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Abu Hanifa Dinawari - Wikipedia

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Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%AD%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="أبو حنيفة الدينوري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبو حنيفة الدينوري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Din%C9%99v%C9%99ri" title="Dinəvəri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dinəvəri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad-Dinawar%C3%AD" title="Ad-Dinawarí – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ad-Dinawarí" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad-D%C4%ABnawar%C4%AB" title="Ad-Dīnawarī – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ad-Dīnawarī" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_%E1%B8%A4an%C4%ABfa_D%C4%ABnawar%C4%AB" title="Abū Ḥanīfa Dīnawarī – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Abū Ḥanīfa Dīnawarī" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hanifa_al-Dina%C5%ADari" title="Abu Hanifa al-Dinaŭari – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Abu Hanifa al-Dinaŭari" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%87_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ابوحنیفه دینوری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ابوحنیفه دینوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Dinawari" title="Al-Dinawari – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Al-Dinawari" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D6%86%D5%A1_%D4%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB" title="Աբու Հանիֆա Դինավարի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աբու Հանիֆա Դինավարի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="अबू हनीफा दीनावरी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अबू हनीफा दीनावरी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hanifa_Dinavari" title="Abu Hanifa Dinavari – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Abu Hanifa Dinavari" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hanifa_al-Dinawari" title="Abu Hanifa al-Dinawari – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Abu Hanifa al-Dinawari" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AEnewer%C3%AE" title="Dînewerî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dînewerî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="აბუ ჰანიფა დინავარი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="აბუ ჰანიფა დინავარი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%AD%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%89" title="ابو حنيفه الدينورى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ابو حنيفه الدينورى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%96%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC" title="アブー・ハニーファ・ディーナワリー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アブー・ハニーファ・ディーナワリー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hanifa_Dinavariy_Ahmad_ibn_Dovud" title="Abu Hanifa Dinavariy Ahmad ibn Dovud – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Abu Hanifa Dinavariy Ahmad ibn Dovud" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%81%DB%81_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ابوحنیفہ دینوری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ابوحنیفہ دینوری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hanifa_de_Dinavar" title="Abu Hanifa de Dinavar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Abu Hanifa de Dinavar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B4-%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Абу Ханифа ад-Динавари – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Абу Ханифа ад-Динавари" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="احمد بن داود الدینوری – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="احمد بن داود الدینوری" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88_%D8%AD%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="ابو حنيفه دينوري – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ابو حنيفه دينوري" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AD%DB%95%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%81%DB%95_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ئەبووحەنیفە دینەوەری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەبووحەنیفە دینەوەری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Hanifa_Dinavari" title="Abu Hanifa Dinavari – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Abu Hanifa Dinavari" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad-Dinawari" title="Ad-Dinawari – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ad-Dinawari" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%B1%D2%AF_%D0%A5%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%84%D3%99_%D3%99%D0%B4-%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D3%99%D0%B2%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Әбү Хәнифә әд-Динәвәри – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Әбү Хәнифә әд-Динәвәри" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%83%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Абуҳанифаи Динаварӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Абуҳанифаи Динаварӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AEnever%C3%AE" title="Dîneverî – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dîneverî" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%B4-%D0%94%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Абу Ханіфа Ад-Дінавері – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Абу Ханіфа Ад-Дінавері" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%81%DB%81_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ابوحنیفہ دینوری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ابوحنیفہ دینوری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dineweri" title="Dineweri – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Dineweri" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ab%C5%AB_%E1%B8%A4an%C4%ABfa_D%C4%ABnawar%C4%AB&amp;redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Ḥanīfa Dīnawarī">Abū Ḥanīfa Dīnawarī</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Persian Islamic polymath (died 895)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Dinawari" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Dinawari_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Dinawari (disambiguation)">Dinawari (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background: #9BE89B; color: #000000;"><div class="fn">Abu Hanifa Dinawari</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #9BE89B; color: #000000;">Personal</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Early 9th-century<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dinawar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinawar">Dinawar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jibal" title="Jibal">Jibal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">895<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><span class="nowrap">Dinawar, Jibal, Abbasid Caliphate</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Main interest(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><small><a href="/wiki/Botanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanist">botanist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geographer" title="Geographer">geographer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a> </small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Scholarly_method" title="Scholarly method">scholar</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Abū Ḥanīfa Aḥmad ibn Dāwūd Dīnawarī</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ابوحنيفه دينوری</span>; died 895) was an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a> polymath: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic astronomy">astronomer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Agricultural_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Agricultural Revolution">agriculturist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanist">botanist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metallurgist" class="mw-redirect" title="Metallurgist">metallurgist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_geography" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic geography">geographer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic mathematics">mathematician</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Hanifa_Dinawari&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Of <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a> stock,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dinawari was born in the (now ruined) town of <a href="/wiki/Dinavar" title="Dinavar">Dinawar</a> in modern-day western <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. It had some importance due to its geographical location, serving as the entrance to the region of <a href="/wiki/Jibal" title="Jibal">Jibal</a> as well as a crossroad between the culture of Iran and that of the inhabitants on the other side of the <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a>. The birth date of Dinawari is uncertain; it is likely that he was born during the first or second decade of the 9th-century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPezeshkKhaleeli2017_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPezeshkKhaleeli2017-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He was instructed in the two main traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid-era</a> <a href="/wiki/Grammarians_of_Basra" title="Grammarians of Basra">grammarians of al-Baṣrah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammarians_of_Kufa" title="Grammarians of Kufa">of al-Kūfah</a>. His principal teachers were <a href="/wiki/Yaqub_Ibn_as-Sikkit" title="Yaqub Ibn as-Sikkit">Ibn al-Sikkīt</a> and his own father.