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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American political scientist (born 1954)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Gilford John Ikenberry</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:G._John_Ikenberry_at_the_Miller_Center_Colloquium._(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/G._John_Ikenberry_at_the_Miller_Center_Colloquium._%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-G._John_Ikenberry_at_the_Miller_Center_Colloquium._%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/G._John_Ikenberry_at_the_Miller_Center_Colloquium._%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-G._John_Ikenberry_at_the_Miller_Center_Colloquium._%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/G._John_Ikenberry_at_the_Miller_Center_Colloquium._%28cropped%29.jpg/400px-G._John_Ikenberry_at_the_Miller_Center_Colloquium._%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1617" data-file-height="2158" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1954-10-05</span>) </span>October 5, 1954<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 70)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_(Indiana)" title="Manchester University (Indiana)">Manchester University</a> (B.A.), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> (Ph.D.)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International relations</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gilford John Ikenberry</b> (October 5, 1954) is an American <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political scientist</a>. He is the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Known for his work on international relations theories, such as books <i>After Victory</i> (2001) and <i>Liberal Leviathan</i> (2011), he has been described as "the world's leading scholar of the liberal international order."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ikenberry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After receiving his BA from <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_(Indiana)" title="Manchester University (Indiana)">Manchester University, Indiana</a>, and his PhD from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> in 1985, Ikenberry became an assistant professor at Princeton, where he remained until 1992. He then moved to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>, where he taught from 1993 to 1999, serving as co-director of the Lauder Institute from 1994 to 1998, while since 1996 he has been Visiting Professor at the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic University of Milan">Catholic University of Milan</a> in Italy. In 2001, he joined <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a> as the Peter F. Krogh Professor of Geopolitics and Global Justice in the <a href="/wiki/Walsh_School_of_Foreign_Service" title="Walsh School of Foreign Service">Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service</a>.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_hoya"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ikenberry#endnote_hoya">[1]</a></sup> He returned to Princeton in 2004, at the invitation of then-Dean <a href="/wiki/Anne-Marie_Slaughter" title="Anne-Marie Slaughter">Anne-Marie Slaughter</a>, as the Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs in the <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_School_of_Public_and_International_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs">Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs</a>.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_weeklybull"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ikenberry#endnote_weeklybull">[2]</a></sup> Ikenberry is also a Global Eminence Scholar at <a href="/wiki/Kyung_Hee_University" title="Kyung Hee University">Kyung Hee University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>. In 2013-2014 he was the 72nd Eastman Visiting Professor at <a href="/wiki/Balliol_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Balliol College">Balliol College</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ikenberry served on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">U.S. State Department</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Policy_Planning_Staff_(United_States)" title="Policy Planning Staff (United States)">Policy Planning Staff</a> from 1991 to 1992. He was a Senior Associate at the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a> from 1992 to 1993, a Fellow at the <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_International_Center_for_Scholars" title="Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars">Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars</a> from 1998 to 1999, and a non-resident Senior Fellow at the <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a> from 1997 to 2002. He has also worked for several projects of the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_princeton"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ikenberry#endnote_princeton">[3]</a></sup> and is the Political and Legal book reviewer for <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ikenberrry was elected as a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_of_U.S._policy">Criticism of U.S. policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ikenberry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Criticism of U.S. policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ikenberry is known for vehement criticism of what he described as the "<a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">neoimperial</a> <a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">grand strategy</a>" of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> under the <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush administration</a>. His critique is primarily a pragmatic one, arguing not that the U.S. should eschew <a href="/wiki/Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">imperialism</a> as a matter of principle, but rather, that it is not in a position to succeed at an imperial project.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_illusions"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ikenberry#endnote_illusions">[4]</a></sup> He contends that such a strategy, rather than enabling a successful <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terrorism">War on Terrorism</a> and preserving <a href="/wiki/Pax_Americana" title="Pax Americana">international peace</a>, will end up alienating American allies, weakening international institutions, and provoking violent <a href="/wiki/Blowback_(intelligence)" title="Blowback (intelligence)">blowback</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>, internationally, as well as being politically unsustainable domestically.