rico"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>6</b> (1): e16513. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PLoSO...616513V">2011PLoSO...616513V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0016513">10.1371/journal.pone.0016513</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3031579">3031579</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21304981">21304981</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=History+Shaped+the+Geographic+Distribution+of+Genomic+Admixture+on+the+Island+of+Puerto+Rico&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e16513&rft.date=2011-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3031579%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21304981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0016513&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PLoSO...616513V&rft.aulast=Via&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.au=Gignoux%2C+Christopher+R.&rft.au=Roth%2C+Lindsay+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3031579&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171123151459/https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/cde/demsem/loveman-muniz.pdf">"How Puerto Rico Became White"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>SSC WISC Edu</i>. University of Wisconsin-Madison. 7 February 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssc.wisc.edu/cde/demsem/loveman-muniz.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SSC+WISC+Edu&rft.atitle=How+Puerto+Rico+Became+White&rft.date=2006-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssc.wisc.edu%2Fcde%2Fdemsem%2Floveman-muniz.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-genographic.nationalgeographic.com-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-genographic.nationalgeographic.com_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170227020449/https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/reference-populations/">"Your Regional Ancestry: Reference Populations"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/reference-populations/">the original</a> on 27 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Your+Regional+Ancestry%3A+Reference+Populations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgenographic.nationalgeographic.com%2Freference-populations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Latino_populations:_a_unique_opport-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Latino_populations:_a_unique_opport_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGonzález_BurchardBorrellChoudhry2005" class="citation journal cs1">González Burchard, E; Borrell, LN; Choudhry, S; et al. (December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1449501">"Latino populations: a unique opportunity for the study of race, genetics, and social environment in epidemiological research"</a>. <i>Am J Public Health</i>. <b>95</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">2161–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2105%2FAJPH.2005.068668">10.2105/AJPH.2005.068668</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1449501">1449501</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16257940">16257940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am+J+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Latino+populations%3A+a+unique+opportunity+for+the+study+of+race%2C+genetics%2C+and+social+environment+in+epidemiological+research&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2161-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2005-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1449501%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16257940&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2105%2FAJPH.2005.068668&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez+Burchard&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Borrell%2C+LN&rft.au=Choudhry%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1449501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Puerto_Rico's_History_on_race-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Puerto_Rico's_History_on_race_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120207224431/http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/cde/demsem/loveman-muniz.pdf">"Puerto Rico's History on race"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/cde/demsem/loveman-muniz.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Puerto+Rico%27s+History+on+race&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssc.wisc.edu%2Fcde%2Fdemsem%2Floveman-muniz.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mona.uwi.edu-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mona.uwi.edu_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121212130544/http://myspot.mona.uwi.edu/liteng/">"Representation of racial identity among Puerto Ricans and in the u.s. mainland"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://myspot.mona.uwi.edu/liteng/">the original</a> on 12 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Representation+of+racial+identity+among+Puerto+Ricans+and+in+the+u.s.+mainland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmyspot.mona.uwi.edu%2Fliteng%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/puerto-rico/">CIA World Factbook</a> Retrieved June 8, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/">2010.census.gov</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110705043714/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/">Archived</a> July 5, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stewartsynopsis.com/racial_amnesia.htm">Puerto Rico's Historical Demographics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171842/http://stewartsynopsis.com/racial_amnesia.htm">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved November 10, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlford2020" class="citation news cs1">Alford, Natasha S. (9 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/09/us/puerto-rico-census-black-race.html">"Why Some Black Puerto Ricans Choose 'White' on the Census"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Why+Some+Black+Puerto+Ricans+Choose+%27White%27+on+the+Census&rft.date=2020-02-09&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Alford&rft.aufirst=Natasha+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F02%2F09%2Fus%2Fpuerto-rico-census-black-race.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRodrigues_de_MouraCoelhode_Queiroz_BalbinoCrovella2015" class="citation journal cs1">Rodrigues de Moura, Ronald; Coelho, Antonio Victor Campos; de Queiroz Balbino, Valdir; Crovella, Sergio; Brandão, Lucas André Cavalcanti (10 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajhb.22714/abstract">"Meta-analysis of Brazilian genetic admixture and comparison with other Latin America countries"</a>. <i>American Journal of Human Biology</i>. <b>27</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">674–</span>680. