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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_systems_by_their_geographical_and_historical_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Classification systems by their geographical and historical origins</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification_systems_by_their_geographical_and_historical_origins-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification systems by their geographical and historical origins subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification_systems_by_their_geographical_and_historical_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_and_Western" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_and_Western"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>European and Western</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_and_Western-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mahillon_and_Hornbostel–Sachs_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mahillon_and_Hornbostel–Sachs_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Mahillon and Hornbostel–Sachs systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mahillon_and_Hornbostel–Sachs_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-André_Schaeffner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#André_Schaeffner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>André Schaeffner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-André_Schaeffner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kurt_Reinhard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kurt_Reinhard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Kurt Reinhard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kurt_Reinhard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steve_Mann" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steve_Mann"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Steve Mann</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steve_Mann-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Western_classifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Western_classifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Other Western classifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Western_classifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classification_by_tonal_range" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_by_tonal_range"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Classification by tonal range</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification_by_tonal_range-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification_by_function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_by_function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Classification by function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification_by_function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification_by_geographical_or_ethnic_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_by_geographical_or_ethnic_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Classification by geographical or ethnic origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification_by_geographical_or_ethnic_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_and_South_Asian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_and_South_Asian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>West and South Asian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_and_South_Asian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Indian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Persian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Turkish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_and_South-East_Asian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_and_South-East_Asian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>East and South-East Asian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_and_South-East_Asian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chinese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Chinese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Indonesian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>African</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-West_African" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_African"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>West African</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_African-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Musical instrument classification</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassifizierungen_von_Musikinstrumenten" title="Klassifizierungen von Musikinstrumenten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Klassifizierungen von Musikinstrumenten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muusikainstrumentide_liigitus" title="Muusikainstrumentide liigitus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Muusikainstrumentide liigitus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Clasificaci%C3%B3n_de_instrumentos_musicales" title="Anexo:Clasificación de instrumentos musicales – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anexo:Clasificación de instrumentos musicales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%82%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C" title="طبقه‌بندی سازهای موسیقی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طبقه‌بندی سازهای موسیقی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_des_instruments_de_musique" title="Classification des instruments de musique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Classification des instruments de musique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasifikasi_alat_musik" title="Klasifikasi alat musik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Klasifikasi alat musik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94" title="מיון כלי נגינה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיון כלי נגינה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A5%BD%E5%99%A8%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%A6" title="楽器分類学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="楽器分類学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassifisering_av_musikkinstrumenter" title="Klassifisering av musikkinstrumenter – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Klassifisering av musikkinstrumenter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasyfikacja_praktyczna_instrument%C3%B3w_muzycznych" title="Klasyfikacja praktyczna instrumentów muzycznych – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Klasyfikacja praktyczna instrumentów muzycznych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classifica%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_instrumentos_musicais" title="Classificação de instrumentos musicais – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Classificação de instrumentos musicais" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Подела музичких инструмената – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Подела музичких инструмената" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soitinluokitus" title="Soitinluokitus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Soitinluokitus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikinstrumentsystematik" title="Musikinstrumentsystematik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Musikinstrumentsystematik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A2n_lo%E1%BA%A1i_nh%E1%BA%A1c_c%E1%BB%A5" title="Phân loại nhạc cụ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phân loại nhạc cụ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2748242#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Grouping musical instruments</div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agricola.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Agricola.jpeg/220px-Agricola.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Agricola.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="231" /></a><figcaption>Variety of recorders from <a href="/wiki/Martin_Agricola" title="Martin Agricola">Martin Agricola</a>'s 1529 <i>Musica instrumentalis deudsch</i> (English: <i>German Instrumental Music</i>)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Musical+instrument+classification%22">"Musical instrument classification"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Musical+instrument+classification%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Musical+instrument+classification%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Musical+instrument+classification%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Musical+instrument+classification%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Musical+instrument+classification%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Musical_instrument_classification" title="Special:EditPage/Musical instrument classification">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Organology" title="Organology">organology</a>, the study of <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instruments</a>, many methods of classifying instruments exist. Most methods are specific to a particular <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultural group</a> and were developed to serve that culture's musical needs. Culture-based classification methods sometimes break down when applied outside that culture. For example, a classification based on instrument use may fail when applied to another culture that uses the same instrument differently. </p><p>In the study of <a href="/wiki/Western_culture#Music" title="Western culture">Western music</a>, the most common classification method divides instruments into the following groups: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">String instruments</a> (often subdivided between plucked and bowed