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He studied <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic" title="Arithmetic">arithmetic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> and was known to be a reliable traditionalist.<sup id="cite_ref-Al-F_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-F-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> His most renowned contribution is the <i>Book of Plants</i>, for which he is considered the founder of Arabic <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fahd-815_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fahd-815-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dinawari's <i>Kitāb al-akhbār al-ṭiwāl (General History)</i>, written from a Persian point of view,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> is possibly the earliest apparent effort to combine Iranian and Islamic history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart201161_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart201161-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> While historians such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">al-Tabari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bal%27ami" class="mw-redirect" title="Bal&#39;ami">Bal'ami</a> devoted the introduction of their work to long discourses on the duration of the world, Dinawari attempted to establish the importance of <i>Iranshahr</i> ("land of Iran") as the centre of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart201161–62_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart201161–62-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In his work, Dinawari notably devoted much less space to the Islamic prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> compared to that of Iran. Regardless, Dinawari was a devoted Muslim, as indicated by his commentary on the Qur'an. He concluded the history with the suppression of <a href="/wiki/Babak_Khorramdin" title="Babak Khorramdin">Babak Khorramdin</a>'s rebellion in 837, and the subsequent execution of the Iranian general <a href="/wiki/Khaydhar_ibn_Kawus_al-Afshin" title="Khaydhar ibn Kawus al-Afshin">Khaydhar ibn Kawus al-Afshin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart201162_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart201162-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides having access to early Arabic sources, Dinawari also made use of Persian sources, including pre-Islamic epic romances. Fully acquainted with the Persian language, Dinawari occasionally inserted phrases from the language into his work.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dinawari's <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_successor" title="Spiritual successor">spiritual successor</a> was <a href="/wiki/Hamza_al-Isfahani" title="Hamza al-Isfahani">Hamza al-Isfahani</a> (died after 961).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart201162_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart201162-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Hanifa_Dinawari&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tenth century <a href="/wiki/Biographical_dictionary" title="Biographical dictionary">biographical encyclopaedia</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Fihrist" title="Al-Fihrist">al-Fihrist</a></i> written by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nadim" title="Ibn al-Nadim">Al-Nadim</a>, lists sixteen book titles by Dinawari:<sup id="cite_ref-Al-F_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-F-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathematics_and_natural_sciences">Mathematics and natural sciences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Hanifa_Dinawari&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Mathematics and natural sciences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><i>Kitâb al-kusuf</i> ("Book of Solar <a href="/wiki/Eclipse" title="Eclipse">Eclipses</a>")<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>n 2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Kitāb an-nabāt yufadiluh al-‘ulamā' fī ta’līfih</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كتاب النبات يفضله العلماء في تأليفه</span></span>), ‘<a href="/wiki/Plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Plants">Plants</a>, valued by scholars for its composition'</li> <li><i>Kitāb Al-Anwā</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كتاب الانواء</span></span>) 'Tempest' (weather)</li> <li><i>Kitāb Al-qiblah wa'z-zawāl</i><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>n 3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كتاب القبلة والزوال</span></span>) "Book of Astral Orientations"</li> <li><i>Kitāb ḥisāb ad-dūr</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كتاب حساب الدور</span></span>), "Arithmetic/Calculation of Cycles"</li> <li><i>Kitāb ar-rud ‘alā raṣd al-Iṣbhānī</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كتاب الردّ على رصدٌ الاصفهانى</span></span>) Refutation of Lughdah al-Iṣbhānī<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>n 4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Kitāb al-baḥth fī ḥusā al-Hind</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كتاب البحث في حسا الهند</span></span>), "Analysis of Indian Arithmetic"</li> <li><i>Kitāb al-jam’ wa'l-tafrīq</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كتاب الجمع والتفريق</span></span>); "Book of Arithmetic/Summation and Differentiation"</li> <li><i>Kitāb al-jabr wa-l-muqabila</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كتاب الجبر والمقابلة</span></span>), "<a href="/wiki/Algebra" title="Algebra">Algebra</a> and Equation"</li> <li><i>Kitāb nuwādr al-jabr</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كتاب نوادرالجبر</span></span>), "Rare Forms of Algebra"</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_sciences_and_humanities">Social sciences and humanities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Hanifa_Dinawari&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Social sciences and humanities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><i>Ansâb al-Akrâd</i> ("Ancestry of the <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>n 5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Kitāb Kabīr</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كتاب كبير</span></span>) "Great Book" [in history of sciences]</li> <li><i>Kitāb al-faṣāha</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كتاب الفصاحة</span></span>), "Book of Rhetoric"</li> <li><i>Kitāb al-buldān</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كتاب البلدان</span></span>), "Book of Cities (Regions) (<a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a>)"</li> <li><i>Kitāb ash-sh’ir wa-shu’arā’</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كتاب الشعر والشعراء</span></span>), "<a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a> and the Poets"</li> <li><i>Kitāb al-Waṣāyā</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كتاب الوصايا</span></span>), Commandments (wills);</li> <li><i>Kitāb ma yulahan fīh al’āmma</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كتاب ما يلحن فيه العامّة</span></span>), How the Populace Errs in Speaking;</li> <li><i>Islâh al-mantiq</i> ("Improvement of Speech")<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>n 