<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_ambition"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ikenberry#endnote_ambition">[5]</a></sup> </p><p>In a <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a> article titled <i>"The Rise of China and the Future of the West"</i>, Ikenberry suggests strengthening and re-investing in the existing institutions and rules of U.S.-led western order. He argues that the first thing that U.S. must do is to reestablish itself as a foremost supporter of the global system that underpins the Western order. In this view, when other countries see the U.S. using its power to strengthen the existing rules and institutions, US authority will be strengthened because they will become more inclined to work in collaboration with U.S. power. Secondly, the U.S. should update the key post-war security pacts, such as <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and Washington's East Asian alliances. When the U.S. provides security, the U.S. allies, in return, will operate within the western order. Thirdly, the U.S. should renew its support for wide-ranging multilateral institutions. Economically speaking, building on the agreements of the <a href="/wiki/WTO" class="mw-redirect" title="WTO">WTO</a>, concluding the current <a href="/wiki/Doha_Round" class="mw-redirect" title="Doha Round">Doha Round</a> of trade talks that seek to extend market opportunities and trade liberalization to developing countries are possible examples. Fourthly, the U.S. should make sure that the order is all-encompassing, meaning there shouldn't be any space left for other rising countries to build up their own “minilateral” order. Lastly, U.S. must support efforts to integrate rising developing countries into key global institutions. Less formal bodies, like <a href="/wiki/G-20" class="mw-redirect" title="G-20">G-20</a> and various other intergovernmental networks, can provide alternative avenues for voice and representation.<sup id="cite_ref-John_Ikenberry_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Ikenberry-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ikenberry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i>After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order after Major Wars</i>, Ikenberry explores how the United States utilized its hegemony after both World Wars to shape future world order. In both cases, the U.S. attempted to institutionalize its power through the creation of a constitutional order, by which political order was organized around agreed-upon legal and political institutions that operate to allocate rights and limit the exercise of power. In the process, the United States agreed to "tame" its <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">power</a> by placing it within institutions and the set of rules and rights with which this came.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the advantages for the United States in doing so was locking itself into a guaranteed position for years to come. In the event that its power waned in the future, the institutional framework it created would nonetheless remain intact.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_settlement_of_World_War_I">The settlement of World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ikenberry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The settlement of World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following World War I, the distribution of power was greatly skewed towards the United States. President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> possessed the power to set the terms of peace, and the manner in which the post-war order was constructed. He sought to do so through a model based on upholding collective security and sparking a democratic revolution across the European continent based on American ideals. Great Britain and France were worried about America's preponderance of power, and sought to tie the United States to the continent. Both sides attempted to meet at a middle ground, with European nations gaining security and financial considerations while the United States would institutionalize its power through the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> and maintain its presence on the continent for decades to come. Ultimately, Woodrow Wilson's envisioned order encountered major obstacles, including the failure of the United States to join the League of Nations. Furthermore, the imposition of war guilt and stiff penalties on Germany through the terms set by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> set in place conditions favorable for <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a> to rise to power.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_settlement_of_World_War_II">The settlement of World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ikenberry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The settlement of World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compared to the end of the First World War, the United States was even more powerful in 1945 following the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. The nation possessed a preponderance of military power and close to half of the world's wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once again, leaders from the United States attempted to leverage this powerful position and create a stable order that would serve to benefit their nation for decades to come. Political and economic openness was the centerpiece of this envisioned framework. It was believed that the closed economic regions which had existed before the war had led to worldwide depression and at least in part contributed to the start of the conflict. Reconstructing a stable Europe was also a priority, as safeguarding American interests was seen as being rooted in European stability. The region also became a staging ground for the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, and building a strong <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> was seen as an important step in balancing against the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. In the end, the United States created its desired order through a series of security, economic, and financial <a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">multilateral</a> institutions, including <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>. West Germany was bound to its democratic Western European neighbors through the European Coal and Steel Community (later, the <a href="/wiki/European_Communities" title="European Communities">European Communities</a>) and to the United States through Atlantic security pact; Japan was bound to the United States through an alliance partnership and expanding economic ties. The <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton Woods system</a> meeting in 1944 laid down the monetary and trade rules that facilitated the opening and subsequent flourishing of the world economy.