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajhb.22714">10.1002/ajhb.22714</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11368%2F2837176">11368/2837176</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2017</span> – via Wiley Online Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Human+Biology&rft.atitle=Meta-analysis+of+Brazilian+genetic+admixture+and+comparison+with+other+Latin+America+countries&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E674-%3C%2Fspan%3E680&rft.date=2015-09-10&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11368%2F2837176&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajhb.22714&rft.aulast=Rodrigues+de+Moura&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.au=Coelho%2C+Antonio+Victor+Campos&rft.au=de+Queiroz+Balbino%2C+Valdir&rft.au=Crovella%2C+Sergio&rft.au=Brand%C3%A3o%2C+Lucas+Andr%C3%A9+Cavalcanti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fajhb.22714%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKinsbruner1996" class="citation book cs1">Kinsbruner, Jay (22 February 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qLSU-SiojsYC&q=Jay+Kinsbruner,+Not+of+Pure+Blood,"><i>Not of Pure Blood: The Free People of Color and Racial Prejudice in Nineteenth-century Puerto Rico</i></a>. Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822318422" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822318422"><bdi>978-0822318422</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Not+of+Pure+Blood%3A+The+Free+People+of+Color+and+Racial+Prejudice+in+Nineteenth-century+Puerto+Rico&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1996-02-22&rft.isbn=978-0822318422&rft.aulast=Kinsbruner&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqLSU-SiojsYC%26q%3DJay%2BKinsbruner%2C%2BNot%2Bof%2BPure%2BBlood%2C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/major-ethnic-groups-in-cuba.html">"Major Ethnic Groups In Cuba"</a>. <i>WorldAtlas</i>. 23 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldAtlas&rft.atitle=Major+Ethnic+Groups+In+Cuba&rft.date=2018-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fmajor-ethnic-groups-in-cuba.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarcheco-TeruelParraFuentes-SmithSalas2014" class="citation journal cs1">Marcheco-Teruel, Beatriz; Parra, Esteban J.; Fuentes-Smith, Evelyn; Salas, Antonio; Buttenschøn, Henriette N.; Demontis, Ditte; Torres-Español, María; Marín-Padrón, Lilia C.; Gómez-Cabezas, Enrique J.; Álvarez-Iglesias, Vanesa; Mosquera-Miguel, Ana; Martínez-Fuentes, Antonio; Carracedo, Ángel; Børglum, Anders D.; Mors, Ole (24 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4109857">"Cuba: Exploring the History of Admixture and the Genetic Basis of Pigmentation Using Autosomal and Uniparental Markers"</a>. <i>PLOS Genetics</i>. <b>10</b> (7): e1004488. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1004488">10.1371/journal.pgen.1004488</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4109857">4109857</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25058410">25058410</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Genetics&rft.atitle=Cuba%3A+Exploring+the+History+of+Admixture+and+the+Genetic+Basis+of+Pigmentation+Using+Autosomal+and+Uniparental+Markers&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=e1004488&rft.date=2014-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4109857%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25058410&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1004488&rft.aulast=Marcheco-Teruel&rft.aufirst=Beatriz&rft.au=Parra%2C+Esteban+J.&rft.au=Fuentes-Smith%2C+Evelyn&rft.au=Salas%2C+Antonio&rft.au=Buttensch%C3%B8n%2C+Henriette+N.&rft.au=Demontis%2C+Ditte&rft.au=Torres-Espa%C3%B1ol%2C+Mar%C3%ADa&rft.au=Mar%C3%ADn-Padr%C3%B3n%2C+Lilia+C.&rft.au=G%C3%B3mez-Cabezas%2C+Enrique+J.&rft.au=%C3%81lvarez-Iglesias%2C+Vanesa&rft.au=Mosquera-Miguel%2C+Ana&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADnez-Fuentes%2C+Antonio&rft.au=Carracedo%2C+%C3%81ngel&rft.au=B%C3%B8rglum%2C+Anders+D.&rft.au=Mors%2C+Ole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4109857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/fugitive-slave-laws/">"Fugitive Slave Laws"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Virginia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Virginia&rft.atitle=Fugitive+Slave+Laws&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopediavirginia.org%2Fentries%2Ffugitive-slave-laws%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopediavirginia.org/primary-documents/negro-womens-children-to-serve-according-to-the-condition-of-the-mother-1662/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Negro womens children to serve according to the condition of the mother" (1662)"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Virginia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Virginia&rft.atitle=%22Negro+womens+children+to+serve+according+to+the+condition+of+the+mother%22+%281662%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopediavirginia.org%2Fprimary-documents%2Fnegro-womens-children-to-serve-according-to-the-condition-of-the-mother-1662%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freeafricanamericans.com">Paul Heinegg, <i>Free African Americans of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland and Delaware</i>, 1995–2005</a>, Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Co, 1995-2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dorothy Schneider, Carl J. Schneider, <i>Slavery in America</i>, Infobase Publishing, 2007, pp. 86–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Felicia R Lee, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/20/arts/television/wanda-sykes-finds-ancestors-thanks-to-henry-louis-gates-jr.html?_r=0">"Family Tree’s Startling Roots"</a>, <i>New York Times</i>. Accessed November 3, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAssisi,_Francis_C.2005" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Assisi, Francis C. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090130022356/http://www.indolink.com/displayArticleS.php?id=111605054006">"Indian-American Scholar Susan Koshy Probes Interracial Sex"</a>. INDOlink. Archived from the original on 30 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indian-American+Scholar+Susan+Koshy+Probes+Interracial+Sex&rft.pub=INDOlink&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Assisi%2C+Francis+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indolink.com%2FdisplayArticleS.php%3Fid%3D111605054006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9d9FC-gcWaAC">Floyd James Davis, <i>Who Is Black?: One Nation's Definition</i></a>, pp. 38–39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-afch-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-afch_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-afch_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiles,_Tiya2008" class="citation book cs1">Miles, Tiya (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xpusu6xQq6QC&q=afro+cherokee+smallpox&pg=PA33"><i>Ties that Bind: The Story of an Afro-Cherokee Family in Slavery and Freedom</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25002-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25002-4"><bdi>978-0-520-25002-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ties+that+Bind%3A+The+Story+of+an+Afro-Cherokee+Family+in+Slavery+and+Freedom&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25002-4&rft.au=Miles%2C+Tiya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxpusu6xQq6QC%26q%3Dafro%2Bcherokee%2Bsmallpox%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeneral_Assembly_of_Virginia1823" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">General Assembly of Virginia</a> (1823). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4i3OAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA252">"4th Anne Ch. IV (October 1705)"</a>. In Hening, William Waller (ed.). <i>Statutes at Large</i>. Philadelphia. p. 252<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4th+Anne+Ch.+IV+%28October+1705%29&rft.btitle=Statutes+at+Large&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=252&rft.date=1823&rft.au=General+Assembly+of+Virginia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4i3OAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/bmm38">"Mulato Indians"</a>. <i>The Handbook of Texas Online</i>. Texas State Historical Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Handbook+of+Texas+Online&rft.atitle=Mulato+Indians&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Fbmm38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSewell,_Christopher_ScottHill,_S._Pony2011" class="citation book cs1">Sewell, Christopher Scott; Hill, S. Pony (1 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R8nvkAIulFIC&pg=PA19"><i>The Indians of North Florida: From Carolina to Florida, the Story of the Survival of a Distinct American Indian Community</i></a>. Backintyme. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780939479375" title="Special:BookSources/9780939479375"><bdi>9780939479375</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indians+of+North+Florida%3A+From+Carolina+to+Florida%2C+the+Story+of+the+Survival+of+a+Distinct+American+Indian+Community&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Backintyme&rft.date=2011-06-01&rft.isbn=9780939479375&rft.au=Sewell%2C+Christopher+Scott&rft.au=Hill%2C+S.+Pony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR8nvkAIulFIC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMenchaca2002" class="citation book cs1">Menchaca, Martha (15 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2rdaBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT242"><i>Recovering History, Constructing Race: The Indian, Black, and White Roots of Mexican Americans</i></a>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780292778481" title="Special:BookSources/9780292778481"><bdi>9780292778481</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2023</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recovering+History%2C+Constructing+Race%3A+The+Indian%2C+Black%2C+and+White+Roots+of+Mexican+Americans&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2002-01-15&rft.isbn=9780292778481&rft.aulast=Menchaca&rft.aufirst=Martha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2rdaBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLouisiana_Writers'_Project1941" class="citation book cs1">Louisiana Writers' Project (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001264253"><i>Louisiana: A Guide to the State</i></a>. American guide series. New York: Hastings House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-403-02169-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-403-02169-7"><bdi>978-0-403-02169-7</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/HathiTrust" title="HathiTrust">HathiTrust</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louisiana%3A+A+Guide+to+the+State&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=American+guide+series&rft.pub=Hastings+House&rft.date=1941&rft.isbn=978-0-403-02169-7&rft.au=Louisiana+Writers%27+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F001264253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044042923136&view=1up&seq=18"><i>The mulatto in the United States: Including a study of the rôle of mixed-blood races throughout the world</i></a>. Badger. 1918.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+mulatto+in+the+United+States%3A+Including+a+study+of+the+r%C3%B4le+of+mixed-blood+races+throughout+the+world&rft.pub=Badger&rft.date=1918&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dhvd.32044042923136%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchor2017" class="citation book cs1">Schor, Paul (2017). "The Disappearance of the 'Mulatto' as the End of Inquiry into the Composition of the Black Population of the United States". <i>Counting Americans: How the US Census Classified the Nation</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">155–</span>168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-991785-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-991785-3"><bdi>978-0-19-991785-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Disappearance+of+the+%E2%80%98Mulatto%E2%80%99+as+the+End+of+Inquiry+into+the+Composition+of+the+Black+Population+of+the+United+States&rft.btitle=Counting+Americans%3A+How+the+US+Census+Classified+the+Nation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E168&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-991785-3&rft.aulast=Schor&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mitsawokett.com/Introduction.html">"Introduction"</a>. Mitsawokett: A 17th Century Native American Community in Central Delaware.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction&rft.pub=Mitsawokett%3A+A+17th+Century+Native+American+Community+in+Central+Delaware&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mitsawokett.com%2FIntroduction.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mitsawokett.com/Plecker.htm">"Walter Plecker's Racist Crusade Against Virginia's Native Americans"</a>. Mitsawokett: A 17th Century Native American Settlement in Delaware<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Walter+Plecker%27s+Racist+Crusade+Against+Virginia%27s+Native+Americans&rft.pub=Mitsawokett%3A+A+17th+Century+Native+American+Settlement+in+Delaware&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mitsawokett.com%2FPlecker.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeite" class="citation web cs1">Heite, Louise. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080724082356/http://www.heite.org/Invis.indians1.html">"Introduction and statement of historical problem"</a>. <i>Delaware's Invisible Indians</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heite.org/Invis.indians1.html">the original</a> on 24 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Delaware%27s+Invisible+Indians&rft.atitle=Introduction+and+statement+of+historical+problem&rft.aulast=Heite&rft.aufirst=Louise&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheite.org%2FInvis.indians1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCenter2015" class="citation web cs1">Center, Pew Research (11 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2015/06/11/chapter-1-race-and-multiracial-americans-in-the-u-s-census/">"Chapter 1: Race and Multiracial Americans in the U.S. Census"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center’s Social & Demographic Trends Project</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%E2%80%99s+Social+%26+Demographic+Trends+Project&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+Race+and+Multiracial+Americans+in+the+U.S.