instruments);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_instrument" title="Wind instrument">Wind instruments</a> (often subdivided between <a href="/wiki/Woodwind_instrument" title="Woodwind instrument">woodwinds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">brass</a>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">Percussion instruments</a>; and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_musical_instrument" title="Electronic musical instrument">Electronic instruments</a></li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_criteria">Classification criteria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_instrument_classification&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification criteria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Musical_instrument_classification" title="Special:EditPage/Musical instrument classification">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The criteria for classifying musical instruments vary depending on the point of view, time, and place. The many various approaches examine aspects such as the physical properties of the instrument (shape, construction, material composition, physical state, etc.), the manner in which the instrument is played (plucked, bowed, etc.), the means by which the instrument produces sound, the quality or timbre of the sound produced by the instrument, the tonal and dynamic range of the instrument, the musical function of the instrument (rhythmic, melodic, etc.), and the instrument's place in an orchestra or other ensemble. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_systems_by_their_geographical_and_historical_origins">Classification systems by their geographical and historical origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_instrument_classification&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification systems by their geographical and historical origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_and_Western">European and Western</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_instrument_classification&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: European and Western"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Orchestra#Instrumentation" title="Orchestra">Orchestra § Instrumentation</a></div> <p>2nd-century Greek grammarian, sophist, and rhetorician <a href="/wiki/Julius_Pollux" title="Julius Pollux">Julius Pollux</a>, in the chapter called De Musica of his ten-volume <i>Onomastikon</i>, presented the two-class system, percussion (including strings) and winds, which persisted in medieval and postmedieval Europe. It was used by <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Augustine">St. Augustine</a> (4th and 5th centuries), in his De Ordine, applying the terms rhythmic (percussion and strings), organic (winds), and adding harmonic (the human voice); <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a> (6th to 7th centuries); <a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh of Saint Victor</a> (12th century), also adding the voice; Magister Lambertus (13th century), adding the human voice as well; and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Praetorius" title="Michael Praetorius">Michael Praetorius</a> (17th century).<sup id="cite_ref-Kartomi1990_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kartomi1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 119–21, 147">: 119–21, 147 </span></sup> </p><p>The modern system divides instruments into wind, strings and percussion. It is of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> origin (in the Hellenistic period, prominent proponents being <a href="/wiki/Nicomachus" title="Nicomachus">Nicomachus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyry</a>). The scheme was later expanded by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Agricola" title="Martin Agricola">Martin Agricola</a>, who distinguished plucked string instruments, such as <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitars</a>, from bowed string instruments, such as <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violins</a>. <a href="/wiki/European_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="European classical music">Classical musicians</a> today do not always maintain this division (although plucked strings are grouped separately from bowed strings in <a href="/wiki/Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">sheet music</a>), but distinguish between wind instruments with a reed (<a href="/wiki/Woodwind_instrument" title="Woodwind instrument">woodwinds</a>) and those where the air is set in motion directly by the lips (<a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">brass instruments</a>). </p><p>Many instruments do not fit very neatly into this scheme. The <a href="/wiki/Serpent_(musical_instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpent (musical instrument)">serpent</a>, for example, ought to be classified as a brass instrument, as a column of air is set in motion by the lips. However, it looks more like a woodwind instrument, and is closer to one in many ways, having finger-holes to control pitch, rather than valves.l. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_instrument" title="Keyboard instrument">Keyboard instruments</a> do not fit easily into this scheme. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a> has strings, but they are struck by hammers, so it is not clear whether it should be classified as a string instrument or a percussion instrument. For this reason, keyboard instruments are often regarded as inhabiting a category of their own, including all instruments played by a keyboard, whether they have struck strings (like the piano), plucked strings (like the <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a>) or no strings at all (like the <a href="/wiki/Celesta" title="Celesta">celesta</a>). </p><p>It might be said that with these extra categories, the classical system of instrument classification focuses less on the fundamental way in which instruments produce sound, and more on the technique required to play them. </p><p>Various names have been assigned to these three traditional Western groupings:<sup id="cite_ref-Kartomi1990_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kartomi1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 136–138, 157, notes for Chapter 10">: 136–138, 157, notes for Chapter 10 </span></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a> (5th and 6th centuries) labelled them <i>intensione ut nervis, spiritu ut tibiis ("breath in the tube"), and percussione</i>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a>, a younger contemporary of Boethius, used the names <i>tensibilia, percussionalia</i>, and <i>inflatilia</i>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a> (13th century) dubbed them <i>tensilia, inflativa</i>, and <i>percussionalia</i>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugolino_da_Orvieto" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugolino da Orvieto">Ugolino da Orvieto</a> (14th and 15th centuries) called them <i>intensione ut nervis, spiritu ut tibiis</i>, and <i>percussione</i>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastien_de_Brossard" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastien de Brossard">Sebastien de Brossard</a> (1703) referred to them as <i>enchorda</i> or <i>entata</i> (but only for instruments with several strings), <i>pneumatica</i> or <i>empneousta</i>, and <i>krusta</i> (from the Greek for hit or strike) or <i>pulsatilia</i> (for percussives);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Bonanni" title="Filippo Bonanni">Filippo Bonanni</a> (1722) used vernacular names: <i>sonori per il fiato</i>, <i>sonori per la tensione</i>, and <i>sonori per la percussione</i>;</li> <li>Joseph Majer (1732) called them <i>pneumatica</i>, <i>pulsatilia</i> (percussives including plucked instruments), and <i>fidicina</i> (from fidula, fiddle) (for bowed instruments);</li> <li>Johann Eisel (1738) dubbed them <i>pneumatica, pulsatilia</i>, and <i>fidicina</i>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_de_Muris" title="Johannes de Muris">Johannes de Muris</a> (1784) used the terms <i>chordalia</i>, <i>foraminalia</i> (from <i>foramina</i>, "bore" in reference to the bored tubes), and <i>vasalia</i> (for "vessels");</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regino_of_Prum" class="mw-redirect" title="Regino of Prum">Regino of Prum</a> (1784) called them <i>tensibile</i>, <i>inflatile</i>, and <i>percussionabile</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mahillon_and_Hornbostel–Sachs_systems"><span id="Mahillon_and_Hornbostel.E2.80.93Sachs_systems"></span>Mahillon and Hornbostel–Sachs systems</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_instrument_classification&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mahillon and Hornbostel–Sachs systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hornbostel-Sachs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hornbostel-Sachs">Hornbostel-Sachs</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Musical_instrument_classification" title="Special:EditPage/Musical instrument classification">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Victor-Charles_Mahillon" title="Victor-Charles Mahillon">Victor-Charles Mahillon</a>, curator of the musical instrument collection of the conservatoire in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, for the 1888 catalogue of the collection divided instruments into four groups and assigned Greek-derived labels to the four classifications: chordophones (stringed instruments), membranophones (skin-head percussion instruments), aerophones (wind instruments), and autophones (non-skin percussion instruments). This scheme was later taken up by <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Hornbostel" title="Erich