6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Kitāb al-akhbār al-ṭiwāl</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كتاب الاخبار الطوال</span></span>), "General History" <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>n 7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadim_(al-)1970172I_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadim_(al-)1970172I-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Editions_&amp;_translations"><span id="Editions_.26_translations"></span>Editions &amp; translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Hanifa_Dinawari&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Editions &amp; translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dinawari's <i>General History</i> (Al-Akhbar al-Tiwal) has been edited and published numerous times (Vladimir Guirgass, 1888; Muhammad Sa'id Rafi'i, 1911; <a href="/wiki/Ignaty_Krachkovsky" title="Ignaty Krachkovsky">Ignace Krachkovsky</a>, 1912;<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 'Abd al-Munim 'Amir &amp; Jamal al-din Shayyal, 1960; Isam Muhammad al-Hajj 'Ali, 2001), but has not been translated in its entirety into a European language. Jackson Bonner has recently prepared an English translation of the pre-Islamic passages of al-Akhbar al-Tiwal.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Book_of_Plants"><i>Book of Plants</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Hanifa_Dinawari&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Book of Plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Al-Dinawari is considered the founder of Arabic botany for his <i>Kitab al-Nabat</i> (<i>Book of Plants</i>), which consisted of six volumes. Only the third and fifth volumes have survived, though the sixth volume has partly been reconstructed based on citations from later works. In the surviving portions of his works, 637 plants are described from the letters <i>sin</i> to <i>ya</i>. He describes the phases of <a href="/wiki/Plant_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant growth">plant growth</a> and the production of flowers and fruit.<sup id="cite_ref-Fahd-815_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fahd-815-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first part of the <i>Book of Plants</i> describes astronomical and meteorological concepts as they relate to plants, including the <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">constellations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">sun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">moon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_phase" title="Lunar phase">lunar phases</a> indicating <a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">seasons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">rain</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">anwa</a></i>, and atmospheric phenomena such as winds, thunder, lightning, snow, and floods. The book also describes different types of ground, indicating which types are more convenient for plants and the qualities and properties of good ground.<sup id="cite_ref-Fahd-815_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fahd-815-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-Dinawari quoted from other early Muslim botanical works that are now lost, such as those of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Shaybani" title="Muhammad al-Shaybani">al-Shaybani</a>, Ibn al-Arabi, al-Bahili, and <a href="/wiki/Yaqub_Ibn_as-Sikkit" title="Yaqub Ibn as-Sikkit">Ibn as-Sikkit</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Hanifa_Dinawari&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Persian_scientists_and_scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Persian scientists and scholars">List of Persian scientists and scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Agricultural_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Agricultural Revolution">Muslim Agricultural Revolution</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Hanifa_Dinawari&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Leberecht_Fl%C3%BCgel" title="Gustav Leberecht Flügel">Flügel</a> translates the al-Fihrist as “son" but the <a href="/wiki/Chester_Beatty_Library" title="Chester Beatty Library">Beatty</a> MS has “father”.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Omitted in al-Fihrist</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Al-qiblah</i> the direction faced in prayer; here perhaps with astronomical meaning. <i>Al-zawāl</i> "sunset", perhaps also the sun’s absence. See “Kibla,” Enc. Islam, II, 985–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Leberecht_Fl%C3%BCgel" title="Gustav Leberecht Flügel">Flügel</a> after <a href="/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi" title="Yaqut al-Hamawi">Yāqūt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irsh%C4%81d_al-Ar%C4%ABb_il%C4%81_Ma%E2%80%99rifat_al-Ad%C4%ABb" class="mw-redirect" title="Irshād al-Arīb ilā Ma’rifat al-Adīb">Irshād</a>, VI (1), 127 n.2, has <i>raṣd</i>, “observation" (<a href="/wiki/Astronomical" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical">Astronomical</a>), but in the <a href="/wiki/Chester_Beatty_Library" title="Chester Beatty Library">Beatty</a> MS “Lughdah” is probably correct. Abū ‘Alī al-Ḥasan al-Iṣbahānī was called "Lughdah".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadim_(al-)19701015II_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadim_(al-)19701015II-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Omitted in al-Fihrist</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Omitted in al-Fihrist</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bayard_Dodge" title="Bayard Dodge">Dodge</a> has "Legends in the <i>Ṭiwāl</i> Meter". Title omitted in Beatty MS. <i>Ṭiwāl</i> i.e. “long”.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadim_(al-)1970981II_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENadim_(al-)1970981II-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECahen2006198_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECahen2006198-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavaran2010160_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavaran2010160-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Hanifa_Dinawari&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPellat" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Charles</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dinavari-abu-hanifa-ahmad">"DĪNAVARĪ, ABŪ ḤANĪFA AḤMAD"</a>. ENCYCLOPÆDIA IRANICA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=D%C4%AANAVAR%C4%AA%2C+AB%C5%AA+%E1%B8%A4AN%C4%AAFA+A%E1%B8%A4MAD&amp;rft.pub=ENCYCLOP%C3%86DIA+IRANICA&amp;rft.aulast=Pellat&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fdinavari-abu-hanifa-ahmad&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbu+Hanifa+Dinawari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2018" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Nicola (2018). "al-Dinawari". In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity</i>. Oxford University Press. p.&#160;484. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0192562463" title="Special:BookSources/978-0192562463"><bdi>978-0192562463</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=al-Dinawari&amp;rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Late+Antiquity&amp;rft.pages=484&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft.isbn=978-0192562463&amp;rft.aulast=Clarke&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicola&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbu+Hanifa+Dinawari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadim_(al-)1970981II-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadim_(al-)1970981II_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadim_(al-)1970">Nadim (al-) 1970</a>, p.&#160;981, II.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECahen2006198-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECahen2006198_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCahen2006">Cahen 2006</a>, p.&#160;198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPellat" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Charles</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dinavari-abu-hanifa-ahmad">"DĪNAVARĪ, ABŪ ḤANĪFA AḤMAD"</a>. ENCYCLOPÆDIA IRANICA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=D%C4%AANAVAR%C4%AA%2C+AB%C5%AA+%E1%B8%A4AN%C4%AAFA+A%E1%B8%A4MAD&amp;rft.pub=ENCYCLOP%C3%86DIA+IRANICA&amp;rft.aulast=Pellat&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fdinavari-abu-hanifa-ahmad&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbu+Hanifa+Dinawari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCahen2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Cahen" title="Claude Cahen">Cahen, Claude</a> (2006). Young, M.J.L.; Latham, J.D.; Serjeant, R.B. (eds.). <i>Religion, learning, and science in the ʻAbbasid period</i> (1. publ.