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<li id="toc-Role_of_the_Fourteen_Points" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_the_Fourteen_Points"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Role of the Fourteen Points </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_the_Fourteen_Points-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armistice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armistice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Armistice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armistice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blockade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blockade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Blockade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blockade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negotiations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negotiations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Negotiations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Negotiations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Negotiations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Negotiations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-French_aims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_aims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 French aims </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_aims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_aims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_aims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 British aims </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_aims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_aims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_aims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 American aims </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_aims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_aims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_aims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Italian aims </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_aims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treaty_content_and_signing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaty_content_and_signing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Treaty content and signing </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Treaty_content_and_signing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Treaty content and signing subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Treaty_content_and_signing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Territorial_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Territorial changes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territorial_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mandates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mandates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Mandates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mandates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_restrictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_restrictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Military restrictions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_restrictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reparations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reparations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Reparations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reparations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guarantees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guarantees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Guarantees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guarantees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 International organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_Crimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_Crimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 War Crimes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_Crimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Reactions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reactions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Britain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Status_of_British_Dominions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_of_British_Dominions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Status of British Dominions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status_of_British_Dominions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Portugal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Edward_House's_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edward_House's_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1 Edward House's views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edward_House's_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Implementation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Implementation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Implementation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Implementation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reparations_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reparations_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Reparations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reparations_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territorial_changes_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial_changes_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Territorial changes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territorial_changes_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhineland_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhineland_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Rhineland occupation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhineland_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Violations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Violations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Violations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Violations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Violations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reparations_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reparations_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Reparations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reparations_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territorial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Territorial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territorial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_criminals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_criminals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 War criminals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_criminals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_assessments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_assessments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Historical assessments </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_assessments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Historical assessments subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_assessments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Territorial_changes_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial_changes_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Territorial changes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territorial_changes_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_terms_and_violations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_terms_and_violations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Military terms and violations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_terms_and_violations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_the_Nazis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_the_Nazis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Rise of the Nazis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_the_Nazis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography_and_memory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography_and_memory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Historiography and memory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography_and_memory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Treaty of Versailles</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 117 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-117" aria-hidden="true" > 117 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdrag_van_Versailles" title="Verdrag van Versailles – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Verdrag van Versailles" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versailler_Vertrag" title="Versailler Vertrag – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Versailler Vertrag" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%89%A8%E1%88%AD%E1%88%B3%E1%8B%AD_%E1%8B%8D%E1%88%8D" title="የቨርሳይ ውል – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የቨርሳይ ውል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="معاهدة فرساي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معاهدة فرساي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractau_de_Versailles" title="Tractau de Versailles – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tractau de Versailles" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trat%C3%A1u_de_Versalles_(1919)" title="Tratáu de Versalles (1919) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tratáu de Versalles (1919)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versal_s%C3%BClh_m%C3%BCqavil%C9%99si" title="Versal sülh müqaviləsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Versal sülh müqaviləsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ورسای باریش موقاویله‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ورسای باریش موقاویله‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="ভার্সাই চুক্তি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভার্সাই চুক্তি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versailles_Ti%C3%A2u-iok" title="Versailles Tiâu-iok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Versailles Tiâu-iok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D2%AF%D0%B5" title="Версаль тыныслыҡ килешеүе – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Версаль тыныслыҡ килешеүе" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Версальскі дагавор – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Версальскі дагавор" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_1919_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Вэрсальская мірная дамова 1919 году – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вэрсальская мірная дамова 1919 году" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Версайски договор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Версайски договор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versajski_sporazum" title="Versajski sporazum – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Versajski sporazum" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feur-emglev_Versailhez" title="Feur-emglev Versailhez – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Feur-emglev Versailhez" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%8D" title="Версалиин хэрээ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Версалиин хэрээ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractat_de_Versalles" title="Tractat de Versalles – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tractat de Versalles" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versaillesk%C3%A1_smlouva" title="Versailleská smlouva – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Versailleská smlouva" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytundeb_Versailles" title="Cytundeb Versailles – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cytundeb Versailles" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versailles-freden" title="Versailles-freden – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Versailles-freden" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedensvertrag_von_Versailles" title="Friedensvertrag von Versailles – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Friedensvertrag von Versailles" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versailles%27_rahu" title="Versailles' rahu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Versailles' rahu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B8%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B7_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%92%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Συνθήκη των Βερσαλλιών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συνθήκη των Βερσαλλιών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratado_de_Versalles_(1919)" title="Tratado de Versalles (1919) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tratado de Versalles (1919)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traktato_de_Versajlo" title="Traktato de Versajlo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Traktato de Versajlo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versaillesko_Ituna_(1919)" title="Versaillesko Ituna (1919) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Versaillesko Ituna (1919)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="پیمان ورسای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیمان ورسای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Treaty of Versailles" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_de_Versailles" title="Traité de Versailles – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Traité de Versailles" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdrach_fan_Versailles" title="Ferdrach fan Versailles – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ferdrach fan Versailles" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conradh_Versailles" title="Conradh Versailles – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Conradh Versailles" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conaant_Versailles" title="Conaant Versailles – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Conaant Versailles" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratado_de_Versalles" title="Tratado de Versalles – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tratado de Versalles" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%EC%82%AC%EC%9C%A0_%EC%A1%B0%EC%95%BD" title="베르사유 조약 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베르사유 조약" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Վերսալյան պայմանագիր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վերսալյան պայմանագիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF" title="वर्साय की सन्धि – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वर्साय की सन्धि" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versajski_ugovor" title="Versajski ugovor – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Versajski ugovor" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontrato_di_Versailles_(1919)" title="Kontrato di Versailles (1919) – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kontrato di Versailles (1919)" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulag_ti_Versailles" title="Tulag ti Versailles – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Tulag ti Versailles" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perjanjian_Versailles" title="Perjanjian Versailles – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perjanjian Versailles" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISivumelwano_saseVersailles" title="ISivumelwano saseVersailles – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="ISivumelwano saseVersailles" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versalasamningurinn" title="Versalasamningurinn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Versalasamningurinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trattato_di_Versailles" title="Trattato di Versailles – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Trattato di Versailles" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%96%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%99" title="חוזה ורסאי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוזה ורסאי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%92%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6_(1919)" title="ವರ್ಸೈಲ್ಸ್ ಒಪ್ಪಂದ (1919) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವರ್ಸೈಲ್ಸ್ ಒಪ್ಪಂದ (1919)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Версаль мамырлыкъ кесамат – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Версаль мамырлыкъ кесамат" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90_(1919)" title="ვერსალის საზავო ხელშეკრულება (1919) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვერსალის საზავო ხელშეკრულება (1919)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A4%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%8F%DA%A9_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%AF%D9%95" title="ؤرسیلزُک معاہدٕ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ؤرسیلزُک معاہدٕ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96" title="Версаль бейбіт келісімі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Версаль бейбіт келісімі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevambos_Versailles" title="Kevambos Versailles – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kevambos Versailles" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mkataba_wa_Versailles" title="Mkataba wa Versailles – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mkataba wa Versailles" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peymana_Versay%C3%AA" title="Peymana Versayê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Peymana Versayê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Версаль тынчтык келишими – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Версаль тынчтык келишими" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foedus_Versaliis_ictum_(1919)" title="Foedus Versaliis ictum (1919) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Foedus Versaliis ictum (1919)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versa%C4%BCas_l%C4%ABgums" title="Versaļas līgums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Versaļas līgums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_vu_Versailles" title="Traité vu Versailles – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Traité vu Versailles" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versalio_sutartis" title="Versalio sutartis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Versalio sutartis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdraag_van_Versailles" title="Verdraag van Versailles – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Verdraag van Versailles" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versailles-i_b%C3%A9keszerz%C5%91d%C3%A9s" title="Versailles-i békeszerződés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Versailles-i békeszerződés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Версајски договор – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Версајски договор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF" title="വെഴ്സായ് ഉടമ്പടി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വെഴ്സായ് ഉടമ്പടി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B9" title="व्हर्सायचा तह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="व्हर्सायचा तह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%89" title="معاهدة فيرساى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="معاهدة فيرساى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persetiaan_Versailles" title="Persetiaan Versailles – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Persetiaan Versailles" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pajanjian_Versailles" title="Pajanjian Versailles – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Pajanjian Versailles" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%8D" title="Версалийн гэрээ – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Версалийн гэрээ" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%AC%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="ဗာဆိုင်းစာချုပ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗာဆိုင်းစာချုပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdrag_van_Versailles_(1919)" title="Verdrag van Versailles (1919) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verdrag van Versailles (1919)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF" title="भर्सायको सन्धि – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भर्सायको सन्धि" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A6%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84" title="ヴェルサイユ条約 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴェルサイユ条約" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versaillestraktaten" title="Versaillestraktaten – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Versaillestraktaten" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versaillestraktaten" title="Versaillestraktaten – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Versaillestraktaten" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractat_de_Versalhas" title="Tractat de Versalhas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tractat de Versalhas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87_%E0%AC%9A%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BF" title="ଭର୍ସାଇ ଚୁକ୍ତି – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଭର୍ସାଇ ଚୁକ୍ତି" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versal_sulh_shartnomasi" title="Versal sulh shartnomasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Versal sulh shartnomasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%8F_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A7%E0%A9%80" title="ਵਰਸਾਏ ਦੀ ਸੰਧੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਰਸਾਏ ਦੀ ਸੰਧੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%AF%DB%81" title="ورسائی دا معاہدہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ورسائی دا معاہدہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%8A_%D8%AA%DA%93%D9%88%D9%86" title="د ورساي تړون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ورساي تړون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chriiti_a_Versai" title="Chriiti a Versai – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Chriiti a Versai" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traktat_wersalski" title="Traktat wersalski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Traktat wersalski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratado_de_Versalhes_(1919)" title="Tratado de Versalhes (1919) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tratado de Versalhes (1919)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versal_muqavelesi" title="Versal muqavelesi – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Versal muqavelesi" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratatul_de_la_Versailles" title="Tratatul de la Versailles – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tratatul de la Versailles" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Версайскый договор – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Версайскый договор" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Версальский договор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Версальский договор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D2%95%D1%8B_%D1%81%D3%A9%D0%B1%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%8D%D2%A5" title="Версааллааҕы сөбүлэҥ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Версааллааҕы сөбүлэҥ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_o_Versailles" title="Treaty o Versailles – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Treaty o Versailles" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traktati_i_Versaj%C3%ABs" title="Traktati i Versajës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Traktati i Versajës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B8" title="වර්සේල්ස් ගිවිසුම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වර්සේල්ස් ගිවිසුම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Treaty of Versailles" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versaillsk%C3%A1_zmluva_(1919)" title="Versaillská zmluva (1919) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Versaillská zmluva (1919)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versajska_mirovna_pogodba" title="Versajska mirovna pogodba – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Versajska mirovna pogodba" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A4%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="پەیمانی ڤێرسای – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەیمانی ڤێرسای" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Версајски споразум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Версајски споразум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versajski_sporazum" title="Versajski sporazum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Versajski sporazum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versailles%E2%80%99n_rauha" title="Versailles’n rauha – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Versailles’n rauha" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versaillesfreden" title="Versaillesfreden – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Versaillesfreden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tratado_sa_Versalles_(1919)" title="Tratado sa Versalles (1919) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tratado sa Versalles (1919)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வெர்சாய் ஒப்பந்தம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெர்சாய் ஒப்பந்தம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trattate_de_Versailles_(1919)" title="Trattate de Versailles (1919) – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Trattate de Versailles (1919)" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%88%D2%AF%D0%B5" title="Версаль килешүе – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Версаль килешүе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2" title="สนธิสัญญาแวร์ซาย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สนธิสัญญาแวร์ซาย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versay_Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_Antla%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1" title="Versay Barış Antlaşması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Versay Barış Antlaşması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versalin_ko%C5%BEundkirjutez" title="Versalin kožundkirjutez – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Versalin kožundkirjutez" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B2a_%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_Versailles" title="Hòa ước Versailles – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hòa ước Versailles" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versailles%27_rahulep%C3%BCng" title="Versailles' rahulepüng – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Versailles' rahulepüng" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%A1%E7%88%BE%E8%B3%BD%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="凡爾賽條約 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="凡爾賽條約" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinagsarabutan_ha_Versailles" title="Pinagsarabutan ha Versailles – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pinagsarabutan ha Versailles" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%A1%E5%B0%94%E8%B5%9B%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="凡尔赛条约 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="凡尔赛条约" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9A" title="ווערסיי אפמאך – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ווערסיי אפמאך" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80d%C3%A9h%C3%B9n_Versailles" title="Àdéhùn Versailles – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àdéhùn Versailles" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E7%88%BE%E8%B3%BD%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="梵爾賽條約 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="梵爾賽條約" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versale_sos%C4%97tar%C4%97ms" title="Versale sosėtarėms – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Versale sosėtarėms" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%A1%E5%B0%94%E8%B5%9B%E6%9D%A1%E7%BA%A6" title="凡尔赛条约 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="凡尔赛条约" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8736#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">One of the treaties that ended World War I</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rue_Nitot" title="Rue Nitot">Rue Nitot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919-1920)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919-1920)">Paris Peace Conference (1919-1920)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Diplomatic history of World War I">Diplomatic history of World War I</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Treaty of Versailles of 28 June 1919, at the end of World War I. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Treaty of Versailles (disambiguation)">Treaty of Versailles (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%;">Treaty of Versailles</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above description" style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ededed">Treaty of Peace between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany<a href="#cite_note-Preamble-1">[n. 1]</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Treaty_of_Versailles,_English_version.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Treaty_of_Versailles%2C_English_version.jpg/180px-Treaty_of_Versailles%2C_English_version.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Treaty_of_Versailles%2C_English_version.jpg/270px-Treaty_of_Versailles%2C_English_version.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Treaty_of_Versailles%2C_English_version.jpg/360px-Treaty_of_Versailles%2C_English_version.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3990" data-file-height="6074" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Cover of the English version</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signed</th><td class="infobox-data">28 June 1919; 105 years ago (28 June 1919)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlavicek2010114-2">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Mirrors" title="Hall of Mirrors">Hall of Mirrors</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Versailles" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles">Versailles</a>, France<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlavicek2010107-3">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Effective</th><td class="infobox-data">10 January 1920<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyerClarkHawleyKett2009153-4">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Condition</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification">Ratification</a> by Germany and three Principal Allied and Associate Powers<a href="#cite_note-Signatures_and_Protocol-5">[n. 2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parties</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left;"><div>Principal Allied and Associated Powers<a href="#cite_note-Preamble-1">[n. 1]</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[i]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a><a href="#cite_note-Signatures_and_Protocol-5">[n. 2]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">  • <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">  • <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Canadian_Red_Ensign_%281907%E2%80%931921%29.png/23px-Canadian_Red_Ensign_%281907%E2%80%931921%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Canadian_Red_Ensign_%281907%E2%80%931921%29.png/35px-Canadian_Red_Ensign_%281907%E2%80%931921%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Canadian_Red_Ensign_%281907%E2%80%931921%29.png/46px-Canadian_Red_Ensign_%281907%E2%80%931921%29.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">  • <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">  • <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg/23px-Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg/35px-Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg/46px-Red_Ensign_of_South_Africa_%281912%E2%80%931951%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">  • <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">  • <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281885%E2%80%931947%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281885%E2%80%931947%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281885%E2%80%931947%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281885%E2%80%931947%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281885%E2%80%931947%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Governor-General_of_India_%281885%E2%80%931947%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Allied and Associated Powers<a href="#cite_note-Preamble-1">[n. 1]</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bandera_de_Bolivia_%28Estado%29.svg/22px-Bandera_de_Bolivia_%28Estado%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bandera_de_Bolivia_%28Estado%29.svg/34px-Bandera_de_Bolivia_%28Estado%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bandera_de_Bolivia_%28Estado%29.svg/44px-Bandera_de_Bolivia_%28Estado%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bolivia_(1809%E2%80%931920)#The_Liberal_Party_and_the_rise_of_tin,_1899–1920" title="History of Bolivia (1809–1920)">Bolivia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931960%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/First_Brazilian_Republic" title="First Brazilian Republic">Brazil</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Beiyang_government" title="Beiyang government">China</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba_%28sky_blue%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cuba_(1902%E2%80%931959)" title="Republic of Cuba (1902–1959)">Cuba</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img 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height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Hejaz_1917.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hejaz_1917.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Hejaz_1917.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hejaz_1917.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Honduras_%281898-1949%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Honduras_%281898-1949%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Honduras_%281898-1949%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Honduras_%281898-1949%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Honduras_%281898-1949%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Honduras_%281898-1949%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="630" /> <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Liberia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liberia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281908%E2%80%931971%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281908%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281908%E2%80%931971%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281908%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281908%E2%80%931971%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nicaragua_%281908%E2%80%931971%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> </li><li 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Poland_%281919%E2%80%931928%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281919%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Poland_%281919%E2%80%931928%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281919%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/First_Portuguese_Republic" title="First Portuguese Republic">Portugal</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281918%E2%80%931941%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom_(1782%E2%80%931932)" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)">Siam</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Bohemia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bohemia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Bohemia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bohemia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_Bohemia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bohemia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Uruguay.svg/45px-Flag_of_Uruguay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> </li></ul> </div> <hr /> <ul><li>Central Power</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Germany</a><a href="#cite_note-Preamble-1">[n. 1]</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Depositary</th><td class="infobox-data">French Government<a href="#cite_note-Signatures_and_Protocol-5">[n. 2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a><a href="#cite_note-Signatures_and_Protocol-5">[n. 2]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">Full text</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/16px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/32px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Paris_Peace_Conference.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Paris_Peace_Conference.jpg/250px-Paris_Peace_Conference.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Paris_Peace_Conference.jpg/375px-Paris_Peace_Conference.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Paris_Peace_Conference.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="269" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Covenant of the League of Nations">Covenant of the League of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Member states of the League of Nations">Members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Organisation of the League of Nations">Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_Treaties" title="Minority Treaties">Minority Treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Little Treaty of Versailles">Little Treaty of Versailles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">Mandates</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Treaty of Versailles</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_231_of_the_Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles">"War Guilt" clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reparations" title="World War I reparations">Reparations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawes_Plan" title="Dawes Plan">Dawes Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_conference_on_reparations" title="Hague conference on reparations">Hague conference on reparations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Plan" title="Young Plan">Young Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Conference_of_1932" title="Lausanne Conference of 1932">Lausanne Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locarno_Treaties" title="Locarno Treaties">Locarno Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II#Legacies_of_World_War_I" title="Causes of World War II">Possible cause of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Opium_Convention" title="International Opium Convention">International Opium Convention</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Millerand_letter" title="Millerand letter">Millerand letter</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition of the Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_London_(1920)" title="Conference of London (1920)">Conference of London (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Remo_conference" title="San Remo conference">San Remo conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish National Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Others</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Commission_to_Negotiate_Peace" title="American Commission to Negotiate Peace">American Commission to Negotiate Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_of_Responsibilities" title="Commission of Responsibilities">Commission of Responsibilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Inquiry" title="The Inquiry">The Inquiry</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paris_Peace_Conference_sidebar" title="Template:Paris Peace Conference sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paris_Peace_Conference_sidebar" title="Template talk:Paris Peace Conference sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paris_Peace_Conference_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paris Peace Conference sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">Events leading to World War II</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"> 1910s</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Treaty of Versailles</a> 1919</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a> 1919</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> 1919–1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian War">Polish–Lithuanian War</a> 1919–1920</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"> 1920s</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a> 1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rapallo_(1920)" title="Treaty of Rapallo (1920)">Treaty of Rapallo</a> 1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Polish_Alliance_(1921)" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Polish Alliance (1921)">Franco-Polish alliance</a> 1921</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a> 1922</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_incident" title="Corfu incident">Corfu incident</a> 1923</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Ruhr" title="Occupation of the Ruhr">Occupation of the Ruhr</a> 1923–1925</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a> 1925</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Senussi_War" title="Second Italo-Senussi War">Second Italo-Senussi War</a> 1923–1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawes_Plan" title="Dawes Plan">Dawes Plan</a> 1924</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locarno_Treaties" title="Locarno Treaties">Locarno Treaties</a> 1925</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Plan" title="Young Plan">Young Plan</a> 1929</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> 1929</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"> 1930s</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Japanese invasion of Manchuria</a> 1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Manchukuo" title="Pacification of Manchukuo">Pacification of Manchukuo</a> 1931–1942</li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_28_incident" title="January 28 incident">January 28 incident</a> 1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_for_the_Reduction_and_Limitation_of_Armaments" title="Conference for the Reduction and Limitation of Armaments">Geneva Conference</a> 1932–1934</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_the_Great_Wall" title="Defense of the Great Wall">Defense of the Great Wall</a> 1933</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rehe" title="Battle of Rehe">Battle of Rehe</a> 1933</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Nazis' rise to power in Germany</a> 1933</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanggu_Truce" title="Tanggu Truce">Tanggu Truce</a> 1933</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Soviet_Pact" title="Italo-Soviet Pact">Italo-Soviet Pact</a> 1933</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actions_in_Inner_Mongolia_(1933%E2%80%931936)" title="Actions in Inner Mongolia (1933–1936)">Inner Mongolian Campaign</a> 1933–1936</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Polish_declaration_of_non-aggression" title="German–Polish declaration of non-aggression">German–Polish declaration of non-aggression</a> 1934</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Soviet_Treaty_of_Mutual_Assistance" title="Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance">Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance</a> 1935</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93Russia_relations#Background" title="Czech Republic–Russia relations">Soviet–Czechoslovakia Treaty of Mutual Assistance</a> 1935</li> <li><a href="/wiki/He%E2%80%93Umezu_Agreement" title="He–Umezu Agreement">He–Umezu Agreement</a> 1935</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_Naval_Agreement" title="Anglo-German Naval Agreement">Anglo-German Naval Agreement</a> 1935</li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_9th_Movement" title="December 9th Movement">December 9th Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a> 1935–1936</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remilitarization_of_the_Rhineland" class="mw-redirect" title="Remilitarization of the Rhineland">Remilitarization of the Rhineland</a> 1936</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">Arab revolt in Palestine</a> 1936–1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> 1936–1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-German_protocol_of_23_October_1936" title="Italo-German protocol of 23 October 1936">Italo-German "Axis" protocol</a> 1936</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a> 1936</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suiyuan_campaign" title="Suiyuan campaign">Suiyuan campaign</a> 1936</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Incident" title="Xi'an Incident">Xi'an Incident</a> 1936</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> 1937–1945</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Panay_incident" title="USS Panay incident">USS Panay incident</a> 1937</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a> Mar. 1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Polish_ultimatum_to_Lithuania" title="1938 Polish ultimatum to Lithuania">Polish ultimatum to Lithuania</a> Mar. 1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Crisis" title="May Crisis">May Crisis</a> May 1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Khasan" title="Battle of Lake Khasan">Battle of Lake Khasan</a> July–Aug. 1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bled_agreement_(1938)" title="Bled agreement (1938)">Bled Agreement</a> Aug. 1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudetendeutsches_Freikorps#Undeclared_German–Czechoslovak_War" title="Sudetendeutsches Freikorps">Undeclared German–Czechoslovak War</a> Sep. 1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a> Sep. 1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vienna_Award" title="First Vienna Award">First Vienna Award</a> Nov. 1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of Czechoslovakia">German occupation of Czechoslovakia</a> Mar. 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpatho-Ukraine#Hungarian_invasion" title="Carpatho-Ukraine">Hungarian invasion of Carpatho-Ukraine</a> Mar. 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_German_ultimatum_to_Lithuania" title="1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania">German ultimatum to Lithuania</a> Mar. 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak%E2%80%93Hungarian_War" title="Slovak–Hungarian War">Slovak–Hungarian War</a> Mar. 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_offensive_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War">Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War</a> Mar.–Apr. 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danzig_crisis" title="Danzig crisis">Danzig Crisis</a> Mar.–Aug. 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Polish_alliance#British_assurance_to_Poland" title="Anglo-Polish alliance">British guarantee to Poland</a> Mar. 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a> Apr. 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Polish_alliance#Failed_Soviet-Franco-British_alliance" title="Anglo-Polish alliance">Soviet–British–French Moscow negotiations</a> Apr.–Aug. 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Steel" title="Pact of Steel">Pact of Steel</a> May 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a> May–Sep. 