von Hornbostel">Erich von Hornbostel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Curt_Sachs" title="Curt Sachs">Curt Sachs</a> who published an extensive new scheme for classification in <i>Zeitschrift für Ethnologie</i> in 1914. Their scheme is widely used today, and is most often known as the <a href="/wiki/Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs" title="Hornbostel–Sachs">Hornbostel–Sachs</a> system (or the Sachs–Hornbostel system). </p><p>The original Sachs–Hornbostel system classified instruments into four main groups: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Idiophone" title="Idiophone">idiophones</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Xylophone" title="Xylophone">xylophone</a>, which produce sound by vibrating themselves;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membranophone" title="Membranophone">membranophones</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Drum" title="Drum">drums</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kazoo" title="Kazoo">kazoos</a>, which produce sound by a vibrating membrane;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chordophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordophone">chordophones</a>, such as the piano or <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cello</a>, which produce sound by vibrating strings;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerophone" title="Aerophone">aerophones</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">pipe organ</a> or <a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">oboe</a>, which produce sound by vibrating columns of air.</li></ol> <p>Later Sachs added a fifth category, <a href="/wiki/Electrophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrophone">electrophones</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Theremin" title="Theremin">theremins</a>, which produce sound by electronic means.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern synthesizers and electronic instruments fall in this category. Within each category are many subgroups. The system has been criticized and revised over the years, but remains widely used by <a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">ethnomusicologists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organology" title="Organology">organologists</a>. One notable example of this criticism is that care should be taken with electrophones, as some electronic instruments like the <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitar</a> (chordophone) and some <a href="/wiki/Electronic_keyboard" title="Electronic keyboard">electronic keyboards</a> (sometimes idiophones or chordophones) can produce music without electricity or the use of an amplifier. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs" title="Hornbostel–Sachs">Hornbostel–Sachs</a> classification of musical instruments, lamellophones are considered <a href="/wiki/Plucked_idiophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Plucked idiophone">plucked idiophones</a>, a category that includes various forms of <a href="/wiki/Jaw_harp" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaw harp">jaw harp</a> and the European mechanical <a href="/wiki/Music_box" title="Music box">music box</a>, as well as the huge variety of African and Afro-Latin <a href="/wiki/Thumb_piano" class="mw-redirect" title="Thumb piano">thumb pianos</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Mbira" title="Mbira">mbira</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marimbula" class="mw-redirect" title="Marimbula">marimbula</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="André_Schaeffner"><span id="Andr.C3.A9_Schaeffner"></span>André Schaeffner</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_instrument_classification&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: André Schaeffner"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1932, comparative musicologist (ethnomusicologist) <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Schaeffner" class="extiw" title="fr:André Schaeffner">André Schaeffner</a> developed a new classification scheme that was "exhaustive, potentially covering all real and conceivable instruments".<sup id="cite_ref-Kartomi1990_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kartomi1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 176">: 176 </span></sup> </p><p>Schaeffner's system has only two top-level categories which he denoted by Roman numerals: </p> <ul><li>I: instruments that make sound from vibrating solids: <ul><li>I.A: no tension (free solid, for example, <a href="/wiki/Xylophone" title="Xylophone">xylophones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cymbals" class="mw-redirect" title="Cymbals">cymbals</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Claves" title="Claves">claves</a>);</li> <li>I.B: linguaphones (<a href="/wiki/Lamellophone" title="Lamellophone">lamellophones</a>) (solid fixed at only one end, such as a kalimba or thumb piano);</li> <li>I.C: chordophones (solid fixed at both ends, i.e. strings such as <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a> or <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harp</a>); plus drums</li></ul></li> <li>II: instruments that make sound from vibrating air (such as <a href="/wiki/Clarinets" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarinets">clarinets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trumpets" class="mw-redirect" title="Trumpets">trumpets</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Bullroarer_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bullroarer (music)">bull-roarers</a>.)</li></ul> <p>The system agrees with Mahillon and Hornbostel–Sachs for <a href="/wiki/Chordophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordophone">chordophones</a>, but groups percussion instruments differently. </p><p>The MSA (Multi-Dimensional Scalogram Analysis) of René Lysloff and Jim Matson,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using 37 variables, including characteristics of the sounding body, resonator, substructure, sympathetic vibrator, performance context, social context, and instrument tuning and construction, corroborated Schaeffner, producing two categories, aerophones and the chordophone-membranophone-idiophone combination. </p><p>André Schaeffner has been president of the French association of musicologists Société française de musicologie (1958–1967).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kurt_Reinhard">Kurt Reinhard</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_instrument_classification&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Kurt Reinhard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1960, German musicologist <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Reinhard_(musicologist)" title="Kurt Reinhard (musicologist)">Kurt Reinhard</a> presented a stylistic taxonomy, as opposed to a morphological one, with two divisions determined by either single or multiple voices playing.<sup id="cite_ref-Kartomi1990_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kartomi1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of these two divisions was subdivided according to pitch changeability (not changeable, freely changeable, and changeable by fixed intervals), and also by tonal continuity (discontinuous (as the marimba and drums) and continuous (the friction instruments (including bowed) and the winds), making 12 categories. He also proposed classification according to whether they had dynamic tonal variability, a characteristic that separates whole eras (e.g., the baroque from the classical) as in the transition from the terraced dynamics of the harpsichord to the crescendo of the piano, grading by degree of absolute loudness, timbral spectra, tunability, and degree of resonance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Steve_Mann">Steve Mann</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_instrument_classification&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Steve Mann"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Mann_(inventor)" title="Steve Mann (inventor)">Steve Mann</a> presented a five-class, physics-based organology elaborating on the classification proposed by Schaeffner.<sup id="cite_ref-Mann2007_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mann2007-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This system is composed of gaiaphones (chordophones, membranophones, and idiophones), <a href="/wiki/Hydraulophone" title="Hydraulophone">hydraulophones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aerophone" title="Aerophone">aerophones</a>, plasmaphones, and quintephones (electrically and optically produced music), the names referring to the five essences, earth, water, wind, fire and the <a href="/wiki/Quintessence_(physics)" title="Quintessence (physics)">quintessence</a>, thus adding three new categories to the Schaeffner taxonomy. </p><p>Elementary organology, also known as physical organology, is a classification scheme based on the elements (i.e. states of matter) in which sound production takes place.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Elementary" refers both to "element" (state of matter) and to something that is fundamental or innate (physical).