&#160;ed.). Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p.&#160;198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521028875" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521028875"><bdi>978-0521028875</bdi></a>. <q>Abu Hanlfah al-DInawarl was a Persian of liberal outlook, who took an interest in botany among other sciences.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Religion%2C+learning%2C+and+science+in+the+%CA%BBAbbasid+period&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pages=198&amp;rft.edition=1.+publ.&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=978-0521028875&amp;rft.aulast=Cahen&amp;rft.aufirst=Claude&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbu+Hanifa+Dinawari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2018" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Nicola (2018). "al-Dinawari". In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity</i>. Oxford University Press. p.&#160;484. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0192562463" title="Special:BookSources/978-0192562463"><bdi>978-0192562463</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=al-Dinawari&amp;rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Late+Antiquity&amp;rft.pages=484&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft.isbn=978-0192562463&amp;rft.aulast=Clarke&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicola&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbu+Hanifa+Dinawari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrill_Publishers2014" class="citation book cs1">Brill Publishers (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G-FTBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA207"><i>Iran in the Early Islamic Period: Politics, Culture, Administration and Public Life between the Arab and the Seljuk Conquests, 633-1055</i></a>. Bertold Spuler. p.&#160;225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004282094" title="Special:BookSources/9789004282094"><bdi>9789004282094</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Iran+in+the+Early+Islamic+Period%3A+Politics%2C+Culture%2C+Administration+and+Public+Life+between+the+Arab+and+the+Seljuk+Conquests%2C+633-1055&amp;rft.pages=225&amp;rft.pub=Bertold+Spuler&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.isbn=9789004282094&amp;rft.au=Brill+Publishers&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG-FTBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA207&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbu+Hanifa+Dinawari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito1999" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, John L. (1999). <i>The Oxford History of Islam</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. p.&#160;211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195107999" title="Special:BookSources/9780195107999"><bdi>9780195107999</bdi></a>. <q>At the same time, these treatises were being translated, the Persian botanist Abu Hanifa al-Dinawari (ca. 815-95) was compiling his botanical lexicon Kitab al-Nabat (The book of plants), which represented the culmination of a tradition in which autonomous botanical writings were part of the sciences of the Arabic language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Islam&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pages=211&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.isbn=9780195107999&amp;rft.aulast=Esposito&amp;rft.aufirst=John+L.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbu+Hanifa+Dinawari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavaran2010160-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavaran2010160_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavaran2010">Davaran 2010</a>, p.&#160;160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPezeshkKhaleeli2017-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPezeshkKhaleeli2017_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPezeshkKhaleeli2017">Pezeshk &amp; Khaleeli 2017</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFPezeshkKhaleeli2017 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al-F-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Al-F_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Al-F_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNadim_(al-)1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nadim" title="Ibn al-Nadim">Nadim (al-), Abū al-Faraj M. i. Isḥāq</a> (1970). <a href="/wiki/Bayard_Dodge" title="Bayard Dodge">Dodge</a>, Bayard (ed.). <i>Al-Fihrist</i>. New York &amp; London: Columbia University Press. p.&#160;172.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Al-Fihrist&amp;rft.place=New+York+%26+London&amp;rft.pages=172&amp;rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1970&amp;rft.aulast=Nadim+%28al-%29&amp;rft.aufirst=Ab%C5%AB+al-Faraj+M.+i.+Is%E1%B8%A5%C4%81q&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbu+Hanifa+Dinawari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fahd-815-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fahd-815_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fahd-815_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fahd-815_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFahd" class="citation cs2">Fahd, Toufic, <i>Botany and agriculture</i>, p.&#160;815</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Botany+and+agriculture&amp;rft.pages=815&amp;rft.aulast=Fahd&amp;rft.aufirst=Toufic&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbu+Hanifa+Dinawari" class="Z3988"></span>, in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorelonRashed1996" class="citation cs2">Morelon, Régis; Rashed, Roshdi (1996), <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_History_of_Arabic_Science" title="Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science"><i>Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science</i></a>, vol.&#160;3, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, pp.&#160;813–852, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12410-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12410-2"><bdi>978-0-415-12410-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+History+of+Arabic+Science&amp;rft.pages=813-852&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-415-12410-2&amp;rft.aulast=Morelon&amp;rft.aufirst=R%C3%A9gis&amp;rft.au=Rashed%2C+Roshdi&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbu+Hanifa+Dinawari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPellat" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Charles</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dinavari-abu-hanifa-ahmad">"DĪNAVARĪ, ABŪ ḤANĪFA AḤMAD"</a>. ENCYCLOPÆDIA IRANICA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=D%C4%AANAVAR%C4%AA%2C+AB%C5%AA+%E1%B8%A4AN%C4%AAFA+A%E1%B8%A4MAD&amp;rft.pub=ENCYCLOP%C3%86DIA+IRANICA&amp;rft.aulast=Pellat&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fdinavari-abu-hanifa-ahmad&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbu+Hanifa+Dinawari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart201161-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart201161_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerzigStewart2011">Herzig &amp; Stewart 2011</a>, p.&#160;61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart201161–62-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart201161–62_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerzigStewart2011">Herzig &amp; Stewart 2011</a>, pp.&#160;61–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart201162-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart201162_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzigStewart201162_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerzigStewart2011">Herzig &amp; Stewart 2011</a>, p.&#160;62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth" class="citation web cs1">Bosworth, C. E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/akbar-al-tewal-ketab-al">"AḴBĀR AL-ṬEWĀL, KETĀB AL-"</a>. ENCYCLOPÆDIA IRANICA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=A%E1%B8%B4B%C4%80R+AL-%E1%B9%ACEW%C4%80L%2C+KET%C4%80B+AL-&amp;rft.pub=ENCYCLOP%C3%86DIA+IRANICA&amp;rft.aulast=Bosworth&amp;rft.aufirst=C.+E.