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a> Aug. 1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a> Sep. 1939</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Events_leading_to_World_War_II" title="Template:Events leading to World War II"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Events_leading_to_World_War_II" title="Template talk:Events leading to World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Events_leading_to_World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Events leading to World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Treaty of Versailles<a href="#cite_note-7">[ii]</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">peace treaty</a> signed on 28 June 1919. As the most important treaty of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, it ended the state of war between Germany and most of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied Powers</a>. It was signed in the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>, exactly five years after the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand</a>, which led to the war. The other <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> on the German side signed separate treaties.<a href="#cite_note-8">[iii]</a> Although the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_with_Germany_(Compi%C3%A8gne)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice with Germany (Compiègne)">armistice</a> of 11 November 1918 ended the actual fighting, and agreed certain principles and conditions including the payment of reparations, it took six months of Allied negotiations at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a> to conclude the peace treaty. Germany was not allowed to participate in the negotiations before signing the treaty. The treaty <a href="/wiki/German_disarmament" title="German disarmament">required Germany to disarm</a>, make territorial concessions, extradite alleged war criminals, agree to Kaiser Wilhelm being put on trial, recognise the independence of states whose territory had previously been part of the German Empire, and pay <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reparations" title="World War I reparations">reparations</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Entente</a> powers. The most critical and controversial provision in the treaty was: "The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies." The other members of the Central Powers signed treaties containing similar articles. This article, <a href="/wiki/Article_231_of_the_Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles">Article 231</a>, became known as the "War Guilt" clause. Critics including <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a> declared the treaty too harsh, styling it as a "<a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_peace" title="Carthaginian peace">Carthaginian peace</a>", and saying the reparations were excessive and counterproductive. On the other hand, prominent Allied figures such as French Marshal <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch">Ferdinand Foch</a> criticized the treaty for treating Germany too leniently. This is still the subject of ongoing debate by historians and economists. The result of these competing and sometimes conflicting goals among the victors was a compromise that left no one satisfied. In particular, Germany was neither <a href="/wiki/Appeasement#Failure_of_collective_security" title="Appeasement">pacified</a> nor conciliated, nor was it permanently weakened. The United States never ratified the Versailles treaty; instead it made a separate peace treaty with Germany, albeit based on the Versailles treaty. The problems that arose from the treaty would lead to the <a href="/wiki/Locarno_Treaties" title="Locarno Treaties">Locarno Treaties</a>, which improved relations between Germany and the other European powers. The reparation system was reorganized and payments reduced in the <a href="/wiki/Dawes_Plan" title="Dawes Plan">Dawes Plan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Young_Plan" title="Young Plan">Young Plan</a>. Bitter resentment of the treaty powered the <a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler's rise to power">rise</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>, and eventually the outbreak of a <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">second World War</a>. Although it is often referred to as the "Versailles Conference", only the actual signing of the treaty took place at the historic palace. Most of the negotiations were in Paris, with the "Big Four" meetings taking place generally at the French <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (France)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Quai_d%27Orsay" title="Quai d'Orsay">Quai d'Orsay</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_World_War">First World War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/The_signing_of_the_peace_treaty_of_Versailles.webm/220px-seek%3D105-The_signing_of_the_peace_treaty_of_Versailles.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="499" data-mwtitle="The_signing_of_the_peace_treaty_of_Versailles.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:The_signing_of_the_peace_treaty_of_Versailles.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/The_signing_of_the_peace_treaty_of_Versailles.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/29/The_signing_of_the_peace_treaty_of_Versailles.webm/The_signing_of_the_peace_treaty_of_Versailles.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/29/The_signing_of_the_peace_treaty_of_Versailles.webm/The_signing_of_the_peace_treaty_of_Versailles.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/29/The_signing_of_the_peace_treaty_of_Versailles.webm/The_signing_of_the_peace_treaty_of_Versailles.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video><figcaption>Newsreel footage of the signing of the peace treaty at Versailles</figcaption></figure> War broke out following the <a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a> in 1914. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, followed quickly by Germany declaring war on Russia on 1 August, and on Belgium and France on 3 August. The German invasion of Belgium on 3 August led to a declaration of war by Britain on Germany on 4 August, creating the conflict that became the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts20051078-9">[4]</a> Two alliances faced off, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> (led by Germany) and the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a> (led by Britain, France and Russia). Other countries entered as fighting raged widely across <a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="European theatre of World War I">Europe</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="African theatre of World War I">Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I">Asia</a>. Having seen the overthrow of the Tsarist regime in the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> and the Kerensky government in the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, the new <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a> under <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> in March 1918 signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a>, amounting to a surrender that was highly favourable to Germany. Sensing victory before the <a href="/wiki/American_Expeditionary_Forces" title="American Expeditionary Forces">American Expeditionary Forces</a> could be ready, Germany now shifted forces to the Western Front and tried to overwhelm the Allies. It failed. Instead, the Allies won decisively on the battlefield, overwhelmed Germany's Turkish, Austrian, and Bulgarian allies, and forced an armistice in November 1918 that resembled a surrender.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiest2012126,_168,_200-10">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_the_Fourteen_Points">Role of the Fourteen Points</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">American entry into World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points" title="Fourteen Points">Fourteen Points</a></div> The United States entered the war against the Central Powers in 1917 and President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> played a significant role in shaping the peace terms. His expressed aim was to detach the war from nationalistic disputes and ambitions. On 8 January 1918, Wilson issued the <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points" title="Fourteen Points">Fourteen Points</a>. They outlined a policy of <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secret_treaty" title="Secret treaty">open agreements</a>, and democracy. While the term was not used, <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> was assumed. It called for a negotiated end to the war, international disarmament, the withdrawal of the Central Powers from occupied territories, the creation of a <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_World_War_I" title="History of Poland during World War I">Polish state</a>, the redrawing of Europe's borders along ethnic lines, and the formation of a <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> to guarantee the political independence and territorial integrity of all states.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005429-11">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fourteen_Points_Speech-12">[n. 3]</a> It called for what it characterised as a just and democratic peace uncompromised by territorial <a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">annexation</a>. The Fourteen Points were based on the research of the <a href="/wiki/The_Inquiry" title="The Inquiry">Inquiry</a>, a team of about 150 advisors led by foreign-policy advisor <a href="/wiki/Edward_M._House" title="Edward M. House">Edward M. House</a>, into the topics likely to arise in the expected peace conference.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper2011422–424-13">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armistice">Armistice</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice of 11 November 1918</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Rhineland" title="Occupation of the Rhineland">Occupation of the Rhineland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_front_1918_allied.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Western_front_1918_allied.jpg/220px-Western_front_1918_allied.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Western_front_1918_allied.jpg/330px-Western_front_1918_allied.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Western_front_1918_allied.jpg/440px-Western_front_1918_allied.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1242" data-file-height="961" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the Western Front as it stood on 11 November 1918. The German frontier of 1914 had been crossed in the vicinities of <a href="/wiki/Mulhouse" title="Mulhouse">Mulhouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau-Salins" title="Château-Salins">Château-Salins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marieulles" title="Marieulles">Marieulles</a> in Alsace-Lorraine. The post-war bridgeheads over the Rhine are also shown.</figcaption></figure> During the autumn of 1918, the Central Powers began to collapse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeller2007182–195-14">[8]</a> Desertion rates within the German army began to increase, and civilian strikes drastically reduced war production.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBessel199347–48-15">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardach1987183–184-16">[10]</a> On the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied forces</a> launched the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">Hundred Days Offensive</a> and decisively defeated the German western armies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimkins200271-17">[11]</a> Sailors of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy" title="Imperial German Navy">Imperial German Navy</a> at Kiel <a href="/wiki/Kiel_mutiny" title="Kiel mutiny">mutinied</a> in response to the <a href="/wiki/Naval_order_of_24_October_1918" title="Naval order of 24 October 1918">naval order of 24 October 1918</a>, which prompted uprisings in Germany, which became known as the <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005638-18">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1960101-19">[13]</a> The German government tried to obtain a peace settlement based on the Fourteen Points, and maintained it was on this basis that they surrendered. Following negotiations, the Allied powers and Germany <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">signed an armistice</a>, which came into effect on 11 November while German forces were still positioned in <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_I" title="Belgium in World War I">Belgium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1960102-20">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg19948-21">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyerClarkHawleyKett2009526-22">[16]</a> Many aspects of the Versailles treaty that were later criticised were agreed first in the 11 November armistice agreement, whilst the war was still ongoing. These included the German evacuation of <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_northern_France_during_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of northern France during World War I">German-occupied France</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War I">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I">Luxembourg</a>, Alsace-Lorraine, and the <a href="/wiki/Left_Bank_of_the_Rhine" title="Left Bank of the Rhine">left bank of the Rhine</a> (all of which were to be administered by the Allies under the armistice agreement), the surrender of a large quantity of war materiel, and the agreed payment of "reparation for damage done".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1974270–273-23">[17]</a> German forces evacuated occupied France, Belgium, and Luxembourg within the fifteen days required by the armistice agreement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmonds19431-24">[18]</a> By late 1918, Allied troops had entered Germany and began the occupation of the Rhineland under the agreement, in the process establishing bridgeheads across the Rhine in case of renewed fighting at Cologne, Koblenz, and Mainz. Allied and German forces were additionally to be separated by a 10 km-wide demilitarised zone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartel199918-25">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnesEbertowski201114-26">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blockade">Blockade</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1914%E2%80%931919)" title="Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)">Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)</a></div> Both Germany and Great Britain were dependent on imports of food and raw materials, most of which had to be shipped across the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>. The Blockade of Germany was a <a href="/wiki/Naval_blockade" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval blockade">naval operation</a> conducted by the Allied Powers to stop the supply of raw materials and foodstuffs reaching the Central Powers. The German <a href="/wiki/Kaiserliche_Marine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiserliche Marine">Kaiserliche Marine</a> was mainly restricted to the <a href="/wiki/German_Bight" title="German Bight">German Bight</a> and used <a href="/wiki/Commerce_raiders" class="mw-redirect" title="Commerce raiders">commerce raiders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unrestricted_submarine_warfare" title="Unrestricted submarine warfare">unrestricted submarine warfare</a> for a counter-blockade. The German Board of Public Health in December 1918 stated that 763,000 German civilians had died during the Allied blockade, although an academic study in 1928 put the death toll at 424,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrebler194078-27">[21]</a> The blockade was maintained for eight months after the Armistice in November 1918, into the following year of 1919. Foodstuffs imports into Germany were controlled by the Allies after the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice with Germany</a> until Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles in June 1919.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMowat1968213-28">[22]</a> In March 1919, Churchill informed the House of Commons, that the ongoing blockade was a success and "Germany is very near starvation."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller1993-29">[23]</a> From January 1919 to March 1919, Germany refused to agree to Allied demands that Germany surrender its merchant ships to Allied ports to transport food supplies. Some Germans considered the armistice to be a temporary cessation of the war and knew, if fighting broke out again, their ships would be seized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarks2013650-30">[24]</a> Over the winter of 1919, the situation became desperate and Germany finally agreed to surrender its fleet in March.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch_1919_Brussels_agreement-31">[25]</a> The Allies then allowed for the import of 270,000 tons of foodstuffs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch_1919_Brussels_agreement-31">[25]</a> Both German and non-German observers have argued that these were the most devastating months of the blockade for German civilians,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1985145-32">[26]</a> though disagreement persists as to the extent and who is truly at fault.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarks2013651-33">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Proceedings_of_the_National_Assembly''1919631–635-34">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Deutsche_Allgemeine_Zeitung''1919-35">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoerkohl1991348-36">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudloff1998184-37">[31]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Max_Rubner" title="Max Rubner">Max Rubner</a> 100,000 German civilians died due to the continuation blockade after the armistice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubner191915-38">[32]</a> In the UK, <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> member and anti-war activist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Smillie" title="Robert Smillie">Robert Smillie</a> issued a statement in June 1919 condemning continuation of the blockade, claiming 100,000 German civilians had died as a result.<a href="#cite_note-39">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBane1942791-40">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Negotiations">Negotiations</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Big_four.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Big_four.jpg/220px-Big_four.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Big_four.jpg/330px-Big_four.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Big_four.jpg/440px-Big_four.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2616" data-file-height="2008" /></a><figcaption>The heads of the "<a href="/wiki/The_Big_Four_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Big Four (World War I)">Big Four</a>" nations at the Paris Peace Conference, 27 May 1919. From left to right: <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Orlando" class="mw-redirect" title="Vittorio Orlando">Vittorio Orlando</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Georges Clemenceau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></figcaption></figure> Talks between the Allies to establish a common negotiating position started on 18 January 1919, in the Salle de l'Horloge (Clock Room) at the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Europe_and_Foreign_Affairs_(France)" title="Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (France)">French Foreign Ministry</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Quai_d%27Orsay" title="Quai d'Orsay">Quai d'Orsay</a> in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlavicek201037-41">[35]</a> Initially, 70 delegates from 27 nations participated in the negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELentin198584-42">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russia</a> was excluded due to their signing of a separate peace (the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Russia%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Russia–Central Powers)">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a>) and early withdrawal from the war. Furthermore, German negotiators were excluded to deny them an opportunity to divide the Allies diplomatically.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg199412-43">[37]</a> Initially, a "Council of Ten" (comprising two delegates each from Britain, France, the United States, Italy, and Japan) met officially to decide the peace terms. This council was replaced by the "Council of Five", formed from each country's foreign ministers, to discuss minor matters. French Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Georges Clemenceau</a>, Italian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Emanuele_Orlando" title="Vittorio Emanuele Orlando">Vittorio Emanuele Orlando</a>, British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>, and United States President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> formed the "<a href="/wiki/The_Big_Four_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Big Four (World War I)">Big Four</a>" (at one point becoming the "Big Three" following the temporary withdrawal of Orlando). These four men met in 145 closed sessions to make all the major decisions, which were later ratified by the entire assembly. The minor powers attended a weekly "Plenary Conference" that discussed issues in a general forum but made no decisions. These members formed over 50 commissions that made various recommendations, many of which were incorporated into the final text of the treaty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlavicek201040–41-44">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVenzon1999439-45">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELentin201222-46">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_aims">French aims</h3></div> France had lost 1.3 million soldiers, including 25% of French men aged 18–30, as well as 400,000 civilians. France had also been more physically damaged than any other nation; the so-called <a href="/wiki/Zone_rouge" title="Zone rouge">zone rouge</a> (Red Zone), the most industrialized region and the source of most coal and iron ore in the north-east, had been devastated, and in the final days of the war, mines had been flooded and railways, bridges and factories destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlavicek201043-47">[41]</a> Clemenceau intended to ensure the security of France, by weakening Germany economically, militarily, territorially and by supplanting Germany as the leading producer of steel in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlavicek201043-47">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELentin201221-48">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELayne1996187-49">[43]</a> British economist and Versailles negotiator <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a> summarized this position as attempting to "set the clock back and undo what, since 1870, the progress of Germany had accomplished."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes192034-50">[44]</a> Clemenceau told Wilson: "America is far away, protected by the ocean. Not even <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> himself could touch England. You are both sheltered; we are not".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeylor199843-51">[45]</a> The French wanted a frontier on the <a href="/wiki/Rhine_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine River">Rhine</a>, to protect France from a German invasion and compensate for French demographic and economic inferiority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeylor199834-52">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELentin199228-53">[47]</a> American and British representatives refused the French claim and after two months of negotiations, the French accepted a British pledge to provide an immediate alliance with France if Germany attacked again, and Wilson agreed to put a similar proposal to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a>. Clemenceau had told the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(France)" title="Chamber of Deputies (France)">Chamber of Deputies</a>, in December 1918, that his goal was to maintain an alliance with both countries. Clemenceau accepted the offer, in return for an occupation of the Rhineland for fifteen years and that Germany would also <a href="/wiki/Demilitarized_zone" title="Demilitarized zone">demilitarise</a> the Rhineland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELentin199228–32-54">[48]</a> French negotiators required reparations, to make Germany pay for the destruction induced throughout the war and to decrease German strength.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlavicek201043-47">[41]</a> The French also wanted the iron ore and coal of the <a href="/wiki/Saar_(river)" title="Saar (river)">Saar Valley</a>, by annexation to France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlavicek201043–44-55">[49]</a> The French were willing to accept a smaller amount of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reparations" title="World War I reparations">World War I reparations</a> than the Americans would concede and Clemenceau was willing to discuss German capacity to pay with the German delegation, before the final settlement was drafted. In April and May 1919, the French and Germans held separate talks, on mutually acceptable arrangements on issues like reparation, reconstruction and industrial collaboration. France, along with the British Dominions and Belgium, opposed <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandates</a> and favored annexation of former <a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German colonies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrachtenberg1982499-56">[50]</a> The French, who had suffered significantly in the areas occupied by Germany during the war, were in favour of trying German war criminals, including the Kaiser. In the face of American objections that there was no applicable existing law under which the Kaiser could be tried, Clemenceau took the view that the "law of responsibility" overruled all other laws and that putting the Kaiser on trial offered the opportunity to establish this as an international precedent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassiouni2002269-57">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_aims">British aims</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Twins_(Sumner_and_Cunliffe)" title="Heavenly Twins (Sumner and Cunliffe)">Heavenly Twins (Sumner and Cunliffe)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fontainebleau_Memorandum" title="Fontainebleau Memorandum">Fontainebleau Memorandum</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Lloyd_George.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man poses for a photograph." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/David_Lloyd_George.jpg/170px-David_Lloyd_George.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/David_Lloyd_George.jpg/255px-David_Lloyd_George.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/David_Lloyd_George.jpg/340px-David_Lloyd_George.jpg 2x" data-file-width="907" data-file-height="1182" /></a><figcaption>British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a></figcaption></figure> Britain had suffered heavy financial costs but suffered little physical devastation during the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1970605-58">[52]</a> British public opinion wanted to make Germany pay for the War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenig19952–3-59">[53]</a> Public opinion favoured a "just peace", which would force Germany to pay reparations and be unable to repeat the aggression of 1914, although those of a "liberal and advanced opinion" shared Wilson's ideal of a peace of reconciliation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1960102-20">[14]</a> In private Lloyd George opposed revenge and attempted to compromise between Clemenceau's demands and the Fourteen Points, because Europe would eventually have to reconcile with Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezina200621-60">[54]</a> Lloyd George wanted terms of reparation that would not cripple the German economy, so that Germany would remain a viable economic power and trading partner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlavicek201044-61">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezina200621-60">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1970605-58">[52]</a> By arguing that British war pensions and widows' allowances should be included in the German reparation sum, Lloyd George ensured that a large amount would go to the British Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYearwood2009127-62">[56]</a> Lloyd George also intended to maintain a <a href="/wiki/European_balance_of_power" title="European balance of power">European balance of power</a> to thwart a French attempt to establish itself as the dominant European power. A revived Germany would be a counterweight to France and a deterrent to Bolshevik Russia. Lloyd George also wanted to neutralize the German navy to keep the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> as the greatest naval power in the world; dismantle the German colonial empire with several of its territorial possessions ceded to Britain and others being established as <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandates</a>, a position opposed by the <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezina200621-60">[54]</a> Together with the French, the British favoured putting German war criminals on trial, and included the Kaiser in this. Already in 1916 <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Herbert Asquith</a> had declared the intention "to bring to justice the criminals, whoever they be and whatever their station", and a resolution of the war cabinet in 1918 reaffirmed this intent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim200052–53-63">[57]</a> Lloyd George declared that the British people would not accept a treaty that did not include terms on this, though he wished to limit the charges solely to violation of the 1839 treaty guaranteeing Belgian neutrality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassiouni2002269–270-64">[58]</a> The British were also well aware that the Kaiser having sought refuge in the Netherlands meant that any trial was unlikely to take place and therefore any Article demanding it was likely to be a dead letter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassiouni2002272-65">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_aims">American aims</h3></div> Before the American entry into the war, Wilson had talked of a "peace without victory".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1917-66">[60]</a> This position fluctuated following the US entry into the war. Wilson spoke of the German aggressors, with whom there could be no compromised peace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrachtenberg1982490-67">[61]</a> On 8 January 1918, however, Wilson delivered a speech (known as the <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points" title="Fourteen Points">Fourteen Points</a>) that declared the American peace objectives: the rebuilding of the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Europe" title="Economy of Europe">European economy</a>, self-determination of European and Middle Eastern ethnic groups, the promotion of free trade, the creation of appropriate mandates for former colonies, and above all, the creation of a powerful League of Nations that would ensure the peace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper2011454–505-68">[62]</a> The aim of the latter was to provide a forum to revise the peace treaties as needed, and deal with problems that arose as a result of the peace and the rise of new states.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlavicek201048-69">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezina200621-60">[54]</a> Wilson brought along top intellectuals as advisors to the American peace delegation, and the overall American position echoed the Fourteen Points. Wilson firmly opposed harsh treatment on Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper2011454–505-68">[62]</a> While the British and French wanted to largely annex the German colonial empire, Wilson saw that as a violation of the fundamental principles of justice and human rights of the native populations, and favored them having the right of self-determination via the creation of mandates. The promoted idea called for the major powers to act as disinterested trustees over a region, aiding the native populations until they could govern themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlavicek201046–47-70">[64]</a> In spite of this position and in order to ensure that Japan did not refuse to join the League of Nations, Wilson favored turning over the former German colony of <a href="/wiki/Shandong_Problem" title="Shandong Problem">Shandong</a>, in <a href="/wiki/East_China" title="East China">Eastern China</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese Empire</a> rather than return the area to the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>'s control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlavicek201065-71">[65]</a> Further confounding the Americans, was US internal partisan politics. In November 1918, the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> won the <a href="/wiki/1918_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1918 United States Senate elections">Senate election</a> by a slim margin. Wilson, a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a>, refused to include prominent Republicans in the American delegation making his efforts seem partisan, and contributed to a risk of political defeat at home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper2011454–505-68">[62]</a> On the subject of war crimes, the Americans differed to the British and French in that Wilson's proposal was that any trial of the Kaiser should be solely a political and moral affair, and not one of criminal responsibility, meaning that the death penalty would be precluded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassiouni2002271-72">[66]</a> This was based on the American view, particularly those of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lansing" title="Robert Lansing">Robert Lansing</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim200052–53-63">[57]</a> that there was no applicable law under which the Kaiser could be tried.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassiouni2002269-57">[51]</a> Additionally, the Americans favoured trying other German war criminals before military tribunals rather than an international court, with prosecutions being limited to "violation[s] of the laws and customs of war", and opposed any trials based on violations against what was called "<a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">laws of humanity</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassiouni2002271-72">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_aims">Italian aims</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Emanuele_Orlando" title="Vittorio Emanuele Orlando">Vittorio Emanuele Orlando</a> and his foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Sonnino" title="Sidney Sonnino">Sidney Sonnino</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> of British origins, worked primarily to secure the partition of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg Empire">Habsburg Empire</a> and their attitude towards Germany was not as hostile. Generally speaking, Sonnino was in line with the British position while Orlando favored a compromise between Clemenceau and Wilson. Within the negotiations for the Treaty of Versailles, Orlando obtained certain results such as the permanent membership of Italy in the security council of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> and a promised transfer of British <a href="/wiki/Jubaland" title="Jubaland">Jubaland</a> and French <a href="/wiki/Aozou_strip" class="mw-redirect" title="Aozou strip">Aozou strip</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Italian colonies of Somalia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Libya</a> respectively. <a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian nationalists</a>, however, saw the War as a "<a href="/wiki/Mutilated_victory" title="Mutilated victory">mutilated victory</a>" for what they considered to be little territorial gains achieved in the other treaties directly impacting Italy's borders. Orlando was ultimately forced to abandon the conference and resign. Orlando refused to see <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> as a mutilated victory, replying at nationalists calling for a greater expansion that "Italy today is a great state....on par with the great historic and contemporary states. This is, for me, our main and principal expansion." <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Saverio_Nitti" title="Francesco Saverio Nitti">Francesco Saverio Nitti</a> took Orlando's place in signing the treaty of Versailles.<a href="#cite_note-73">[67]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT">incomplete short citation</a>] The Italian leadership were divided on whether to try the Kaiser. Sonnino considered that putting the Kaiser on trial could result in him becoming a "patriotic martyr". Orlando, in contrast, stated that "the ex-Kaiser ought to pay like other criminals", but was less sure about whether the Kaiser should be tried as a criminal or merely have a political verdict cast against him. Orlando also considered that "[t]he question of the constitution of the Court presents almost insurmountable difficulties".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchabas201861–62-74">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treaty_content_and_signing">Treaty content and signing</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a></div></div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Orpen_%E2%80%93_The_Signing_of_Peace_in_the_Hall_of_Mirrors,_Versailles_1919,_Ausschnitt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Numerous men stand and sit around a long table, while the man sitting in the foreground signs a document." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/William_Orpen_%E2%80%93_The_Signing_of_Peace_in_the_Hall_of_Mirrors%2C_Versailles_1919%2C_Ausschnitt.jpg/220px-William_Orpen_%E2%80%93_The_Signing_of_Peace_in_the_Hall_of_Mirrors%2C_Versailles_1919%2C_Ausschnitt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/William_Orpen_%E2%80%93_The_Signing_of_Peace_in_the_Hall_of_Mirrors%2C_Versailles_1919%2C_Ausschnitt.jpg/330px-William_Orpen_%E2%80%93_The_Signing_of_Peace_in_the_Hall_of_Mirrors%2C_Versailles_1919%2C_Ausschnitt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/William_Orpen_%E2%80%93_The_Signing_of_Peace_in_the_Hall_of_Mirrors%2C_Versailles_1919%2C_Ausschnitt.jpg/440px-William_Orpen_%E2%80%93_The_Signing_of_Peace_in_the_Hall_of_Mirrors%2C_Versailles_1919%2C_Ausschnitt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2238" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>German delegate <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bell" title="Johannes Bell">Johannes Bell</a> signing the Treaty of Versailles in the <a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Mirrors_(Palace_of_Versailles)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hall of Mirrors (Palace of Versailles)">Hall of Mirrors</a>, with various Allied delegations sitting and standing in front of him</figcaption></figure> In June 1919, the Allies declared that war would resume if the German government did not sign the treaty they had agreed to among themselves. The <a href="/wiki/Scheidemann_cabinet" title="Scheidemann cabinet">government</a> headed by <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Scheidemann" title="Philipp Scheidemann">Philipp Scheidemann</a> was unable to agree on a common position, and Scheidemann himself resigned rather than agree to sign the treaty. <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Bauer" title="Gustav Bauer">Gustav Bauer</a>, the head of the new government, sent a telegram stating his intention to sign the treaty if certain articles were withdrawn, including Articles 227 to 231 (i.e., the Articles related to the extradition of the Kaiser for trial, the extradition of German war criminals for trial before Allied tribunals, the handing over of documents relevant for war crimes trials, and accepting liability for war reparations).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassiouni2002278–279-75">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[iv]</a> In response, the Allies issued an ultimatum stating that Germany would have to accept the treaty or face an invasion of Allied forces across the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> within 24 hours. On 23 June, Bauer capitulated and sent a second telegram with a confirmation that a German delegation would arrive shortly to sign the treaty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlavicek201073-77">[70]</a> On 28 June 1919, the fifth anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand</a> (the immediate impetus for the war), the peace treaty was signed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlavicek2010114-2">[1]</a> The treaty had clauses ranging from war crimes, the prohibition on the merging of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_German_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of German Austria">Republic of German Austria</a> with Germany without the consent of the League of Nations, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_navigation" title="Freedom of navigation">freedom of navigation</a> on major <a href="/wiki/Rivers_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Rivers in Europe">European rivers</a>, to the returning of a <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> to the king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hedjaz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Articles_227–230-78">[n. 4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Article_80-79">[n. 5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Part_XII-80">[n. 6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Article_246-81">[n. 7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territorial_changes">Territorial changes</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_losses_after_WWI.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map of Germany. It is colour-coded to show the transfer of territory from German to the surrounding countries and define the new borders." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/German_losses_after_WWI.svg/220px-German_losses_after_WWI.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/German_losses_after_WWI.svg/330px-German_losses_after_WWI.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/German_losses_after_WWI.svg/440px-German_losses_after_WWI.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="848" /></a><figcaption>Germany after Versailles: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Administered by the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Annexed or transferred to neighbouring countries by the treaty, or later via plebiscite and League of Nations action</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Germany</a></div></figcaption></figure> The treaty stripped Germany of 65,000 km2 (25,000 sq mi) of territory and 7 million people. It also required Germany to give up the gains made via the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and grant independence to the protectorates that had been established.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruitt2010114-82">[71]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, Germany was required to recognize Belgian sovereignty over <a href="/wiki/Moresnet" class="mw-redirect" title="Moresnet">Moresnet</a> and cede control of the <a href="/wiki/Eupen-Malmedy" title="Eupen-Malmedy">Eupen-Malmedy</a> area. Within six months of the transfer, Belgium was required to conduct a <a href="/wiki/Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscite">plebiscite</a> on whether the citizens of the region wanted to remain under Belgian sovereignty or return to German control, communicate the results to the League of Nations and abide by the League's decision.<a href="#cite_note-Articles_33_and_34-83">[n. 8]</a> The Belgian transitional administration, under High Commissioner General <a href="/wiki/Herman_Baltia" title="Herman Baltia">Herman Baltia</a>, was responsible for the organisation and control of this process, held between January and June 1920. The plebiscite itself was held without a <a href="/wiki/Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">secret ballot</a>, and organized as a consultation in which all citizens who opposed the annexation had to formally register their protest. Ultimately, only 271 of 33,726 voters signed the protest list, of which 202 were German state servants. After the Belgian government reported this result, the League of Nations confirmed the change of status on 20 September 1920, with the line of the German-Belgian border finally fixed by a League of Nations commission in 1922.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrüll2014-84">[72]</a> To compensate for the destruction of French coal mines, Germany was to cede the output of the <a href="/wiki/Saar_(river)" title="Saar (river)">Saar</a> coalmines to France and <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Saar_Basin" title="Territory of the Saar Basin">control of the Saar to the League of Nations</a> for 15 years; a plebiscite would then be held to decide sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-Articles_45_and_49-85">[n. 9]</a> The treaty restored the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a> to France by rescinding the treaties of <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles_(1871)" title="Treaty of Versailles (1871)">Versailles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Frankfurt_(1871)" title="Treaty of Frankfurt (1871)">Frankfurt</a> of 1871 as they pertained to this issue.<a href="#cite_note-Section_V_preamble_and_Article_51-86">[n. 10]</a> France was able to make the claim that the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a> were indeed part of France and not part of Germany by disclosing a letter sent from the Prussian King to the <a href="/wiki/Empress_Eug%C3%A9nie" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Eugénie">Empress Eugénie</a> that Eugénie provided, in which <a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">William I</a> wrote that the territories of Alsace-Lorraine were requested by Germany for the sole purpose of national defense and not to expand the German territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReinach1920193-87">[73]</a> The sovereignty of <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> was to be resolved by a plebiscite to be held at a future time (see <a href="/wiki/Schleswig_Plebiscites" class="mw-redirect" title="Schleswig Plebiscites">Schleswig Plebiscites</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeckham2003107-88">[74]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> Germany was to recognize the independence of <a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> and cede parts of the province of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia" title="Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a> to them.