+Census&rft.date=2015-06-11&rft.aulast=Center&rft.aufirst=Pew+Research&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fsocial-trends%2F2015%2F06%2F11%2Fchapter-1-race-and-multiracial-americans-in-the-u-s-census%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.broadinstitute.org/news/detailed-map-african-american-genetic-variation-unveiled">"Detailed map of African-American genetic variation unveiled"</a>. <i>Broad Institute</i>. 22 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Broad+Institute&rft.atitle=Detailed+map+of+African-American+genetic+variation+unveiled&rft.date=2011-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadinstitute.org%2Fnews%2Fdetailed-map-african-american-genetic-variation-unveiled&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStaff2018" class="citation web cs1">Staff, newsone (2 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsone.com/3772809/skin-color-black-people-african-americans-light-dark/">"Why So Many Black People Are Still So Caught Up On Skin Color"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+So+Many+Black+People+Are+Still+So+Caught+Up+On+Skin+Color&rft.date=2018-02-02&rft.aulast=Staff&rft.aufirst=newsone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsone.com%2F3772809%2Fskin-color-black-people-african-americans-light-dark%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bartleby.com/essay/The-Mulatto-Advantage-Summary-BFC766443644C6E0">"The Mulatto Advantage Summary - 423 Words | Bartleby"</a>. <i>www.bartleby.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bartleby.com&rft.atitle=The+Mulatto+Advantage+Summary+-+423+Words+%26%23124%3B+Bartleby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2Fessay%2FThe-Mulatto-Advantage-Summary-BFC766443644C6E0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBates2014" class="citation web cs1">Bates, Karen Grigsby (7 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/10/07/354310370/a-chosen-exile-black-people-passing-in-white-america">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'A Chosen Exile': Black People Passing In White America"</a>. <i>NPR</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=%27A+Chosen+Exile%27%3A+Black+People+Passing+In+White+America&rft.date=2014-10-07&rft.aulast=Bates&rft.aufirst=Karen+Grigsby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fcodeswitch%2F2014%2F10%2F07%2F354310370%2Fa-chosen-exile-black-people-passing-in-white-america&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCenter2022" class="citation web cs1">Center, Pew Research (14 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/race-ethnicity/2022/04/14/black-americans-personal-identity-and-intra-racial-connections/">"1. Personal identity and intra-racial connections"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1.+Personal+identity+and+intra-racial+connections&rft.date=2022-04-14&rft.aulast=Center&rft.aufirst=Pew+Research&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Frace-ethnicity%2F2022%2F04%2F14%2Fblack-americans-personal-identity-and-intra-racial-connections%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150101153904/http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2011/tables/11s0060.pdf">Tables</a> census.gov</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.axios.com/2022/09/07/approval-of-interracial-marriage-america">"The rise of interracial marriage — and its approval rating"</a>. 7 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+rise+of+interracial+marriage+%E2%80%94+and+its+approval+rating&rft.date=2022-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.axios.com%2F2022%2F09%2F07%2Fapproval-of-interracial-marriage-america&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/interracial-marriages-mixed-race-americans/3749441.html">"Number of Interracial Marriages, Multiracial Americans Growing Rapidly"</a>. <i>Voice of America</i>. 4 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&rft.atitle=Number+of+Interracial+Marriages%2C+Multiracial+Americans+Growing+Rapidly&rft.date=2017-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Finterracial-marriages-mixed-race-americans%2F3749441.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoster-FrauMellnikBlanco2021" class="citation news cs1">Foster-Frau, Silvia; Mellnik, Ted; Blanco, Adrian (8 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2021/10/08/mixed-race-americans-increase-census/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'We're talking about a big, powerful phenomenon': Multiracial Americans drive change"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=%27We%27re+talking+about+a+big%2C+powerful+phenomenon%27%3A+Multiracial+Americans+drive+change&rft.date=2021-10-08&rft.aulast=Foster-Frau&rft.aufirst=Silvia&rft.au=Mellnik%2C+Ted&rft.au=Blanco%2C+Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnation%2F2021%2F10%2F08%2Fmixed-race-americans-increase-census%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Beckmann, Susan. "The mulatto of style: language in Derek Walcott's drama." <i>Canadian Drama</i> 6.1 (1980): 71–89. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A76OAwAAQBAJ&dq=%22mulatto+of+style%22+derogatory&pg=PA90">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcNeil,_Daniel2010" class="citation book cs1">McNeil, Daniel (2010). <i>Sex and Race in the Black Atlantic: Mulatto Devils and Multiracial Messiahs</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+and+Race+in+the+Black+Atlantic%3A+Mulatto+Devils+and+Multiracial+Messiahs&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.au=McNeil%2C+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTenzer,_Lawrence_Raymond1997" class="citation book cs1">Tenzer, Lawrence Raymond (1997). <i>The Forgotten Cause of the Civil War: A New Look at the Slavery Issue</i>. Scholars' Pub. House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forgotten+Cause+of+the+Civil+War%3A+A+New+Look+at+the+Slavery+Issue&rft.pub=Scholars%27+Pub.+House&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Tenzer%2C+Lawrence+Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTalty,_Stephan2003" class="citation book cs1">Talty, Stephan (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mulattoamericaat00talt"><i>Mulatto America: At the Crossroads of Black and White Culture: A Social History</i></a></span>. HarperCollins Publishers Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060185176" title="Special:BookSources/9780060185176"><bdi>9780060185176</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mulatto+America%3A+At+the+Crossroads+of+Black+and+White+Culture%3A+A+Social+History&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers+Inc.