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fakbar-al-tewal-ketab-al&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbu+Hanifa+Dinawari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadim_(al-)19701015II-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadim_(al-)19701015II_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadim_(al-)1970">Nadim (al-) 1970</a>, p.&#160;1015, II.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENadim_(al-)1970172I-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENadim_(al-)1970172I_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNadim_(al-)1970">Nadim (al-) 1970</a>, p.&#160;172, I.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinawari_(al-)1912" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dinawari (al-) (1912). <a href="/wiki/Ignaty_Krachkovsky" title="Ignaty Krachkovsky">Krachkovsky</a>, Ignace (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/abhanfaaddnawerk00krac/page/n6"><i>Kitāb al-Aḥbār aṭ-Ṭiwāl</i></a> (in Arabic and French). <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">E. J. Brill</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Kit%C4%81b+al-A%E1%B8%A5b%C4%81r+a%E1%B9%AD-%E1%B9%ACiw%C4%81l&amp;rft.place=Leiden&amp;rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&amp;rft.date=1912&amp;rft.au=Dinawari+%28al-%29&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fabhanfaaddnawerk00krac%2Fpage%2Fn6&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbu+Hanifa+Dinawari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181111002130/http://www.mrjb.ca/current-projects/abu-hanifah-ahmad-ibn-dawud-al-dinawari">"Abu Hanifa Ahmad ibn Dawud ibn Wanand al-Dinawari (A.D. 828–895) – Michael Richard Jackson Bonner"</a>. www.mrjb.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mrjb.ca/current-projects/abu-hanifah-ahmad-ibn-dawud-al-dinawari">the original</a> on 2018-11-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Abu+Hanifa+Ahmad+ibn+Dawud+ibn+Wanand+al-Dinawari+%28A.D.+828%E2%80%93895%29+%E2%80%93+Michael+Richard+Jackson+Bonner&amp;rft.pub=www.mrjb.ca&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mrjb.ca%2Fcurrent-projects%2Fabu-hanifah-ahmad-ibn-dawud-al-dinawari&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbu+Hanifa+Dinawari" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Hanifa_Dinawari&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavaran2010" class="citation book cs1">Davaran, Fereshteh (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qwd5AgAAQBAJ"><i>Continuity in Iranian Identity: Resilience of a Cultural Heritage</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138780149" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138780149"><bdi>978-1138780149</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Continuity+in+Iranian+Identity%3A+Resilience+of+a+Cultural+Heritage&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=978-1138780149&amp;rft.aulast=Davaran&amp;rft.aufirst=Fereshteh&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqwd5AgAAQBAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbu+Hanifa+Dinawari" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson2018" class="citation book cs1">Nicholson, Oliver (2018). <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Late+Antiquity&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft.aulast=Nicholson&amp;rft.aufirst=Oliver&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbu+Hanifa+Dinawari" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerzigStewart2011" class="citation book cs1">Herzig, Edmund; Stewart, Sarah (2011). <i>Early Islamic Iran</i>. I. B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780760612" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780760612"><bdi>978-1780760612</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Early+Islamic+Iran&amp;rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.isbn=978-1780760612&amp;rft.aulast=Herzig&amp;rft.aufirst=Edmund&amp;rft.au=Stewart%2C+Sarah&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbu+Hanifa+Dinawari" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPezeshkKhaleeli2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pezeshk, Manouchehr; Khaleeli, Alexander (2017). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-islamica/al-dinawari-abu-hanifa-COM_036012">"al-Dīnawarī, Abū Ḥanīfa"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung" title="Wilferd Madelung">Madelung, Wilferd</a>; <a href="/wiki/Farhad_Daftary" title="Farhad Daftary">Daftary, Farhad</a> (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia Islamica Online</i>. Brill Online. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1875-9831">1875-9831</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=al-D%C4%ABnawar%C4%AB%2C+Ab%C5%AB+%E1%B8%A4an%C4%ABfa&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Islamica+Online&amp;rft.pub=Brill+Online&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.issn=1875-9831&amp;rft.aulast=Pezeshk&amp;rft.aufirst=Manouchehr&amp;rft.au=Khaleeli%2C+Alexander&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-islamica%2Fal-dinawari-abu-hanifa-COM_036012&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbu+Hanifa+Dinawari" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Hanifa_Dinawari&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9030488">Dinawari at Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121075623/http://wattlesoft.com/books/viewbook/The_Book_of_plants_of_Abu_Hanifa_ad_Dinawari%3B-B0006AVA0I.html">The Book of plants of Abu Hanifa ad-Dinawari</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mrjb.ca/current-projects/abu-hanifah-ahmad-ibn-dawud-al-dinawari">Translation of the Pre-Islamic Portion of al-Akhbar al-Tiwal by Jackson Bonner</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181111002130/http://www.mrjb.ca/current-projects/abu-hanifah-ahmad-ibn-dawud-al-dinawari">Archived</a> 2018-11-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_geography" title="Template:Islamic geography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_geography" title="Template talk:Islamic geography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_geography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic geography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world">Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geographers_of_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Category:Geographers of the medieval Islamic world">Geographers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khwarizmi" title="Al-Khwarizmi">Al-Khwarizmi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abu Hanifa Dinawari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27qubi" title="Ya&#39;qubi">Ya'qubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_al-Tajir" title="Sulaiman al-Tajir">Sulaiman al-Tajir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khordadbeh" title="Ibn Khordadbeh">Ibn Khordadbeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Rustah" title="Ahmad ibn Rustah">Ahmad ibn Rustah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Fadlan" title="Ahmad ibn Fadlan">Ahmad ibn Fadlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Zayd_al-Balkhi" title="Abu Zayd al-Balkhi">Abu Zayd al-Balkhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muhammad_al-Hasan_al-Hamdani" title="Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdani">Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masudi" title="Al-Masudi">Al-Masudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istakhri" title="Istakhri">Istakhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khashkhash_Ibn_Saeed_Ibn_Aswad" title="Khashkhash Ibn Saeed Ibn Aswad">Khashkhash Ibn Saeed Ibn Aswad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hawqal" title="Ibn Hawqal">Ibn Hawqal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Faqih" title="Ibn al-Faqih">Ibn al-Faqih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqaddasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Muqaddasi">Al-Muqaddasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ramhormuzi" title="Al-Ramhormuzi">Al-Ramhormuzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qudama_ibn_Ja%27far" title="Qudama ibn Ja&#39;far">Qudama ibn Ja'far</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Al-Biruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sa%CA%BF%C4%ABd_Gard%C4%93z%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Saʿīd Gardēzī">Abu Saʿīd Gardēzī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bakri" title="Al-Bakri">Al-Bakri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_al-Kashgari" title="Mahmud