<sup id="cite_ref-physiphones_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physiphones-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The elementary organology map can be traced to Kartomi, Schaeffner, Yamaguchi, and others,<sup id="cite_ref-physiphones_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physiphones-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as to the Greek and Roman concepts of elementary classification of all objects, not just musical instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-physiphones_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physiphones-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elementary organology categorizes musical instruments by their <a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">classical element</a>: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:1.5em;"> </th> <th>Element</th> <th>State</th> <th>Category</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Earth</td> <td>solids</td> <td>gaiaphones</td> <td>the first category proposed by Andre Schaeffner<sup id="cite_ref-classifications176_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classifications176-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Water</td> <td>liquids</td> <td>hydraulophones</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Air</td> <td>gases</td> <td>aerophones</td> <td>the second category proposed by Andre Schaeffner<sup id="cite_ref-classifications176_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classifications176-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Fire</td> <td>plasmas</td> <td>plasmaphones</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Quintessence/Idea</td> <td>informatics</td> <td>quintephones</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Musical_instrument_classification_by_physics-based_organology.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Musical_instrument_classification_by_physics-based_organology.png/654px-Musical_instrument_classification_by_physics-based_organology.png" decoding="async" width="654" height="505" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Musical_instrument_classification_by_physics-based_organology.png/981px-Musical_instrument_classification_by_physics-based_organology.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Musical_instrument_classification_by_physics-based_organology.png/1308px-Musical_instrument_classification_by_physics-based_organology.png 2x" data-file-width="3267" data-file-height="2524" /></a><figcaption>Musical instrument classification in physics-based organology.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Western_classifications">Other Western classifications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_instrument_classification&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other Western classifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classification_by_tonal_range">Classification by tonal range</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_instrument_classification&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Classification by tonal range"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Musical_instrument_classification" title="Special:EditPage/Musical instrument classification">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Instruments can be classified by their musical range in comparison with other instruments in the same family. These terms are named after <a href="/wiki/Vocal_range" title="Vocal range">singing voice classifications</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sopranissimo" title="Sopranissimo">Higher-than-sopranino</a> instruments: the <a href="/wiki/Garklein" class="mw-redirect" title="Garklein">garklein</a> recorder in C (also known as the <a href="/wiki/Sopranissimo_recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Sopranissimo recorder">sopranissimo recorder</a>, or piccolo recorder), <a href="/wiki/Sopranissimo_saxophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Sopranissimo saxophone">soprillo saxophone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piccolo" title="Piccolo">piccolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopranino_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Sopranino (disambiguation)">Sopranino</a> instruments: <a href="/wiki/Sopranino_recorder" title="Sopranino recorder">sopranino recorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sopranino_saxophone" title="Sopranino saxophone">sopranino saxophone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treble_flute" title="Treble flute">treble flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">Soprano</a> instruments: <a href="/wiki/Western_concert_flute" title="Western concert flute">concert flute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet">clarinet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soprano_recorder" title="Soprano recorder">soprano recorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">trumpet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">oboe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soprano_saxophone" title="Soprano saxophone">soprano saxophone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soprano_sarrusophone" title="Soprano sarrusophone">soprano sarrusophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alto" title="Alto">Alto</a> instruments: <a href="/wiki/Alto_flute" title="Alto flute">alto flute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alto_recorder" title="Alto recorder">alto recorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viola" title="Viola">viola</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_horn" title="French horn">French horn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_horn" title="Natural horn">natural horn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alto_horn" class="mw-redirect" title="Alto horn">alto horn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alto_clarinet" title="Alto clarinet">alto clarinet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alto_saxophone" title="Alto saxophone">alto saxophone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alto_sarrusophone" title="Alto sarrusophone">alto sarrusophone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cor_anglais" title="Cor anglais">English horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">Tenor</a> instruments: <a href="/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone">trombone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euphonium" title="Euphonium">euphonium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenor_violin" title="Tenor violin">tenor violin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flute_d%27amour" class="mw-redirect" title="Flute d'amour">tenor flute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basset_horn" title="Basset horn">basset horn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenor_saxophone" title="Tenor saxophone">tenor saxophone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenor_sarrusophone" title="Tenor sarrusophone">tenor sarrusophone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenoroon" title="Tenoroon">tenoroon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenor_recorder" title="Tenor recorder">tenor recorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bass_flute" title="Bass flute">bass flute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenor_drum" title="Tenor drum">tenor drum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">Baritone</a> instruments: <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baritone_horn" title="Baritone horn">baritone horn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bass_clarinet" title="Bass clarinet">bass clarinet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bassoon" title="Bassoon">bassoon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baritone_saxophone" title="Baritone saxophone">baritone saxophone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baritone_sarrusophone" title="Baritone sarrusophone">baritone sarrusophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bass (instrument)">Bass</a> instruments: <a href="/wiki/Bass_recorder" title="Bass recorder">bass recorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bass_oboe" title="Bass oboe">bass oboe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bass_tuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Bass tuba">bass tuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bass_saxophone" title="Bass saxophone">bass saxophone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bass_sarrusophone" title="Bass sarrusophone">bass sarrusophone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bass_Trombone" class="mw-redirect" title="Bass Trombone">bass trombone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bass_guitar" title="Bass guitar">bass guitar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">bass drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrabass" title="Contrabass">Lower-than-bass</a> instruments: <a href="/wiki/Contrabass_tuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Contrabass tuba">contrabass tuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">double bass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contrabassoon" title="Contrabassoon">contrabassoon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contrabass_clarinet" title="Contrabass clarinet">contrabass clarinet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contrabass_saxophone" title="Contrabass saxophone">contrabass saxophone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contrabass_sarrusophone" title="Contrabass sarrusophone">contrabass sarrusophone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subcontrabass_saxophone" title="Subcontrabass saxophone">subcontrabass saxophone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tubax" title="Tubax">tubax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Octobass" title="Octobass">octobass</a></li></ul> <p>Some instruments fall into more than one category: for example, the cello may be considered either tenor or bass, depending on how its music fits into the ensemble, and the trombone may be <a href="/wiki/Alto" title="Alto">alto</a>, tenor, or bass and the French horn, bass, <a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">baritone</a>, tenor, or alto, depending on which range it is played. In a typical concert band setting, the first alto saxophone covers soprano