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780060185176&rft.au=Talty%2C+Stephan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmulattoamericaat00talt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGatewood,_Willard_B.1990" class="citation book cs1">Gatewood, Willard B. (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aristocratsofcol00gate"><i>Aristocrats of Color: The Black Elite, 1880-1920</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253325525" title="Special:BookSources/9780253325525"><bdi>9780253325525</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aristocrats+of+Color%3A+The+Black+Elite%2C+1880-1920&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780253325525&rft.au=Gatewood%2C+Willard+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faristocratsofcol00gate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEguilaz_y_Yanguas1886" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Eguilaz y Yanguas, Leopoldo (1886). <i>Glosario de las palabras españolas (castellanas, catalanas, gallegas, mallorquinas, portuguesas, valencianas y bascongadas), de orígen oriental (árabe, hebreo, malayo, persa y turco)</i> (in Spanish). Granada: La Lealtad.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glosario+de+las+palabras+espa%C3%B1olas+%28castellanas%2C+catalanas%2C+gallegas%2C+mallorquinas%2C+portuguesas%2C+valencianas+y+bascongadas%29%2C+de+or%C3%ADgen+oriental+%28%C3%A1rabe%2C+hebreo%2C+malayo%2C+persa+y+turco%29&rft.place=Granada&rft.pub=La+Lealtad&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Eguilaz+y+Yanguas&rft.aufirst=Leopoldo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFreitag,_UlrikeClarence-Smith,_William_G.1997" class="citation book cs1">Freitag, Ulrike; Clarence-Smith, William G., eds. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080628072840/http://www.aiys.org/webdate/frei.html"><i>Hadhrami Traders, Scholars and Statesmen in the Indian Ocean, 1750s-1960s</i></a>. Social, Economic and Political Studies of the Middle East and Asia. Vol. 57. Leiden: Brill. p. 392. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10771-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10771-1"><bdi>90-04-10771-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aiys.org/webdate/frei.html">the original</a> on 28 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hadhrami+Traders%2C+Scholars+and+Statesmen+in+the+Indian+Ocean%2C+1750s-1960s&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Social%2C+Economic+and+Political+Studies+of+the+Middle+East+and+Asia&rft.pages=392&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=90-04-10771-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aiys.org%2Fwebdate%2Ffrei.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span> Engseng Ho, an anthropologist, discusses the role of the <i>muwallad</i> in the region. The term <i>muwallad</i>, used primarily in reference to those of "mixed blood", is analyzed through ethnographic and textual information.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFreitag1999" class="citation web cs1">Freitag, Ulrike (December 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000712123052/http://www.al-bab.com/bys/articles/freitag99.htm">"Hadhrami migration in the 19th and 20th centuries"</a>. The British-Yemeni Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.al-bab.com/bys/articles/freitag99.htm">the original</a> on 12 July 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hadhrami+migration+in+the+19th+and+20th+centuries&rft.pub=The+British-Yemeni+Society&rft.date=1999-12&rft.aulast=Freitag&rft.aufirst=Ulrike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-bab.com%2Fbys%2Farticles%2Ffreitag99.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMyntti1994" class="citation journal cs1">Myntti, Cynthia (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080618163007/http://www.aiys.org/webdate/gadr.html">"Interview: Hamid al-Gadri"</a>. <i>Yemen Update</i>. <b>34</b> (44). American Institute for Yemeni Studies: <span class="nowrap">14–</span>9. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aiys.org/webdate/gadr.html">the original</a> on 18 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yemen+Update&rft.atitle=Interview%3A+Hamid+al-Gadri&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=44&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Myntti&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aiys.org%2Fwebdate%2Fgadr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson,_Joel1980" class="citation book cs1">Williamson, Joel (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newpeoplemiscege00will"><i>New People: Miscegenation and Mulattoes in the United States</i></a></span>. The Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780029347904" title="Special:BookSources/9780029347904"><bdi>9780029347904</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+People%3A+Miscegenation+and+Mulattoes+in+the+United+States&rft.pub=The+Free+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780029347904&rft.au=Williamson%2C+Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewpeoplemiscege00will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/mulatto" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/mulatto">mulatto</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://backintyme.wordpress.com/article/a-brief-history-of-census-race-k16kl3c2f2au-32/">A Brief History of Census “Race”</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/08/garden/surprises-in-the-family-tree.html">Surprises in the Family Tree</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://extremeancestry.com/the-mulatto-factor-in-black-family-genealogy/">The Mulatto Factor in Black Family Genealogy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ferris.edu/news/jimcrow/mulatto/">Dr. David Pilgrim, "The Tragic Mulatto Myth"</a>, <i>Jim Crow Museum,</i> Ferris State University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090310152430/http://racerelations.about.com/od/skillsbuildingresources/g/mulattodef.htm">At "Race Relations"</a>, in-depth research links on Mulattoes, About.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefEdList.aspx?refid=210137937">Encarta's breakdown of Mulatto people</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517021013/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefEdList.aspx?refid=210137937">Archived</a> 2009-11-01)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mulatto"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mulatto">"Mulatto" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mulatto&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMulatto" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans780" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_navbox" title="Template:Hispanic and Latino Americans navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_navbox" title="Template talk:Hispanic and Latino Americans navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hispanic and Latino Americans navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans780" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Index of articles related to Hispanic and Latino Americans">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_(ethnic_categories)" title="Hispanic