<a href="#cite_note-Articles_81_and_83-89">[n. 11]</a> Germany had to recognize the independence of <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a>, which had <a href="/wiki/Polish_independence_regained" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish independence regained">regained its independence</a> following a national revolution against the occupying Central Powers, and renounce "all rights and title" over Polish territory. Portions of Upper Silesia were to be ceded to Poland, with the future of the rest of the province to be decided by plebiscite. The border would be fixed with regard to the vote and to the geographical and economic conditions of each locality.<a href="#cite_note-Article_88_and_annex-90">[n. 12]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Posen" title="Province of Posen">Province of Posen</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>), which had come under Polish control during the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)">Greater Poland Uprising</a>, was also to be ceded to Poland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrucht200424-91">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007lii-92">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pomerelia" title="Pomerelia">Pomerelia</a> (Eastern Pomerania), on historical and ethnic grounds, was transferred to Poland so that the new state could have access to the sea and became known as the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Corridor" title="Polish Corridor">Polish Corridor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoemekeFeldmanGlaser1998325-93">[77]</a> The sovereignty of part of southern <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a> was to be decided via <a href="/wiki/1920_East_Prussian_plebiscite" title="1920 East Prussian plebiscite">plebiscite</a> while the East Prussian <a href="/wiki/Dzia%C5%82dowo" title="Działdowo">Soldau area</a>, which was astride the rail line between <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Danzig</a>, was transferred to Poland outright without plebiscite.<a href="#cite_note-Article_94-94">[n. 13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngraoSzabo2007261-95">[78]</a> An area of 51,800 square kilometres (20,000 square miles) was transferred to Poland under the agreement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrezina200634-96">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da_Region" title="Klaipėda Region">Memel</a> was to be ceded to the Allied and Associated powers, for disposal according to their wishes.<a href="#cite_note-Article_99-97">[n. 14]</a> Germany was to cede the city of Danzig and its hinterland, including the delta of the <a href="/wiki/Vistula_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Vistula River">Vistula River</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, for the League of Nations to establish the <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Free City of Danzig</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Articles_100–104-98">[n. 15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mandates">Mandates</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_German_Empire_-_1914.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Map_of_the_German_Empire_-_1914.PNG/220px-Map_of_the_German_Empire_-_1914.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Map_of_the_German_Empire_-_1914.PNG/330px-Map_of_the_German_Empire_-_1914.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Map_of_the_German_Empire_-_1914.PNG/440px-Map_of_the_German_Empire_-_1914.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption>German colonies (light blue) were made into <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandates" class="mw-redirect" title="League of Nations mandates">League of Nations mandates</a>.</figcaption></figure> Article 119 of the treaty required Germany to renounce sovereignty over former colonies and Article 22 converted the territories into <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandates" class="mw-redirect" title="League of Nations mandates">League of Nations mandates</a> under the control of Allied states.<a href="#cite_note-Articles_22_and_119-99">[n. 16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Togoland" title="Togoland">Togoland</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Kamerun" class="mw-redirect" title="German Kamerun">German Kamerun</a> (Cameroon) were transferred to France, aside from portions given to Britain, <a href="/wiki/British_Togoland" title="British Togoland">British Togoland</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="British Cameroon">British Cameroon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ruanda-Urundi" title="Ruanda-Urundi">Ruanda and Urundi</a> were allocated to Belgium, whereas <a href="/wiki/German_South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="German South-West Africa">German South-West Africa</a> went to South Africa and Britain obtained <a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005437-100">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeniansButlerCarrington1959658-101">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts20051224-102">[82]</a> As compensation for the German invasion of Portuguese Africa, Portugal was granted the <a href="/wiki/Kionga_Triangle" title="Kionga Triangle">Kionga Triangle</a>, a sliver of German East Africa in northern <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts1986496-103">[83]</a> Article 156 of the treaty transferred German concessions in <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>, China, to Japan, not to China. Japan was granted all German possessions in the Pacific north of the equator and those south of the equator went to Australia, except for <a href="/wiki/German_Samoa" title="German Samoa">German Samoa</a>, which was taken by <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeniansButlerCarrington1959658-101">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Article_156-104">[n. 17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_restrictions">Military restrictions</h3></div> The treaty was comprehensive and complex in the restrictions imposed upon the post-war German armed forces (the <a href="/wiki/Reichswehr" title="Reichswehr">Reichswehr</a>). The provisions were intended to make the Reichswehr incapable of offensive action and to encourage international disarmament.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShuster200674-105">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Part_V_preamble-106">[n. 18]</a> Germany was to demobilize sufficient soldiers by 31 March 1920 to leave an army of no more than 100,000 men in a maximum of seven infantry and three cavalry divisions. The treaty laid down the organisation of the divisions and support units, and the General Staff was to be dissolved.<a href="#cite_note-Articles_159,_160,_163_and_Table_1-107">[n. 19]</a> Military schools for officer training were limited to three, one school per arm, and conscription was abolished. Private soldiers and <a href="/wiki/Non-commissioned_officers" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-commissioned officers">non-commissioned officers</a> were to be retained for at least twelve years and <a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">officers</a> for a minimum of 25 years, with former officers being forbidden to attend military exercises. To prevent Germany from building up a large cadre of trained men, the number of men allowed to leave early was limited.<a href="#cite_note-Articles_173,_174,_175_and_176-108">[n. 20]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-081-03,_Zerlegen_eines_schweren_Gesch%C3%BCtzes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three men sit on top of a large artillery piece." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-081-03%2C_Zerlegen_eines_schweren_Gesch%C3%BCtzes.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-081-03%2C_Zerlegen_eines_schweren_Gesch%C3%BCtzes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-081-03%2C_Zerlegen_eines_schweren_Gesch%C3%BCtzes.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-081-03%2C_Zerlegen_eines_schweren_Gesch%C3%BCtzes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-081-03%2C_Zerlegen_eines_schweren_Gesch%C3%BCtzes.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-081-03%2C_Zerlegen_eines_schweren_Gesch%C3%BCtzes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption>Workmen decommissioning a heavy gun, to comply with the treaty</figcaption></figure> The number of civilian staff supporting the army was reduced and the police force was reduced to its pre-war size, with increases limited to population increases; <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> forces were forbidden.<a href="#cite_note-Articles_161,_162,_and_176-109">[n. 21]</a> The Rhineland was to be demilitarized, all fortifications in the Rhineland and 50 kilometres (31 miles) east of the river were to be demolished and new construction was forbidden.<a href="#cite_note-Articles_42,_43,_and_180-110">[n. 22]</a> Military structures and fortifications on the islands of <a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a> and <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCne" title="Düne">Düne</a> were to be destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-Article_115-111">[n. 23]</a> Germany was prohibited from <a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">the arms trade</a>, limits were imposed on the type and quantity of weapons and prohibited from the manufacture or stockpile of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical weapons">chemical weapons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armored_car_(military)" title="Armored car (military)">armoured cars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a> and military aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-Articles_165,_170,_171,_172,_198_and_tables_No._II_and_III.-112">[n. 24]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Reichsmarine" title="Reichsmarine">German navy</a> was allowed six <a href="/wiki/Pre-dreadnought_battleship" title="Pre-dreadnought battleship">pre-dreadnought battleships</a> and was limited to a maximum of six <a href="/wiki/Light_cruisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Light cruisers">light cruisers</a> (not exceeding 6,000 long tons (6,100 t)), twelve <a href="/wiki/Destroyers" class="mw-redirect" title="Destroyers">destroyers</a> (not exceeding 800 long tons (810 t)) and twelve <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_boats" class="mw-redirect" title="Torpedo boats">torpedo boats</a> (not exceeding 200 long tons (200 t)) and was forbidden <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Articles_181_and_190-113">[n. 25]</a> The manpower of the navy was not to exceed 15,000 men, including manning for the fleet, coast defences, signal stations, administration, other land services, officers and men of all grades and corps. The number of officers and warrant officers was not allowed to exceed 1,500 men.<a href="#cite_note-Article_80-79">[n. 5]</a> Germany surrendered eight <a href="/wiki/Battleships" class="mw-redirect" title="Battleships">battleships</a>, eight light cruisers, forty-two destroyers, and fifty torpedo boats for decommissioning. Thirty-two <a href="/wiki/Armed_merchantman" title="Armed merchantman">auxiliary ships</a> were to be disarmed and converted to merchant use.<a href="#cite_note-Articles_185_and_187-114">[n. 26]</a> Article 198 prohibited Germany from having an air force, including naval air forces, and required Germany to hand over all aerial related materials. In conjunction, Germany was forbidden to manufacture or import aircraft or related material for a period of six months following the signing of the treaty.<a href="#cite_note-Articles_198,_201,_and_202-115">[n. 27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reparations">Reparations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reparations" title="World War I reparations">World War I reparations</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Article_231_of_the_Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles">Article 231</a> Germany accepted responsibility for the losses and damages caused by the war "as a consequence of the ... aggression of Germany and her allies."<a href="#cite_note-Article_231-116">[n. 28]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[v]</a> The treaty required Germany to compensate the Allied powers, and it also established an Allied "Reparation Commission" to determine the exact amount which Germany would pay and the form that such payment would take. The commission was required to "give to the German Government a just opportunity to be heard", and to submit its conclusions by 1 May 1921. In the interim, the treaty required Germany to pay an equivalent of 20 billion gold marks ($5 billion) in gold, commodities, ships, securities or other forms. The money would help to pay for Allied occupation costs and buy food and raw materials for Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartel2010156-122">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Articles_232–235-123">[n. 33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guarantees">Guarantees</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhineland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of northwest Europe showing France, Germany and the Low Countries. The Yellow area highlights the Rhineland of Germany." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Rhineland.jpg/220px-Rhineland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Rhineland.jpg/330px-Rhineland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Rhineland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption>Location of the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> (yellow)</figcaption></figure> To ensure compliance, the Rhineland and <a href="/wiki/Bridgehead" title="Bridgehead">bridgeheads</a> east of the Rhine were to be occupied by Allied troops for fifteen years.<a href="#cite_note-Article_428-124">[n. 34]</a> If Germany had not committed aggression, a staged withdrawal would take place; after five years, the <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> bridgehead and the territory north of a line along the Ruhr would be evacuated. After ten years, the bridgehead at <a href="/wiki/Coblenz" class="mw-redirect" title="Coblenz">Coblenz</a> and the territories to the north would be evacuated and after fifteen years remaining Allied forces would be withdrawn.<a href="#cite_note-Article_429-125">[n. 35]</a> If Germany reneged on the treaty obligations, the bridgeheads would be reoccupied immediately.<a href="#cite_note-Article_430-126">[n. 36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_organizations">International organizations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Covenant of the League of Nations">Covenant of the League of Nations</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization#History" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization § History</a></div> Part I of the treaty, in common with all the treaties signed during the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a>,<a href="#cite_note-127">[vi]</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Covenant of the League of Nations">Covenant of the League of Nations</a>, which provided for the creation of the League, an organization for the arbitration of international disputes.<a href="#cite_note-Part_I-128">[n. 37]</a> Part XIII organized the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Office</a>, to regulate hours of work, including a maximum working day and week; the regulation of the labour supply; the prevention of <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unemployment in the United Kingdom">unemployment</a>; the provision of a living wage; the protection of the worker against sickness, disease and injury arising out of his employment; the protection of children, young persons and women; provision for old age and injury; protection of the interests of workers when employed abroad; recognition of the principle of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">freedom of association</a>; the organization of vocational and technical education and other measures.<a href="#cite_note-Part_XIII_preamble_and_Article_388-129">[n. 38]</a> The treaty also called for the signatories to sign or ratify the <a href="/wiki/International_Opium_Convention" title="International Opium Convention">International Opium Convention</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Article_295-130">[n. 39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_Crimes">War Crimes</h3></div> Article 227 of the Versailles treaty required the handing over of Kaiser Wilhelm for trial "for supreme offence against international treaties and the sanctity of treaties" before a bench of five allied judges – one British, one American, one French, one Italian, and one Japanese. If found guilty the judges were to "fix such punishment which it considers should be imposed".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1974276-131">[86]</a> The death penalty was therefore not precluded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassiouni2002271-72">[66]</a> Article 228 allowed the Allies to demand the extradition of German war criminals, who could be tried before military tribunals for crimes against "the laws and customs of war" under Article 229. To provide an evidentiary basis for such trials, Article 230 required the German government to transfer information and documents relevant to such trials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassiouni2002274-132">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactions">Reactions</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Britain">Britain</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evening_News_placard_Versailles_Treaty_signed_June_28_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An off white poster with bold black letters." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Evening_News_placard_Versailles_Treaty_signed_June_28_1919.jpg/170px-Evening_News_placard_Versailles_Treaty_signed_June_28_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Evening_News_placard_Versailles_Treaty_signed_June_28_1919.jpg/255px-Evening_News_placard_Versailles_Treaty_signed_June_28_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Evening_News_placard_Versailles_Treaty_signed_June_28_1919.jpg/340px-Evening_News_placard_Versailles_Treaty_signed_June_28_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>A British news placard announcing the signing of the peace treaty</figcaption></figure> The delegates of the Commonwealth and British Government had mixed thoughts on the treaty, with some seeing the French policy as being greedy and vindictive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovin19979,_96-133">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson199810-134">[89]</a> Lloyd George and his private secretary <a href="/wiki/Philip_Kerr,_11th_Marquess_of_Lothian" title="Philip Kerr, 11th Marquess of Lothian">Philip Kerr</a> believed in the treaty, although they also felt that the French would keep Europe in a constant state of turmoil by attempting to enforce the treaty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovin19979,_96-133">[88]</a> Delegate <a href="/wiki/Harold_Nicolson" title="Harold Nicolson">Harold Nicolson</a> wrote "are we making a good peace?", while General <a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a> (a member of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South African</a> delegation) wrote to Lloyd-George, before the signing, that the treaty was unstable and declared "Are we in our sober senses or suffering from shellshock? What has become of Wilson's 14 points?" He wanted the Germans not be made to sign at the "point of the bayonet".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELentin201226-135">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell199726-136">[91]</a> Smuts issued a statement condemning the treaty and regretting that the promises of "a new international order and a fairer, better world are not written in this treaty". Lord <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Viscount_Cecil_of_Chelwood" title="Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood">Robert Cecil</a> said that many within the <a href="/wiki/Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office" title="Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office">Foreign Office</a> were disappointed by the treaty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELentin201226-135">[90]</a> The treaty received widespread approval from the general public. <a href="/wiki/Bernadotte_Everly_Schmitt" title="Bernadotte Everly Schmitt">Bernadotte Schmitt</a> wrote that the "average Englishman ... thought Germany got only what it deserved" as a result of the treaty,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1960104-137">[92]</a> but public opinion changed as German complaints mounted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell199722-138">[93]</a> Former wartime British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Liberal_Party_(UK,_1918)" title="Independent Liberal Party (UK, 1918)">Independent Liberal</a> opposition in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">British Parliament</a> after the <a href="/wiki/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1918 United Kingdom general election">1918 general election</a> believed the treaty was too punitive. Asquith campaigned against it while running for another <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> seat in the <a href="/wiki/1920_Paisley_by-election" title="1920 Paisley by-election">1920 Paisley by-election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell2010181-139">[94]</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">Ramsay MacDonald</a>, following the German <a href="/wiki/Remilitarization_of_the_Rhineland" class="mw-redirect" title="Remilitarization of the Rhineland">re-militarisation of the Rhineland</a> in 1936, stated that he was "pleased" that the treaty was "vanishing", expressing his hope that the French had been taught a "severe lesson".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson199810-134">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Status_of_British_Dominions">Status of British Dominions</h4></div> The Treaty of Versailles was an important step in the status of the <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">British Dominions</a> under <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>. Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa had each made significant contributions to the British war effort, but as separate countries, rather than as British colonies. India also made a substantial troop contribution, although under direct British control, unlike the Dominions. The four Dominions and India all signed the Treaty separately from Britain,<a href="#cite_note-Signatures_and_Protocol-5">[n. 2]</a> a clear recognition by the international community that the Dominions were no longer British colonies. "Their status defied exact analysis by both international and constitutional lawyers, but it was clear that they were no longer regarded simply as colonies of Britain."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott194434–49-140">[95]</a> By signing the Treaty individually, the four Dominions and India also were <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_League_of_Nations#10_January_1920:_founding_members" title="Member states of the League of Nations">founding members of the League of Nations</a> in their own right, rather than simply as part of the British Empire. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3></div> The signing of the treaty was met with roars of approval, singing, and dancing from a crowd outside the Palace of Versailles. In Paris proper, people rejoiced at the official end of the war,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlavicek201075-141">[96]</a> the return of <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lorraine" title="Lorraine">Lorraine</a> to France, and that Germany had agreed to pay reparations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESontag197122-142">[97]</a> While France ratified the treaty and was active in the League, the jubilant mood soon gave way to a political backlash for Clemenceau. The <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France#The_Right" title="Politics of France">French Right</a> saw the treaty as being too lenient and saw it as failing to achieve all of France's demands. <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France#The_Left" title="Politics of France">Left</a>-wing politicians attacked the treaty and Clemenceau for being too harsh (the latter turning into a ritual condemnation of the treaty, for politicians remarking on French foreign affairs, as late as August 1939). <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_France" title="Marshal of France">Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Foch" title="Ferdinand Foch">Ferdinand Foch</a> stated "this (treaty) is not peace. It is an armistice for twenty years."; a criticism over the failure to annex the Rhineland and for compromising French security for the benefit of the United States and Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005426-143">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1960104-137">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell199722-138">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESontag197122-142">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker1999191-144">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERipsman2004110-145">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenig199552-146">[101]</a> When Clemenceau stood for election as <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President of France</a> in January 1920, he was defeated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenig199552-146">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3></div> Reaction in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> to the treaty was extremely negative. The country had suffered high casualties, yet failed to achieve most of its major war goals, notably gaining control of the <a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalmatian coast">Dalmatian coast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fiume" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiume">Fiume</a>. President Wilson rejected Italy's claims on the basis of "national self-determination." For their part, Britain and France—who had been forced in the war's latter stages to divert their own troops to the Italian front to stave off collapse—were disinclined to support Italy's position at the peace conference. Differences in negotiating strategy between Premier <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Orlando" class="mw-redirect" title="Vittorio Orlando">Vittorio Orlando</a> and Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Sonnino" title="Sidney Sonnino">Sidney Sonnino</a> further undermined Italy's position at the conference. A furious Vittorio Orlando suffered a nervous collapse and at one point walked out of the conference (though he later returned). He lost his position as prime minister just a week before the treaty was scheduled to be signed, effectively ending his active political career. Anger and dismay over the treaty's provisions helped pave the way for the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist dictatorship</a> three years later. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portugal">Portugal</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Portugal_in_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Portugal in World War I">Portugal</a> entered the war on the Allied side in 1916 primarily to ensure the security of its <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">African colonies</a>, which were threatened with seizure by both Britain and Germany. To this extent, she succeeded in her war aims. The treaty recognized Portuguese sovereignty over these areas and awarded her small portions of Germany's bordering overseas colonies, including the <a href="/wiki/Kionga_Triangle" title="Kionga Triangle">Kionga Triangle</a>. Otherwise, Portugal gained little at the peace conference. Her promised share of German reparations never materialized, and a seat she coveted on the executive council of the new <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> went instead to <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>—which had remained neutral in the war. In the end, Portugal ratified the treaty, but got little out of the war, which cost more than 8,000 <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Armed_Forces" title="Portuguese Armed Forces">Portuguese Armed Forces</a> troops and as many as 100,000 of her African colonial subjects their lives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Menesesn.d.-147">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Refusing_to_give_the_lady_a_seat_--Treaty_of_Versailles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Refusing_to_give_the_lady_a_seat_--Treaty_of_Versailles.jpg/170px-Refusing_to_give_the_lady_a_seat_--Treaty_of_Versailles.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Refusing_to_give_the_lady_a_seat_--Treaty_of_Versailles.jpg/255px-Refusing_to_give_the_lady_a_seat_--Treaty_of_Versailles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Refusing_to_give_the_lady_a_seat_--Treaty_of_Versailles.jpg/340px-Refusing_to_give_the_lady_a_seat_--Treaty_of_Versailles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3402" data-file-height="3656" /></a><figcaption>Senator <a href="/wiki/William_Edgar_Borah" class="mw-redirect" title="William Edgar Borah">Borah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Johnson" title="Hiram Johnson">Johnson</a> refuse Lady Peace a seat, referring to efforts by Republican isolationists to block ratification of the Treaty of Versailles establishing the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>.</figcaption></figure> After the Versailles conference, Democratic President Woodrow Wilson claimed that "at last the world knows America as the savior of the world!"<a href="#cite_note-148">[vii]</a> However, Wilson had refused to bring any leading members of the Republican party, led by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Henry Cabot Lodge</a>, into the talks. The Republicans controlled the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> after the election of 1918, and were outraged by Wilson's refusal to discuss the war with them. The senators were divided into multiple positions on the Versailles question. It proved possible to build a majority coalition, but impossible to build a two-thirds coalition that was needed to pass a treaty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey1945-149">[103]</a> A discontent bloc of 12–18 "<a href="/wiki/Irreconcilables" title="Irreconcilables">Irreconcilables</a>", mostly Republicans but also representatives of the Irish and German Democrats, fiercely opposed the treaty. One bloc of Democrats strongly supported the Versailles Treaty, even with reservations added by Lodge. A second group of Democrats supported the treaty but followed Wilson in opposing any amendments or reservations. The largest bloc, led by Senator Lodge,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWidenor1980-150">[104]</a> comprised a majority of the Republicans. They wanted a treaty with "reservations", especially on Article 10, so that the League of Nations could not draw the US into war without the consent of the US Congress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone1973-151">[105]</a> All of the Irreconcilables were bitter enemies of President Wilson, and he launched a nationwide speaking tour in the summer of 1919 to refute them. But Wilson collapsed midway with a serious stroke that effectively ruined his leadership skills.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper2011ch_22–23-152">[106]</a> The closest the treaty came to passage was on 19 November 1919, as Lodge and his Republicans formed a coalition with the pro-treaty Democrats, and were close to a two-thirds majority for a Treaty with reservations, but Wilson rejected this compromise and enough Democrats followed his lead to end the chances of ratification permanently. Among the American public as a whole, the Irish Catholics and the <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German Americans</a> were intensely opposed to the treaty, saying it favored the British.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuff1968582–598-153">[107]</a> After Wilson's presidency, his successor Republican President <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> continued American opposition to the formation of the League of Nations. Congress subsequently passed the <a href="/wiki/Knox%E2%80%93Porter_Resolution" title="Knox–Porter Resolution">Knox–Porter Resolution</a> bringing a formal end to hostilities between the United States and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>. It was signed into law by President Harding on 2 July 1921.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWimerWimer196713–24-154">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Times''1921-155">[109]</a> Soon after, the <a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93German_Peace_Treaty_(1921)" title="U.S.–German Peace Treaty (1921)">US–German Peace Treaty of 1921</a> was signed in Berlin on 25 August 1921. Article 1 of this treaty obliged the German government to grant to the U.S. government all rights and privileges that were enjoyed by the other Allies that had ratified the Versailles treaty. Two similar treaties were signed with <a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Austrian_Peace_Treaty_(1921)" title="U.S.–Austrian Peace Treaty (1921)">Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Hungarian_Peace_Treaty_(1921)" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.–Hungarian Peace Treaty (1921)">Hungary</a> on 24 and 29 August 1921, in Vienna and Budapest respectively. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Edward_House's_views">Edward House's views</h4></div> Wilson's former friend <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mandell_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Mandell House">Edward Mandell House</a>, present at the negotiations, wrote in his diary on 29 June 1919: <blockquote>I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions. Looking at the conference in retrospect, there is much to approve and yet much to regret. It is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way of doing it. To those who are saying that the treaty is bad and should never have been made and that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it. But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered, and new states raised upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is to create new troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I doubt very much whether it could have been made, for the ingredients required for such a peace as I would have were lacking at Paris.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchiff1996-156">[110]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3></div> Many in China felt betrayed as the German <a href="/wiki/Concession_(territory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Concession (territory)">territory</a> in China was handed to Japan. <a href="/wiki/Wellington_Koo" title="Wellington Koo">Wellington Koo</a> refused to sign the treaty and the Chinese delegation at the Paris Peace Conference was the only nation that did not sign the Treaty of Versailles at the signing ceremony. The sense of betrayal led to great demonstrations in China such as the <a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May 4th movement</a>. There was immense dissatisfaction with <a href="/wiki/Duan_Qirui" title="Duan Qirui">Duan Qirui</a>'s government, which had secretly negotiated with the Japanese in order to secure loans to fund their military campaigns against the south. On 12 June 1919, the Chinese cabinet was forced to resign and the government instructed its delegation at Versailles not to sign the treaty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyer201560-157">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEB:_May_Fourth_Movement-158">[112]</a> As a result, relations with the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> deteriorated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnanderWood2016-159">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Stab-in-the-back legend">Stab-in-the-back legend</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R01213,_Versailles,_deutsche_Verhandlungdelegation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R01213%2C_Versailles%2C_deutsche_Verhandlungdelegation.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R01213%2C_Versailles%2C_deutsche_Verhandlungdelegation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R01213%2C_Versailles%2C_deutsche_Verhandlungdelegation.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R01213%2C_Versailles%2C_deutsche_Verhandlungdelegation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R01213%2C_Versailles%2C_deutsche_Verhandlungdelegation.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R01213%2C_Versailles%2C_deutsche_Verhandlungdelegation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>German delegates in Versailles: Professor <a href="/wiki/Walther_Sch%C3%BCcking" title="Walther Schücking">Walther Schücking</a>, Reichspostminister Johannes Giesberts, Justice Minister <a href="/wiki/Otto_Landsberg" title="Otto Landsberg">Otto Landsberg</a>, Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Graf_von_Brockdorff-Rantzau" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulrich Graf von Brockdorff-Rantzau">Ulrich Graf von Brockdorff-Rantzau</a>, Prussian State President Robert Leinert, and financial advisor <a href="/wiki/Carl_Melchior" title="Carl Melchior">Carl Melchior</a></figcaption></figure> On 29 April, the German delegation under the leadership of the Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Graf_von_Brockdorff-Rantzau" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulrich Graf von Brockdorff-Rantzau">Ulrich Graf von Brockdorff-Rantzau</a> arrived in Versailles. On 7 May, when faced with the conditions dictated by the victors, including the so-called "<a href="/wiki/War_Guilt_Clause" class="mw-redirect" title="War Guilt Clause">War Guilt Clause</a>", von Brockdorff-Rantzau replied to Clemenceau, Wilson and Lloyd George: "We can sense the full force of hatred that confronts us here. ... You demand from us to confess we were the only guilty party of war; such a confession in my mouth would be a lie."<a href="#cite_note-160">[viii]</a> Because Germany was not allowed to take part in the negotiations, the German government issued a protest against what it considered to be unfair demands, and a "violation of honour", soon afterwards withdrawing from the proceedings of the peace conference.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods201918-161">[114]</a> Germans of all political shades denounced the treaty. The so-called "<a href="/wiki/War_Guilt_Clause" class="mw-redirect" title="War Guilt Clause">War Guilt Clause</a>" that they saw as blaming Germany for starting the war was seen as an insult to the nation's honour. The clauses calling on the Germans to hand over alleged war criminals also caused deep offence, as many of those accused were seen as heroes, and also because the Allies were seen as applying one-sided justice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Zayas19895-162">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassiouni2002281-163">[116]</a> They referred to the treaty as "the <a href="/wiki/Diktat" title="Diktat">Diktat</a>" since its terms were presented to Germany on a take-it-or-leave-it basis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChâteau_de_Versailles2016-164">[117]</a> Germany's first democratically elected head of government, <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Scheidemann" title="Philipp Scheidemann">Philipp Scheidemann</a>, resigned rather than sign the treaty. In an emotional and polemical address to the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_National_Assembly" title="Weimar National Assembly">Weimar National Assembly</a> on 12 May 1919, he called the treaty a "horrific and murderous witch's hammer",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProbst2019-165">[118]</a> and exclaimed: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Which hand would not shrivel, that shackled itself and us in such a way?<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEW-R:_"shrivelled_hand"_speech-166">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProbst2019-165">[118]</a></blockquote> At the end of his speech, Scheidemann stated that, in the government's opinion, the treaty was unacceptable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEW-R:_"shrivelled_hand"_speech-166">[119]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mass_demonstration_in_front_of_the_Reichstag_against_the_Treaty_of_Versailles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Mass_demonstration_in_front_of_the_Reichstag_against_the_Treaty_of_Versailles.jpg/220px-Mass_demonstration_in_front_of_the_Reichstag_against_the_Treaty_of_Versailles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Mass_demonstration_in_front_of_the_Reichstag_against_the_Treaty_of_Versailles.jpg/330px-Mass_demonstration_in_front_of_the_Reichstag_against_the_Treaty_of_Versailles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Mass_demonstration_in_front_of_the_Reichstag_against_the_Treaty_of_Versailles.jpg/440px-Mass_demonstration_in_front_of_the_Reichstag_against_the_Treaty_of_Versailles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>Demonstration against the treaty in front of the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_building" title="Reichstag building">Reichstag</a></figcaption></figure> After Scheidemann's resignation, a new coalition government was formed under <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Bauer" title="Gustav Bauer">Gustav Bauer</a>. <a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany_(1919%E2%80%931945)" title="President of Germany (1919–1945)">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert" title="Friedrich Ebert">Friedrich Ebert</a> knew that Germany was in an impossible situation. Although he shared his countrymen's disgust with the treaty, he was sober enough to consider the possibility that the government would not be in a position to reject it. He believed that if Germany refused to sign the treaty, the Allies would invade Germany from the west—and there was no guarantee that the army would be able to make a stand in the event of an invasion. With this in mind, he asked <a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Marshal (Germany)">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a> if the army was capable of any meaningful resistance in the event the Allies resumed the war. If there was even the slightest chance that the army could hold out, Ebert intended to recommend against ratifying the treaty. Hindenburg—after prodding from his chief of staff, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Groener" title="Wilhelm Groener">Wilhelm Groener</a>—concluded the army could not resume the war even on a limited scale. But rather than inform Ebert himself, he had Groener inform the government that the army would be in an untenable position in the event of renewed hostilities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinson1964397_ff-167">[120]</a> Upon receiving Hindenburg's answer, the Bauer government recommended signing the treaty with the proviso that the "war-guilt" clause and the articles that required the extradition of war criminals and of the former Emperor be excluded. After the Allies refused anything other than full acceptance of the treaty, the National Assembly voted in favour of signing it by 237 to 138, with five abstentions (there were 421 delegates in total). The result was wired to Clemenceau just hours before the deadline. The Bauer government included the following statement with the acceptance:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirschfeldKrumeich2013288–289-168">[121]</a><blockquote>The honour of the German people will not be affected by an act of violence. After the appalling suffering of the last four years, the German people lack any means to defend it externally. Therefore, yielding to overwhelming force and without abandoning its view of the outrageous injustice of the peace terms, the Government of the German Republic declares that it is prepared to accept and sign the peace terms imposed by the Allied and Associated Governments.</blockquote> Foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Hermann_M%C3%BCller_(politician,_born_1876)" title="Hermann Müller (politician, born 1876)">Hermann Müller</a> and colonial minister <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bell" title="Johannes Bell">Johannes Bell</a> travelled to Versailles to sign the treaty on behalf of Germany. The treaty was signed on 28 June 1919 and ratified by the National Assembly on 9 July by a vote of 209 to 116.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinson1964397_ff-167">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medal_issued_by_Japan_commemorating_the_Treaty_of_Versailles,_struck_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Medal_issued_by_Japan_commemorating_the_Treaty_of_Versailles%2C_struck_1919.jpg/220px-Medal_issued_by_Japan_commemorating_the_Treaty_of_Versailles%2C_struck_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Medal_issued_by_Japan_commemorating_the_Treaty_of_Versailles%2C_struck_1919.jpg/330px-Medal_issued_by_Japan_commemorating_the_Treaty_of_Versailles%2C_struck_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Medal_issued_by_Japan_commemorating_the_Treaty_of_Versailles%2C_struck_1919.jpg/440px-Medal_issued_by_Japan_commemorating_the_Treaty_of_Versailles%2C_struck_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>Medal issued by the Japanese authorities in 1919, commemorating the Treaty of Versailles. Obv: Flags of the five allies of World War I. Rev: Peace standing in Oriental attire with the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a> in the background</figcaption></figure> The disenfranchised and often colonized "non-white" world held high expectations that a new order would open up an unheralded opportunity to have a principle of racial equality recognized by the leading global powers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELauren1978257–278-169">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic history of Japan">Japanese diplomacy</a> had bitter memories of the rhetoric of the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Peril" title="Yellow Peril">Yellow Peril</a>, and the arrogance, underwritten by the assumptions about a <a href="/wiki/White_Man%27s_Burden" class="mw-redirect" title="White Man's Burden">White Man's Burden</a>, memories aggravated by the rise of <a href="/wiki/Racial_discrimination" title="Racial discrimination">racial discrimination</a> against their business men, severe immigration restrictions on Asiatics, and court judgments hostile to Japanese interests, which characterized Western states' treatment of their nationals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELauren1978257–278-169">[122]</a> Japan's delegation, among whose plenipotentiaries figured <a href="/wiki/Makino_Nobuaki" title="Makino Nobuaki">Baron Makino</a> and Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Chinda_Sutemi" title="Chinda Sutemi">Chinda Sutemi</a>, was led by its <a href="/wiki/Genr%C5%8D" title="Genrō">elder statesman</a> <a href="/wiki/Saionji_Kinmochi" title="Saionji Kinmochi">Saionji Kinmochi</a>. Versailles represented a chance to overturn this imposed inferiority, whose tensions were strengthened particularly in <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Japan–United States relations">Japan's relationship with the United States</a> during WW1.