parts, while the second alto saxophone covers alto parts. </p><p>Many instruments include their range as part of their name: <a href="/wiki/Soprano_saxophone" title="Soprano saxophone">soprano saxophone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alto_saxophone" title="Alto saxophone">alto saxophone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenor_saxophone" title="Tenor saxophone">tenor saxophone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baritone_saxophone" title="Baritone saxophone">baritone saxophone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baritone_horn" title="Baritone horn">baritone horn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alto_flute" title="Alto flute">alto flute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bass_flute" title="Bass flute">bass flute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bass_guitar" title="Bass guitar">bass guitar</a>, etc. Additional adjectives describe instruments above the soprano range or <a href="/wiki/Contrabass" title="Contrabass">below the bass</a>, for example: <a href="/wiki/Sopranino_recorder" title="Sopranino recorder">sopranino recorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sopranino_saxophone" title="Sopranino saxophone">sopranino saxophone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contrabass_recorder" title="Contrabass recorder">contrabass recorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contrabass_clarinet" title="Contrabass clarinet">contrabass clarinet</a>. </p><p>When used in the name of an instrument, these terms are relative, describing the instrument's range in comparison to other instruments of its family and not in comparison to the human voice range or instruments of other families. For example, a bass flute's range is from C<sub>3</sub> to F<span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="music-sharp">♯</span></span><sub>6</sub>, while a bass clarinet plays about one octave lower. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classification_by_function">Classification by function</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_instrument_classification&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Classification by function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Instruments can be categorized according to typical use, such as <a href="/wiki/Signal_instrument" title="Signal instrument">signal instruments</a>, a category that may include instruments in different Hornbostel–Sachs categories such as <a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">trumpets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drum" title="Drum">drums</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gong" title="Gong">gongs</a>. An example based on this criterion is Bonanni (e.g., festive, military, and religious).<sup id="cite_ref-Kartomi1990_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kartomi1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He separately classified them according to geography and era. </p><p>Instruments can be classified according to the role they play in the ensemble. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Horn_section" title="Horn section">horn section</a> in popular music typically includes both <a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">brass instruments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Woodwind_instrument" title="Woodwind instrument">woodwind instruments</a>. The symphony orchestra typically has the strings in the front, the woodwinds in the middle, and the basses, brass, and percussion in the back. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classification_by_geographical_or_ethnic_origin">Classification by geographical or ethnic origin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_instrument_classification&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Classification by geographical or ethnic origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_instruments_(music)" title="List of national instruments (music)">List of national instruments (music)</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jean-Benjamin_de_la_Borde" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Benjamin de la Borde">Jean-Benjamin de la Borde</a> (1780) classified instruments according to ethnicity, his categories being Black, Abyssinian, Chinese, Arabic, Turkish, and Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-Kartomi1990_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kartomi1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_and_South_Asian">West and South Asian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_instrument_classification&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: West and South Asian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indian">Indian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_instrument_classification&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Indian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Musical_instrument_classification" title="Special:EditPage/Musical instrument classification">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An ancient system of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> origin, dating from the 4th or 3rd century BC, in the <a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a>, a theoretical treatise on music and dramaturgy, by <a href="/wiki/Bharata_Muni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharata Muni">Bharata Muni</a>, divides instruments (<i><a href="/wiki/Vadya" title="Vadya">vadya</a></i>) into four main classification groups: instruments where the sound is produced by vibrating strings (<i>tata vadya</i>, "stretched instruments"); instruments where the sound is produced by vibrating columns of air (<i>susira vadya</i>, "hollow instruments"); percussion instruments made of wood or metal (<i>Ghana vadya</i>, "solid instruments"); and percussion instruments with skin heads, or <a href="/wiki/Drum" title="Drum">drums</a> (<i>avanaddha vadya</i>, "covered instruments"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Persian">Persian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_instrument_classification&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Persian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Musical_instrument_classification" title="Special:EditPage/Musical instrument classification">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a>, Persian scholar of the 10th century, distinguished tonal duration. In one of his four schemes, in his two-volume <i><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Musiki_al-Kabir" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitab al-Musiki al-Kabir">Kitab al-Musiki al-Kabir</a></i> (<i>Great Book of Music</i>) he identified five classes, in order of ranking, as follows: the human voice, the bowed strings (the <i>rebab</i>) and winds, plucked strings, percussion, and dance, the first three pointed out as having continuous tone. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sina" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Sina">Ibn Sina</a>, Persian scholar of the 11th century, presented a scheme in his <i>Kitab al-Najat</i> (Book of the Delivery), made the same distinction. He used two classes. In his <i><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Shifa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitab al-Shifa">Kitab al-Shifa</a></i> (Book of Soul Healing), he proposed another taxonomy, of five classes: <a href="/wiki/Fret" title="Fret">fretted</a> instruments; unfretted (open) stringed, <a href="/wiki/Lyres" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyres">lyres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harps" class="mw-redirect" title="Harps">harps</a>; bowed stringed; wind (reeds and some other woodwinds, such as the flute and bagpipe), other wind instruments such as the organ; and the stick-struck santur (a board zither). The distinction between fretted and open was in classic Persian fashion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turkish">Turkish</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_instrument_classification&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Turkish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ottoman encyclopedist <a href="/wiki/Hadji_Khalifa" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadji Khalifa">Hadji Khalifa</a> (17th century) recognized three classes of musical instruments in his <i><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2tip_%C3%87elebi#Names_of_books" title="Kâtip Çelebi">Kashf al-Zunun an Asami al-Kutub wa al-Funun</a></i> (<i>Clarification and Conjecture About the Names of Books and Sciences</i>), a treatise on the origin and construction of instruments. This was exceptional for a <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near Eastern</a> writer, most of whom, like Near Eastern culture traditionally and early <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greeks</a>, ignored the <a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">percussion instruments</a> because it regarded them as primitive.