and Latino (ethnic categories)">Hispanic and Latino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latino_(demonym)" title="Latino (demonym)">Latino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Demographics of Hispanic and Latino Americans">Demographics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North American</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Californios" title="Californios">Californio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Creoles of Louisiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1os_(Louisiana)" title="Isleños (Louisiana)">Isleño</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floridanos" title="Floridanos">Floridanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Mexican_Americans" title="Punjabi Mexican Americans">Punjabi Mexican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano" title="Chicano">Chicano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanos_of_New_Mexico" title="Hispanos of New Mexico">Nuevomexicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejanos" title="Tejanos">Tejano</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Americans" title="Cuban Americans">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans" title="Dominican Americans">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateside_Puerto_Ricans" title="Stateside Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuyorican" title="Nuyorican">Nuyorican</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central American</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_Americans" title="Costa Rican Americans">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Americans" title="Guatemalan Americans">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Americans" title="Honduran Americans">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Americans" title="Nicaraguan Americans">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Americans" title="Panamanian Americans">Panamanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Americans" title="Salvadoran Americans">Salvadoran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South American<sup id="cite_ref-D_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Americans" title="Argentine Americans">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Americans" title="Bolivian Americans">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Americans" title="Brazilian Americans">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Americans" title="Chilean Americans">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Americans" title="Colombian Americans">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Americans" title="Ecuadorian Americans">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Americans" title="Paraguayan Americans">Paraguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Americans" title="Peruvian Americans">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Americans" title="Uruguayan Americans">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Americans" title="Venezuelan Americans">Venezuelan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Americans" title="Spanish Americans">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_Americans" title="Asturian Americans">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Americans" title="Basque Americans">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_Americans" title="Canarian Americans">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Americans" title="Catalan Americans">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Americans" title="Galician Americans">Galician</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Black Hispanic and Latino Americans">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="White Hispanic and Latino Americans">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_among_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Christianity among Hispanic and Latino Americans">Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_American_Muslims" title="Hispanic and Latino American Muslims">Muslims</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Arizona" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_California" title="Hispanics and Latinos in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_San_Diego" title="Hispanics and Latinos in San Diego">San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_in_San_Francisco" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Colorado" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Florida" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Maryland" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Massachusetts" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Nevada" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_New_Jersey" title="Hispanics and Latinos in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_New_Mexico" title="Hispanics and Latinos in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_New_York" title="Hispanics and Latinos in New York">New York</a></li> <li>Oregon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Portland,_Oregon" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Portland, Oregon">Portland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Texas" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Texas">Texas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Houston" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Houston">Houston</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Utah" title="Hispanics and Latinos in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanics_and_Latinos_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Hispanics and Latinos in Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Stereotypes of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States">Stereotypes in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_in_politics" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans in politics">In politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress">In the United States Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_American_women_in_journalism" title="Hispanic and Latino American women in journalism">Women in journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-D-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-D_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The U.S. Census Bureau excludes Brazilian Americans from the "Hispanic or Latino" category.