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELauren1978257–278-169">[122]</a> Confidence in their growing industrial strength, and conquest of <a href="/wiki/Kiautschou_Bay_Leased_Territory" title="Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory">Germany's Far East possessions</a>, together with their proven fidelity to the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente</a> would, it was thought, allow them finally to take their rightful place among the victorious Great Powers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELauren1978257–278-169">[122]</a> They solicited support especially from the American delegation to obtain recognition for the principle of <a href="/wiki/Racial_equality" title="Racial equality">racial equality</a> at the League of Nations Commission. Their proposals to this end were consistently rebuffed by British, French, American and Australian diplomats, who were all sensitive to their respective countries' internal pressures. Wilson himself was an enactor of <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">segregationist policies</a> in the United States, Clemenceau openly ridiculed them, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Arthur Balfour</a> considered Africans inferior to Europeans – equality was only true of people within particular nations – while <a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes" title="Billy Hughes">William Hughes</a>, adopting a "slap the Jap" attitude, was a vocal defender of a <a href="/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">White Australia policy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELauren1978257–278-169">[122]</a> Japan's attempt, buttressed by the Chinese emissary <a href="/wiki/Wellington_Koo" title="Wellington Koo">Wellington Koo</a> among others, to incorporate a <a href="/wiki/Racial_Equality_Proposal" title="Racial Equality Proposal">Racial Equality Proposal</a> in the treaty, had broad support, but was effectively declined when it was rejected by the United States, Great Britain and Australia,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELauren1978257–278-169">[122]</a> despite a powerfully persuasive speech delivered by Makino.<a href="#cite_note-170">[ix]</a> Japan itself both prior to and during WW1 had embarked on a vigorous expansion of continental colonialism, whose aims were justified in terms of uniting <a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asians</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Koreans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a>, who were seen as belonging to the same race and culture as the Japanese (dōbun dōshǖ: 同文同種), though it was geared to subordinating them to Japan's interests in a <a href="/wiki/Paternalistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paternalistic">paternalistic</a> manner. Aspiring to be accepted as a world actor with similar status to the traditional Western powers, Japan envisaged an Asian <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a>, where Japan's proper sphere of geostrategic interests in Asia would be recognized. Some years earlier, Japan secured both British and French support for its claims to inherit rights that Germany had exercised both in China and in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> north of the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equator</a>. American policy experts, unaware of these secret agreements, nonetheless suggested that Japan had adopted a <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> model that would imperil China's own search for autonomy, and these considerations influenced Wilson.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKawamura1997507–511-171">[123]</a> Nonetheless Japan emerged from the Treaty with territorial gains, including the <a href="/wiki/Kiautschou_Bay_Leased_Territory" title="Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory">Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory</a> and all the territories of <a href="/wiki/German_New_Guinea" title="German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a> north of the Equator, forming the <a href="/wiki/South_Seas_Mandate" title="South Seas Mandate">South Seas Mandate</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation">Implementation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">Aftermath of World War I</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reparations_2">Reparations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reparations" title="World War I reparations">World War I reparations</a></div> On 5 May 1921, the reparation Commission established the London Schedule of Payments and a final reparation sum of 132 billion gold marks to be demanded of all the Central Powers. This was the public assessment of what the Central Powers combined could pay, and was also a compromise among Belgian, British, and French demands and assessments. Furthermore, the Commission recognized that the Central Powers could pay little and that the burden would fall upon Germany. As a result, the sum was split into different categories, of which Germany was only required to pay 50 billion gold marks (US$12.5 billion); this being the genuine assessment of the commission on what Germany could pay, and allowed the Allied powers to save face with the public by presenting a higher figure. Furthermore, payments made between 1919 and 1921 of roughly 8 billion marks, most of it credit for state assets (e.g., German state railways in the Danzig corridor) transferred to Allied countries were taken into account reducing the sum to 41 billion gold marks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarks1978236–237-172">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1998414-173">[125]</a> In order to meet this sum, Germany could pay in cash or kind: coal, timber, chemical dyes, pharmaceuticals, livestock, agricultural machines, construction materials, and factory machinery. Germany's assistance with the restoration of the university library of <a href="/wiki/Leuven" title="Leuven">Leuven</a>, which was destroyed by the Germans on 25 August 1914, was also credited towards the sum. Territorial changes imposed by the treaty were also factored in.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarks1978223–234-174">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer200810-175">[127]</a> The payment schedule required US$250 million within twenty-five days and then US$500 million annually, plus 26 per cent of the value of German exports. The German Government was to issue bonds at five per cent interest and set up a <a href="/wiki/Sinking_fund" title="Sinking fund">sinking fund</a> of one per cent to support the payment of reparations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartel2010156-122">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territorial_changes_2">Territorial changes</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1985-010-10,_Oppeln,_Erwartung_der_Wahlergebnisse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large number of people crowd outside a building." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1985-010-10%2C_Oppeln%2C_Erwartung_der_Wahlergebnisse.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1985-010-10%2C_Oppeln%2C_Erwartung_der_Wahlergebnisse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1985-010-10%2C_Oppeln%2C_Erwartung_der_Wahlergebnisse.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1985-010-10%2C_Oppeln%2C_Erwartung_der_Wahlergebnisse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1985-010-10%2C_Oppeln%2C_Erwartung_der_Wahlergebnisse.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1985-010-10%2C_Oppeln%2C_Erwartung_der_Wahlergebnisse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption>A crowd awaits the plebiscite results in Oppeln</figcaption></figure> In February and March 1920, the <a href="/wiki/Schleswig_Plebiscites" class="mw-redirect" title="Schleswig Plebiscites">Schleswig Plebiscites</a> were held. The people of Schleswig were presented with only two choices: Danish or German sovereignty. The northern <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>-speaking area voted for Denmark while the southern <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>-speaking area voted for Germany, resulting in the province being partitioned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeckham2003107-88">[74]</a> The <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia_plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="East Prussia plebiscite">East Prussia plebiscite</a> was held on 11 July 1920. There was a 90% turn out with 99.3% of the population wishing to remain with Germany. Further plebiscites were held in <a href="/wiki/Eupen-Malmedy" title="Eupen-Malmedy">Eupen-Malmedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neutral_Moresnet" title="Neutral Moresnet">Neutral Moresnet</a>. On 20 September 1920, the League of Nations allotted these territories to Belgium. These latter plebiscites were followed by a boundary commission in 1922, followed by the new <a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93Germany_border" title="Belgium–Germany border">Belgian-German border</a> being recognized by the German Government on 15 December 1923.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007xiii-176">[128]</a> The transfer of the <a href="/wiki/Hlu%C4%8D%C3%ADn_Region" title="Hlučín Region">Hultschin area</a>, of Silesia, to Czechoslovakia was completed on 3 February 1921.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007xii-177">[129]</a> Following the implementation of the treaty, Upper Silesia was initially governed by Britain, France, and Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETherSiljak2001123-178">[130]</a> Between 1919 and 1921, <a href="/wiki/Silesian_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Silesian uprising">three major outbreaks of violence</a> took place between German and Polish civilians, resulting in German and Polish military forces also becoming involved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETherSiljak2001123-178">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartovWeitz2013490-179">[131]</a> In March 1921, the Inter-Allied Commission held the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Silesia_plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Silesia plebiscite">Upper Silesia plebiscite</a>, which was peaceful despite the previous violence. The plebiscite resulted in c. 60 per cent of the population voting for the province to remain part of Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullivantGilesPape199943–44-180">[132]</a> Following the vote, the League of Nations debated the future of the province.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrecht-Carrie19409-181">[133]</a> In 1922, Upper Silesia was partitioned: <a href="/wiki/Opole" title="Opole">Oppeln</a>, in the north-west, remained with Germany while <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Voivodeship" title="Silesian Voivodeship">Silesia Province</a>, in the south-east, was transferred to Poland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETherSiljak2001123-178">[130]</a> Memel remained under the authority of the League of Nations, with a <a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">French Armed Forces</a> garrison, until January 1923.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteiner200775-182">[134]</a> On 9 January 1923, the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Army">Lithuanian Army</a> invaded the territory during the <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da_Revolt" title="Klaipėda Revolt">Klaipėda Revolt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemkinSchabasPower2008198-183">[135]</a> The French garrison withdrew, and in February the Allies agreed to attach Memel as an "autonomous territory" to Lithuania.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteiner200775-182">[134]</a> On 8 May 1924, after negotiations between the Lithuanian Government and the <a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Ambassadors" title="Conference of Ambassadors">Conference of Ambassadors</a> and action by the League of Nations, the annexation of Memel was ratified.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemkinSchabasPower2008198-183">[135]</a> Lithuania accepted the <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da_Convention" title="Klaipėda Convention">Memel Statute</a>, a power-sharing arrangement to protect non-Lithuanians in the territory and its autonomous status while responsibility for the territory remained with the great powers. The League of Nations mediated between the Germans and Lithuanians on a local level, helping the power-sharing arrangement last <a href="/wiki/1939_German_ultimatum_to_Lithuania" title="1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania">until 1939</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteiner200775-182">[134]</a> On 13 January 1935, 15 years after the Saar Basin had been placed under the protection of the League of Nations, a plebiscite was held to determine the future of the area. 528,105 votes were cast, with 477,119 votes (90 per cent of the ballot) in favour of union with Germany; 46,613 votes were cast for the status quo, and 2,124 votes for union with France. The region returned to German sovereignty on 1 March 1935. When the result was announced 4,100 people, including 800 refugees from Germany fled to France.<a href="#cite_note-Articles_45_and_49-85">[n. 9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1951103–106-184">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhineland_occupation">Rhineland occupation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Rhineland" title="Occupation of the Rhineland">Occupation of the Rhineland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R09876,_Ruhrbesetzung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A soldier, on the right, faces a civilian, on the left. A second soldier, far center, walks towards the two." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R09876%2C_Ruhrbesetzung.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R09876%2C_Ruhrbesetzung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R09876%2C_Ruhrbesetzung.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R09876%2C_Ruhrbesetzung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R09876%2C_Ruhrbesetzung.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R09876%2C_Ruhrbesetzung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>French soldiers in the Ruhr, which resulted in the American withdrawal from the Rhineland</figcaption></figure> In late 1918, American, Belgian, British, and French troops entered the Rhineland to enforce the armistice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartel199918-25">[19]</a> Before the treaty, the occupation force stood at roughly 740,000 men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPawley200884-185">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverman199692-186">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPawley20082-187">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollar201278-188">[140]</a> Following the signing of the peace treaty, the numbers drastically decreased and by 1926 the occupation force numbered only 76,000 men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPawley2008117-189">[141]</a> As part of the 1929 negotiations that would become the <a href="/wiki/Young_Plan" title="Young Plan">Young Plan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Gustav Stresemann</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a> negotiated the early withdrawal of Allied forces from the Rhineland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMommsenFoster1988273-190">[142]</a> On 30 June 1930, after speeches and the lowering of flags, the last troops of the Anglo-French-Belgian occupation force withdrew from Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPawley2008181–182-191">[143]</a> Belgium maintained an occupation force of roughly 10,000 troops throughout the initial years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverman199692-186">[138]</a> This figure fell to 7,102 by 1926, and continued to fall as a result of diplomatic developments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPawley2008117-189">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobson1972135-192">[144]</a> The British <a href="/wiki/Second_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="Second Army (United Kingdom)">Second Army</a>, with some 275,000 veteran soldiers, entered Germany in late 1918.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPawley20082-187">[139]</a> In March 1919, this force became the <a href="/wiki/British_Army_of_the_Rhine" title="British Army of the Rhine">British Army of the Rhine</a> (BAOR). The total number of troops committed to the occupation rapidly dwindled as veteran soldiers were demobilized, and were replaced by inexperienced men who had finished basic training following the cessation of hostilities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson201719,_245-193">[145]</a> By 1920, the BAOR consisted of only 40,594 men and the following year had been further reduced to 12,421. The size of the BAOR fluctuated over the following years, but never rose above 9,000 men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmonds1943147-194">[146]</a> The British did not adhere to all obligated territorial withdrawals as dictated by Versailles, on account of Germany not meeting her own treaty obligations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamson2017246–247-195">[147]</a> A complete withdrawal was considered, but rejected in order to maintain a presence to continue acting as a check on French ambitions and prevent the establishment of an autonomous <a href="/wiki/Rhineland_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhineland Republic">Rhineland Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPawley200894-196">[148]</a> The French Army of the Rhine was initially 250,000 men strong, including at a peak 40,000 African colonial troops (<a href="/wiki/Troupes_coloniales" title="Troupes coloniales">Troupes coloniales</a>). By 1923, the French occupation force had decreased to roughly 130,000 men, including 27,126 African troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollar201278-188">[140]</a> The troop numbers peaked again at 250,000 during the occupation of the Ruhr, before decreasing to 60,000 men by 1926.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPawley2008117-189">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDougall1978155-197">[149]</a> Germans viewed the use of French colonial troops as a deliberate act of humiliation, and used their presence to create a propaganda campaign dubbed the <a href="/wiki/Black_Horror_on_the_Rhine" title="Black Horror on the Rhine">Black Shame</a>. This campaign lasted throughout the 1920s and 30s, although peaked in 1920 and 1921. For example, a 1921 German Government memo detailed 300 acts of violence from colonial troops, which included 65 murders and 170 sexual offenses. Historical consensus is that the charges were exaggerated for political and propaganda purposes, and that the colonial troops behaved far better than their white counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollar201278-188">[140]</a> An estimated 500–800 <a href="/wiki/Rhineland_Bastard" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhineland Bastard">Rhineland Bastards</a> were born as a result of fraternization between colonial troops and German women, and who would later be persecuted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAppiahGates2005781-198">[150]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Third_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Third Army">United States Third Army</a> entered Germany with 200,000 men. In June 1919, the Third Army demobilized and by 1920 the US occupation force had been reduced to 15,000 men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200421-199">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPawley200884-185">[137]</a> Wilson further reduced the garrison to 6,500 men, before <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a>'s inauguration in 1921.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPawley200884-185">[137]</a> On 7 January 1923, after the Franco–Belgian occupation of the Ruhr, the US senate legislated the withdrawal of the remaining force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMommsenFoster1988129-200">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPawley200887-201">[153]</a> On 24 January, the American garrison started their withdrawal from the Rhineland, with the final troops leaving in early February.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1975251–252-202">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Violations">Violations</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reparations_3">Reparations</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0922-500,_Wien,_Heldenplatz,_Rede_Adolf_Hitler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0922-500%2C_Wien%2C_Heldenplatz%2C_Rede_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/310px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0922-500%2C_Wien%2C_Heldenplatz%2C_Rede_Adolf_Hitler.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0922-500%2C_Wien%2C_Heldenplatz%2C_Rede_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/465px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0922-500%2C_Wien%2C_Heldenplatz%2C_Rede_Adolf_Hitler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0922-500%2C_Wien%2C_Heldenplatz%2C_Rede_Adolf_Hitler.jpg/620px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0922-500%2C_Wien%2C_Heldenplatz%2C_Rede_Adolf_Hitler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="561" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> announcing the <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluß</a> in violation of Art. 80 on the <a href="/wiki/Heldenplatz" title="Heldenplatz">Heldenplatz</a>, Vienna, 15 March 1938</figcaption></figure> In June 1921 Germany made the first cash payment of 1 billion gold marks due under the London Schedule of Payments. However, this was the only full payment of cash made under the unamended schedule, and from then until the Dawes plan began operation in late 1924 only small cash payments were made. Whilst in-kind payments of goods such as coal and timber were made throughout 1922, these were never paid in full, and in December 1922 Germany was declared in default of timber deliveries by a 3-to-1 vote of the Reparations Commission, the British representative casting the sole opposing vote. On 9 January of the following year, after Germany had defaulted either partially or wholly on coal deliveries for the thirty-fourth time in thirty-six months, the Reparations Commission also declared Germany in default of coal reparations and authorised the occupation of <a href="/wiki/Ruhr" title="Ruhr">the Ruhr</a> coalfields in order to secure the deliveries, again with the British representative casting the sole opposing vote and all other votes being in favour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarks1978-203">[155]</a> In a move that was condemned by the British, French, Belgian, and Italian engineers supported by French and Belgian forces occupied the <a href="/wiki/Ruhr" title="Ruhr">Ruhr area</a> on 11 January 1923. The German government answered with "<a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_resistance" title="Nonviolent resistance">passive resistance</a>", which meant that coal miners and railway workers refused to obey any instructions by the occupation forces. Production and transportation came to a standstill, but the financial consequences, including the payment in paper currency of striking workers by the German government, contributed to <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation_in_the_Weimar_Republic" title="Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic">German hyperinflation</a> in the period from late 1921 to 1924. Consequently, passive resistance was called off in late 1923. The end of passive resistance in the Ruhr allowed Germany to undertake a currency reform and to negotiate the <a href="/wiki/Dawes_Plan" title="Dawes Plan">Dawes Plan</a>, which led to the withdrawal of French and Belgian troops from the Ruhr Area in 1925. The agreement of the Dawes plan in late 1924 also led to a resumption of reparations payments in hard cash and gold. Total receipts from the Ruhr occupation summed to 900 million gold marks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEB:_Ruhr_occupation-204">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarks1978-203">[155]</a> From the agreement of the Dawes Plan in late 1924 until July 1931 when payment was suspended under a proposal by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, reparations payments were made regularly and on time both in cash and in-kind, though always slightly less than was required under the plan. The one year suspension of payments under the <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Moratorium" title="Hoover Moratorium">Hoover Moratorium</a> was to be converted into a permanent moratorium according to a proposal created at the <a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Conference_of_1932" title="Lausanne Conference of 1932">Lausanne Conference of 1932</a>, however the agreement was never ratified.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarks1978-203">[155]</a> The government of Adolf Hitler declared all further payments cancelled in 1933, and no further reparations payments were made until after the defeat of Nazi Germany in the Second World War. Germany finally paid off its debts under the Versailles treaty, which had been reduced by 50% at the 1953 London Debt Conference, in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlakemore2019-205">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> In 1920, the head of the Reichswehr <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Seeckt" title="Hans von Seeckt">Hans von Seeckt</a> clandestinely re-established the General Staff, by expanding the <a href="/wiki/Truppenamt" title="Truppenamt">Truppenamt</a> (Troop Office); purportedly a human resources section of the army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaloga200213-206">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeyer1984-207">[159]</a> In March, 18,000 German troops entered the Rhineland under the guise of attempting to quell possible unrest by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany</a> and in doing so violated the demilitarized zone. In response, French troops advanced farther into Germany until the German troops withdrew.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShuster2006112,_114-208">[160]</a> German officials conspired systematically to evade the clauses of the treaty, by failing to meet disarmament deadlines, refusing Allied officials access to military facilities, and maintaining and hiding weapon production.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShuster2006112,_114-208">[160]</a> As the treaty did not ban German companies from producing war material outside of Germany, companies moved to the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bofors" title="Bofors">Bofors</a> was bought by <a href="/wiki/Krupp" title="Krupp">Krupp</a>, and in 1921 German troops were sent to Sweden to test weapons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShuster2006116-209">[161]</a> The establishment of diplomatic ties with the Soviet Union, via the <a href="/wiki/Genoa_Conference_(1922)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genoa Conference (1922)">Genoa Conference</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rapallo_(1922)" title="Treaty of Rapallo (1922)">Treaty of Rapallo</a>, was also used to circumvent the Treaty of Versailles. Publicly, these diplomatic exchanges were largely in regards to trade and future economic cooperation. But secret military clauses were included that allowed for Germany to develop weapons inside the Soviet Union. Furthermore, it allowed for Germany to establish three training areas for aviation, chemical and tank warfare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1997133-210">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts2005967-211">[163]</a> In 1923, the British newspaper <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> made several claims about the state of the German Armed Forces: that it had equipment for 800,000 men, was transferring army staff to civilian positions in order to obscure their real duties, and warned of the militarization of the German police force by the exploitation of the <a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%BCmper_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Krümper system">Krümper system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShuster2006120-212">[164]</a> <a href="#cite_note-213">[x]</a> The Weimar Government also funded domestic rearmament programs, which were covertly funded with the money camouflaged in "X-budgets", worth up to an additional 10% of the disclosed military budget.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHantkeSpoerer2010852-214">[165]</a> By 1925, German companies had begun to design tanks and modern artillery. During the year, over half of Chinese arms imports were German and worth 13 million Reichsmarks. In January 1927, following the withdrawal of the Allied <a href="/wiki/Military_Inter-Allied_Commission_of_Control" title="Military Inter-Allied Commission of Control">disarmament committee</a>, Krupps ramped up production of armor plate and artillery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby198425-215">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby1984220-216">[167]</a> <a href="#cite_note-217">[xi]</a> Production increased so that by 1937, military exports had increased to 82,788,604 Reichsmarks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby198425-215">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirby1984220-216">[167]</a> Production was not the only violation: "Volunteers" were rapidly passed through the army to make a pool of trained reserves, and paramilitary organizations were encouraged with the illegally militarized police. Non-commissioned officers (NCOs) were not limited by the treaty, thus this loophole was exploited and as such the number of NCOs were vastly in excess to the number needed by the Reichswehr.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMowat1968235-218">[168]</a> In December 1931, the Reichswehr finalized a second rearmament plan that called for 480 million Reichsmarks to be spent over the following five years: this program sought to provide Germany the capability of creating and supplying a defensive force of 21 divisions supported by aircraft, artillery, and tanks. This coincided with a 1 billion Reichsmark programme that planned for additional industrial infrastructure that would be able to permanently maintain this force. As these programs did not require an expansion of the military, they were nominally legal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze200726-219">[169]</a> On 7 November 1932, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_defence_ministers" title="List of German defence ministers">Reich Minister of Defense</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_von_Schleicher" title="Kurt von Schleicher">Kurt von Schleicher</a> authorized the illegal Umbau Plan for a standing army of 21 divisions based on 147,000 professional soldiers and a large militia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze200726-219">[169]</a> Later in the year at the <a href="/wiki/World_Disarmament_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="World Disarmament Conference">World Disarmament Conference</a>, Germany withdrew to force France and Britain to accept German equality of status.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze200726-219">[169]</a> London attempted to get Germany to return with the promise of all nations maintaining an equality in armaments and security. The British later proposed and agreed to an increase in the Reichswehr to 200,000 men, and for Germany to have an air force half the size of the French. It was also negotiated for the French Army to be reduced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1997229-220">[170]</a> In October 1933, following the <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">rise of Adolf Hitler</a> and the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi regime</a>, Germany withdrew from the League of Nations and the World Disarmament Conference. In March 1935, Germany reintroduced conscription followed by an open <a href="/wiki/German_re-armament" class="mw-redirect" title="German re-armament">rearmament</a> programme and the official unveiling of the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> (air force), and signed the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_Naval_Agreement" title="Anglo-German Naval Agreement">Anglo-German Naval Agreement</a> that allowed a surface fleet 35% of the size of the Royal Navy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell199778-221">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorrigan201168-222">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer1995408-223">[173]</a> The resulting rearmament programmes were allotted 35 billion Reichsmarks over an eight-year period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze200753-224">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territorial">Territorial</h3></div> On 7 March 1936, German troops entered and remilitarized the Rhineland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1997233–234-225">[175]</a> On 12 March 1938, following German pressure to the collapse of the Austrian Government, German troops crossed into Austria and the following day Hitler announced the <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a>: the annexation of Austria by Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1997254-226">[176]</a> The following year, on 23 March 1939, Germany annexed Memel from Lithuania.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1997281-227">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_criminals">War criminals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_war_crimes_trials" title="Leipzig war crimes trials">Leipzig war crimes trials</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HangTheKaiser.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/HangTheKaiser.png/220px-HangTheKaiser.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/HangTheKaiser.png/330px-HangTheKaiser.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/HangTheKaiser.png 2x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="555" /></a><figcaption>Front cover of a book of sheet music entitled "We're Going To Hang The Kaiser Under The Linden Tree"</figcaption></figure> Despite "hang the Kaiser" being a popular slogan of the time, particularly in Britain, the proposed trial of the Kaiser under Article 227 of the Versailles treaty never took place. Defying popular British anger at the Kaiser, and the fact that putting the Kaiser on trial was originally a British proposal,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassiouni2002268-228">[178]</a> Lloyd George refused to support French calls for the Kaiser to be extradited from the Netherlands where he was living in exile. The Dutch authorities refused extradition, and the former Kaiser died there in 1941.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1974276-131">[86]</a> Article 228 allowed for the extradition of German war criminals to stand trial before Allied tribunals. Originally a list of as many of 20,000 alleged criminals was prepared by the Allies, however this was later reduced. Following the ratification of the treaty in January 1920, the Allies submitted a request that 890 (or 895) alleged war criminals be extradited for trial. France and Belgium each requested the extradition of 334 individuals including <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">von Hindenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff">Ludendorff</a> for the damages they had inflicted on Belgium and the mass deportations they had overseen from both France and Belgium. Britain submitted a list of 94 names, including <a href="/wiki/Alfred_von_Tirpitz" title="Alfred von Tirpitz">von Tirpitz</a> for the sinkings of civilian shipping by German U-boats. Italy's request included 29 names divided between those accused of mistreating prisoners of war and those responsible for U-Boat sinkings. Romania requested the extradition of 41 individuals including <a href="/wiki/August_von_Mackensen" title="August von Mackensen">von Mackensen</a>. Poland requested 51 people be extradited, and Yugoslavia (successor to wartime Serbia) four. Germany refused extradition, however, claiming that carrying out such a request to extradite people widely regarded as heroes in Germany would likely result in the fall of the government, but made a counter-offer of holding trials at Leipzig, an offer that was ultimately accepted by the Allies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Current_History''1920373–380-229">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMullins19218–9-230">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassiouni2002281–282-231">[181]</a> After subsequent negotiation, the list of alleged war criminals submitted by the Allies for trial at Leipzig was reduced to 45, however, this ultimately also ended up being too many for the German authorities, and in the end only 12 officers were put on trial – six from the British list, five from the French one, and one from the Belgian list. The British list included only low-level officers and enlisted men, including a prison-guard accused of beating prisoners of war and two U-Boat commanders who sank hospital ships (the <a href="/wiki/HMHS_Dover_Castle" title="HMHS Dover Castle">Dover Castle</a> and the <a href="/wiki/HMHS_Llandovery_Castle" title="HMHS Llandovery Castle">Llandovery Castle</a>). In contrast the French list were all high-ranking officials, including Lieutenant-General Karl Stenger, who was accused of massacring French prisoners of war. The Belgian case involved a man accused of mistreating and imprisoning Belgian children. However, when the Germans announced that the trial would be under German law, with the German prosecutor being able to exercise <a href="/wiki/Prosecutorial_discretion" title="Prosecutorial discretion">prosecutorial discretion</a>, the French and Belgians withdrew from the process in protest. Only half of the cases led to conviction, with <a href="/wiki/Superior_orders" title="Superior orders">superior orders being allowed as a defence</a> in the Dover Castle case, and in mitigation in the Llandovery Castle case where the officer responsible had massacred seamen in lifeboats. All but one of the people put forward by the French were acquitted, including Karl Stenger, who was showered with flowers by German spectators. The Belgian case was also acquitted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassiouni2002281–284-232">[182]</a> The Commission of Allied Jurists responded to these proceedings on 22 January 1922 by declaring that the Leipzig court had failed to carry out its mandate by failing to convict accused who should have been convicted, and by showing excessive leniency even where people had been convicted. The Allied Jurists recommended that extradition of war criminals be requested under Article 228. However, no further extradition request was made, though trials were held in France and Belgium of German war criminals <a href="/wiki/Trial_in_absentia" title="Trial in absentia">in absentia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassiouni2002285-233">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_assessments">Historical assessments</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keynes_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A sitted man looks on the side." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Keynes_1933.jpg/170px-Keynes_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Keynes_1933.jpg/255px-Keynes_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Keynes_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a>, the principal representative of the British Treasury, denounced the Treaty as a "<a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_peace" title="Carthaginian peace">Carthaginian peace</a>".</figcaption></figure> Historians are split on the impact of the treaty. Some saw it as a good solution in a difficult time, others saw it as a disastrous measure that would anger the Germans to seek revenge. The actual impact of the treaty is also disputed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETNA:_The_Great_War_1914_to_1918n.d.-234">[184]</a> In his book <a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Consequences_of_the_Peace" title="The Economic Consequences of the Peace">The Economic Consequences of the Peace</a>, John Maynard Keynes referred to the Treaty of Versailles as a "<a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_peace" title="Carthaginian peace">Carthaginian peace</a>", a misguided attempt to destroy Germany on behalf of French <a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">revanchism</a>, rather than to follow the fairer principles for a lasting peace set out in Wilson's Fourteen Points, which Germany had accepted at the armistice. He stated: "I believe that the campaign for securing out of Germany the general costs of the war was one of the most serious acts of political unwisdom for which our statesmen have ever been responsible."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes1920-235">[185]</a> Keynes had been the principal representative of the British Treasury at the Paris Peace Conference, and used in his passionate book arguments that he and others (including some US officials) had used at Paris.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkwell2006-236">[186]</a> He believed the sums being asked of Germany in reparations were many times more than it was possible for Germany to pay, and that these would produce drastic instability.<a href="#cite_note-237">[xii]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commemorative_medal_issued_on_the_occasion_of_the_10th_anniversary_of_the_Treaty_of_Versailles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Commemorative_medal_issued_on_the_occasion_of_the_10th_anniversary_of_the_Treaty_of_Versailles.jpg/220px-Commemorative_medal_issued_on_the_occasion_of_the_10th_anniversary_of_the_Treaty_of_Versailles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Commemorative_medal_issued_on_the_occasion_of_the_10th_anniversary_of_the_Treaty_of_Versailles.jpg/330px-Commemorative_medal_issued_on_the_occasion_of_the_10th_anniversary_of_the_Treaty_of_Versailles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Commemorative_medal_issued_on_the_occasion_of_the_10th_anniversary_of_the_Treaty_of_Versailles.jpg/440px-Commemorative_medal_issued_on_the_occasion_of_the_10th_anniversary_of_the_Treaty_of_Versailles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption>Commemorative medal issued in 1929 in Germany on the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the Treaty of Versailles. The obverse depicts <a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Georges Clemenceau</a> presenting a bound treaty, decorated with skull and crossbones to <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_von_Brockdorff-Rantzau" title="Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau">Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau</a>. Other members of the Conference are standing behind Clemenceau, including Lloyd-George, Wilson and Orlando.</figcaption></figure> French economist <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Mantoux" title="Étienne Mantoux">Étienne Mantoux</a> disputed that analysis. During the 1940s, Mantoux wrote a posthumously published book titled The Carthaginian Peace, or the Economic Consequences of Mr. Keynes in an attempt to rebut Keynes' claims. More recently economists have argued that the restriction of Germany to a small army saved it so much money it could afford the reparations payments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHantkeSpoerer2010849–864-238">[187]</a> It has been argued—for instance by historian <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Weinberg" title="Gerhard Weinberg">Gerhard Weinberg</a> in his book A World at Arms<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds1994-239">[188]</a>—that the treaty was in fact quite advantageous to Germany. The Bismarckian Reich was maintained as a political unit instead of being broken up, and Germany largely escaped post-war military occupation (in contrast to the situation following World War II). In a 1995 essay, Weinberg noted that with the disappearance of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> and with Russia withdrawn from Europe, that Germany was now the dominant power in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg200816-240">[189]</a> The British military historian <a href="/wiki/Correlli_Barnett" title="Correlli Barnett">Correlli Barnett</a> argued that the Treaty of Versailles was "extremely lenient in comparison with the <a href="/wiki/Septemberprogramm" title="Septemberprogramm">peace terms</a> that Germany herself, when she was expecting to win the war, had had in mind to impose on the Allies". Furthermore, he said, it was "hardly a slap on the wrist" when contrasted with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk that Germany had imposed on a defeated Russian SFSR in March 1918, which had taken away a third of Russia's population (albeit mostly of non-<a href="/wiki/Russian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian people">Russian</a> ethnicity), one-half of Russia's industrial undertakings and nine-tenths of Russia's coal mines, coupled with an <a href="/wiki/Indemnity" title="Indemnity">indemnity</a> of six billion <a href="/wiki/German_Papiermark" class="mw-redirect" title="German Papiermark">marks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnett2002392-241">[190]</a> Eventually, even under the "cruel" terms of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany's economy had been restored to its pre-war status. Barnett also argues that, in strategic terms, Germany was in fact in a superior position following the Treaty than she had been in 1914. Germany's eastern frontiers faced Russia and Austria, who had both in the past balanced German power. Barnett asserts that its post-war eastern borders were safer, because the former <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> fractured after the war into smaller, weaker states, Russia was wracked by <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">civil war</a>, and the newly restored Poland was no match for even a defeated Germany. In the West, Germany was balanced only by France and <a href="/wiki/Belgium_(1918%E2%80%9340)" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgium (1918–40)">Belgium</a>, both of which were smaller in population and less economically vibrant than Germany. Barnett concludes by saying that instead of weakening Germany, the treaty "much enhanced" German power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnett1986316-242">[191]</a> Britain and France should have (according to Barnett) "divided and permanently weakened" Germany by undoing Bismarck's work and partitioning Germany into smaller, weaker states so it could never have disrupted the peace of Europe again.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnett1986318-243">[192]</a> By failing to do this and therefore not solving the problem of German power and restoring the equilibrium of Europe, Britain "had failed in her main purpose in taking part in the Great War".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnett1986319-244">[193]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treaty_of_Versailles_Reparations_--_Let%27s_see_you_collect.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Treaty_of_Versailles_Reparations_--_Let%27s_see_you_collect.png/170px-Treaty_of_Versailles_Reparations_--_Let%27s_see_you_collect.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Treaty_of_Versailles_Reparations_--_Let%27s_see_you_collect.png/255px-Treaty_of_Versailles_Reparations_--_Let%27s_see_you_collect.