<sup id="cite_ref-Kartomi1990_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kartomi1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_and_South-East_Asian">East and South-East Asian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_instrument_classification&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: East and South-East Asian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chinese">Chinese</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_instrument_classification&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Chinese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_musical_instruments" title="List of Chinese musical instruments">List of Chinese musical instruments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_orchestra" title="Chinese orchestra">Chinese orchestra</a></div> <p>The oldest known scheme of classifying instruments is <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> and may date as far back as the second millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It grouped instruments according to the materials they are made of. Instruments made of <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">stone</a> were in one group, those of <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a> in another, those of <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> are in a third, and those of <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> in a fourth, as recorded in the <i>Yo Chi</i> (record of ritual music and dance), compiled from sources of the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Chou period</a> (9th–5th centuries BC) and corresponding to the four seasons and four winds.<sup id="cite_ref-Kartomi1990_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kartomi1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rowell1992_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowell1992-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The eight-fold system of eight sounds or timbres (八音, bā yīn), from the same source, occurred gradually, and in the legendary <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shun" title="Emperor Shun">Emperor Shun</a>'s time (3rd millennium BC) it is believed to have been presented in the following order: <a href="/wiki/Metallophone" title="Metallophone">metal</a> (金, jīn), <a href="/wiki/Lithophone" title="Lithophone">stone</a> (石, shí), <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">silk</a> (絲, sī), <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_musical_instruments" title="Bamboo musical instruments">bamboo</a> (竹, zhú), <a href="/wiki/Gourd#Uses" title="Gourd">gourd</a> (匏, páo), <a href="/wiki/Xun_(instrument)" title="Xun (instrument)">clay</a> (土, tǔ), <a href="/wiki/Membranophone" title="Membranophone">leather</a> (革, gé), and <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_(instrument)" title="Woodblock (instrument)">wood</a> (木, mù) classes, and it correlated to the eight seasons and eight winds of Chinese culture, autumn and west, autumn-winter and NW, summer and south, spring and east, winter-spring and NE, summer-autumn and SW, winter and north, and spring-summer and SE, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Kartomi1990_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kartomi1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the <a href="/wiki/Chou-Li" class="mw-redirect" title="Chou-Li">Chou-Li</a> (Rites of Chou), an anonymous treatise compiled from earlier sources in about the 2nd century BC, had the following order: metal, stone, clay, leather, silk, wood, gourd, and bamboo. The same order was presented in the <a href="/wiki/Tso_Chuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tso Chuan">Tso Chuan</a> (Commentary of Tso), attributed to <a href="/wiki/Tso_Chiu-Ming" class="mw-redirect" title="Tso Chiu-Ming">Tso Chiu-Ming</a>, probably compiled in the 4th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Kartomi1990_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kartomi1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much later, <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> (14th–17th century) scholar <a href="/wiki/Chu_Tsai_Yu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu Tsai Yu">Chu Tsai Yu</a> recognized three groups: those instruments using muscle power or used for musical accompaniment, those that are blown, and those that are <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythmic</a>, a scheme which was probably the first scholarly attempt, while the earlier ones were traditional, folk <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomy (general)">taxonomies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More usually, instruments are classified according to how the sound is initially produced (regardless of <a href="/wiki/Audio_editing_software" title="Audio editing software">post-processing</a>, i.e., an electric guitar is still a string-instrument regardless of what analog or digital/computational post-processing <a href="/wiki/Effects_pedals" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects pedals">effects pedals</a> may be used with it). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesian">Indonesian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_instrument_classification&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Indonesian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gamelan#Instruments" title="Gamelan">Gamelan § Instruments</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Musical_instrument_classification" title="Special:EditPage/Musical instrument classification">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Classifications done for the Indonesian ensemble, the <a href="/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">gamelan</a>, were done by <a href="/wiki/Jaap_Kunst" title="Jaap Kunst">Jaap Kunst</a> (1949), Martopangrawit, Poerbapangrawit, and Sumarsam (all in 1984).<sup id="cite_ref-Kartomi1990_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kartomi1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kunst described five categories: <a href="/wiki/Balungan" title="Balungan">nuclear theme</a> (<i>cantus firmus</i> in Latin and <i>balungan</i> ("skeletal framework") in Indonesian); <a href="/wiki/Colotomy" title="Colotomy">colotomic</a> (a word invented by Kunst, meaning "interpunctuating"), the gongs; countermelodic; paraphrasing (<i>panerusan</i>), subdivided as close to the nuclear theme and ornamental filling; agogic (tempo-regulating), drums. </p><p>R. Ng. Martopangrawit has two categories, irama (the rhythm instruments) and lagu (the melodic instruments), the former corresponds to Kunst's classes 2 and 5, and the latter to Kunst's 1, 3, and 4. </p><p>Kodrat Poerbapangrawit, similar to Kunst, derives six categories: <i>balungan</i>, the <i>saron</i>, <i>demung</i>, and <i>slenthem</i>; <i>rerenggan</i> (ornamental), the <i>gendèr</i>, <i>gambang</i>, and <i>bonang</i>); <i>wiletan</i> (variable formulaic melodic), <i>rebab</i> and male chorus (<i>gerong</i>); <i>singgetan</i> (interpunctuating); <i>kembang</i> (floral), flute and female voice; jejeging wirama (tempo regulating), drums. </p><p>Sumarsam's scheme comprises </p> <ul><li>an inner melodic group (<i>lagu</i>)(with a wide range), divided as <ul><li>elaborating (<i>rebab, gerong, gendèr</i> (a metallophone), <i>gambang</i> (a xylophone), <i>pesindhen</i> (female voice), <i>celempung</i> (plucked strings), <i>suling</i> (flute));</li> <li>mediating ( between the 1st and 3rd subdivisions (bonang (gong-chimes), saron panerus(a loud metallophone); and</li> <li>abstracting (<i>balungan</i>, "melodic abstraction")( with a 1-octave range), loud and soft metallophones (<i>saron barung, demung</i>, and <i>slenthem</i>);</li></ul></li> <li>an outer circle, the structural group (gongs), which underlines the structure of the work;</li> <li>and occupying the space outside the outer circle, the <i>kendang</i>, a tempo-regulating group (drums).</li></ul> <p>The gamelan is also divided into front, middle, and back, much like the symphony orchestra. </p><p>An orally transmitted Javanese taxonomy has 8 groupings:<sup id="cite_ref-Kartomi1990_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kartomi1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>ricikan dijagur ("instruments beaten with a padded hammer," e.g., suspended gongs);</li> <li>ricikan dithuthuk ("instruments knocked with a hard or semihard hammer," e.g., saron (similar to the glockenspiel) and gong-chimes);</li> <li>ricikan dikebuk ("hand-beaten instruments", e.g., <a href="/wiki/Kendhang" class="mw-redirect" title="Kendhang">kendhang</a> (drum));</li> <li>ricikan dipethik ("plucked instruments");</li> <li>ricikan disendal ("pulled instruments," e.g., <a href="/wiki/Genggong" title="Genggong">genggong</a> (jaw harp with string mechanism));</li> <li>ricikan dikosok ("bowed instruments");</li> <li>ricikan disebul ("blown instruments");</li> <li>ricikan dikocok ("shaken instruments").</li></ul> <p>A Javanese classification transmitted in literary form is as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-Kartomi1990_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kartomi1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>ricikan prunggu/wesi ("instruments made of bronze or iron");</li> <li>ricikan kulit ("leather instruments", drums);</li> <li>ricikan kayu ("wooden instruments");</li> <li>ricikan kawat/tali ("string instruments");</li> <li>ricikan bambu pring ("bamboo instruments", e.g., flutes).</li></ul> <p>This is much like the pa yin. It is suspected of being old but its age is unknown. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a> musicians (of West Sumatra) use the following taxonomy for <i>bunyi-bunyian</i> ("objects that sound"): <i>dipukua</i> ("beaten"), <i>dipupuik</i> ("blown), <i>dipatiek</i> ("plucked"), <i>ditariek</i> ("pulled"), <i>digesek</i> ("bowed"), <i>dipusiang</i> ("swung"). The last one is for the bull-roarer. They also distinguish instruments on the basis of origin because of sociohistorical contacts, and recognize three categories: Mindangkabau (<i>Minangkabau asli</i>), Arabic (<i>asal Arab</i>), and Western (<i>asal Barat</i>), each of these divided up according to the five categories. Classifying musical instruments on the basis sociohistorical factors as well as mode of sound production is common in Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-Kartomi1990_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kartomi1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Batak" title="Batak">Batak</a> of North Sumatra recognize the following classes: beaten (<i>alat pukul</i> or <i>alat palu</i>), blown (<i>alat tiup</i>), bowed (<i>alat gesek</i>), and plucked (<i>alat petik</i>) instruments, but their primary classification is of ensembles.