al-Kashgari">Mahmud al-Kashgari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domiyat" title="Domiyat">Domiyat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abi_Bakr_al-Zuhri" title="Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al-Zuhri">al-Zuhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Idrisi" title="Muhammad al-Idrisi">Muhammad al-Idrisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l_Abbas_al-Hijazi" title="Abu&#39;l Abbas al-Hijazi">Abu'l Abbas al-Hijazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Jubayr" title="Ibn Jubayr">Ibn Jubayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Shirazi" title="Saadi Shirazi">Saadi Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi" title="Yaqut al-Hamawi">Yaqut al-Hamawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Said_al-Maghribi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Said al-Maghribi">Ibn Said al-Maghribi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nafis" title="Ibn al-Nafis">Ibn al-Nafis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Mujawir" title="Ibn al-Mujawir">Ibn al-Mujawir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dimashqi_(geographer)" title="Al-Dimashqi (geographer)">Al-Dimashqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fida" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu&#39;l-Fida">Abu'l-Fida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Wardi" title="Ibn al-Wardi">Ibn al-Wardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdallah_Mustawfi" title="Hamdallah Mustawfi">Hamdallah Mustawfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Nu" title="Lin Nu">Lin Nu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abd-al-Razz%C4%81q_Samarqand%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd-al-Razzāq Samarqandī">Abd-al-Razzāq Samarqandī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghiy%C4%81th_al-d%C4%ABn_Naqq%C4%81sh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh">Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_M%C4%81jid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad ibn Mājid">Ahmad ibn Mājid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Huan" title="Ma Huan">Ma Huan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fei_Xin" title="Fei Xin">Fei Xin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_Al_Mahri" title="Sulaiman Al Mahri">Sulaiman Al Mahri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis">Piri Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Ahmed_Nasrallah_Thattvi" title="Mir Ahmed Nasrallah Thattvi">Mir Ahmed Nasrallah Thattvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C4%ABn_R%C4%81z%C4%AB" title="Amīn Rāzī">Amīn Rāzī</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evliya_%C3%87elebi" title="Evliya Çelebi">Evliya Çelebi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geographical_works_of_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Category:Geographical works of the medieval Islamic world">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Roads_and_Kingdoms_(al-Bakr%C4%AB)" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Roads and Kingdoms (al-Bakrī)"><i>Book of Roads and Kingdoms</i> (al-Bakrī)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Roads_and_Kingdoms_(ibn_Khordadbeh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Roads and Kingdoms (ibn Khordadbeh)"><i>Book of Roads and Kingdoms</i> (ibn Khordadbeh)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tabula_Rogeriana" title="Tabula Rogeriana">Tabula Rogeriana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Rawd_al-Mitar" title="Kitab al-Rawd al-Mitar">Kitab al-Rawd al-Mitar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mu%27jam_Al-Buldan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu&#39;jam Al-Buldan">Mu'jam Al-Buldan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rihla" title="Rihla">Rihla</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Meadows_of_Gold" title="The Meadows of Gold">The Meadows of Gold</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piri_Reis_map" title="Piri Reis map">Piri Reis map</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kitab_al-Kharaj&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kitab al-Kharaj (page does not exist)">Kitab al-Kharaj</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)"><i>Geography</i> (Ptolemy)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Astronomy_in_medieval_Islam" title="Template:Astronomy in medieval Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Astronomy_in_medieval_Islam" title="Template talk:Astronomy in medieval Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Astronomy_in_medieval_Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Astronomy in medieval Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Astronomers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_astronomers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Muslim astronomers">Astronomers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_by_century"> <ul><li>by century</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Nahavandi" title="Ahmad Nahavandi">Ahmad Nahavandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fadl_ibn_Naubakht" title="Al-Fadl ibn Naubakht">Al-Fadl ibn Naubakht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad_ibn_Ibr%C4%81h%C4%ABm_al-Faz%C4%81r%C4%AB" title="Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī">Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibr%C4%81h%C4%ABm_al-Faz%C4%81r%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī">Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashallah_ibn_Athari" title="Mashallah ibn Athari">Mashallah ibn Athari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%CA%BFq%C5%ABb_ibn_%E1%B9%AC%C4%81riq" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq">Yaʿqūb ibn Ṭāriq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_al-Khayyat" title="Abu Ali al-Khayyat">Abu Ali al-Khayyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ma%27shar_al-Balkhi" title="Abu Ma&#39;shar al-Balkhi">Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Said_Gorgani" title="Abu Said Gorgani">Abu Said Gorgani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farghani" title="Al-Farghani">Al-Farghani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mahani" title="Al-Mahani">Al-Mahani</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abu Hanifa Dinawari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-%E1%B8%A4ajj%C4%81j_ibn_Y%C5%ABsuf_ibn_Ma%E1%B9%ADar" title="Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn Maṭar">Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habash_al-Hasib_al-Marwazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Habash al-Hasib al-Marwazi">Al-Marwazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Isa_al-Asturlabi" title="Ali ibn Isa al-Asturlabi">Ali ibn Isa al-Asturlabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban%C5%AB_M%C5%ABs%C4%81_brothers" title="Banū Mūsā brothers">Banū Mūsā brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Abbas_Iranshahri" title="Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri">Iranshahri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_Abd_al%E2%80%90Malik_al%E2%80%90Marwarrudhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalid ibn Abd al‐Malik al‐Marwarrudhi">Khalid ibn Abd al‐Malik al‐Marwarrudhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khwarizmi" title="Al-Khwarizmi">Al-Khwarizmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahl_ibn_Bishr" title="Sahl ibn Bishr">Sahl ibn Bishr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C4%81bit_ibn_Qurra" title="Thābit ibn Qurra">Thābit ibn Qurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Abi_Mansur" title="Yahya ibn Abi Mansur">Yahya ibn Abi Mansur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Sufi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi">al-Sufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Adami" title="Ibn al-Adami">Ibn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Adami" title="Al-Adami">Al-Adami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu-Mahmud_Khojandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu-Mahmud Khojandi">al-Khojandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ja%27far_al-Khazin" title="Abu Ja&#39;far al-Khazin">al-Khazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sahl_al-Quhi" title="Abu Sahl al-Quhi">al-Qūhī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Wafa%27_Buzjani" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Wafa&#39; Buzjani">Abu