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Treaty_of_Versailles_Reparations_--_Let%27s_see_you_collect.png/340px-Treaty_of_Versailles_Reparations_--_Let%27s_see_you_collect.png 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>American political cartoon depicting the contemporary view of German reparations, 1921</figcaption></figure> The British historian of modern Germany <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Richard J. Evans</a> wrote that during the war the <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">German right</a> was committed to an annexationist program which aimed at Germany annexing most of Europe and Africa. Consequently, any peace treaty that did not leave Germany as the conqueror would be unacceptable to them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans1989107-245">[194]</a> Short of allowing Germany to keep all the conquests of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Evans argued that there was nothing that could have been done to persuade the German right to accept Versailles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans1989107-245">[194]</a> Evans further noted that the parties of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Coalition" title="Weimar Coalition">Weimar Coalition</a>, namely the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> (SPD), the <a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">social liberal</a> <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Party" title="German Democratic Party">German Democratic Party</a> (DDP) and the <a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a>, were all equally opposed to Versailles, and it is false to say as some historians have that opposition to Versailles also equalled opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans1989107-245">[194]</a> Finally, Evans argued that it is untrue that Versailles caused the premature end of the Republic, instead contending that it was the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> of the early 1930s that put an end to German democracy. He also argued that Versailles was not the "main cause" of <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">National Socialism</a> and the German economy was "only marginally influenced by the impact of reparations".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans1989107-245">[194]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ewa_Thompson" title="Ewa Thompson">Ewa Thompson</a> points out that the treaty allowed numerous nations in Central and Eastern Europe to liberate themselves from oppressive German rule, a fact that is often neglected by Western historiography, more interested in understanding the German point of view. In nations that found themselves free as the result of the treaty—such as <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> or <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a>—it is seen as a symbol of recognition of wrongs committed against small nations by their much larger aggressive neighbours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonn.d.-246">[195]</a> Resentment caused by the treaty sowed fertile psychological ground for the eventual rise of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_Bitesize-247">[196]</a> but the German-born Australian historian Jürgen Tampke argued that it was "a perfidious distortion of history" to argue that the terms prevented the growth of democracy in Germany and aided the growth of the Nazi Party; saying that its terms were not as punitive as often held and that German hyper-inflation in the 1920s was partly a deliberate policy to minimise the cost of reparations. As an example of the arguments against the Versaillerdiktat he quotes Elizabeth Wiskemann who heard two officer's widows in Wiesbaden complaining that "with their stocks of linen depleted they had to have their linen washed once a fortnight (every two weeks) instead of once a month!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETampke2017vii,_xii-248">[197]</a> The German historian <a href="/wiki/Detlev_Peukert" title="Detlev Peukert">Detlev Peukert</a> wrote that Versailles was far from the impossible peace that most Germans claimed it was during the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>, and though not without flaws was actually quite reasonable to Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeukert1992278-249">[198]</a> Rather, Peukert argued that it was widely believed in Germany that Versailles was a totally unreasonable treaty, and it was this "perception" rather than the "reality" of the Versailles treaty that mattered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeukert1992278-249">[198]</a> Peukert noted that because of the "<a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">millenarian hopes</a>" created in Germany during World War I when for a time it appeared that Germany was on the verge of conquering all of Europe, any peace treaty the Allies of World War I imposed on the defeated <a href="/wiki/German_Reich" title="German Reich">German Reich</a> were bound to create a nationalist backlash, and there was nothing the Allies could have done to avoid that backlash.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeukert1992278-249">[198]</a> Having noted that much, Peukert commented that the policy of <a href="/wiki/Rapprochement" title="Rapprochement">rapprochement</a> with the Western powers that Gustav Stresemann carried out between 1923 and 1929 were constructive policies that might have allowed Germany to play a more positive role in Europe, and that it was not true that German democracy was doomed to die in 1919 because of Versailles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeukert1992278-249">[198]</a> Finally, Peukert argued that it was the Great Depression and the turn to a nationalist policy of <a href="/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky">autarky</a> within Germany at the same time that finished off the Weimar Republic, not the Treaty of Versailles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeukert1992278-249">[198]</a> French historian Raymond Cartier states that millions of ethnic Germans in the <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Posen-West_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Posen-West Prussia">Posen-West Prussia</a> were placed under foreign rule in a hostile environment, where harassment and violation of rights by authorities are documented.<a href="#cite_note-Cartier-250">[xiii]</a> Cartier asserts that, out of 1,058,000 Germans in Posen-West Prussia in 1921, 758,867 fled their homelands within five years due to Polish harassment.<a href="#cite_note-Cartier-250">[xiii]</a> These sharpening ethnic conflicts would lead to public demands to reattach the annexed territory in 1938 and become a pretext for Hitler's annexations of <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cartier-250">[xiii]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/David_Stevenson_(historian)" title="David Stevenson (historian)">David Stevenson</a>, since the opening of French archives, most commentators have remarked on French restraint and reasonableness at the conference, though Stevenson notes that "[t]he jury is still out", and that "there have been signs that the pendulum of judgement is swinging back the other way."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevenson1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid7xZFKfQHAtMCdq22incontrastwithearlierindictmentsmostcommentatorssincethe1970shavebeenimpressedbyfrenchmoderationanddefensiveness22pgPA11_11]_251-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevenson1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid7xZFKfQHAtMCdq22incontrastwithearlierindictmentsmostcommentatorssincethe1970shavebeenimpressedbyfrenchmoderationanddefensiveness22pgPA11_11]-251">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territorial_changes_3">Territorial changes</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Europe_1923-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Map_Europe_1923-en.svg/220px-Map_Europe_1923-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Map_Europe_1923-en.svg/330px-Map_Europe_1923-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Map_Europe_1923-en.svg/440px-Map_Europe_1923-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="704" /></a><figcaption>Map of territorial changes in Europe after World War I (as of 1923)</figcaption></figure> The Treaty of Versailles resulted in the creation of several thousand miles of new boundaries, with maps playing a central role in the negotiations at Paris.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent2019275–279-252">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltic2016179–198-253">[201]</a> The plebiscites initiated due to the treaty have drawn much comment. Historian Robert Peckham wrote that the issue of Schleswig "was premised on a gross simplification of the region's history. ... Versailles ignored any possibility of there being a third way: the kind of compact represented by the Swiss Federation; a bilingual or even trilingual Schleswig-Holsteinian state" or other options such as "a Schleswigian state in a loose confederation with Denmark or Germany, or an autonomous region under the protection of the League of Nations."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngraoSzabo2007262-254">[202]</a> In regard to the East Prussia plebiscite, historian Richard Blanke wrote that "no other contested ethnic group has ever, under un-coerced conditions, issued so one-sided a statement of its national preference".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngraoSzabo2007262-254">[202]</a> Richard Debo wrote "both Berlin and Warsaw believed the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Soviet invasion of Poland</a> had influenced the East Prussian plebiscites. Poland appeared so close to collapse that even Polish voters had cast their ballots for Germany".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDebo1992335-255">[203]</a> In regard to the Silesian plebiscite, Blanke observed "given that the electorate was at least 60% Polish-speaking, this means that about one 'Pole' in three voted for Germany" and "most Polish observers and historians" have concluded that the outcome of the plebiscite was due to "unfair German advantages of incumbency and socio-economic position". Blanke alleged "coercion of various kinds even in the face of an allied occupation regime" occurred, and that Germany granted votes to those "who had been born in Upper Silesia but no longer resided there". Blanke concluded that despite these protests "there is plenty of other evidence, including Reichstag election results both before and after 1921 and the large-scale emigration of Polish-speaking Upper Silesians to Germany after 1945, that their identification with Germany in 1921 was neither exceptional nor temporary" and "here was a large population of Germans and Poles—not coincidentally, of the same Catholic religion—that not only shared the same living space but also came in many cases to see themselves as members of the same national community".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullivantGilesPape199943–44-180">[132]</a> Prince <a href="/wiki/Eustachy_Sapieha" title="Eustachy Sapieha">Eustachy Sapieha</a>, the Polish <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Poland)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Poland)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a>, alleged that Soviet Russia "appeared to be intentionally delaying negotiations" to end the Polish-Soviet War "with the object of influencing the Upper Silesian plebiscite".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDebo1992335-255">[203]</a> Once the region was partitioned, both "Germany and Poland attempted to 'cleanse' their shares of Upper Silesia" via oppression resulting in Germans migrating to Germany and Poles migrating to Poland. Despite the oppression and migration, Opole Silesia "remained ethnically mixed."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETherSiljak2001123-178">[130]</a> Frank Russell wrote that, in regard to the Saar plebiscite, the inhabitants "were not terrorized at the polls" and the "totalitarian [Nazi] German regime was not distasteful to most of the Saar inhabitants and that they preferred it even to an efficient, economical, and benevolent international rule." When the outcome of the vote became known, 4,100 (including 800 refugees who had previously fled Germany) residents fled over the border into France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1951103–106-184">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_terms_and_violations">Military terms and violations</h3></div> During the formulation of the treaty, the British wanted Germany to abolish conscription but be allowed to maintain a volunteer Army. The French wanted Germany to maintain a conscript army of up to 200,000 men in order to justify their own maintenance of a similar force. Thus the treaty's allowance of 100,000 volunteers was a compromise between the British and French positions. Germany, on the other hand, saw the terms as leaving them defenseless against any potential enemy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1960104–105-256">[204]</a> Bernadotte Everly Schmitt wrote that "there is no reason to believe that the Allied governments were insincere when they stated at the beginning of Part V of the Treaty ... that in order to facilitate a general reduction of the armament of all nations, Germany was to be required to disarm first." A lack of American ratification of the treaty or joining the League of Nations left France unwilling to disarm, which resulted in a German desire to rearm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1960104-137">[92]</a> Schmitt argued "had the four Allies remained united, they could have forced Germany really to disarm, and the German will and capacity to resist other provisions of the treaty would have correspondingly diminished."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1960108-257">[205]</a> Max Hantke and Mark Spoerer wrote "military and economic historians [have] found that the German military only insignificantly exceeded the limits" of the treaty before 1933.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHantkeSpoerer2010852-214">[165]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adam_Tooze" title="Adam Tooze">Adam Tooze</a> concurred, and wrote "To put this in perspective, annual military spending by the Weimar Republic was counted not in the billions but in the hundreds of millions of Reichsmarks"; for example, the Weimar Republic's 1931 program of 480 million Reichsmarks over five years compared to the Nazi Government's 1933 plan to spend 4.4 billion Reichsmarks per year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze200726,_53–54-258">[206]</a> P. M. H. Bell argued that the British Government was aware of later Weimar rearming, and lent public respectability to the German efforts by not opposing them,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1997229-220">[170]</a> an opinion shared by Churchill.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a> wrote that "a curious oversight" of the military restrictions were that they "did not include rockets in its list of prohibited weapons", which provided <a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a> an area to research within eventually resulting in "his break [that] came in 1943" leading to the development of the <a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V-2 rocket</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2007416-259">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_the_Nazis">Rise of the Nazis</h3></div> The Treaty created much resentment in Germany, which was exploited by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> in his rise to power at the helm of Nazi Germany. Central to this was belief in the <a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">stab-in-the-back myth</a>, which held that the German army had not lost the war and had been betrayed by the Weimar Republic, who negotiated an unnecessary surrender. The Great Depression exacerbated the issue and led to a collapse of the German economy. Though the treaty may not have caused the crash, it was a convenient scapegoat. Germans viewed the treaty as a humiliation and eagerly listened to Hitler's oratory which blamed the treaty for Germany's ills. Hitler promised to reverse the depredations of the Allied powers and recover Germany's lost territory and pride, which has led to the treaty being cited as a <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">cause of World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilde2020-260">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent2019275–279-252">[200]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a> first met Adolf Hitler at a speech which Hitler gave at a rally against French demands for the extradition of alleged German war criminals under the Versailles treaty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassiouni2002268-228">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, 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.reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> The United States ended its state of war with the <a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93German_Peace_Treaty_(1921)" title="U.S.–German Peace Treaty (1921)">U.S.–German Peace Treaty (1921)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Traité de Versailles; <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Versailler Vertrag, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[vɛʁˈzaɪ̯ɐ fɛɐ̯ˈtʁaːk]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/28\/De-Versailler_Vertrag.ogg\/De-Versailler_Vertrag.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Versailler Vertrag.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/28/De-Versailler_Vertrag.ogg/De-Versailler_Vertrag.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:De-Versailler_Vertrag.ogg" title="File:De-Versailler Vertrag.ogg">ⓘ</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)</a> with Austria; <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine</a> with Bulgaria; <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a> with Hungary; <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a> with the Ottoman Empire (<a href="#CITEREFDavis2010">Davis 2010</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gsM1JiXAMJEC">49</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> See the <a href="#Reparations">Reparations</a> section. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Similar wording was used in the treaties signed by the other defeated nations of the Central Powers: Article 177 of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye with Austria; Article 161 of the Treaty of Trianon with Hungary; Article 121 of the Treaty Areas of Neuilly-sur-Seine with Bulgaria; and Article 231 of the Treaty of Sevres with Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye,_Article_177-117">[n. 29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Treaty_of_Trianon,_Article_161-118">[n. 30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine,_Article_121-119">[n. 31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Treaty_of_Sèvres,_Article_231-120">[n. 32]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> see <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye">The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Trianon">The Treaty of Trianon</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Neuilly">The Treaty of Neuilly</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Sèvres">The Treaty of Sèvres.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> President Woodrow Wilson speaking on the League of Nations to a luncheon audience in Portland OR. 66th Cong., 1st sess. Senate Documents: Addresses of President Wilson (May–November 1919), vol. 11, no. 120, p. 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> "wir kennen die Wucht des Hasses, die uns hier entgegentritt ... Es wird von uns verlangt, daß wir uns als die allein Schuldigen am Kriege bekennen; ein solches Bekenntnis wäre in meinem Munde eine Lüge." (<a href="#CITEREFWeimarer_Republikn.d.">Weimarer Republik n.d.</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> "The whole purpose of the league", began Makino, was "to regulate the conduct of nations and peoples toward one another, according to a higher moral standard than has reigned in the past, and to administer justice throughout the world." In this regard, the wrongs of racial discrimination have been, and continue to be, the source of "profound resentment on the part of large numbers of the human race", directly affecting their rights and their pride. Many nations fought in the recent war to create a new international order, he said, and the hopes of their nationals now have risen to new heights with victory. Given the objectives of the league, the wrongs of the past, and the aspirations of the future, stated Makino, the leaders of the world gathered in Paris should openly declare their support for at least "the principle of equality of nations and just treatment of their nationals" (<a href="#CITEREFLauren1978">Lauren 1978</a>, p. 270). </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> On 8 March 1936, 22,700 armed policemen were incorporated into the army in 21 infantry battalions (<a href="#CITEREFBell1997">Bell 1997</a>, p. 234). </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Krupp" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav Krupp">Gustav Krupp</a> later claimed he had duped the Allies throughout the 1920s and prepared the German military for the future (<a href="#CITEREFShuster2006">Shuster 2006</a>, p. 116). </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> "The Treaty includes no provisions for the economic rehabilitation of Europe—nothing to make the defeated Central Empires into good neighbours, nothing to stabilize the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old World and the New. The Council of Four paid no attention to these issues, being preoccupied with others—Clemenceau to crush the economic life of his enemy, Lloyd George to do a deal and bring home something which would pass muster for a week, the President to do nothing that was not just and right. It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problems of a Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it as a problem of theology, of polities, of electoral chicane, from every point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny they were handling." (<a href="#CITEREFKeynes1919">Keynes 1919</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Cartier-250">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cartier_250-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartier_250-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cartier_250-2">c</a> Raymond Cartier, La Seconde Guerre mondiale, Paris, Larousse Paris Match, 1965, quoted in <a href="#CITEREFGroppe2004">Groppe 2004</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlavicek2010114-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlavicek2010114_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlavicek2010114_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlavicek2010">Slavicek 2010</a>, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlavicek2010107-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlavicek2010107_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlavicek2010">Slavicek 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7xZFKfQHAtMC&dq=%22in+contrast+with+earlier+indictments+most+commentators+since+the+1970s+have+been+impressed+by+french+moderation+and+defensiveness%22&pg=PA11">11</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent2019275–279-252">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKent2019275–279_252-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKent2019275–279_252-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKent2019">Kent 2019</a>, pp. 275–279. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAltic2016179–198-253"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAltic2016179–198_253-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAltic2016">Altic 2016</a>, pp. 179–198. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngraoSzabo2007262-254">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIngraoSzabo2007262_254-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIngraoSzabo2007262_254-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFIngraoSzabo2007">Ingrao & Szabo 2007</a>, p. 262. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDebo1992335-255">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDebo1992335_255-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDebo1992335_255-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDebo1992">Debo 1992</a>, p. 335. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1960104–105-256"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1960104–105_256-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmitt1960">Schmitt 1960</a>, pp. 104–105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1960108-257"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1960108_257-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmitt1960">Schmitt 1960</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze200726,_53–54-258"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETooze200726,_53–54_258-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTooze2007">Tooze 2007</a>, pp. 26, 53–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2007416-259"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2007416_259-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavies2007">Davies 2007</a>, p. 416. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilde2020-260"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilde2020_260-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilde2020">Wilde 2020</a>. </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">The following citations are direct links to primary sources held on <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>. Unless otherwise stated, links are to the Treaty of Versailles.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Preamble-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Preamble_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Preamble_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Preamble_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Preamble_1-3">d</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles/Preamble" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Versailles/Preamble">Preamble</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Signatures_and_Protocol-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Signatures_and_Protocol_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Signatures_and_Protocol_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Signatures_and_Protocol_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Signatures_and_Protocol_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Signatures_and_Protocol_5-4">e</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles/Protocol" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Versailles/Protocol">Signatures and Protocol</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fourteen_Points_Speech-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Fourteen_Points_Speech_12-0">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Fourteen_Points_Speech" class="extiw" title="s:Fourteen Points Speech">President Wilson's "Fourteen Points" Speech</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Articles_227–230-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Articles_227–230_78-0">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles/Part_VII" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Versailles/Part VII">Articles 227–230</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Article_80-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Article_80_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Article_80_79-1">b</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles/Part_III#Section_VI._Austria" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Versailles/Part III">Article 80</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Part_XII-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Part_XII_80-0">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles/Part_XII" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Versailles/Part XII">Part XII</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Article_246-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Article_246_81-0">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles/Part_VIII" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Versailles/Part VIII">Article 246</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Articles_33_and_34-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Articles_33_and_34_83-0">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles/Part_III" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Versailles/Part III">Articles 33 and 34</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Articles_45_and_49-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Articles_45_and_49_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Articles_45_and_49_85-1">b</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles/Part_III" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Versailles/Part III">Articles 45 and 49</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Section_V_preamble_and_Article_51-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Section_V_preamble_and_Article_51_86-0">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles/Part_III#Article_51" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Versailles/Part III">Section V preamble and Article 51</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Articles_81_and_83-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Articles_81_and_83_89-0">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles/Part_III" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Versailles/Part III">Articles 81 and 83</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Article_88_and_annex-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Article_88_and_annex_90-0">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles/Part_III" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Versailles/Part III">Article 88 and annex</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Article_94-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Article_94_94-0">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles/Part_III" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Versailles/Part III">Article 94</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Article_99-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Article_99_97-0">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles/Part_III" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Versailles/Part III">Article 99</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Articles_100–104-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Articles_100–104_98-0">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles/Part_III" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Versailles/Part III">Articles 100–104</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Articles_22_and_119-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Articles_22_and_119_99-0">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Covenant_of_the_League_of_Nations#Article_22" class="extiw" title="s:Covenant of the League of Nations">Article 22</a> and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles/Part_IV#Article_119" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Versailles/Part IV">Article 119</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Article_156-104"><a href="#cite_ref-Article_156_104-0">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles/Part_IV" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Versailles/Part IV">Article 156</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Part_V_preamble-106"><a href="#cite_ref-Part_V_preamble_106-0">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles/Part_V" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Versailles/Part V">Part V preamble</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Articles_159,_160,_163_and_Table_1-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Articles_159,_160,_163_and_Table_1_107-0">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles/Part_V" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Versailles/Part V">Articles 159, 160, 163 and Table 1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Articles_173,_174,_175_and_176-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Articles_173,_174,_175_and_176_108-0">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles/Part_V" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Versailles/Part V">Articles 173, 174, 175 and 176</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Articles_161,_162,_and_176-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Articles_161,_162,_and_176_109-0">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles/Part_V" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Versailles/Part V">Articles 161, 162, and 176</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Articles_42,_43,_and_180-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Articles_42,_43,_and_180_110-0">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Versailles">Articles 42, 43, and 180</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Article_115-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Article_115_111-0">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles/Part_III" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Versailles/Part III">Article 115</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Articles_165,_170,_171,_172,_198_and_tables_No._II_and_III.-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Articles_165,_170,_171,_172,_198_and_tables_No._II_and_III._112-0">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles/Part_V" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Versailles/Part V">Articles 165, 170, 171, 172, 198 and tables No. II and III.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Articles_181_and_190-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Articles_181_and_190_113-0">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles/Part_V" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Versailles/Part V">Articles 181 and 190</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Articles_185_and_187-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Articles_185_and_187_114-0">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles/Part_V" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Versailles/Part V">Articles 185 and 187</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Articles_198,_201,_and_202-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Articles_198,_201,_and_202_115-0">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles/Part_V" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Versailles/Part V">Articles 198, 201, and 202</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Article_231-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Article_231_116-0">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles/Part_VIII" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Versailles/Part VIII">Article 231</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye,_Article_177-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye,_Article_177_117-0">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye/Part_VIII" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye/Part VIII">Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Article 177</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Treaty_of_Trianon,_Article_161-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Treaty_of_Trianon,_Article_161_118-0">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon/Part_VIII" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Trianon/Part VIII">Treaty of Trianon, Article 161</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine,_Article_121-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine,_Article_121_119-0">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly/Part_VII" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Neuilly/Part VII">Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine, Article 121</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Treaty_of_Sèvres,_Article_231-120"><a href="#cite_ref-Treaty_of_Sèvres,_Article_231_120-0">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres/Part_VIII" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Sèvres/Part VIII">Treaty of Sèvres, Article 231</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Articles_232–235-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Articles_232–235_123-0">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles/Part_VIII" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Versailles/Part VIII">Articles 232–235</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Article_428-124"><a href="#cite_ref-Article_428_124-0">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles/Part_XIV" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Versailles/Part XIV">Article 428</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Article_429-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Article_429_125-0">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles/Part_XIV" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Versailles/Part XIV">Article 429</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Article_430-126"><a href="#cite_ref-Article_430_126-0">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles/Part_XIV" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Versailles/Part XIV">Article 430</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Part_I-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Part_I_128-0">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles/Part_I" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Versailles/Part I">Part I</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Part_XIII_preamble_and_Article_388-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Part_XIII_preamble_and_Article_388_129-0">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_International_Labour_Office" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of the International Labour Office">Constitution of the International Labour Office Part XIII preamble and Article 388</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Article_295-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Article_295_130-0">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles/Part_X" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Versailles/Part X">Article 295</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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(2005). Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 781. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517055-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517055-9"><bdi>978-0-19-517055-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africana%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+the+African+and+African+American+Experience&rft.pages=781&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517055-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnanderWood2016" class="citation book cs1">Arnander, Christopher & <a href="/wiki/Frances_Wood" title="Frances Wood">Wood, Frances</a> (2016). "Introduction". 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Pearson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-058230-470-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-058230-470-3"><bdi>978-058230-470-3</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Second+World+War+in+Europe&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-058230-470-3&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=P.M.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginsofsecondw00bell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeller2007" class="citation book cs1">Beller, Steven (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00stev">A Concise History of Austria</a>. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-052104-512-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-052104-512-4"><bdi>978-052104-512-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+History+of+the+British+Empire+Volume+3%2C+The+Empire+Commonwealth+1870%E2%80%931919+%28volume+3%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-052104-512-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBessel1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bessel" title="Richard Bessel">Bessel, Richard</a> (1993). Germany After the First World War. Oxford University Press, US. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-019821-938-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-019821-938-5"><bdi>978-019821-938-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany+After+the+First+World+War&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+US&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-019821-938-5&rft.aulast=Bessel&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlakemore2019" class="citation journal cs1">Blakemore, Erin (27 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/germany-world-war-i-debt-treaty-versailles">"Germany's World War I Debt Was So Crushing It Took 92 Years to Pay Off"</a>. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-052162-132-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-052162-132-8"><bdi>978-052162-132-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Versailles%3A+A+Reassessment+after+75+Years&rft.series=Publications+of+the+German+Historical+Institute&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-052162-132-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyerClarkHawleyKett2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Boyer_(historian)" title="Paul Boyer (historian)">Boyer, Paul S.</a>; Clark, Clifford E.; Hawley, Sandra; Kett, Joseph F & Rieser, Andrew (2009). The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People, Volume 2: From 1865. Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-054722-278-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-054722-278-3"><bdi>978-054722-278-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Enduring+Vision%3A+A+History+of+the+American+People%2C+Volume+2%3A+From+1865&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-054722-278-3&rft.aulast=Boyer&rft.aufirst=Paul+S.&rft.au=Clark%2C+Clifford+E.&rft.au=Hawley%2C+Sandra&rft.au=Kett%2C+Joseph+F&rft.au=Rieser%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrezina2006" class="citation book cs1">Brezina, Corona (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/treatyofversaill00brez">The Treaty of Versailles, 1919: A Primary Source Examination of the Treaty That Ended World War I</a>. Primary Sources of American Treaties. Rosen Central. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-140420-442-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-140420-442-3"><bdi>978-140420-442-3</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Treaty+of+Versailles%2C+1919%3A+A+Primary+Source+Examination+of+the+Treaty+That+Ended+World+War+I&rft.series=Primary+Sources+of+American+Treaties&rft.pub=Rosen+Central&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-140420-442-3&rft.aulast=Brezina&rft.aufirst=Corona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftreatyofversaill00brez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrüll2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Brüll, Christoph (8 October 2014). "Eupen-Malmedy". In Daniel, Ute; Gatrell, Peter; Janz, Oliver; Jones, Heather; Keene, Jennifer; Kramer, Alan & Nasson, Bill (eds.). 1914–1918 Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War. 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Yearbook of European Sutdies. Rodopi Bv Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-0688-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-0688-1"><bdi>978-90-420-0688-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany+and+Eastern+Europe%3A+Cultural+Identities+and+Cultural+Differences&rft.series=Yearbook+of+European+Sutdies&rft.pub=Rodopi+Bv+Editions&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-90-420-0688-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2010" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, John (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pistolsatdawntwo0000camp/13960/t6wx5mm07">Pistols at Dawn: Two Hundred Years of Political Rivalry from Pitt and Fox to Blair and Brown</a>. London: Vintage. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84595-091-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84595-091-0"><bdi>978-1-84595-091-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/489636152">489636152</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pistols+at+Dawn%3A+Two+Hundred+Years+of+Political+Rivalry+from+Pitt+and+Fox+to+Blair+and+Brown&rft.place=London&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F489636152&rft.isbn=978-1-84595-091-0&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpistolsatdawntwo0000camp%2F13960%2Ft6wx5mm07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeimarer_Republikn.d." class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weimarer-republik.net/jubilaeum/revolution-und-gruendung-der-republik-tag-fuer-tag/mai-1919/clemenceau-an-deutschland-die-stunde-der-abrechnung-ist-da">"Clemenceau an Deutschland: "Die Stunde der Abrechnung ist da.""</a> [Clemenceau to Germany: "The day of reckoning is here"]. 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Tauris. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-946-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-946-3"><bdi>978-1-84885-946-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Propaganda+War+in+the+Rhineland%3A+Weimar+Germany%2C+Race+and+Occupation+after+World+War+I&rft.place=London&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84885-946-3&rft.aulast=Collar&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_M._Cooper_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="John M. 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Vintage Books. pp. 422–424. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-27790-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-27790-9"><bdi>978-0-307-27790-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Woodrow+Wilson%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=422-424&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-307-27790-9&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=John+Milton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxOZVsyO4K2cC%26pg%3DPA422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorrigan2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Corrigan" title="Gordon Corrigan">Corrigan, Gordon</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secondworldwarmi0000corr_o7z3">The Second World War: A Military History</a>. Thomas Dunne Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-031-257709-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-031-257709-4"><bdi>978-031-257709-4</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+War%3A+A+Military+History&rft.pub=Thomas+Dunne+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-031-257709-4&rft.aulast=Corrigan&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecondworldwarmi0000corr_o7z3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Davies, Norman</a> (2007). Europe at War 1939-1945: No Simple Victory. Pan Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-033035-212-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-033035-212-3"><bdi>978-033035-212-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+at+War+1939-1945%3A+No+Simple+Victory&rft.pub=Pan+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-033035-212-3&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2010" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Robert T., ed. (2010). U.S. Foreign Policy and National Security: Chronology and Index for the 20th Century. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger Security International. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gsM1JiXAMJEC">49</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-38385-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-38385-4"><bdi>978-0-313-38385-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Foreign+Policy+and+National+Security%3A+Chronology+and+Index+for+the+20th+Century&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Praeger+Security+International&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-313-38385-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Zayas1989" class="citation book cs1">De Zayas, Alfred M. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wehrmachtwarcrim0000alfr/page/4/mode/2up?q=%22Karl+Stenger%22">The Wehrmacht War Crimes Bureau, 1939-1945</a>. University of Nebraska Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-1680-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-1680-7"><bdi>0-8032-1680-7</bdi></a>. 