<sup id="cite_ref-John_Ikenberry_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Ikenberry-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In institutionalizing its power, the United States was willing to act as a "reluctant superpower," making concessions to weaker states in order to ensure their participation in their desired framework.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ikenberry asserts that the dense, encompassing, and broadly endorsed system of rules and institutions, which are rooted in and also reinforced by <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, laid a basis of cooperation and shared authority over the current U.S.-led global system. He says that system with the institutions that were built around rules and norms of nondiscrimination and market openness, provides low barrier of economic participation and high potential benefits. However, the key point is that while making active use of these institutions to promote the country's development of global power status, the country should work within the order, rather than the outside of it. Thus, no major state can modernize without integrating into the globalized <a href="/wiki/Capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist">capitalist</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-John_Ikenberry_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Ikenberry-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2018 special issue of <i><a href="/wiki/British_Journal_of_Politics_and_International_Relations" title="British Journal of Politics and International Relations">The British Journal of Politics and International Relations</a></i> was devoted to <i>After Victory.</i><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ikenberry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ikenberry is the author of: </p> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reasonsofstateoi0000iken">Reasons of State: Oil Politics and the Capacities of American Government</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>, 1988</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/state0000hall_d6a0">The State</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/John_A._Hall" title="John A. Hall">John A. Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>, 1989</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aftervictoryinst0000iken">After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order after Major Wars</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, 2001 (New edition, 2019).</li> <li><i>State Power and the World Markets</i> with Joseph Grieco, <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton" class="mw-redirect" title="W. W. Norton">W. W. Norton</a>, 2002</li> <li><i>Liberal Leviathan: The Origins, Crisis, and Transformation of the American System</i>, Princeton University Press, 2011</li> <li><i>The Rise of Korean Leadership: Emerging Powers and Liberal International Order</i> with Jongryn Mo, New York: Palgrave, 2013</li> <li><i>A World Safe for Democracy: Liberal Internationalism and the Crises of Global Order</i>, Yale University Press, 2020</li></ul> <p>He has also co-authored or edited: </p> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stateamericanfor0000unse_r5u5">The State and American Foreign Economic Policy</a></i>, Cornell University Press, 1988</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newthinkinginint0000unse">New Thinking in International Relations</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>, 1997</li> <li><i>U.S. Democracy Promotion: Impulses, Strategies, and Impacts</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2000</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americaunrivaled0000unse">America Unrivaled: The Future of the Balance of Power</a></i>, Cornell University Press, 2002</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reinventingallia0000unse">Reinventing the Alliance: U.S.-Japan Security Partnership in an Era of Change</a></i>, New York: Palgrave Press, 2003</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/internationalrel0000unse_g0n5">International Relations Theory and the Asia-Pacific</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>, 2003</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080506231917/http://www.princeton.edu/~ppns/report.html">Forging A World of Liberty Under Law: U.S. National Security in the 21st Century</a></i>, Final report of the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Project_on_National_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Princeton Project on National Security">Princeton Project on National Security</a>, 2006</li> <li><i>The Uses of Institutions: U.S., Japan, and the Governance of East Asia</i>, New York: Palgrave, 2007</li> <li><i>The United States and Northeast Asia: Debate, Issues, and New Order</i>, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2008</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crisisofamerican0000unse_y1a1">The Crisis of American Foreign Policy: Wilsonianism in the Twenty-first Century</a></i>, with Thomas J. Knock, Anne-Marie Slaughter & Tony Smith, Princeton University Press, 2008.</li> <li><i>The Alliance Constrained: The U.S.- Japan Security Alliance and Regional Multilateralism</i>, New York: Palgrave, 2011</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/troubledtriangle0000unse">The Troubled Triangle: Japan, the United States, and China: The Duality between Security and Economy</a></i>, New York: Palgrave, 2013</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/powerorderchange0000unse">Power, Order, and Change in World Politics</a></i>, Cambridge University Press, 2014.