al-Wafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Yusuf" title="Ahmad ibn Yusuf">Ahmad ibn Yusuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Battani" title="Al-Battani">al-Battani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qabisi" title="Al-Qabisi">Al-Qabisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-A%27lam" title="Ibn al-A&#39;lam">Ibn al-A'lam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nayrizi" title="Al-Nayrizi">Al-Nayrizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Saghani" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Saghani">Al-Saghani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%A3-%E1%B9%A2aidan%C4%81n%C4%AB" title="Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī">Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Yunus" title="Ibn Yunus">Ibn Yunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_Sinan" title="Ibrahim ibn Sinan">Ibrahim ibn Sinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Yize" title="Ma Yize">Ma Yize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sijzi" title="Al-Sijzi">al-Sijzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-%CA%BBIjliyyah" title="Al-ʻIjliyyah">Al-ʻIjliyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nastulus" title="Nastulus">Nastulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolfadl_Harawi" title="Abolfadl Harawi">Abolfadl Harawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haseb-i_Tabari" title="Haseb-i Tabari">Haseb-i Tabari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maslama_al-Majriti" title="Maslama al-Majriti">al-Majriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_al-Ahwazi" title="Abu al-Hasan al-Ahwazi">Abu al-Hasan al-Ahwazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Nasr_Mansur" title="Abu Nasr Mansur">Abu Nasr Mansur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">al-Biruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Ridwan" title="Ali ibn Ridwan">Ali ibn Ridwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Is%E1%B8%A5%C4%81q_Ibr%C4%81h%C4%ABm_al-Zarq%C4%81l%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī">Al-Zarqālī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Samh" title="Ibn al-Samh">Ibn al-Samh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Haytham" title="Ibn al-Haytham">Alhazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Saffar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al-Saffar">Ibn al-Saffar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushyar_Gilani" title="Kushyar Gilani">Kushyar Gilani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Said_al-Andalusi" title="Said al-Andalusi">Said al-Andalusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_Said_al-Sahli" title="Ibrahim ibn Said al-Sahli">Ibrahim ibn Said al-Sahli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Mu%27adh_al-Jayyani" title="Ibn Mu&#39;adh al-Jayyani">Ibn Mu'adh al-Jayyani </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Isfizari" title="Al-Isfizari">Al-Isfizari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Khalaf" title="Ali ibn Khalaf">Ali ibn Khalaf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nur_ad-Din_al-Bitruji" title="Nur ad-Din al-Bitruji">Al-Bitruji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufail" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Tufail">Ibn Tufail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kharaq%C4%AB" title="Al-Kharaqī">Al-Kharaqī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khazini" title="Al-Khazini">Al-Khazini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Samawal_al-Maghribi" title="Al-Samawal al-Maghribi">Al-Samawal al-Maghribi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Salt">Abu al-Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Kammad" title="Ibn al-Kammad">Ibn al-Kammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Aflah" title="Jabir ibn Aflah">Jabir ibn Aflah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Khayyam" title="Omar Khayyam">Omar Khayyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharaf_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi">Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Banna%27_al-Marrakushi" title="Ibn al-Banna&#39; al-Marrakushi">Ibn al-Banna' al-Marrakushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al%E2%80%90Ha%27im_al%E2%80%90Ishbili" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al‐Ha&#39;im al‐Ishbili">Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_ad-Din_Bukhari" title="Jamal ad-Din Bukhari">Jamal ad-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alam_al-Din_al-Hanafi" title="Alam al-Din al-Hanafi">Alam al-Din al-Hanafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najm_al%E2%80%90Din_al%E2%80%90Misri" class="mw-redirect" title="Najm al‐Din al‐Misri">Najm al‐Din al‐Misri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhyi_al-Din_al-Maghribi" title="Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi">Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din al-Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi">Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Din_al-Samarqandi" title="Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi">Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakariya_al-Qazwini" title="Zakariya al-Qazwini">Zakariya al-Qazwini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27ayyad_al-Din_al-Urdi" title="Mu&#39;ayyad al-Din al-Urdi">al-Urdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athir_al-Din_al-Abhari" title="Athir al-Din al-Abhari">al-Abhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abi_Bakr_al%E2%80%90Farisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al‐Farisi">Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al‐Farisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_al-Hasan_al-Marrakushi" title="Abu Ali al-Hasan al-Marrakushi">Abu Ali al-Hasan al-Marrakushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq_al-Tunisi" title="Ibn Ishaq al-Tunisi">Ibn Ishaq al-Tunisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al%E2%80%90Raqqam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al‐Raqqam">Ibn al‐Raqqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ashraf_Umar_II" title="Al-Ashraf Umar II">Al-Ashraf Umar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Akhlati" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Akhlati">Fakhr al-Din al-Akhlati</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Shatir" title="Ibn al-Shatir">Ibn al-Shatir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Din_Abu_Abd_Allah_al-Khalili" title="Shams al-Din Abu Abd Allah al-Khalili">Al-Khalili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Shuayb" title="Ibn Shuayb">Ibn Shuayb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muqri_Mohammed_al-Battiwi" title="Abu Muqri Mohammed al-Battiwi"> al-Battiwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_al%E2%80%90%CA%BFUq%C5%ABl" class="mw-redirect" title="Abū al‐ʿUqūl">Abū al‐ʿUqūl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wabkanawi" title="Al-Wabkanawi">Al-Wabkanawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Din_al-Nisapuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri">Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Jadiri" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Jadiri"> al-Jadiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadr_al-Shari%27a_al-Asghar" title="Sadr al-Shari&#39;a al-Asghar">Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fathullah_Shirazi" title="Fathullah Shirazi">Fathullah Shirazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Qushji" title="Ali Qushji">Ali Kuşçu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al%E2%80%90Wajid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al‐Wajid">Abd al‐Wajid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamshid_al-Kashi" title="Jamshid al-Kashi">Jamshid al-Kashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%C4%81%E1%B8%8D%C4%AB_Z%C4%81da_al-R%C5%ABm%C4%AB" title="Qāḍī Zāda al-Rūmī">Kadızade Rumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulugh_Beg" title="Ulugh Beg">Ulugh Beg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibt_al-Maridini" title="Sibt al-Maridini">Sibt al-Maridini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Majdi" title="Ibn al-Majdi">Ibn al-Majdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Abd_al-%27Aziz_al-Wafa%27i" title="&#39;Abd al-&#39;Aziz al-Wafa&#39;i">al-Wafa'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Kubunani" title="Abu Ishaq al-Kubunani">al-Kubunani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Abd_al-%27Aziz_al-Wafa%27i" title="&#39;Abd