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Routledge. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-34964-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-34964-8"><bdi>978-1-317-34964-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Political+System&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-34964-8&rft.aulast=Dreyer&rft.aufirst=June+Teufel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj_ooCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuff1968" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_B._Duff" title="John B. 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The Occupation of the Rhineland 1918–29. <a href="/wiki/HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-11-290454-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-11-290454-0"><bdi>978-0-11-290454-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Occupation+of+the+Rhineland+1918%E2%80%9329&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-11-290454-0&rft.aulast=Edmonds&rft.aufirst=J.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Evans, Richard J.</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inhitlersshadow00rich">In Hitler's Shadow: West German Historians and the Attempt to Escape from the Nazi Past</a> (First ed.). Pantheon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-067972-348-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-067972-348-6"><bdi>978-067972-348-6</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Hitler%27s+Shadow%3A+West+German+Historians+and+the+Attempt+to+Escape+from+the+Nazi+Past&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-067972-348-6&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finhitlersshadow00rich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Ferguson, Niall</a> (1998). 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Constable. p. 408. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-474910-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-474910-8"><bdi>978-0-09-474910-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazi+Germany%3A+A+New+History&rft.pages=408&rft.pub=Constable&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-09-474910-8&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Klaus+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFollyPalmer2010" class="citation book cs1">Folly, Martin & Palmer, Niall (2010). Historical Dictionary of U.S. Diplomacy from World War I through World War II. Historical Dictionaries of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-081085-606-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-081085-606-6"><bdi>978-081085-606-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+U.S.+Diplomacy+from+World+War+I+through+World+War+II&rft.series=Historical+Dictionaries+of+Diplomacy+and+Foreign+Relations&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-081085-606-6&rft.aulast=Folly&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Palmer%2C+Niall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrucht2004" class="citation book cs1">Frucht, Richard, ed. 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Octopus Books. p. 276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7064-0398-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7064-0398-3"><bdi>0-7064-0398-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+World+War+1&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=Octopus+Books&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-7064-0398-3&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTNA:_The_Great_War_1914_to_1918n.d." class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/greatwar/g5/cs2/background.htm">"The Great War 1914 to 1918"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a>. 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Yale University Press. p. 78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cost+of+the+World+War+to+Germany+and+Austria-Hungary&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Grebler&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroppe2004" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Groppe, Pater Lothar (28 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webarchiv-server.de/pin/archiv04/3504paz38.htm">"Die "Jagd auf Deutsche" im Osten: Die Verfolgung begann nicht erst mit dem "Bromberger Blutsonntag" vor 50 Jahren"</a>. Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 22 September 2010. <q>'Von 1.058.000 Deutschen, die noch 1921 in Posen und Westpreußen lebten', ist bei Cartier zu lesen, 'waren bis 1926 unter polnischem Druck 758.867 abgewandert. Nach weiterer Drangsal wurde das volksdeutsche Bevölkerungselement vom Warschauer Innenministerium am 15. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-052139-552-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-052139-552-6"><bdi>978-052139-552-6</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Historical+Encyclopedia+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-052139-552-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgehistori0000unse_a9n8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHantkeSpoerer2010" class="citation cs2">Hantke, Max & Spoerer, Mark (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/20054/1/MPRA_paper_20054.pdf">"The imposed gift of Versailles: the fiscal effects of restricting the size of Germany's armed forces, 1924–9"</a> (PDF), Economic History Review, 63 (4): 849–864, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0289.2009.00512.x">10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00512.x</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:91180171">91180171</a> – via MPRA: Munich Personal RePEc Archive</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+imposed+gift+of+Versailles%3A+the+fiscal+effects+of+restricting+the+size+of+Germany%27s+armed+forces%2C+1924%E2%80%939&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=849-864&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-0289.2009.00512.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A91180171%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hantke&rft.aufirst=Max&rft.au=Spoerer%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de%2F20054%2F1%2FMPRA_paper_20054.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardach1987" class="citation book cs1">Hardach, Gerd (1987). The First World War, 1914–1918. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-014022-679-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-014022-679-9"><bdi>978-014022-679-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War%2C+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-014022-679-9&rft.aulast=Hardach&rft.aufirst=Gerd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_New_York_Times1921" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B13F63C5D14738DDDAA0894DF405B818EF1D3">"Harding Ends War; Signs Peace Decree at Senator's Home. 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London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12710-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12710-3"><bdi>978-0-415-12710-3</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Versailles+and+After%3A+1919%E2%80%931933&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-415-12710-3&rft.aulast=Henig&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fversaillesafter10000heni%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirschfeldKrumeich2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hirschfeld, Gerhard; Krumeich, Gerd (2013). 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Princeton University Press. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-05190-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-05190-9"><bdi>0-691-05190-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Locarno+Diplomacy%3A+Germany+and+the+West%2C+1925%E2%80%931929&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-691-05190-9&rft.aulast=Jacobson&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKawamura1997" class="citation journal cs1">Kawamura, Noriko (November 1997). 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"Human Rights in History: Diplomacy and Racial Equality at the Paris Peace Conference". <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_History_(journal)" title="Diplomatic History (journal)">Diplomatic History</a>. 2 (3): 257–278. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.1978.tb00435.x">10.1111/j.1467-7709.1978.tb00435.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24909920">24909920</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154765654">154765654</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomatic+History&rft.atitle=Human+Rights+in+History%3A+Diplomacy+and+Racial+Equality+at+the+Paris+Peace+Conference&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=257-278&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154765654%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24909920%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-7709.1978.tb00435.x&rft.aulast=Lauren&rft.aufirst=Paul+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLayne1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Layne" title="Christopher Layne">Layne, Christopher</a> (1996). "Kant or Cant: The Myth of the Democratic Peace". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_E._Brown_(political_scientist)" title="Michael E. Brown (political scientist)">Brown, Michael E.</a>; Lynn-Jones, Sean M. & Miller, Steve E. (eds.). Debating the Democratic Peace. International Security Readers. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-026252-213-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-026252-213-7"><bdi>978-026252-213-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kant+or+Cant%3A+The+Myth+of+the+Democratic+Peace&rft.btitle=Debating+the+Democratic+Peace&rft.series=International+Security+Readers&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-026252-213-7&rft.aulast=Layne&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarch_1919_Brussels_agreement" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160711192707/http://www.bundesarchiv.de/aktenreichskanzlei/1919-1933/1000/sch/sch1p/kap1_2/kap2_17/para3_1.html">"Lebensmittelabkommen in Brüssel"</a> (in German). <a href="/wiki/German_Federal_Archives" title="German Federal Archives">Das Bundesarchiv</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundesarchiv.de/aktenreichskanzlei/1919-1933/1000/sch/sch1p/kap1_2/kap2_17/para3_1.html">the original</a> on 11 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lebensmittelabkommen+in+Br%C3%BCssel&rft.pub=Das+Bundesarchiv&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundesarchiv.de%2Faktenreichskanzlei%2F1919-1933%2F1000%2Fsch%2Fsch1p%2Fkap1_2%2Fkap2_17%2Fpara3_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemkinSchabasPower2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin">Lemkin, Raphael</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Schabas" title="William Schabas">Schabas, William A.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Samantha_Power" title="Samantha Power">Power, Samantha</a> (2008). Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress. Foundations of the Laws of War. The Lawbook Exchange, Lrd 2 edition. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-158477-901-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-158477-901-8"><bdi>978-158477-901-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Axis+Rule+in+Occupied+Europe%3A+Laws+of+Occupation%2C+Analysis+of+Government%2C+Proposals+for+Redress&rft.series=Foundations+of+the+Laws+of+War&rft.pub=The+Lawbook+Exchange%2C+Lrd+2+edition&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-158477-901-8&rft.aulast=Lemkin&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft.au=Schabas%2C+William+A.&rft.au=Power%2C+Samantha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLentin1985" class="citation book cs1">Lentin, Antony (1985) [First published 1984]. Guilt at Versailles: Lloyd George and the Pre-history of Appeasement. Routledge. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-416-41130-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-416-41130-0"><bdi>978-0-416-41130-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guilt+at+Versailles%3A+Lloyd+George+and+the+Pre-history+of+Appeasement&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-416-41130-0&rft.aulast=Lentin&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLentin1992" class="citation cs2">Lentin, Antony (1992), "Trick or Treat? The Anglo-French Alliance, 1919", History Today, vol. 42, no. 12, pp. 28–32, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1299048769">1299048769</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Trick+or+Treat%3F+The+Anglo-French+Alliance%2C+1919&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=28-32&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Lentin&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLentin2012" class="citation cs2">Lentin, Antony (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150131044045/http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/70292413/germany-new-carthage">"Germany: a New Carthage?"</a>, History Today, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 20–27, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/70292413/germany-new-carthage">the original</a> on 31 January 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Germany%3A+a+New+Carthage%3F&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=20-27&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Lentin&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconnection.ebscohost.com%2Fc%2Farticles%2F70292413%2Fgermany-new-carthage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiverman1996" class="citation book cs1">Liverman, Peter (1996). Does Conquest Pay?: The Exploitation of Occupied Industrial Societies. Princeton University Press. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-02986-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-02986-5"><bdi>0-691-02986-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Does+Conquest+Pay%3F%3A+The+Exploitation+of+Occupied+Industrial+Societies&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-691-02986-5&rft.aulast=Liverman&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovin1997" class="citation book cs1">Lovin, Clifford R. (1997). A School for Diplomats: the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. University Press of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-076180-755-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-076180-755-1"><bdi>978-076180-755-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+School+for+Diplomats%3A+the+Paris+Peace+Conference+of+1919&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-076180-755-1&rft.aulast=Lovin&rft.aufirst=Clifford+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarks1978" class="citation cs2">Marks, Sally (1978), "The Myths of Reparations", Central European History, 11 (3): 231–255, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0008938900018707">10.1017/S0008938900018707</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4545835">4545835</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144072556">144072556</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Central+European+History&rft.atitle=The+Myths+of+Reparations&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=231-255&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144072556%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4545835%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0008938900018707&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.aufirst=Sally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarks2013" class="citation journal cs1">Marks, Sally (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/670825">"Mistakes and Myths: The Allies, Germany, and the Versailles Treaty, 1918–1921"</a>. Journal of Modern History. 85 (3): 632–659. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F670825">10.1086/670825</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/670825">10.1086/670825</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154166326">154166326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=Mistakes+and+Myths%3A+The+Allies%2C+Germany%2C+and+the+Versailles+Treaty%2C+1918%E2%80%931921&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=632-659&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154166326%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F670825%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F670825&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.aufirst=Sally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F670825&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkwell2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Markwell" title="Donald Markwell">Markwell, Donald</a> (2006). John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829236-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829236-4"><bdi>978-0-19-829236-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Maynard+Keynes+and+International+Relations%3A+Economic+Paths+to+War+and+Peace&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-829236-4&rft.aulast=Markwell&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartel1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Martel" title="Gordon Martel">Martel, Gordon</a>, ed. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsofsecondw00gord_0">Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered</a> (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16325-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16325-5"><bdi>978-0-415-16325-5</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+the+Second+World+War+Reconsidered&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-16325-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginsofsecondw00gord_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartel2010" class="citation book cs1">Martel, Gordon, ed. (2010). A Companion to Europe 1900–1945. 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The Lawbook Exchange. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-158477-708-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-158477-708-3"><bdi>978-158477-708-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Treaties+of+Peace%2C+1919%E2%80%931923&rft.pub=The+Lawbook+Exchange&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-158477-708-3&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEB:_May_Fourth_Movement" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/May-Fourth-Movement">"May Fourth Movement"</a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 22 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=May+Fourth+Movement&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=2024-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FMay-Fourth-Movement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDougall1978" class="citation book cs1">McDougall, Walter A (1978). France's Rhineland Policy, 1914–1924: The Last Bid for a Balance of Power in Europe. Princeton Legacy Library. Princeton University Press. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05268-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05268-7"><bdi>978-0-691-05268-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France%27s+Rhineland+Policy%2C+1914%E2%80%931924%3A+The+Last+Bid+for+a+Balance+of+Power+in+Europe&rft.series=Princeton+Legacy+Library&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-691-05268-7&rft.aulast=McDougall&rft.aufirst=Walter+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDougall1979" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Walter_A._McDougall" title="Walter A. McDougall">McDougall, Walter A.</a> (1979), "Political Economy versus National Sovereignty: French Structures for German Economic Integration after Versailles", The Journal of Modern History, 51 (1): 4–23, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F241846">10.1086/241846</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1877866">1877866</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144670397">144670397</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=Political+Economy+versus+National+Sovereignty%3A+French+Structures+for+German+Economic+Integration+after+Versailles&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4-23&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144670397%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1877866%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F241846&rft.aulast=McDougall&rft.aufirst=Walter+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Menesesn.d." class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Filipe_Ribeiro_de_Meneses" title="Filipe Ribeiro de Meneses">de Meneses, Filipe Ribeiro</a> (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/post-war_settlement_portugal">"Post-war Settlement (Portugal)"</a>. In Rollo, Maria Fernanda & Pires, Ana Paula (eds.). 1914–1918 Online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15463%2Fie1418.10521">10.15463/ie1418.10521</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Post-war+Settlement+%28Portugal%29&rft.btitle=1914%E2%80%931918+Online.+International+Encyclopedia+of+the+First+World+War&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15463%2Fie1418.10521&rft.aulast=de+Meneses&rft.aufirst=Filipe+Ribeiro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net%2Farticle%2Fpost-war_settlement_portugal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMommsenFoster1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Mommsen" title="Hans Mommsen">Mommsen, Hans</a> & Foster, Elborg (1988). The Rise and Fall of Weimar Democracy. University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4721-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4721-3"><bdi>978-0-8078-4721-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Weimar+Democracy&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-4721-3&rft.aulast=Mommsen&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft.au=Foster%2C+Elborg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMowat1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._L._Mowat" title="C. L. Mowat">Mowat, C. L.</a>, ed. (1968). Volume XII: The Shifting Balance of World Forces 1898-1945. The New Cambridge Modern History. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-052104-551-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-052104-551-3"><bdi>978-052104-551-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volume+XII%3A+The+Shifting+Balance+of+World+Forces+1898-1945&rft.series=The+New+Cambridge+Modern+History&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-052104-551-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMullins1921" class="citation book cs1">Mullins, Claude (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leipzeigtrialsac00mull/page/8/mode/2up">The Leipzeig trials; an account of the war criminals' trials and a study of German mentality (sic)</a>. H.F. & G. Weatherby. pp. 8–9. Retrieved 2 March 2024 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Leipzeig+trials%3B+an+account+of+the+war+criminals%27+trials+and+a+study+of+German+mentality+%28sic%29&rft.pages=8-9&rft.pub=H.F.+%26+G.+Weatherby&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Mullins&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fleipzeigtrialsac00mull%2Fpage%2F8%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson1975" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Keith L. (1975). Victors divided: America and the Allies in Germany, 1918–1923. University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victors+divided%3A+America+and+the+Allies+in+Germany%2C+1918%E2%80%931923&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Keith+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul1985" class="citation book cs1">Paul, C. (1985). The politics of hunger: the allied blockade of Germany, 1915–1919. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-0831-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-0831-5"><bdi>978-0-8214-0831-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+politics+of+hunger%3A+the+allied+blockade+of+Germany%2C+1915%E2%80%931919&rft.place=Athens%2C+Ohio&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8214-0831-5&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPawley2008" class="citation book cs1">Pawley, Margaret (2008). The Watch on the Rhine: The Military Occupation of the Rhineland. I.B. 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Hill & Wang. p. 278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-9674-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-9674-9"><bdi>978-0-8090-9674-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Weimar+Republic%3A+The+Crisis+of+Classical+Modernity&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=Hill+%26+Wang&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8090-9674-9&rft.aulast=Peukert&rft.aufirst=Detlev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinson1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Koppel_Pinson" title="Koppel Pinson">Pinson, Koppel S.</a> (1964). Modern Germany: Its History and Civilization (13th printing ed.). New York: Macmillan. pp. 397 ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88133-434-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-88133-434-0"><bdi>0-88133-434-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Germany%3A+Its+History+and+Civilization&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=397+ff&rft.edition=13th+printing&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=0-88133-434-0&rft.aulast=Pinson&rft.aufirst=Koppel+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProbst2019" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Probst, Robert (28 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/versailles-vertrag-weltkrieg-1.4501451">"'Wir kennen die Wucht des Hasses'"</a> [We can feel the strength of hatred]. <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Zeitung" title="Süddeutsche Zeitung">Süddeutsche Zeitung</a> (in German). Retrieved 20 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=S%C3%BCddeutsche+Zeitung&rft.atitle=%27Wir+kennen+die+Wucht+des+Hasses%27&rft.date=2019-06-28&rft.aulast=Probst&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sueddeutsche.de%2Fpolitik%2Fversailles-vertrag-weltkrieg-1.4501451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurrent_History1920" class="citation journal cs1">"PUNISHING WAR CRIMINALS: Holland Refuses Extradition of ex-Kaiser—Allies Agree to Trial of 890 Others at Leipsic (sic)". Current History. 11 (3). University of California Press: 373–380. 18 February 1920. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45325166">45325166</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+History&rft.atitle=PUNISHING+WAR+CRIMINALS%3A+Holland+Refuses+Extradition+of+ex-Kaiser%E2%80%94Allies+Agree+to+Trial+of+890+Others+at+Leipsic+%28sic%29&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=373-380&rft.date=1920-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45325166%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReinach1920" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Reinach" title="Joseph Reinach">Reinach, Joseph</a> (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/r1848_1155-8806_1920_num_17_85_1652">"Le rôle de l'impératrice Eugénie en septembre et octobre 1870"</a>. 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Société d'Histoire de la Révolution de 1848: 193. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fr1848.1920.1652">10.3406/r1848.1920.1652</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+d%27Histoire+du+XIXe+si%C3%A8cle+%E2%80%93+1848&rft.atitle=Le+r%C3%B4le+de+l%27imp%C3%A9ratrice+Eug%C3%A9nie+en+septembre+et+octobre+1870&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=85&rft.pages=193&rft.date=1920&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fr1848.1920.1652&rft.aulast=Reinach&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fr1848_1155-8806_1920_num_17_85_1652&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds1994" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Reynolds_(historian)" title="David Reynolds (historian)">Reynolds, David</a> (20 February 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9903EED81438F933A15751C0A962958260">"Review of "A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II""</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Review+of+%22A+World+at+Arms%3A+A+Global+History+of+World+War+II%22&rft.date=1994-02-20&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9903EED81438F933A15751C0A962958260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRipsman2004" class="citation book cs1">Ripsman, Norrin M. 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Hungerblockade und Heimatfront: Die kommunale Lebensmittelversorgung in Westfalen während des Ersten Weltkrieges [The hunger blockade and the home front: communal food supply in Westphalia during World War I] (in German). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner. p. 348. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-515-05661-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-515-05661-8"><bdi>978-3-515-05661-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hungerblockade+und+Heimatfront%3A+Die+kommunale+Lebensmittelversorgung+in+Westfalen+w%C3%A4hrend+des+Ersten+Weltkrieges&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=348&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-3-515-05661-8&rft.aulast=Roerkohl&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubner1919" class="citation journal cs1">Rubner, Max (10 April 1919). "Von der Blockde und Aehlichen". <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Medizinische_Wochenschrift" title="Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift">Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift</a>. 45 (15). Berlin: 15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-0028-1137673">10.1055/s-0028-1137673</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:72845627">72845627</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Medizinische+Wochenschrift&rft.atitle=Von+der+Blockde+und+Aehlichen&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=15&rft.date=1919-04-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1055%2Fs-0028-1137673&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A72845627%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rubner&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudloff1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rudloff, Wilfried (1998). Die Wohlfahrtsstadt: Kommunale Ernährungs-, Fürsorge, und Wohnungspolitik am Beispiel Münchens 1910–1933. Schriftenreihe der Historischen Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Bd. 63 (in German). Göttingen: Vandenhooeck & Ruprecht. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-525-36056-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-525-36056-8"><bdi>3-525-36056-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Wohlfahrtsstadt%3A+Kommunale+Ern%C3%A4hrungs-%2C+F%C3%BCrsorge%2C+und+Wohnungspolitik+am+Beispiel+M%C3%BCnchens+1910%E2%80%931933&rft.place=G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.series=Schriftenreihe+der+Historischen+Kommission+bei+der+Bayerischen+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften%2C+Bd.+63&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Vandenhooeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=3-525-36056-8&rft.aulast=Rudloff&rft.aufirst=Wilfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEB:_Ruhr_occupation" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ruhr-occupation">"Ruhr occupation"</a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ruhr+occupation&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FRuhr-occupation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1951" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Frank M. (1951). The Saar: Battleground and Pawn (First ed.). Stanford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Saar%3A+Battleground+and+Pawn&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Frank+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchabas2018" class="citation book cs1">Schabas, William A. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/26614">The Trial of the Kaiser</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-187244-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-187244-0"><bdi>978-0-19-187244-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trial+of+the+Kaiser&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-187244-0&rft.aulast=Schabas&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F26614&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW-R:_"shrivelled_hand"_speech" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weimarer-republik.net/jubilaeum/revolution-und-gruendung-der-republik-tag-fuer-tag/">"Scheidemann: "Welche Hand müßte nicht verdorren, die sich und uns in diese Fesseln legt?""</a> [Scheidemann: "Which hand would not shrivel, that shackled itself and us in such a way?"]. Die Weimarer Republik: Deutschlands erste Demokratie (in German). Weimarer Republik e.V. n.d. Retrieved 4 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Die+Weimarer+Republik%3A+Deutschlands+erste+Demokratie&rft.atitle=Scheidemann%3A+%22Welche+Hand+m%C3%BC%C3%9Fte+nicht+verdorren%2C+die+sich+und+uns+in+diese+Fesseln+legt%3F%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weimarer-republik.net%2Fjubilaeum%2Frevolution-und-gruendung-der-republik-tag-fuer-tag%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiff1996" class="citation web cs1">Schiff, Judith Ann (1 August 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091223181024/http://www.library.yale.edu/un/house/biblio.htm">"Bibliographical Introduction to "Diary, Reminiscences and Memories of Colonel Edward M. House""</a>. Yale University Library and Social Science Statistical Laboratory. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.yale.edu/un/house/biblio.htm">the original</a> on 23 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bibliographical+Introduction+to+%22Diary%2C+Reminiscences+and+Memories+of+Colonel+Edward+M.+House%22&rft.pub=Yale+University+Library+and+Social+Science+Statistical+Laboratory&rft.date=1996-08-01&rft.aulast=Schiff&rft.aufirst=Judith+Ann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.library.yale.edu%2Fun%2Fhouse%2Fbiblio.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt1960" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Bernadotte_Everly_Schmitt" title="Bernadotte Everly Schmitt">Schmitt, Bernadotte</a> (1960), "The Peace Treaties of 1919–1920", Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 104 (1): 101–110, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/985606">985606</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Peace+Treaties+of+1919%E2%80%931920&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=101-110&rft.date=1960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F985606%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=Bernadotte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1944" class="citation journal cs1">Scott, F. R. (January 1944). "The End of Dominion Status". The American Journal of International Law. 38 (1): 34–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2192530">10.2307/2192530</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2192530">2192530</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147122057">147122057</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=The+End+of+Dominion+Status&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=34-49&rft.date=1944-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147122057%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2192530%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2192530&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=F.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShuster2006" class="citation book cs1">Shuster, Richard (2006). German Disarmament After World War I: The Diplomacy of International Arms Inspection 1912–1931. Strategy and History. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35808-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35808-8"><bdi>978-0-415-35808-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Disarmament+After+World+War+I%3A+The+Diplomacy+of+International+Arms+Inspection+1912%E2%80%931931&rft.series=Strategy+and+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-35808-8&rft.aulast=Shuster&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimkins2002" class="citation book cs1">Simkins, Peter (2002). The First World War: Volume 3 The Western Front 1917–1918. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-184176-348-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-184176-348-4"><bdi>978-184176-348-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War%3A+Volume+3+The+Western+Front+1917%E2%80%931918&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-184176-348-4&rft.aulast=Simkins&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimkinsJukesHickey2003" class="citation book cs1">Simkins, Peter; Jukes, Geoffrey & Hickey, Michael (2003). The First World War: The War to End All Wars. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-184176-738-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-184176-738-3"><bdi>978-184176-738-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War%3A+The+War+to+End+All+Wars&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-184176-738-3&rft.aulast=Simkins&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Jukes%2C+Geoffrey&rft.au=Hickey%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlavicek2010" class="citation book cs1">Slavicek, Louise Chipley (2010). The Treaty of Versailles. Milestones in Modern World History. Chelsea House Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-160413-277-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-160413-277-9"><bdi>978-160413-277-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Treaty+of+Versailles&rft.series=Milestones+in+Modern+World+History&rft.pub=Chelsea+House+Publications&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-160413-277-9&rft.aulast=Slavicek&rft.aufirst=Louise+Chipley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSontag1971" class="citation book cs1">Sontag, Richard (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brokenworld1919100sont">A Broken World, 1919-1939</a>. Michigan: Harper and Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-131651-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-131651-7"><bdi>978-0-06-131651-7</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Broken+World%2C+1919-1939&rft.place=Michigan&rft.pub=Harper+and+Row&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-06-131651-7&rft.aulast=Sontag&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrokenworld1919100sont&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteiner2007" class="citation book cs1">Steiner, Barry H. (2007). Collective Preventive Diplomacy: A Study in International Conflict Management. Suny Series in Global Politics. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5988-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-5988-1"><bdi>978-0-7914-5988-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collective+Preventive+Diplomacy%3A+A+Study+in+International+Conflict+Management&rft.series=Suny+Series+in+Global+Politics&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-5988-1&rft.aulast=Steiner&rft.aufirst=Barry+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Stevenson_(historian)" title="David Stevenson (historian)">Stevenson, David</a> (1998). "France at the Paris Peace Conference: Addressing the Dilemmas of Security". French Foreign and Defence Policy, 1918–1940: The Decline and Fall of a Great Power. Routledge Studies in Modern European History. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15039-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15039-2"><bdi>978-0-415-15039-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=France+at+the+Paris+Peace+Conference%3A+Addressing+the+Dilemmas+of+Security&rft.btitle=French+Foreign+and+Defence+Policy%2C+1918%E2%80%931940%3A+The+Decline+and+Fall+of+a+Great+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Routledge+Studies+in+Modern+European+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-415-15039-2&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone1973" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Ralph A. (1973). The Irreconcilables: The Fight Against the League of Nations. W.W. Norton & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00671-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00671-1"><bdi>978-0-393-00671-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Irreconcilables%3A+The+Fight+Against+the+League+of+Nations&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-393-00671-1&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Ralph+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTampke2017" class="citation book cs1">Tampke, Jürgen (2017). A Perfidious Distortion of History. Melbourne: Scribe. pp. vii, xii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-192532-1-944" title="Special:BookSources/978-192532-1-944"><bdi>978-192532-1-944</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Perfidious+Distortion+of+History&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pages=vii%2C+xii&rft.pub=Scribe&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-192532-1-944&rft.aulast=Tampke&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTherSiljak2001" class="citation book cs1">Ther, Philipp & <a href="/wiki/Ana_Siljak" title="Ana Siljak">Siljak, Ana</a>, eds. (2001). Redrawing Nations: Ethnic Cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944–1948. The Harvard Cold War Studies Book Series. Rowman & Littlefield s. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1094-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1094-4"><bdi>978-0-7425-1094-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Redrawing+Nations%3A+Ethnic+Cleansing+in+East-Central+Europe%2C+1944%E2%80%931948&rft.series=The+Harvard+Cold+War+Studies+Book+Series&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+s&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-1094-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompsonn.d." class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ewa_Thompson" title="Ewa Thompson">Thompson, Ewa</a> (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029211408/http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~ethomp/The%20Surrogate%20Hegemon.pdf">"The Surrogate Hegemon in Polish Postcolonial Discourse"</a> (PDF). 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Château de Versailles. 22 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201106232819/http://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/history/key-dates/treaty-versailles-1919">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ch%C3%A2teau+de+Versailles&rft.atitle=The+Treaty+of+Versailles%2C+1919&rft.date=2016-11-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.chateauversailles.fr%2Fdiscover%2Fhistory%2Fkey-dates%2Ftreaty-versailles-1919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruitt2010" class="citation book cs1">Truitt, Wesley B. (2010). Power and Policy: Lessons for Leaders in Government and Business. Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-031338-240-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-031338-240-6"><bdi>978-031338-240-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+and+Policy%3A+Lessons+for+Leaders+in+Government+and+Business&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-031338-240-6&rft.aulast=Truitt&rft.aufirst=Wesley+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_C._Tucker" title="Spencer C. Tucker">Tucker, Spencer C.</a>, ed. (1999) [First published 1996]. European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia. Garland Reference Library of the Humanities. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-081533-351-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-081533-351-7"><bdi>978-081533-351-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Powers+in+the+First+World+War%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.series=Garland+Reference+Library+of+the+Humanities&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-081533-351-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuckerRoberts2005" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C. & Roberts, Priscilla (2005). The Encyclopedia of World War I: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC=CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-185109-420-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-185109-420-2"><bdi>978-185109-420-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+World+War+I%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.pub=ABC%3DCLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-185109-420-2&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Priscilla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenzon1999" class="citation book cs1">Venzon, Anne Cipriano, ed. (1999). The United States in the First World War: An Encyclopedia. Military History of the United States. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-52144-317-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-52144-317-2"><bdi>0-52144-317-2</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+at+Arms%3A+A+Global+History+of+World+War+II&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-52144-317-2&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Gerhard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldatarmsgloba00wein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Weinberg" title="Gerhard Weinberg">Weinberg, Gerhard L.</a> (2008) [First published 1995]. Germany, Hitler, and World War II: Essays in Modern German and World History. Cambridge University Press. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56626-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56626-1"><bdi>978-0-521-56626-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany%2C+Hitler%2C+and+World+War+II%3A+Essays+in+Modern+German+and+World+History&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-56626-1&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Gerhard+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_Bitesize" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/bitesize/guides/zsrwjxs/revision/4">"Why the Nazis achieved power"</a>. 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Amber Books. pp. 126, 168, 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906626-13-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906626-13-6"><bdi>978-1-906626-13-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Western+Front+1917%E2%80%931918%3A+From+Vimy+Ridge+to+Amiens+and+the+Armistice&rft.pages=126%2C+168%2C+200&rft.pub=Amber+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-906626-13-6&rft.aulast=Wiest&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilde2020" class="citation web cs1">Wilde, Robert (29 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/treaty-of-versailles-hitlers-rise-power-1221351">"How the Treaty of Versailles Contributed to Hitler's Rise"</a>. ThoughtCo. Retrieved 5 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThoughtCo&rft.atitle=How+the+Treaty+of+Versailles+Contributed+to+Hitler%27s+Rise&rft.date=2020-01-29&rft.aulast=Wilde&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Ftreaty-of-versailles-hitlers-rise-power-1221351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_G._Williamson" title="David G. Williamson">Williamson, David G</a> (2017). The British in Interwar Germany: The Reluctant Occupiers, 1918–30 (2nd ed.). New York: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 19, 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-9582-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-9582-9"><bdi>978-1-4725-9582-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+in+Interwar+Germany%3A+The+Reluctant+Occupiers%2C+1918%E2%80%9330&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=19%2C+245&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4725-9582-9&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=David+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1917" class="citation web cs1">Wilson, Woodrow (22 January 1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=3&psid=3898">"Peace Without Victory (speech to Senate)"</a>. Digital History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+History&rft.atitle=Peace+Without+Victory+%28speech+to+Senate%29&rft.date=1917-01-22&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Woodrow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalhistory.uh.edu%2Fdisp_textbook.cfm%3FsmtID%3D3%26psid%3D3898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWimerWimer1967" class="citation journal cs1">Wimer, Kurt & Wimer, Sarah (1967). "The Harding Administration, the League of Nations, and the Separate Peace Treaty". The Review of Politics. 