</li> <li><i>America, China, and the Struggle for World Order: Ideas, Traditions, Historical Legacies and Global Visions</i>, New York: Palgrave, 2015</li> <li><i>The Crisis of Liberal Internationalism: Japan and the World Order</i>, The Brookings Institution, 2019</li> <li><i>The Age of Hiroshima</i>, Princeton University, 2020</li></ul> <p>Ikenberry has published in a number of foreign policy and international relations <a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">journals</a>, and writes regularly for <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a></i>:<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_princeton"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ikenberry#endnote_princeton">[6]</a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2151270">"Rethinking the Origins of American Hegemony"</a>, <i>Political Science Quarterly</i>, Vol. 104, No. 3 (Autumn 1989)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-jul-12-op-2962-story.html">"New Grand Strategy Uses Lofty and Material Desires"</a>, <i>Los Angeles Times</i>, 12 July 1998</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wilsonquarterly.com/sites/default/files/articles/WQ_VOL23_SP_1999_Article_04.pdf">"Why export Democracy?"</a>, <i>Wilson Quarterly</i> (Spring 1999)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3zmE3rPhE7cC&pg=PA103"><i>America's Liberal Grand Strategy: Democracy and National Security in the Post‐War Era</i></a>, 2000</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170731040602/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/sipa/U6800/readings-sm/Ikenberry_Hegemony.pdf">"Getting Hegemony Right"</a> <i>The National Interest</i>, No. 63 (Spring 2001)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rochelleterman.com/ir/sites/default/files/Duncan%202008.pdf"><i>The Rise of China and the Future of the West</i></a>, <i>Foreign Affairs</i>, January/February 2008</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1540-5842.2008.00995.x">"China and the Rest Are Only Joining the American‐Built Order"</a>, <i>New Perspectives Quarterly</i>, Vol. 25, Issue 3, 2008 (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-5842.2008.00995.x">10.1111/j.1540-5842.2008.00995.x</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ikenberry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Morefield" title="Jeanne Morefield">Jeanne Morefield</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ikenberry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.princeton.edu/gji3/home">"G. John Ikenberry"</a>. <i>scholar.princeton.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scholar.princeton.edu&rft.atitle=G.+John+Ikenberry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.princeton.edu%2Fgji3%2Fhome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ikenberry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKeil2021" class="citation journal cs1">McKeil, Aaron (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjogss%2Fogab020">"The Limits of Realism after Liberal Hegemony"</a>. <i>Journal of Global Security Studies</i>. <b>7</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjogss%2Fogab020">10.1093/jogss/ogab020</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2057-3170">2057-3170</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Global+Security+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Limits+of+Realism+after+Liberal+Hegemony&rft.volume=7&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjogss%2Fogab020&rft.issn=2057-3170&rft.aulast=McKeil&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjogss%252Fogab020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ikenberry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Princeton University Faculty Website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/staff">"Staff | Foreign Affairs"</a>. <i>www.foreignaffairs.com</i>. 2024-03-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.foreignaffairs.com&rft.atitle=Staff+%7C+Foreign+Affairs&rft.date=2024-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Fstaff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ikenberry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/person/g-john-ikenberry">"G. John Ikenberry"</a>. <i>American Academy of Arts & Sciences</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Academy+of+Arts+%26+Sciences&rft.atitle=G.+John+Ikenberry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fperson%2Fg-john-ikenberry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ikenberry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_Ikenberry-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-John_Ikenberry_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_Ikenberry_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_Ikenberry_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ikenberry, John. "The Rise of China and the Future of the West", Foreign Affairs, January/February 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Ikenberry (2001). After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order after Major Wars. Princeton University Press. pp.29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dall'Agnol, Augusto C. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDall&#392018" class="citation journal cs1">Dall&#39, Augusto César (January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37951607">"Balancing in unipolarity: who is afraid of balance of power?"</a>. <i>Brazilian Journal of International Relations</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brazilian+Journal+of+International+Relations&rft.atitle=Balancing+in+unipolarity%3A+who+is+afraid+of+balance+of+power%3F&rft.date=2018-01&rft.aulast=Dall%26%2339&rft.aufirst=Augusto+C%C3%A9sar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37951607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ikenberry" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span> Vol. 7, No. 3 (2018), pp. 494-515, for critics on Ikenberry's main arguments in what relates to unipolarity after the Cold War.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Ikenberry (2001). <i>After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order after Major Wars</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Ikenberry (2001). <i>After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order after Major Wars</i>. Princeton University Press. pp.200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/toc/bpi/21/1">"The British Journal of Politics and International Relations - Volume 21, Number 1, Feb 01, 2019"</a>. <i>SAGE Journals</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SAGE+Journals&rft.atitle=The+British+Journal+of+Politics+and+International+Relations+-+Volume+21%2C+Number+1%2C+Feb+01%2C+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Ftoc%2Fbpi%2F21%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ikenberry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_princeton"><b><a href="#ref_princeton">^</a></b></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gji3.scholar.princeton.edu/sites/g/files/toruqf2666/files/gji3/files/ikenberry-cv-short-short-version-2019_0.pdf">John Ikenberry CV</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_hoya"><b><a href="#ref_hoya">^</a></b></span> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929091502/http://www.thehoya.com/news/101601/news8.cfm">Dr. Ikenberry Selected as First Krogh Professor</a>", <i>The Hoya </i>(Georgetown), October 16, 2001.