<sup id="cite_ref-Kartomi1990_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kartomi1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philippines">Philippines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_instrument_classification&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_musical_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Philippine musical instruments">List of Philippine musical instruments</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/T%27boli" class="mw-redirect" title="T'boli">T'boli</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> use three categories, grouping the strings (<i>t'duk</i>) with the winds (<i>nawa</i>) together based on a gentleness-strength dichotomy (<i>lemnoy</i>-<i>megel</i>, respectively), regarding the percussion group (<i>tembol</i>) as strong and the winds-strings group as gentle. The division pervades T'boli thought about cosmology, social characters of men and women, and artistic styles.<sup id="cite_ref-Kartomi1990_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kartomi1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African">African</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_instrument_classification&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: African"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="West_African">West African</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_instrument_classification&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: West African"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In West Africa, tribes such as the <a href="/wiki/Dan_people" title="Dan people">Dan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gio_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gio people">Gio</a>, Kpelle, <a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akan_people" title="Akan people">Akan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dogon_people" title="Dogon people">Dogon</a>, use a human-centered system. It derives from 4 myth-based parameters: the musical instrument's nonhuman owner (spirit, mask, sorcerer, or animal), the mode of transmission to the human realm (by gift, exchange, contract, or removal), the making of the instrument by a human (according to instructions from a nonhuman, for instance), and the first human owner. Most instruments are said to have a nonhuman origin, but some are believed invented by humans, e.g., the xylophone and the lamellophone.<sup id="cite_ref-Kartomi1990_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kartomi1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kpelle_people" title="Kpelle people">Kpelle</a> of West Africa distinguish the struck (<i>yàle</i>), including both beaten and plucked, and the blown (<i>fêe</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Kartomi1990_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kartomi1990-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>yàle</i> group is subdivided into five categories: instruments possessing lamellas (the sanzas); those possessing strings; those possessing a membrane (various drums); hollow wooden, iron, or bottle containers; and various rattles and bells. The <a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a>, also of West Africa, classify drummers into those who beat drums and those who beat (pluck) strings (the other four player classes are blowers, singers, acclaimers, and talkers),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_instrument_classification&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_percussion_instruments" title="Classification of percussion instruments">Classification of percussion instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organology" title="Organology">Organology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_instruments" title="List of musical instruments">List of musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_instrument" title="Signal instrument">Signal instrument</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musical_instrument_classification&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kartomi1990-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kartomi1990_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kartomi1990_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kartomi1990_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kartomi1990_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kartomi1990_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kartomi1990_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kartomi1990_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kartomi1990_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kartomi1990_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kartomi1990_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kartomi1990_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kartomi1990_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kartomi1990_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kartomi1990_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kartomi1990_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kartomi1990_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kartomi1990_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kartomi1990_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKartomi1990" class="citation book cs1">Kartomi, Margaret J. (1990-11-01). <i>On Concepts and Classifications of Musical Instruments</i>. Chicago Studies in Ethnomusicology. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Concepts+and+Classifications+of+Musical+Instruments&rft.series=Chicago+Studies+in+Ethnomusicology&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1990-11-01&rft.aulast=Kartomi&rft.aufirst=Margaret+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusical+instrument+classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The History of Musical Instruments</i>, C. Sachs, Norton, New York, 1940</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A New Approach to the Classification of Sound-Producing Instruments, Ethnomusicology, Spring/Summer, 1985, also at mywebspace.wisc.edu</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sfmusicologie.fr/historique">"La SFM en quelques dates: présidée par les musicologue suivants"</a>. <i>sfmusicologie.fr/</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sfmusicologie.fr%2F&rft.atitle=La+SFM+en+quelques+dates%3A+pr%C3%A9sid%C3%A9e+par+les+musicologue+suivants&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsfmusicologie.fr%2Fhistorique&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusical+instrument+classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mann2007-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mann2007_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2007" class="citation conference cs1">Mann, Steve (2007). <i>Natural Interfaces for Musical Expression, Proceedings of the Conference on Interfaces for Musical Expression</i>. New Interfaces for Musical Expression. pp. 118–23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Natural+Interfaces+for+Musical+Expression%2C+Proceedings+of+the+Conference+on+Interfaces+for+Musical+Expression&rft.pages=118-23&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusical+instrument+classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Computer Music Journal Fall 2008, Vol. 32, No. 3, Pages 25–41 Posted Online August 15, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fcomj.2008.32.3.25">10.1162/comj.2008.32.3.25</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments (2 ed.), Oxford University Press, Print <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199743391" title="Special:BookSources/9780199743391">9780199743391</a>, 2016, Edited by Laurence Libin.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-physiphones-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-physiphones_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-physiphones_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-physiphones_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Physiphones, NIME 2007, New York, pp118-123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Computer Music Journal Fall 2008, Vol. 32, No. 3, Pages 25–41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-classifications176-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-classifications176_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-classifications176_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kartomi, page 176, "On Concepts and Classifications of Musical Instruments", by Margaret J. Kartomi, University of Chicago Press, Chicago Studies in Ethnomusicology (CSE), 1990</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHast1999" class="citation book cs1">Hast, Dorothea E. (1999). <i>Exploring the World of Music: An Introduction to Music from a World Music Perspective</i>. Debuque, IA: Kendall Hunt. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0787271543" title="Special:BookSources/0787271543"><bdi>0787271543</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+the+World+of+Music%3A+An+Introduction+to+Music+from+a+World+Music+Perspective&rft.place=Debuque%2C+IA&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Kendall+Hunt&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0787271543&rft.aulast=Hast&rft.aufirst=Dorothea+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusical+instrument+classification" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rowell1992-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rowell1992_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowell1992" class="citation book cs1">Rowell, Lewis Eugene (1992). <i>Three Ancient Conceptions of Musical Sound</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+Ancient+Conceptions+of+Musical+Sound&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Rowell&rft.aufirst=Lewis+Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusical+instrument+classification" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Margaret Kartomi, 2011, Upward and Downward Classifications of Musical Instruments-musicology.ff,cuni.cz)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Stone" title="Ruth Stone">Ruth Stone</a>, "Let the Inside Be Sweet: the interpretation of music among the Kpelle of Liberia", 1982, Indiana U. Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ames and King. Glossary of Hausa Music and its Social Contexts, 1971, Northwestern U. Press.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1. <a href="/wiki/Idiophone" title="Idiophone">Idiophone</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_idiophones_by_Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs_number" title="List of idiophones by Hornbostel–Sachs number">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11. <a href="/wiki/Struck_idiophone" title="Struck idiophone">Struck</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>111. Directly <ul><li>111.1. Concussion</li> <li>111.2. Percussion</li></ul></li> <li>112. Indirectly <ul><li>112.1. Shaken/<a href="/wiki/Rattle_(percussion_instrument)" title="Rattle (percussion instrument)">rattle</a></li> <li>112.2. Scraped/rasp</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12. <a href="/wiki/Lamellophone" title="Lamellophone">Plucked</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>121. Frame <ul><li>121.1. Clack</li> <li>121.2. <a href="/wiki/Jew%27s_harp" title="Jew's harp">Guimbarde</a></li></ul></li> <li>122. Comb <ul><li>122.1. Lace (<a href="/wiki/Mbira" title="Mbira">Mbira</a>)</li> <li>122.2. Cut out</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13. <a href="/wiki/Friction_idiophone" title="Friction idiophone">Friction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>131. Stick <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nail_violin" title="Nail violin">Nail violin</a></li></ul></li> <li>132. Plaque <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_saw" title="Musical saw">Musical saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daxophone" title="Daxophone">Daxophone</a></li></ul></li> <li>133. Vessel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glass_harmonica" title="Glass harmonica">Glass harmonica</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14. <a href="/wiki/Blown_idiophone" title="Blown idiophone">Blown</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>141. Stick</li> <li>142. Plaque</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2. <a href="/wiki/Membranophone" title="Membranophone">Membran-<br />ophone</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_membranophones_by_Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs_number" title="List of membranophones by Hornbostel–Sachs number">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21. Struck</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>211. Directly <ul><li>211.1. <a href="/wiki/Kettle_drum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kettle drum">Bowl</a></li> <li>211.2. <a href="/wiki/Tubular_drum" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubular drum">Tubular</a></li> <li>211.3. <a href="/wiki/Frame_drum" title="Frame drum">Frame</a></li></ul></li> <li>212. Shaken</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">22. Plucked</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyatiti" title="Nyatiti">Nyatiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">23. Friction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>231. Stick</li> <li>232. Cord</li> <li>233. Hand</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">24. Singing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>241. Free</li> <li>242. Tube/vessel</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3.<br /><a href="/wiki/Chordophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordophone">Chordophone</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_chordophones_by_Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs_number" title="List of chordophones by Hornbostel–Sachs number">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">31. Simple<br /> / <a href="/wiki/Zither" title="Zither">zither</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>311. Bar/stick <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_bow" title="Musical bow">Musical bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kse_diev" title="Kse diev">Stick zither</a></li></ul></li> <li>312. <a href="/wiki/Tube_zither" title="Tube zither">Tube</a> <ul><li>Whole</li> <li>Half</li></ul></li> <li>313. <a href="/wiki/Raft_zither" title="Raft zither">Raft</a> <ul><li>Idiochord</li> <li>Heterochord</li></ul></li> <li>314. Board</li> <li>315. <a href="/wiki/Trough_zither" title="Trough zither">Trough</a></li> <li>316. <a href="/wiki/Frame_zither" title="Frame zither">Frame</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">32.<br />Composite</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>321. <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">Lute</a> <ul><li>321.1. <a href="/wiki/Pluriarc" title="Pluriarc">Bow</a></li> <li>321.2. <a href="/wiki/Yoke_lutes" title="Yoke lutes">Yoke</a></li> <li>321.3.Handle</li></ul></li> <li>322. <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">Harp</a> <ul><li>322.1. Open</li> <li>322.2. Frame</li></ul></li> <li>323. <a href="/wiki/Harp_lute" title="Harp lute">Harp lute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4. <a href="/wiki/Aerophone" title="Aerophone">Aerophone</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_aerophones_by_Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs_number" title="List of aerophones by Hornbostel–Sachs number">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">41. Free</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>411. Displacement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whipcracking" title="Whipcracking">Whip</a></li></ul></li> <li>412. Interruptive <ul><li>412.1. Idiophonic/reed <ul><li>412.11. Concussive</li> <li>412.12. Percussive</li> <li>412.13. <a href="/wiki/Free_reed_aerophone" title="Free reed aerophone">Free reed</a></li> <li>412.14. Band/Ribbon</li></ul></li> <li>412.2. Non-idiophonic <ul><li>412.21. Rotating</li> <li>412.21. Whirling</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>413. Plosive</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">42.<br />Non-free</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>421. <a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">Flute</a> <ul><li>421.1. Non-fipple</li> <li>421.2. <a href="/wiki/Fipple" title="Fipple">Fipple</a></li></ul></li> <li>422. <a href="/wiki/Reed_(mouthpiece)" title="Reed (mouthpiece)">Reed</a> <ul><li>422.1. <a href="/wiki/Double_reed" title="Double reed">Double reed</a></li> <li>422.2. <a href="/wiki/Single-reed_instrument" title="Single-reed instrument">Single reed</a></li> <li>422.3. <a href="/wiki/Reed_aerophone" title="Reed aerophone">Reedpipe</a></li></ul></li> <li>423. <a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">Brass</a> <ul><li>423.1 <a href="/wiki/Natural_trumpet" title="Natural trumpet">Natural</a></li> <li>423.2 <a href="/wiki/Chromatic_trumpet" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromatic trumpet">Chromatic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5.<br /><a href="/wiki/Electrophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrophone">Electrophone</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_electrophones_by_Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs_number" title="List of electrophones by Hornbostel–Sachs number">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>51. <a href="/wiki/Tracker_action" title="Tracker action">Action</a></li> <li>52. <a href="/wiki/Instrument_amplifier" title="Instrument amplifier">Amplification</a></li> <li>53. Radioelectric <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theremin" title="Theremin">Theremin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_musical_instruments_by_Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs_number" title="List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number">List of musical instruments by Hornbostel–Sachs number</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Musical instrument classification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Elementary_organology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Elementary_organology" title="Template:Elementary organology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Elementary_organology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Elementary organology (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Elementary_organology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Elementary organology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Elementary_organology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Steve_Mann">Elementary organology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerophone" title="Aerophone">Aerophone</a></li> <li>Gaiaphone <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chordophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordophone">Chordophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiophone" title="Idiophone">Idiophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membranophone" title="Membranophone">Membranophone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulophone" title="Hydraulophone">Hydraulophone</a></li> <li>Plasmaphone</li> <li>Quintephone</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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