29 (1): 13–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0034670500023706">10.1017/S0034670500023706</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1405810">1405810</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145794771">145794771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Politics&rft.atitle=The+Harding+Administration%2C+the+League+of+Nations%2C+and+the+Separate+Peace+Treaty&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-24&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145794771%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1405810%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0034670500023706&rft.aulast=Wimer&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft.au=Wimer%2C+Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoods2019" class="citation book cs1">Woods, Alan (27 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IjOgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT238">The First World War – A Marxist Analysis of the Great Slaughter</a>. Wellred Books. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-913026-13-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-913026-13-4"><bdi>978-1-913026-13-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+World+War+%E2%80%93+A+Marxist+Analysis+of+the+Great+Slaughter&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Wellred+Books&rft.date=2019-06-27&rft.isbn=978-1-913026-13-4&rft.aulast=Woods&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIjOgDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYearwood2009" class="citation book cs1">Yearwood, Peter J. (2009). Guarantee of Peace: The League of Nations in British Policy 1914–1925. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-019922-673-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-019922-673-3"><bdi>978-019922-673-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guarantee+of+Peace%3A+The+League+of+Nations+in+British+Policy+1914%E2%80%931925&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-019922-673-3&rft.aulast=Yearwood&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaloga2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Zaloga" class="mw-redirect" title="Steven Zaloga">Zaloga, Steven</a> (2002). Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg. Campaign. Illustrated by Howard Gerrard. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-408-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-408-5"><bdi>978-1-84176-408-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland+1939%3A+The+Birth+of+Blitzkrieg&rft.series=Campaign&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-408-5&rft.aulast=Zaloga&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_A._Andelman" title="David A. Andelman">Andelman, David A.</a> (2008). A Shattered Peace: Versailles 1919 and the Price We Pay Today. New York/London: J. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-78898-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-78898-0"><bdi>978-0-471-78898-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Shattered+Peace%3A+Versailles+1919+and+the+Price+We+Pay+Today&rft.place=New+York%2FLondon&rft.pub=J.+Wiley&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-471-78898-0&rft.aulast=Andelman&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_M._Birdsall" title="Paul M. Birdsall">Birdsall, Paul</a> (1941). Versailles twenty years after. Allen & Unwin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Versailles+twenty+years+after&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Birdsall&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Cooper, John Milton (2010). Breaking the Heart of the World: Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-14765-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-14765-1"><bdi>978-0-521-14765-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breaking+the+Heart+of+the+World%3A+Woodrow+Wilson+and+the+Fight+for+the+League+of+Nations&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-14765-1&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=John+Milton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Demarco, Neil (1987). The World This Century. London: Collins Educational. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-322217-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-322217-9"><bdi>0-00-322217-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+This+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins+Educational&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-00-322217-9&rft.aulast=Demarco&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Graebner, Norman A. & Bennett, Edward M. (2011). The Versailles Treaty and Its Legacy: The Failure of the Wilsonian Vision. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00821-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00821-2"><bdi>978-1-107-00821-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Versailles+Treaty+and+Its+Legacy%3A+The+Failure+of+the+Wilsonian+Vision&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-107-00821-2&rft.aulast=Graebner&rft.aufirst=Norman+A.&rft.au=Bennett%2C+Edward+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_D._Herron" title="George D. Herron">Herron, George D.</a> (2015) [First edition published 1921]. The Defeat in the Victory (Reproduction ed.). Boston: Palala Press; originally published by Cecil Palmer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-343-46520-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-343-46520-6"><bdi>978-1-343-46520-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Defeat+in+the+Victory&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=Reproduction&rft.pub=Palala+Press%3B+originally+published+by+Cecil+Palmer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-343-46520-6&rft.aulast=Herron&rft.aufirst=George+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George, David</a> (1938). The Truth About the Peace Treaties (2 volumes). London: Victor Gollancz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Truth+About+the+Peace+Treaties+%282+volumes%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Victor+Gollancz&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Lloyd+George&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>Published in the US as Memoirs of the Peace Conference</li></ul></li> <li>McKercher, B. J. C., and Erik Goldstein, eds. Aspects of British Policy and the Treaty of Versailles (Routledge, 2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9781003014089/aspects-british-policy-treaty-versailles-mckercher-erik-goldstein?refId=d59ea46a-9e5f-46b6-9f7a-86a3c06d1230&context=ubx">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_MacMillan" title="Margaret MacMillan">Macmillan, Margaret</a> (2001). Peacemakers. London: John Murray. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7195-5939-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7195-5939-1"><bdi>0-7195-5939-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peacemakers&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7195-5939-1&rft.aulast=Macmillan&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>Also published as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Macmillan, Margaret (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/paris1919sixmont00macm">Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World</a>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-76052-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-76052-0"><bdi>0-375-76052-0</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paris+1919%3A+Six+Months+That+Changed+the+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-375-76052-0&rft.aulast=Macmillan&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fparis1919sixmont00macm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._A._C._Parker" title="R. A. C. Parker">Parker, R.A.C</a> (April 1956). "The First Capitulation: France and the Rhineland Crisis of 1936". World Politics. 8 (3): 355–373. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2008855">10.2307/2008855</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2008855">2008855</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155654607">155654607</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Politics&rft.atitle=The+First+Capitulation%3A+France+and+the+Rhineland+Crisis+of+1936&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=355-373&rft.date=1956-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155654607%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2008855%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2008855&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=R.A.C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Sharp, Alan (2018). The Versailles Settlement: Peacemaking After the First World War, 1919–1923 (Third ed.). Palgrave. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-61139-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-61139-0"><bdi>978-1-137-61139-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Versailles+Settlement%3A+Peacemaking+After+the+First+World+War%2C+1919%E2%80%931923&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-137-61139-0&rft.aulast=Sharp&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Webster, Andrew (2018). "Treaty of Versailles (1919)". In Martel, Gordon (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Diplomacy. Vol. 4. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 1–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-88791-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-88791-2"><bdi>978-1-118-88791-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Treaty+of+Versailles+%281919%29&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Diplomacy&rft.pages=1-15&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-118-88791-2&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Wheeler-Bennett" title="John Wheeler-Bennett">Wheeler-Bennett, Sir John</a> (1972). The Wreck of Reparations, being the political background of the Lausanne Agreement, 1932. New York: H. Fertig.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wreck+of+Reparations%2C+being+the+political+background+of+the+Lausanne+Agreement%2C+1932&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=H.+Fertig&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Wheeler-Bennett&rft.aufirst=Sir+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography_and_memory">Historiography and memory</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Baranyi, Tamás Peter (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.lib.uni-corvinus.hu/index.php/cojourn/article/download/478/67">"Reassembling a World Order: Toward a New Historiography of the Paris Peace Conference"</a>. Corvinus Journal of International Affairs. 4 (2–4): 1–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14267%2Fcojourn.2019v4n2a1">10.14267/cojourn.2019v4n2a1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213836404">213836404</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Corvinus+Journal+of+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Reassembling+a+World+Order%3A+Toward+a+New+Historiography+of+the+Paris+Peace+Conference&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2%E2%80%934&rft.pages=1-32&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14267%2Fcojourn.2019v4n2a1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213836404%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Baranyi&rft.aufirst=Tam%C3%A1s+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lib.uni-corvinus.hu%2Findex.php%2Fcojourn%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F478%2F67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Boemeke, Manfred F.; et al., eds. (1998). Versailles: A Reassessment after 75 Years. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62132-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62132-8"><bdi>978-0-521-62132-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Versailles%3A+A+Reassessment+after+75+Years&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-62132-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Brezina, Corona (2006). The Treaty of Versailles, 1919: a primary source examination of the treaty that ended World War I. Rosen Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4042-0442-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4042-0442-3"><bdi>978-1-4042-0442-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Treaty+of+Versailles%2C+1919%3A+a+primary+source+examination+of+the+treaty+that+ended+World+War+I&rft.pub=Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4042-0442-3&rft.aulast=Brezina&rft.aufirst=Corona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Cornelissen, Christoph & Weinrich, Arndt, eds. (2020). Writing the Great War: The Historiography of World War I from 1918 to the Present. Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78920-454-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78920-454-4"><bdi>978-1-78920-454-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+the+Great+War%3A+The+Historiography+of+World+War+I+from+1918+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-78920-454-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Cox, Michael (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ucp.silverchair.com/gp/article-pdf/1/1/12103/463012/12103.pdf">"The Making of a Masterpiece: John Maynard Keynes and The Economic Consequences of the Peace"</a> (PDF). Global Perspectives. 1 (1): 12103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fgp.2020.12103">10.1525/gp.2020.12103</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216506161">216506161</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Perspectives&rft.atitle=The+Making+of+a+Masterpiece%3A+John+Maynard+Keynes+and+The+Economic+Consequences+of+the+Peace&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=12103&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fgp.2020.12103&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216506161%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fucp.silverchair.com%2Fgp%2Farticle-pdf%2F1%2F1%2F12103%2F463012%2F12103.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Ferrari, Paolo (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14422%2Fcir.i02.y2015.009">"The memory and historiography of the First World War in Italy"</a>. Comillas Journal of International Relations. 2 (2): 117–126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14422%2Fcir.i02.y2015.009">10.14422/cir.i02.y2015.009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comillas+Journal+of+International+Relations&rft.atitle=The+memory+and+historiography+of+the+First+World+War+in+Italy&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=117-126&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14422%2Fcir.i02.y2015.009&rft.aulast=Ferrari&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.14422%252Fcir.i02.y2015.009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Gerwarth, Robert (2021). "The Sky beyond Versailles: The Paris Peace Treaties in Recent Historiography". Journal of Modern History. 93 (4): 896–930. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F716966">10.1086/716966</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244955175">244955175</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=The+Sky+beyond+Versailles%3A+The+Paris+Peace+Treaties+in+Recent+Historiography&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=896-930&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F716966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244955175%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gerwarth&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Marks, Sally (2013). "Mistakes and Myths: The Allies, Germany, and the Versailles treaty, 1918–1921". Journal of Modern History. 85 (3): 632–659. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F670825">10.1086/670825</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154166326">154166326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=Mistakes+and+Myths%3A+The+Allies%2C+Germany%2C+and+the+Versailles+treaty%2C+1918%E2%80%931921&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=632-659&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F670825&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154166326%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.aufirst=Sally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Sampaio, Guilherme (2020). "'This Is No Longer a Book, It Is a Political Event' The French Reception of John Maynard Keynes's Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919–1920)". French Historical Studies. 43: 451–482. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00161071-8278486">10.1215/00161071-8278486</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225470429">225470429</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=%27This+Is+No+Longer+a+Book%2C+It+Is+a+Political+Event%27+The+French+Reception+of+John+Maynard+Keynes%27s+Economic+Consequences+of+the+Peace+%281919%E2%80%931920%29&rft.volume=43&rft.pages=451-482&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00161071-8278486&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225470429%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sampaio&rft.aufirst=Guilherme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Sharp, Alan (2011). Consequences of Peace: The Versailles Settlement: Aftermath and Legacy 1919–2010. Haus Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905791-74-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905791-74-3"><bdi>978-1-905791-74-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consequences+of+Peace%3A+The+Versailles+Settlement%3A+Aftermath+and+Legacy+1919%E2%80%932010&rft.pub=Haus+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-905791-74-3&rft.aulast=Sharp&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Sharp, Alan (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HjxyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT9">Versailles 1919: A Centennial Perspective</a>. Haus Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-912208-09-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-912208-09-8"><bdi>978-1-912208-09-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Versailles+1919%3A+A+Centennial+Perspective&rft.pub=Haus+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-912208-09-8&rft.aulast=Sharp&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHjxyDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Steiner, Zara (2001). "The Treaty of Versailles Revisited". In Dockrill, M. & Fisher, J. (eds.). The Paris Peace Conference, 1919. Studies in Military and Strategic History. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 13–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-77630-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-77630-8"><bdi>978-0-333-77630-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Treaty+of+Versailles+Revisited&rft.btitle=The+Paris+Peace+Conference%2C+1919&rft.series=Studies+in+Military+and+Strategic+History&rft.pages=13-33&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-333-77630-8&rft.aulast=Steiner&rft.aufirst=Zara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Winter, Jay & Prost, Antoine (2020). The Great War in history: debates and controversies, 1914 to the present. Studies in the Social and Cultural History of Modern Warfare (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-84316-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-84316-4"><bdi>978-1-108-84316-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+War+in+history%3A+debates+and+controversies%2C+1914+to+the+present&rft.series=Studies+in+the+Social+and+Cultural+History+of+Modern+Warfare&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-108-84316-4&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft.au=Prost%2C+Antoine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATreaty+of+Versailles" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="http://www.foundingdocs.gov.au/item-did-23.html">Photographs of the document</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216115514/https://www.ashatteredpeace.com/">The consequences of the Treaty of Versailles for today's world</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exulanten.com/cr2.html">Text of Protest by Germany and Acceptance of Fair Peace Treaty</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0441912/">My 1919 – A film from the Chinese point of view, the only country that did not sign the treaty</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061013203131/http://www.polisci.ucla.edu/faculty/trachtenberg/cv/Ver(ss).doc">"Versailles Revisted"</a> (Review of Manfred Boemeke, <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Feldman" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerald Feldman">Gerald Feldman</a> and Elisabeth Glaser, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zqj-oHp4KsgC">The Treaty of Versailles: A Reassessment after 75 Years</a>. Cambridge, UK: <a href="/wiki/German_Historical_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="German Historical Institute">German Historical Institute</a>, Washington, and Cambridge University Press, 1998), Strategic Studies 9:2 (Spring 2000), 191–205</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maps.omniatlas.com/europe/19190628/">Map of Europe and the impact of the Versailles Treaty</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150316063343/http://maps.omniatlas.com/europe/19190628/">Archived</a> 16 March 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at omniatlas.com</li> <li>The Signing of the Peace Treaty, silent film (Youtube Premium): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dgpNrLVEOIU">Link</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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Nations">Members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Organisation of the League of Nations">Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_Treaties" title="Minority Treaties">Minority Treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Little Treaty of Versailles">Little Treaty of Versailles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">Mandates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Treaty of Versailles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_231_of_the_Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles">"War guilt" clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reparations" title="World War I reparations">Reparations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reparation_Commission" title="Reparation Commission">Reparation Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawes_Plan" title="Dawes Plan">Dawes Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_conference_on_reparations" title="Hague conference on reparations">Hague conference on reparations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Plan" title="Young Plan">Young Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Conference_of_1932" title="Lausanne Conference of 1932">Lausanne Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locarno_Treaties" title="Locarno Treaties">Locarno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stresa_Front" title="Stresa Front">Stresa Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Possible cause of the Second World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Opium_Convention" title="International Opium Convention">International Opium Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subsequent treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition of the Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_London_(1920)" title="Conference of London (1920)">Conference of London (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Remo_conference" title="San Remo conference">San Remo conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish National Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Four_(World_War_I)" title="Big Four (World War I)">Big Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Commission_to_Negotiate_Peace" title="American Commission to Negotiate Peace">American Commission to Negotiate Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_of_Responsibilities" title="Commission of Responsibilities">Commission of Responsibilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Inquiry" title="The Inquiry">The Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_participants_in_the_Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="List of participants in the Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">List of participants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Paintings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Peace_Conference_at_the_Quai_d%27Orsay" title="A Peace Conference at the Quai d'Orsay">A Peace Conference at the Quai d'Orsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Signing_of_Peace_in_the_Hall_of_Mirrors" title="The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors">The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_the_Unknown_British_Soldier_in_France" title="To the Unknown British Soldier in France">To the Unknown British Soldier in France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_I_treaties" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:First_World_War_treaties" title="Template:First World War treaties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:First_World_War_treaties" title="Template talk:First World War treaties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:First_World_War_treaties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:First World War treaties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_I_treaties" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> treaties</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="During_the_war" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em;background:#ddf;text-align:left;">During the war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_of_Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne" title="Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne">St.-Jean-de-Maurienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Protocol" title="Damascus Protocol">Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">London</a></li> <li>Bucharest <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1916)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1916)">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">1918</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_5th_November" title="Act of 5th November">Act of 5th November</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modus_vivendi_of_Acroma" title="Modus vivendi of Acroma">Acroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Buftea" title="Treaty of Buftea">Buftea</a></li> <li>Brest-Litovsk <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Peace_between_Finland_and_Germany" title="Treaty of Peace between Finland and Germany">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Peace_between_Austria-Hungary_and_Finland" title="Treaty of Peace between Austria-Hungary and Finland">Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Batum" title="Treaty of Batum">Batum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Paris_Peace_Conference" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.5em;background:#ddf;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Versailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">Neuilly-sur-Seine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Trianon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Sèvres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-right:0.5em;">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rapallo_(1920)" title="Treaty of Rapallo (1920)">Rapallo (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tartu_(Estonia%E2%80%93Russia)" title="Treaty of Tartu (Estonia–Russia)">Tartu (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Warsaw_(1920)" title="Treaty of Warsaw (1920)">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian%E2%80%93Soviet_Peace_Treaty" title="Latvian–Soviet Peace Treaty">Riga (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%C5%82ki_Agreement" title="Suwałki Agreement">Suwałki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alexandropol" title="Treaty of Alexandropol">Alexandropol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Moscow_(1921)" title="Treaty of Moscow (1921)">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Riga" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Riga">Riga (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tartu_(Finland%E2%80%93Russia)" title="Treaty of Tartu (Finland–Russia)">Tartu (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia_Peace_Treaty" title="Cilicia Peace Treaty">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ankara_(1921)" title="Treaty of Ankara (1921)">Angora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kars" title="Treaty of Kars">Kars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Lausanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rapallo_(1922)" title="Treaty of Rapallo (1922)">Rapallo (1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_between_the_Allied_and_Associated_Powers_with_Regard_to_the_Contribution_to_the_Cost_of_Liberation_of_the_Territories_of_the_Former_Austro-Hungarian_Monarchy" title="Agreement between the Allied and Associated Powers with Regard to the Contribution to the Cost of Liberation of the Territories of the Former Austro-Hungarian Monarchy">Austro-Hungarian reparation payments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_Between_the_Allied_and_Associated_Powers_with_Regard_to_the_Italian_Reparation_Payments" title="Agreement Between the Allied and Associated Powers with Regard to the Italian Reparation Payments">Italian reparation payments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_Regarding_the_Restoration_of_the_State_of_Peace_between_Germany_and_China_(1921)" title="Agreement Regarding the Restoration of the State of Peace between Germany and China (1921)">Sino-German Peace Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93German_Peace_Treaty_(1921)" title="U.S.–German Peace Treaty (1921)">U.S.–German Peace Treaty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Montreux</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montreux_Convention_Regarding_the_Regime_of_the_Straits" title="Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits">Regime of the Straits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreux_Convention_Regarding_the_Abolition_of_the_Capitulations_in_Egypt" title="Montreux Convention Regarding the Abolition of the Capitulations in Egypt">Abolition of the Capitulations in Egypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Egypt</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_Between_Great_Britain_and_Denmark_Relating_to_the_Suppression_of_the_Capitulations_in_Egypt" title="Agreement Between Great Britain and Denmark Relating to the Suppression of the Capitulations in Egypt">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_Between_Great_Britain_and_Greece_Relating_to_the_Suppression_of_the_Capitulations_in_Egypt_(1920)" title="Agreement Between Great Britain and Greece Relating to the Suppression of the Capitulations in Egypt (1920)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_Between_Great_Britain_and_Norway_Relating_to_the_Suppression_of_the_Capitulations_in_Egypt" title="Agreement Between Great Britain and Norway Relating to the Suppression of the Capitulations in Egypt">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_Between_Great_Britain_and_Sweden_Relating_to_the_Suppression_of_the_Capitulations_in_Egypt_(1921)" title="Agreement Between Great Britain and Sweden Relating to the Suppression of the Capitulations in Egypt (1921)">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_between_Great_Britain_and_Portugal_Relating_to_the_Suppression_of_the_Capitulations_in_Egypt" title="Agreement between Great Britain and Portugal Relating to the Suppression of the Capitulations in Egypt">Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points" title="Fourteen Points">Fourteen Points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">Partition of the Ottoman Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_I" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_I" title="Template:World War I"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_I" title="Template talk:World War I"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_I" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War I"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_I" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_I" title="Outline of World War I">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_engagements_of_World_War_I" title="List of military engagements of World War I">Military engagements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Economic history of World War I">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_geography_in_World_War_I" title="Role of geography in World War I">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of World War I">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_I" title="Home front during World War I">Home fronts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_memorials" title="World War I memorials">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_I" title="Opposition to World War I">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_in_popular_culture" title="World War I in popular culture">Popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_World_War_I" title="Propaganda in World War I">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_puppet_states" title="List of World War I puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_I" title="Technology during World War I">Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Theatres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="European theatre of World War I">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_theatre" title="Balkans theatre">Balkans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_campaign" title="Serbian campaign">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_front_(World_War_I)" title="Italian front (World War I)">Italian Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Sinai and Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Hejaz & Levant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/African_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="African theatre of World War I">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign" title="South West Africa campaign">South West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="East African campaign (World War I)">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun_campaign" title="Kamerun campaign">Kamerun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togoland_campaign" title="Togoland campaign">Togoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I" title="Military operations in North Africa during World War I">North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I">Asian and Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_German_Samoa" title="Occupation of German Samoa">German Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_occupation_of_German_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian occupation of German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U-boat_campaign" title="U-boat campaign">U-boat campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I">North Atlantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_in_the_Mediterranean_during_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I">Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Principal participants</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_I" title="Allied leaders of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_I" title="Belgium in World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_during_World_War_I" title="Brazil during World War I">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_during_World_War_I" title="China during World War I">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army_in_World_War_I" title="French Army in World War I">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_during_World_War_I" title="Greece during World War I">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro#World_War_I" title="History of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_I" title="Portugal during World War I">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_First_World_War" title="Russia in the First World War">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1894%E2%80%931917)#Russia_at_war,_1914–1916" title="History of Russia (1894–1917)">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia#Serbia_in_World_War_I_(1914–1918)" title="History of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_in_World_War_I" title="Siam in World War I">Siam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_the_Central_Powers_of_World_War_I" title="Leaders of the Central Powers of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria-Hungary_during_World_War_I" title="History of Austria-Hungary during World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_I" title="Bulgaria during World War I">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Senussi Campaign">Senussi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritz Rebellion">South African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur" title="Invasion of Darfur">Darfur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I" title="Timeline of World War I">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Pre-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> (1870–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> (1880–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">Tangier Crisis</a> (1905–06)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a> (1908–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> (1911–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> (1912–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a> (1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I" title="Causes of World War I">Origins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_causes_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of the causes of World War I">Historiography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Sarajevo assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_riots_in_Sarajevo" title="Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo">Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1914</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frontiers" title="Battle of the Frontiers">Battle of the Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cer" title="Battle of Cer">Battle of Cer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Galicia" title="Battle of Galicia">Battle of Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_East_Prussia_(1914)" title="Russian invasion of East Prussia (1914)">Russian invasion of East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg" title="Battle of Tannenberg">Battle of Tannenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Siege of Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="First Battle of the Masurian Lakes">First Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Couronn%C3%A9" title="Battle of Grand Couronné">Battle of Grand Couronné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">First Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Siege of Przemyśl">Siege of Przemyśl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_Sea" title="Race to the Sea">Race to the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres" title="First Battle of Ypres">First Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_raid" title="Black Sea raid">Black Sea raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolubara" title="Battle of Kolubara">Battle of Kolubara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Battle of Sarikamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">Christmas truce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1915</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes">Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81om%C5%BCa" title="Battle of Łomża">Battle of Łomża</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">Second Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania" title="Sinking of the RMS Lusitania">Sinking of the RMS Lusitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Battle of Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Artois" title="Second Battle of Artois">Second Battle of Artois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_the_Isonzo" title="Battles of the Isonzo">Battles of the Isonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlice%E2%80%93Tarn%C3%B3w_offensive" title="Gorlice–Tarnów offensive">Gorlice–Tarnów offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Retreat_(Russia)" title="Great Retreat (Russia)">Great Retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Narew_Offensive" title="Bug–Narew Offensive">Bug-Narew Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Novogeorgievsk" title="Siege of Novogeorgievsk">Siege of Novogeorgievsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Bug_offensive" title="Vistula–Bug offensive">Vistula–Bug offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Champagne" title="Second Battle of Champagne">Second Battle of Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_offensive_(1915)" title="Kosovo offensive (1915)">Kosovo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kut" title="Siege of Kut">Siege of Kut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loos" title="Battle of Loos">Battle of Loos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1916</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_offensive" title="Erzurum offensive">Erzurum offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Battle of Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Naroch_offensive" title="Lake Naroch offensive">Lake Naroch offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Asiago" title="Battle of Asiago">Battle of Asiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_day_on_the_Somme" title="First day on the Somme">first day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_offensive" title="Brusilov offensive">Brusilov offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baranovichi_offensive" title="Baranovichi offensive">Baranovichi offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Romani" title="Battle of Romani">Battle of Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastir_offensive" title="Monastir offensive">Monastir offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Transylvania" title="Battle of Transylvania">Battle of Transylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Baghdad_(1917)" title="Fall of Baghdad (1917)">Capture of Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimmermann_telegram" title="Zimmermann telegram">Zimmermann telegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)" title="Battle of Arras (1917)">Second battle of Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_battle_of_the_Aisne" class="mw-redirect" title="Second battle of the Aisne">Second battle of the Aisne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerensky_offensive" title="Kerensky offensive">Kerensky offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărăști">Battle of Mărăști</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99e%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărășești">Battle of Mărășești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Oituz" title="Third Battle of Oituz">Third Battle of Oituz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caporetto" title="Battle of Caporetto">Battle of Caporetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Palestine_offensive" title="Southern Palestine offensive">Southern Palestine offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Malmaison" title="Battle of La Malmaison">Battle of La Malmaison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1917)">Battle of Cambrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Foc%C8%99ani" title="Armistice of Focșani">Armistice of Focșani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_between_Russia_and_the_Central_Powers" title="Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers">Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1918</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag" title="Operation Faustschlag">Operation Faustschlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">German spring offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeebrugge_Raid" title="Zeebrugge Raid">Zeebrugge Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goychay" title="Battle of Goychay">Battle of Goychay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Piave_River" title="Second Battle of the Piave River">Second Battle of the Piave River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="Second Battle of the Marne">Second Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">Hundred Days Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardar_offensive" title="Vardar offensive">Vardar offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)" title="Battle of Megiddo (1918)">Battle of Megiddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Transjordan_attack" title="Third Transjordan attack">Third Transjordan attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse%E2%80%93Argonne_offensive" title="Meuse–Argonne offensive">Meuse–Argonne offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto" title="Battle of Vittorio Veneto">Battle of Vittorio Veneto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Salonica" title="Armistice of Salonica">Armistice of Salonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Villa_Giusti" title="Armistice of Villa Giusti">Armistice of Villa Giusti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Romanian_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Second Romanian campaign of World War I">Second Romanian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice with Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollettino_della_Vittoria_Navale" title="Bollettino della Vittoria Navale">Naval Victory Bulletin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Belgrade" title="Armistice of Belgrade">Armistice of Belgrade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Co-belligerent conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland campaign</a> (1900–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> (1910–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_rebellion" title="Muscat rebellion">Muscat rebellion</a> (1913–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War</a> (1914–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_rebellions_during_World_War_I" title="Kurdish rebellions during World War I">Kurdish rebellions</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovambo_Uprising" title="Ovambo Uprising">Ovambo Uprising</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan_rebellion" title="Kelantan rebellion">Kelantan rebellion</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_campaign" title="Senussi campaign">Senussi campaign</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta-Bani_War" title="Volta-Bani War">Volta-Bani War</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Protection_War" title="National Protection War">National Protection War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> (1916–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Central Asian Revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur" title="Invasion of Darfur">Invasion of Darfur</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaocen_revolt" title="Kaocen revolt">Kaocen revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a> (1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Post-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani War</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armeno-Georgian War</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_and_interventions_in_Hungary_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920)">Revolutions and interventions in Hungary</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Hungarian–Romanian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)">Greater Poland Uprising</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independence" title="Lithuanian Wars of Independence">Lithuanian Wars of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution" title="1919 Egyptian revolution">Egyptian Revolution</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian War">Polish–Lithuanian War</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United Kingdom during the Turkish War of Independence">Anglo-Turkish War</a> (1918–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Franco-Turkish War</a> (1918–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a> (1919–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a> (1920)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_War" title="Vlora War">Vlora War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Soviet–Georgian War</a> (1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Warfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_World_War_I" title="Aviation in World War I">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_I" title="Strategic bombing during World War I">Strategic bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I" title="Chemical weapons in World War I">Chemical weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_cryptography" title="World War I cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_I" title="Horses in World War I">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics_in_World_War_I" title="Logistics in World War I">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convoys_in_World_War_I" title="Convoys in World War I">Convoy system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Conscription" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Conscription</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_conscription_in_Australia" title="World War I conscription in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seferberlik" title="Seferberlik">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruitment_to_the_British_Army_during_World_War_I" title="Recruitment to the British Army during World War I">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1918" title="Conscription Crisis of 1918">Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_Act_of_1917" title="Selective Service Act of 1917">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_casualties" title="World War I casualties">Casualties</a> / Civilian impact</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>British casualties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_parliamentarians_who_died_in_the_First_World_War" title="List of British parliamentarians who died in the First World War">Parliamentarians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_casualties_of_World_War_I" title="Ottoman casualties of World War I">Ottoman casualties</a></li> <li>Sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rugby_union_players_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of international rugby union players killed in World War I">Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympians_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of Olympians killed in World War I">Olympians</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Disease</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1899%E2%80%931923_cholera_pandemic" title="1899–1923 cholera pandemic">1899–1923 cholera pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_typhus_and_relapsing_fever_epidemic_in_Serbia" title="1915 typhus and relapsing fever epidemic in Serbia">1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_occupation_of_Serbia" title="Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia">Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia</a></li> <li>Bulgarian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Albania" title="Bulgarian occupation of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Serbia_(World_War_I)" title="Bulgarian occupation of Serbia (World War I)">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li>German occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of north-east France during World War I">Northeast France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ober_Ost" title="Ober Ost">Ober Ost</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration" title="Occupied Enemy Territory Administration">Occupied Enemy Territory Administration</a></li> <li>Russian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Eastern_Galicia_(1914%E2%80%931915)" title="Russian occupation of Eastern Galicia (1914–1915)">Eastern Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Western_Armenia" title="Occupation of Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Prisoners of war in World War I">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Germans <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Italian prisoners of war in World War I">Italians</a></li> <li>POW locations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_Canada" title="List of World War I prisoner-of-war camps in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_prisoners_of_war_in_Germany" title="World War I prisoners of war in Germany">Germany</a> / <a href="/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_I" title="German prisoner-of-war camps in World War I">camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war_camps_in_Switzerland_during_World_War_I" title="Prisoner of war camps in Switzerland during World War I">Switzerland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_World_War_I" title="Refugees of World War I">Refugees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Belgian refugees <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_the_Netherlands_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in the Netherlands during the First World War">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_Britain_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in Britain during the First World War">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_I" title="War crimes in World War I">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Allied blockades <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Blockade of the Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Great Famine of Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon famine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1914%E2%80%931919)" title="Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)">Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_from_East_Prussia_during_World_War_I" title="Deportations from East Prussia during World War I">Deportations from East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Kalisz" title="Destruction of Kalisz">Destruction of Kalisz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Dinant" title="Sack of Dinant">Sack of Dinant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Belgium" title="Rape of Belgium">Rape of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_World_War_I" title="Massacres of Albanians in World War I">Massacres of Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_internment" title="Ukrainian Canadian internment">Ukrainian Canadian internment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Diplomatic history of World War I">Diplomacy</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Entry into the war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_entry_into_World_War_I" title="French entry into World War I">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_entry_into_World_War_I" title="German entry into World War I">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Japanese entry into World War I">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Ottoman entry into World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Russian entry into World War I">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_entry_into_World_War_I" title="British entry into World War I">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_I" title="Declarations of war during World War I">Declarations of war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/To_my_peoples" title="To my peoples">Austria-Hungary against Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_upon_Germany_(1914)" title="United Kingdom declaration of war upon Germany (1914)">UK against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I#Declaration_of_jihad" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottomans against the Triple Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1917)" title="United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)">USA against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Austria-Hungary" title="United States declaration of war on Austria-Hungary">USA against Austria-Hungary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Agreement" title="Constantinople Agreement">Constantinople Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">Treaty of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Protocol" title="Damascus Protocol">Damascus Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Germany_treaty_(1915)" title="Bulgaria–Germany treaty (1915)">Bulgaria–Germany treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Darin" title="Treaty of Darin">Treaty of Darin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sazonov%E2%80%93Pal%C3%A9ologue_Agreement" title="Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement">Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Economy_Pact" title="Paris Economy Pact">Paris Economy Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1916)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1916)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_of_Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne" title="Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne">Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Peace treaties</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modus_vivendi_of_Acroma" title="Modus vivendi of Acroma">Modus vivendi of Acroma</a></li> <li>Treaties of Brest-Litovsk <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Russia–Central Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">Ukraine–Central Powers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Treaty of Versailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of St. Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">Treaty of Neuilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_a_Suspect_in_Sarajevo" title="Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo">Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutilated_victory" title="Mutilated victory">Mutilated victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Virgin" title="The Golden Virgin">The Golden Virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/They_shall_not_pass" title="They shall not pass">They shall not pass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_I" title="Category:World War I">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Treaties_of_Japan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lightsteelblue;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Treaties_of_Japan" title="Template:Treaties of Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Treaties_of_Japan" title="Template talk:Treaties of Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Treaties_of_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Treaties of Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Treaties_of_Japan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Treaties of Japan</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightsteelblue;"><a href="/wiki/Bakumatsu" title="Bakumatsu">Bakumatsu period</a> (1854–1868)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Kanagawa" title="Convention of Kanagawa">Japan-US Treaty of Peace and Amity (1854)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Friendship_Treaty" title="Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty">Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty (1854)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shimoda" title="Treaty of Shimoda">Treaty of Shimoda (1855)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutch-Japan_Treaty_of_Peace_and_Amity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dutch-Japan Treaty of Peace and Amity (page does not exist)">Dutch-Japan Treaty of Peace and Amity (1854)</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%98%AD%E5%92%8C%E8%A6%AA%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84" class="extiw" title="ja:日蘭和親条約">ja</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan-US_Additional_Treaty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japan-US Additional Treaty (page does not exist)">Japan-US Additional Treaty (1855)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan-Netherlands_Additional_Treaty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japan-Netherlands Additional Treaty (page does not exist)">Japan-Netherlands Additional Treaty (1856)</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%98%AD%E8%BF%BD%E5%8A%A0%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84" class="extiw" title="ja:日蘭追加条約">ja</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan-Russia_Additional_Treaty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japan-Russia Additional Treaty (page does not exist)">Japan-Russia Additional Treaty (1858)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amity_and_Commerce_(United_States%E2%80%93Japan)" title="Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States–Japan)">Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States–Japan) (1859)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Amity_and_Commerce_between_Russia_and_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Russia and Japan (page does not exist)">Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Russia and Japan (1859)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Treaty_of_Amity_and_Commerce" title="Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce">Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce (1858)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1858_Treaty_of_Amity_and_Commerce_between_the_Netherlands_and_Japan" title="1858 Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the Netherlands and Japan">Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the Netherlands and Japan (1858)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amity_and_Commerce_between_France_and_Japan" title="Treaty of Amity and Commerce between France and Japan">Treaty of Amity and Commerce between France and Japan (1858)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Peace,_Amity_and_Commerce_between_Portugal_and_Japan_(1860)" title="Treaty of Peace, Amity and Commerce between Portugal and Japan (1860)">Treaty of Peace, Amity and Commerce between Portugal and Japan (1860)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amity_and_Commerce_between_Prussia_and_Japan_(1861)" title="Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Prussia and Japan (1861)">Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Prussia and Japan (1861)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Protocol_(1862)" title="London Protocol (1862)">London Protocol (1862)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Agreement of Paris">Agreement of Paris (1864)</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%AA%E7%B4%84%E5%AE%9A" class="extiw" title="ja:パリ約定">ja</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Amity_and_Commerce_between_Belgium_and_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Belgium and Japan (page does not exist)">Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Belgium and Japan (1866)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Amity_and_Commerce_between_Italy_and_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Italy and Japan (page does not exist)">Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Italy and Japan (1866)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Japanese_Provisional_Treaty_of_Karafuto_Island_(1867)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russo-Japanese Provisional Treaty of Karafuto Island (1867) (page does not exist)">Russo-Japanese Provisional Treaty of Karafuto Island (1867)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightsteelblue;"><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a> (1868–1912)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Friendship,_Commerce_and_Navigation_between_Spain_and_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Spain and Japan (page does not exist)">Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Spain and Japan (1868)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Friendship,_Commerce_and_Navigation_between_Austria-Hungary_and_Japan" title="Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Austria-Hungary and Japan">Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Austria-Hungary and Japan (1869)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Japanese_Friendship_and_Trade_Treaty" title="Sino-Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty">Sino-Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty (1871)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Amity_and_Commerce_between_Hawaii_and_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Hawaii and Japan (page does not exist)">Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Hawaii and Japan (1871)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Friendship,_Commerce_and_Navigation_between_Peru_and_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Peru and Japan (page does not exist)">Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Peru and Japan (1873)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Engagement_between_Japan_and_China_respecting_Formosa_of_1874&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Engagement between Japan and China respecting Formosa of 1874 (page does not exist)">Engagement between Japan and China respecting Formosa of 1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint_Petersburg_(1875)" title="Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875)">Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1876" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876">Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=US-Japanese_Convention_Revising_Certain_Portions_of_Existing_Commercial_Treaties_(1878)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="US-Japanese Convention Revising Certain Portions of Existing Commercial Treaties (1878) (page does not exist)">US-Japanese Convention Revising Certain Portions of Existing Commercial Treaties (1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1882" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1882">Japan–Korea Treaty of 1882</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan-Hawaii_Labor_Immigration_Treaty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japan-Hawaii Labor Immigration Treaty (page does not exist)">Japan-Hawaii Labor Immigration Treaty (1884)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1885" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1885">Japan–Korea Treaty of 1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Tientsin" title="Convention of Tientsin">Convention of Tientsin (1885)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Declaration_of_Amity_and_Commerce_between_Thailand_and_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Declaration of Amity and Commerce between Thailand and Japan (page does not exist)">Declaration of Amity and Commerce between Thailand and Japan (1887)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Friendship_and_Commerce_between_Mexico_and_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Friendship and Commerce between Mexico and Japan (page does not exist)">Treaty of Friendship and Commerce between Mexico and Japan (1888)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Treaty_of_Commerce_and_Navigation" title="Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation">Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1894)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Commerce_and_Navigation_between_Japan_and_the_USA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the USA (page does not exist)">Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the USA (1894)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italo-Japanese_Treaty_of_Commerce_and_Navigation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Italo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (page does not exist)">Italo–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1894)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shimonoseki" title="Treaty of Shimonoseki">Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan-Brazil_Treaty_of_Amity,_Commerce_and_Navigation_(1895)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japan-Brazil Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation (1895) (page does not exist)">Japan-Brazil Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation (1895)</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E4%BC%AF%E4%BF%AE%E5%A5%BD%E9%80%9A%E5%95%86%E8%88%AA%E6%B5%B7%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84" class="extiw" title="ja:日伯修好通商航海条約">ja</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_for_returning_Fengtian_Peninsula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty for returning Fengtian Peninsula (page does not exist)">Treaty for returning Fengtian Peninsula (1895)</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E6%9D%B1%E9%82%84%E4%BB%98%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84" class="extiw" title="ja:遼東還付条約">ja</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=German-Japanese_Treaty_of_Commerce_and_Navigation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (page does not exist)">German–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komura-Weber_Memorandum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komura-Weber Memorandum (page does not exist)">Komura-Weber Memorandum (1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamagata%E2%80%93Lobanov_Agreement" title="Yamagata–Lobanov Agreement">Yamagata–Lobanov Agreement (1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan-China_Treaty_of_Commerce_and_Navigation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japan-China Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (page does not exist)">Japan–China Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%B8%85%E9%80%9A%E5%95%86%E8%88%AA%E6%B5%B7%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84" class="extiw" title="ja:日清通商航海条約">ja</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Japanese_Treaty_of_Commerce_and_Navigation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franco-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (page does not exist)">Franco–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan-Netherlands_Treaty_of_Commerce_and_Navigation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japan-Netherlands Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (page does not exist)">Japan–Netherlands Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Friendship,_Commerce_and_Navigation_between_Chile_and_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Chile and Japan (page does not exist)">Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Chile and Japan (1897)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Friendship,_Commerce_and_Navigation_between_Argentina_and_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Argentina and Japan (page does not exist)">Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Argentina and Japan (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishi%E2%80%93Rosen_Agreement" title="Nishi–Rosen Agreement">Nishi–Rosen Agreement (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan-Thailand_Friendship,_Commerce_and_Navigation_Treaty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japan-Thailand Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Treaty (page does not exist)">Japan-Thailand Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Treaty (1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan-Greece_Treaty_of_Friendship,_Commerce_and_Navigation_(1899)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japan-Greece Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation (1899) (page does not exist)">Japan-Greece Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Protocol" title="Boxer Protocol">Boxer Protocol (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Japanese Alliance">Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan-China_Additional_Treaty_of_Commerce_and_Navigation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japan-China Additional Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (page does not exist)">Japan-China Additional Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1903)</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%B8%85%E8%BF%BD%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9A%E5%95%86%E8%88%AA%E6%B5%B7%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84" class="extiw" title="ja:日清追加通商航海条約">ja</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1904" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1904">Japan–Korea Treaty of 1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Agreement_of_August_1904" title="Japan–Korea Agreement of August 1904">Japan–Korea Agreement of August 1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Portsmouth" title="Treaty of Portsmouth">Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taft%E2%80%93Katsura_agreement" title="Taft–Katsura agreement">Taft–Katsura agreement (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1905" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905">Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Additional_Agreement_of_the_Japan-China_Treaty_relating_to_Manchuria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Additional Agreement of the Japan-China Treaty relating to Manchuria (page does not exist)">Additional Agreement of the Japan-China Treaty relating to Manchuria (1905)</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E5%96%84%E5%BE%8C%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84" class="extiw" title="ja:満洲善後条約">ja</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_Agreement_of_1907" title="Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907">Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Japanese_Treaty_of_1907" title="Franco-Japanese Treaty of 1907">Franco-Japanese Treaty of 1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1907" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907">Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Russia_Secret_Agreements" title="Japan–Russia Secret Agreements">Japan–Russia Secret Agreements (1907–1916)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root%E2%80%93Takahira_Agreement" title="Root–Takahira Agreement">Root–Takahira Agreement (1908)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan-China_Agreement_relating_to_Manchuria_and_Jiandao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japan-China Agreement relating to Manchuria and Jiandao (page does not exist)">Japan-China Agreement relating to Manchuria and Jiandao (1909)</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%B8%85%E5%8D%94%E7%B4%84" class="extiw" title="ja:日清協約">ja</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910">Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Commerce_and_Navigation_between_Japan_and_the_USA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the USA (page does not exist)">Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the USA (1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Treaty_of_Commerce_and_Navigation" title="Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation">Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pacific_Fur_Seal_Convention_of_1911" title="North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911">North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightsteelblue;"><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">World War I</a>–<a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">II</a> (1913–1945)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-One_Demands" title="Twenty-One Demands">Japan-China Treaty of 1915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lansing%E2%80%93Ishii_Agreement" title="Lansing–Ishii Agreement">Lansing–Ishii Agreement (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Japanese_Joint_Defence_Agreement" title="Sino-Japanese Joint Defence Agreement">Sino-Japanese Joint Defence Agreement (1918)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Treaty of Versailles (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_League_of_Nations" title="Covenant of the League of Nations">Covenant of the League of Nations (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty" title="Svalbard Treaty">Svalbard Treaty (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongota_Agreement_of_1920" title="Gongota Agreement of 1920">Gongota Agreement of 1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon (1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-Power_Treaty" title="Four-Power Treaty">Four-Power Treaty (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine-Power_Treaty" title="Nine-Power Treaty">Nine-Power Treaty (1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_concerning_solution_of_Shandong_issues&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty concerning solution of Shandong issues (page does not exist)">Treaty concerning solution of Shandong issues (1922)</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%9D%B1%E6%87%B8%E6%A1%88%E8%A7%A3%E6%B1%BA%E3%81%AB%E9%96%A2%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84" class="extiw" title="ja:山東懸案解決に関する条約">ja</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty" title="Washington Naval Treaty">Washington Naval Treaty (1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da_Convention" title="Klaipėda Convention">Klaipėda Convention (1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Basic_Convention" title="Soviet–Japanese Basic Convention">Soviet–Japanese Basic Convention (1925)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=German-Japanese_Treaty_of_Commerce_and_Navigation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (page does not exist)">German–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1927)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kellogg%E2%80%93Briand_Pact" title="Kellogg–Briand Pact">Kellogg–Briand Pact (1928)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan-China_Customs_Agreement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japan-China Customs Agreement (page does not exist)">Japan-China Customs Agreement (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty" title="London Naval Treaty">London Naval Treaty (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Ceasefire_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai Ceasefire Agreement">Shanghai Ceasefire Agreement (1932)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Manchukuo_Protocol" title="Japan–Manchukuo Protocol">Japan-Manchukuo Protocol (1932)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanggu_Truce" title="Tanggu Truce">Tanggu Truce (1933)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=India-Japan_Agreement_of_1934&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="India-Japan Agreement of 1934 (page does not exist)">India-Japan Agreement of 1934</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Manchuria_Railway_Cession_Agreement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Manchuria Railway Cession Agreement (page does not exist)">Japan-Manchukuo-Soviet Protocol for Cession of North Manchuria Railway (1935)</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%BA%80%E9%89%84%E9%81%93%E8%AE%93%E6%B8%A1%E5%8D%94%E5%AE%9A" class="extiw" title="ja:北満鉄道讓渡協定">ja</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/He%E2%80%93Umezu_Agreement" title="He–Umezu Agreement">He–Umezu Agreement (1935)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chin%E2%80%93Doihara_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Chin–Doihara Agreement">Chin-Doihara Agreement (1935)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canada-Japan_New_Trade_Agreement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canada-Japan New Trade Agreement (page does not exist)">Canada-Japan New Trade Agreement (1935)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan-Netherlands_Shipping_Agreement_(1936)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japan-Netherlands Shipping Agreement (1936) (page does not exist)">Japan-Netherlands Shipping Agreement (1936)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact (1936)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hart-Ishizawa_Agreement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hart-Ishizawa Agreement (page does not exist)">Hart-Ishizawa Agreement (1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=India-Japan_Agreement_of_1937&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="India-Japan Agreement of 1937 (page does not exist)">India-Japan Agreement of 1937</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Van_Mook-Kotani_Agreement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Van Mook-Kotani Agreement (page does not exist)">Van Mook-Kotani Agreement (1938)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arita%E2%80%93Craigie_Agreement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arita–Craigie Agreement (page does not exist)">Arita-Craigie Agreement (1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan-China_Basic_Relations_Treaty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japan-China Basic Relations Treaty (page does not exist)">Japan-China Basic Relations Treaty (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan-Manchukuo-China_Joint_Declaration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japan-Manchukuo-China Joint Declaration (page does not exist)">Japan-Manchukuo-China Joint Declaration (1940)</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%BA%80%E8%8F%AF%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E5%AE%A3%E8%A8%80" class="extiw" title="ja:日満華共同宣言">ja</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_between_Thailand_and_Japan_(1940)" title="Treaty between Thailand and Japan (1940)">Treaty between Thailand and Japan (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Neutrality_Pact" title="Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact">Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan-Thailand_Offensive_and_Defensive_Alliance_Treaty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japan-Thailand Offensive and Defensive Alliance Treaty (page does not exist)">Japan-Thailand Offensive and Defensive Alliance Treaty (1941)</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%B3%B0%E6%94%BB%E5%AE%88%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84" class="extiw" title="ja:日泰攻守同盟条約">ja</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">Japanese Instrument of Surrender (1945)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightsteelblue;">During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> (1945–1989)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Security_Treaty_between_the_United_States_and_Japan" title="Security Treaty between the United States and Japan">Security Treaty between the United States and Japan (1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Francisco" title="Treaty of San Francisco">Treaty of San Francisco (1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Taipei" title="Treaty of Taipei">Treaty of Taipei (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Peace_Between_Japan_and_India" title="Treaty of Peace Between Japan and India">Treaty of Peace between Japan and India (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Peace_Between_Japan_and_Burma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Peace Between Japan and Burma (page does not exist)">Treaty of Peace between Japan and Burma (1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93Philippines_Reparations_Agreement_(1956)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japan–Philippines Reparations Agreement (1956) (page does not exist)">Japan–Philippines Reparations Agreement (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Joint_Declaration_of_1956" title="Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956">Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Peace_Between_Japan_and_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Peace Between Japan and Indonesia (page does not exist)">Treaty of Peace between Japan and Indonesia (1958)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan%E2%80%93South_Vietnam_Reparations_Agreement_(1959)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japan–South Vietnam Reparations Agreement (1959) (page does not exist)">Japan–South Vietnam Reparations Agreement (1959)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Mutual_Cooperation_and_Security_between_the_United_States_and_Japan" title="Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan">Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan (1960)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Japan_Status_of_Forces_Agreement" title="U.S.–Japan Status of Forces Agreement">U.S.–Japan Status of Forces Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Convention" title="Tokyo Convention">Tokyo Convention (1963)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_Basic_Relations_Between_Japan_and_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="Treaty on Basic Relations Between Japan and the Republic of Korea">Treaty on Basic Relations Between Japan and the Republic of Korea (1965)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogasawara_Reversion_Agreement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogasawara Reversion Agreement (page does not exist)">Ogasawara Reversion Agreement (1968)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Okinawa_Reversion_Agreement" title="1971 Okinawa Reversion Agreement">Okinawa Reversion Agreement (1971)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93China_Joint_Communiqu%C3%A9" title="Japan–China Joint Communiqué">Japan–China Joint Communiqué (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan-North_Vietnam_Joint_Communiqu%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japan-North Vietnam Joint Communiqué (page does not exist)">Japan-North Vietnam Joint Communiqué (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan-China_Trade_Agreement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japan-China Trade Agreement (page does not exist)">Japan–China Trade Agreement (1974)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Treaty_of_Friendship_and_Cooperation" title="Basic Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation">Basic Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan-Mongolia_Agreement_on_Economic_Cooperation_(1977)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japan-Mongolia Agreement on Economic Cooperation (1977) (page does not exist)">Japan-Mongolia Agreement on Economic Cooperation (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Peace_and_Friendship_between_Japan_and_China" title="Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and China">Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and China (1978)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightsteelblue;">Post-<a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> (1989–)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=US-Japanese_Fishery_Agreement_(1991)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="US-Japanese Fishery Agreement (1991) (page does not exist)">US-Japanese Fishery Agreement (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Korean-Japanese_Agreement_on_Cooperation_in_the_Field_of_Environmental_Protection_(1993)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Korean-Japanese Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Environmental Protection (1993) (page does not exist)">South Korean-Japanese Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Environmental Protection (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSOMIA" title="GSOMIA">Japan-Korea GSOMIA (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian-Japanese_Security_Treaty_(2022)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Australian-Japanese Security Treaty (2022) (page does not exist)">Australian-Japanese Security Treaty (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Japan-Israel_Defense_Agreement_(2022)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japan-Israel Defense Agreement (2022) (page does not exist)">Japan-Israel Defense Agreement (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American%E2%80%93Japanese%E2%80%93Korean_trilateral_pact" title="American–Japanese–Korean trilateral pact">American–Japanese–Korean trilateral pact (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8736#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8736#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8736#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/185467386">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4063141-2">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82001802">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb162047487">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb162047487">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574105">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=unn2007414753&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=unn20221155273&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://www.idref.fr/027519899">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/026467">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=33625">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Versailles&oldid=1254118860">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Versailles&oldid=1254118860</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Category:Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1919_in_France" title="Category:1919 in France">1919 in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:June_1919_events" title="Category:June 1919 events">June 1919 events</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arms_control_treaties" title="Category:Arms control treaties">Arms control treaties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:France%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Category:France–Germany relations">France–Germany relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Germany%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="Category:Germany–Italy relations">Germany–Italy relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Germany%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Category:Germany–Japan relations">Germany–Japan relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Germany%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Category:Germany–United Kingdom relations">Germany–United Kingdom 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[\"CITEREFBlakemore2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoemekeFeldmanGlaser1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyerClarkHawleyKett2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrezina2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrüll2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBullivantGilesPape1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChâteau_de_Versailles2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollar2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooper2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorrigan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurrent_History1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Zayas1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDebo1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeutsche_Allgemeine_Zeitung1919\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDreyer2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuff1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEB:_May_Fourth_Movement\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEB:_Ruhr_occupation\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdmonds1943\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerguson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischer1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFollyPalmer2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrucht2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuller1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeyer1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbert1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrebler1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGroppe2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaigh1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHantkeSpoerer2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardach1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenig1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirschfeldKrumeich2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIngraoSzabo2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobson1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKawamura1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKent2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeylor1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeynes1919\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeynes1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirby1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKramer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLauren1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLayne1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLemkinSchabasPower2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLentin1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLentin1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLentin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiverman1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLovin1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarch_1919_Brussels_agreement\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarks1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarks2013\"] = 1,\n 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[\"CITEREFSimkins2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimkinsJukesHickey2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlavicek2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSontag1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteiner2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevenson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTNA:_The_Great_War_1914_to_1918n.d.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTampke2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_New_York_Times1921\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTherSiljak2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompsonn.d.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomson1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTooze2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrachtenberg1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruitt2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuckerRoberts2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVenzon1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFW-R:_\u0026quot;shrivelled_hand\u0026quot;_speech\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeimarer_Republikn.d.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinberg1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinberg2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWidenor1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiest2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilde2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliamson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson1917\"] = 1,\n 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