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_weeklybull"><b><a href="#ref_weeklybull">^</a></b></span> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.princeton.edu/pr/pwb/04/0614/14b.shtml">Ikenberry named to endowed chair</a>", <i>Princeton Weekly Bulletin</i>, June 14, 2004.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_ambition"><b><a href="#ref_ambition">^</a></b></span> Ikenberry, John. "America's Imperial Ambition", <i>Foreign Affairs</i>, September/October 2002. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20033268">20033268</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_illusions"><b><a href="#ref_illusions">^</a></b></span> Ikenberry, John. "Illusions of Empire", <i>Foreign Affairs</i>, March/April 2004. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20033908">20033908</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ikenberry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholar.princeton.edu/gji3">Princeton University Faculty Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061010160543/http://americaabroad.tpmcafe.com/user/22/recent">John Ikenberry America Abroad blog</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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href="/wiki/Hegemonic_stability_theory" title="Hegemonic stability theory">Hegemonic stability theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_School_(international_relations)" title="Copenhagen School (international relations)">Copenhagen School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(international_relations)" title="Functionalism (international relations)">Functionalism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neofunctionalism" title="Neofunctionalism">neofunctionalism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism_(international_relations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmodernism (international relations)">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_international_relations" title="Postcolonial international relations">Postcolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercommunalism" title="Intercommunalism">Intercommunalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_school_of_international_relations" title="Chinese school of international relations">Chinese school of international relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postpositivism_(international_relations)" title="Postpositivism (international relations)">Postpositivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism_(international_relations)" title="Rationalism (international relations)">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflectivism" title="Reflectivism">Reflectivism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Great_Debates_(international_relations)" title="Great Debates (international relations)">Great Debates</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-paradigm_debate_in_international_relations_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter-paradigm debate in international relations theory">Inter-paradigm debate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_ethics" title="International ethics">International ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_sociology" title="Historical sociology">Historical sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime_theory" title="Regime theory">Regime theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_cartel_theory" title="State cartel theory">State cartel theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_N._Barnett" title="Michael N. Barnett">Michael Barnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski">Zbigniew Brzezinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedley_Bull" title="Hedley Bull">Hedley Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._H._Carr" title="E. H. Carr">E. H. Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Deudney" title="Daniel Deudney">Daniel Deudney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_W._Doyle" title="Michael W. Doyle">Michael W. Doyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Enloe" title="Cynthia Enloe">Cynthia Enloe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fearon" title="James Fearon">James Fearon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Finnemore" title="Martha Finnemore">Martha Finnemore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gilpin" title="Robert Gilpin">Robert Gilpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Samuel P. Huntington</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Ikenberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jervis" title="Robert Jervis">Robert Jervis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Katzenstein" title="Peter J. Katzenstein">Peter J. Katzenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Keohane" title="Robert Keohane">Robert Keohane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Krasner" title="Stephen D. Krasner">Stephen D. Krasner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mearsheimer" title="John Mearsheimer">John Mearsheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Morgenthau" title="Hans Morgenthau">Hans Morgenthau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Nye" title="Joseph Nye">Joseph Nye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Sikkink" title="Kathryn Sikkink">Kathryn Sikkink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Strange" title="Susan Strange">Susan Strange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Ann_Tickner" title="J. Ann Tickner">J. Ann Tickner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein" title="Immanuel Wallerstein">Immanuel Wallerstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Walt" title="Stephen Walt">Stephen Walt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Waltz" title="Kenneth Waltz">Kenneth Waltz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wendt" title="Alexander Wendt">Alexander Wendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Xuetong" title="Yan Xuetong">Yan Xuetong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Yaqing" title="Qin Yaqing">Qin Yaqing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col"> <div class="CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":0,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":false,"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a 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