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hispanic_and_Latino_American_society" title="Category:Hispanic and Latino American society">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hispanic_and_Latino_American" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hispanic and Latino American">Commons</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Casta_terms_for_interracial_marriage_in_Spanish_America158" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Miscegenation_in_Spanish_colonies" title="Template:Miscegenation in Spanish colonies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Miscegenation_in_Spanish_colonies" title="Template talk:Miscegenation in Spanish colonies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Miscegenation_in_Spanish_colonies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Miscegenation in Spanish colonies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Casta_terms_for_interracial_marriage_in_Spanish_America158" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Casta</a></i> terms for <a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">interracial marriage</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_America" title="Spanish America">Spanish America</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="margin:auto; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <td>Parent </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black</a> </td> <td>——— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peninsulars" class="mw-redirect" title="Peninsulars">Peninsular</a> </td> <td>——— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peninsulars" class="mw-redirect" title="Peninsulars">Peninsular</a> </td> <td>——— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Amerindian</a> </td> <td>——— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Black</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>↓ </td> <td> </td> <td>↓ </td> <td> </td> <td>↓ </td> <td> </td> <td>↓ </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>1st generation</i> </td> <td> </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mulatto</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">Criollo</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zambo" title="Zambo">Zambo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>↓ </td> <td> </td> <td>↓ </td> <td> </td> <td>↓ </td> <td> </td> <td>↓ </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>2nd generation (with one Spanish parent)</i> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Quadroon" title="Quadroon">Cuarterón de negro</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">Criollo</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Castizo" title="Castizo">Castizo</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Moreno </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>2nd generation (with one Amerindian parent)</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>Chino </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cholo" title="Cholo">Cholo</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Miskito_Sambu" title="Miskito Sambu">Cambujo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>2nd generation (with one black parent)</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>Negro fino </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mulato" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulato">Mulato</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maroon_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maroon (people)">Cimarrón</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Prieto </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Multiracial_topics66" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Multiethnicity" title="Template:Multiethnicity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Multiethnicity" title="Template talk:Multiethnicity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Multiethnicity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Multiethnicity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Multiracial_topics66" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people" title="Multiracial people">Multiracial</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians" title="Afro-Asians">Afro-Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_Jews" title="Amazonian Jews">Amazonian Jews</a></li> <li>Brazilians <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pt:ju%C3%A7ara" class="extiw" title="wikt:pt:juçara"><i>juçaras</i></a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cai%C3%A7aras" title="Caiçaras">caiçaras</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pardo" title="Pardo">pardo</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caboclo" title="Caboclo">caboclo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mameluco" title="Mameluco">mameluco</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarar%C3%A1" title="Sarará">sarará</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambo" title="Zambo"><i>cafuzo</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chindians" title="Chindians">Chindians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitty" title="Chitty">Chitty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">Coloureds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Coloureds" title="Cape Coloureds">Cape Coloureds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basters" title="Basters">Basters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griqua_people" title="Griqua people">Griquas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oorlam_people" title="Oorlam people">Oorlam</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dougla_people" title="Dougla people">Dougla</a></li> <li>Eurasians <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amerasian" title="Amerasian">Amerasian</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/B%E1%BB%A5i_%C4%91%E1%BB%9Di" title="Bụi đời">Bụi đời</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Burmese_people" title="Anglo-Burmese people">Anglo-Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_people" title="Anglo-Indian people">Anglo-Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgher_people" title="Burgher people">Burgher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo_people" title="Indo people">Dutch Indo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Singaporeans" title="Eurasian Singaporeans">Eurasian Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Mestizos" title="Filipino Mestizos">Filipino Mestizo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/H%C4%81fu" title="Hāfu">Hāfu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristang_people" title="Kristang people">Kristang</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luk_khrueng" title="Luk khrueng">Luk khrueng</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luso-Asians" title="Luso-Asians">Luso-Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_people" title="Macanese people">Macanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topasses" title="Topasses">Topasses</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hapa" title="Hapa">Hapa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people_in_China" title="Multiracial people in China">Hùnxuě'ér</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chindians" title="Chindians">Chindian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marabou_(ethnicity)" title="Marabou (ethnicity)">Marabou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesti%C3%A7o" title="Mestiço">mestiço</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/H%C4%81fu" title="Hāfu"><i>ainoko</i></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Castizo" title="Castizo">castizo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cholo" title="Cholo">cholo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coyote_(racial_category)" title="Coyote (racial category)">coyote</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-blood" title="Mixed-blood">Mixed-blood</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>mulatos</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakan_Chinese" title="Peranakan Chinese">Peranakan Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadroon" title="Quadroon">Quadroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacatra" title="Sacatra">Sacatra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_freedmen_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherokee freedmen controversy">Cherokee freedmen controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnogenesis" title="Ethnogenesis">Ethnogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exogamy" title="Exogamy">Exogamy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interethnic_marriage" title="Interethnic marriage">Interethnic marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">Interracial marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">Melting pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">Miscegenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Hutu,_Tutsi_and_Twa" title="Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa">Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_(racial_identity)" title="Passing (racial identity)">Passing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">Plaçage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_ethnic_groups" title="List of contemporary ethnic groups">Contemporary ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diasporas" title="List of diasporas">Diasporas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_luk_khrueng_people" title="List of luk khrueng people">luk khrueng people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_of_the_future" title="Race of the future">Race of the future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox955" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191923#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4264577-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="mulati"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph705707&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="mulatky"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph1215984&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mulatto&oldid=1281592285">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mulatto&oldid=1281592285</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mulatto" title="Category:Mulatto">Mulatto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African%E2%80%93Native_American_relations" title="Category:African–Native American relations">African–Native American relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Latin_America" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Latin America">Ethnic groups in Latin America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Ethnic groups in the United States">Ethnic groups in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Latin_American_caste_system" title="Category:Latin American caste system">Latin American caste system</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Multiracial_affairs" title="Category:Multiracial affairs">Multiracial affairs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-black_racism" title="Category:Anti-black racism">Anti-black racism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_and_religious_slurs" title="Category:Ethnic and religious slurs">Ethnic and religious slurs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-African_and_anti-black_slurs" title="Category:Anti-African and anti-black slurs">Anti-African and anti-black slurs</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">CS1 maint: others</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2020" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2020">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1: unfit URL">CS1: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia semi-protected pages">Wikipedia semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_May_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from May 2021">Use dmy dates from May 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%22Related_ethnic_groups%22_needing_confirmation" title="Category:"Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation">"Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_using_infobox_ethnic_group_with_image_parameters" title="Category:Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters">Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Portuguese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Portuguese-language text">Articles containing Portuguese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_March_2016" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2016">Articles needing additional references from March 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_December_2024" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2024">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 March 2025, at 08:34<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mulatto&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><i>Mulatto</i></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>51 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6f5b484c85-6g9j2","wgBackendResponseTime":242,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.247","walltime":"1.484","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10516,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":300564,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11737,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":34,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":469570,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1268.944 1 -total"," 41.92% 531.966 3 Template:Reflist"," 18.64% 236.585 57 Template:Cite_web"," 10.30% 130.720 42 Template:Lang"," 9.29% 117.828 32 Template:Cite_book"," 6.70% 85.046 17 Template:Cite_journal"," 5.25% 66.587 1 Template:Infobox_ethnic_group"," 4.89% 62.101 2 Template:Short_description"," 4.63% 58.755 3 Template:Navbox"," 4.59% 58.232 1 Template:Hispanics/Latinos"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.785","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":24724816,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-684955989f-kjsqb","timestamp":"20250331174233","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Mulatto","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mulatto","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q191923","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q191923","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-03-08T21:24:55Z","dateModified":"2025-03-21T08:34:46Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/97\/Dice%C3%B1o_de_Mulata_%281711%29_Arellano.jpg","headline":"racial classification"}</script> </body> </html>