al-&#39;Aziz al-Wafa&#39;i">'Abd al-'Aziz al-Wafa'i</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Birjandi" title="Al-Birjandi">Al-Birjandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Din_al-Khafri" title="Shams al-Din al-Khafri">al-Khafri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baha%27_al-din_al-%27Amili" class="mw-redirect" title="Baha&#39; al-din al-&#39;Amili">Baha' al-din al-'Amili </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis">Piri Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_ad-Din_Muhammad_ibn_Ma%27ruf" title="Taqi ad-Din Muhammad ibn Ma&#39;ruf">Takiyüddin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Guangxian" title="Yang Guangxian">Yang Guangxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehmed%C3%AA_Xan%C3%AE" title="Ehmedê Xanî">Ehmedê Xanî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Achsasi_al_Mouakket" title="Al Achsasi al Mouakket">Al Achsasi al Mouakket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Rudani" title="Muhammad al-Rudani">Muhammad al-Rudani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Works" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arabic_star_names" title="List of Arabic star names">Arabic star names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aja%27ib_al-Makhluqat" title="Aja&#39;ib al-Makhluqat">Aja'ib al-Makhluqat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Brethren_of_Purity" title="Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity">Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tabula_Rogeriana" title="Tabula Rogeriana">Tabula Rogeriana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Healing" title="The Book of Healing">The Book of Healing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Remaining_Signs_of_Past_Centuries" title="The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries">The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Zij" title="Zij">Zij</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonsine_tables" title="Alfonsine tables">Alfonsine tables</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huihui_Lifa" title="Huihui Lifa">Huihui Lifa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Fixed_Stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Fixed Stars">Book of Fixed Stars</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledan_Tables" title="Toledan Tables">Toledan Tables</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zij-i_Ilkhani" title="Zij-i Ilkhani">Zij-i Ilkhani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zij-i_Sultani" title="Zij-i Sultani">Zij-i Sultani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sullam_al-sama%27" title="Sullam al-sama&#39;">Sullam al-sama'</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world#Instruments" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alidade" title="Alidade">Alidade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_computer" title="Analog computer">Analog computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">Aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armillary_sphere" title="Armillary sphere">Armillary sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe">Astrolabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_clock" title="Astronomical clock">Astronomical clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armillary_sphere" title="Armillary sphere">Celestial globe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass_rose" title="Compass rose">Compass rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioptra" title="Dioptra">Dioptra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_ring" title="Equatorial ring">Equatorial ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorium" title="Equatorium">Equatorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globe" title="Globe">Globe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_paper" title="Graph paper">Graph paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mural_instrument" title="Mural instrument">Mural instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner%27s_astrolabe" title="Mariner&#39;s astrolabe">Navigational astrolabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octant_(instrument)" title="Octant (instrument)">Octant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planisphere" title="Planisphere">Planisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrant_(instrument)" title="Quadrant (instrument)">Quadrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextant_(astronomy)" title="Sextant (astronomy)">Sextant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_square" title="Shadow square">Shadow square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundial" title="Sundial">Sundial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schema_for_horizontal_dials" title="Schema for horizontal dials">Schema for horizontal sundials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triquetrum_(astronomy)" title="Triquetrum (astronomy)">Triquetrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almucantar" title="Almucantar">Almucantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Apogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">Astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">Axial tilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azimuth" title="Azimuth">Azimuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_mechanics" title="Celestial mechanics">Celestial mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_spheres" title="Celestial spheres">Celestial spheres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_orbit" title="Circular orbit">Circular orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferent_and_epicycle" title="Deferent and epicycle">Deferent and epicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth&#39;s rotation">Earth's rotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">Eccentricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">Ecliptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliptic_orbit" title="Elliptic orbit">Elliptic orbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equant" title="Equant">Equant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_model" title="Geocentric model">Geocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_energy" title="Gravitational energy">Gravitational energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">Gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" title="Heliocentrism">Heliocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertia" title="Inertia">Inertia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Islamic cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonlight" title="Moonlight">Moonlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiverse" title="Multiverse">Multiverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muwaqqit" title="Muwaqqit">Muwaqqit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">Obliquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">Parallax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precession" title="Precession">Precession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">Qibla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_times" title="Salah times">Salah times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">Specific gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spherical_Earth" title="Spherical Earth">Spherical Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublunary_sphere" title="Sublunary sphere">Sublunary sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">Sunlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_finitism" title="Temporal finitism">Temporal finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trepidation" title="Trepidation">Trepidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangulation" title="Triangulation">Triangulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusi_couple" title="Tusi couple">Tusi couple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">Al-Azhar University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Knowledge" title="House of Knowledge">House of Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wisdom" title="House of Wisdom">House of Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_al-Qarawiyyin" title="University of al-Qarawiyyin">University of al-Qarawiyyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world#Observatories" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Observatories</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_observatory_of_Taqi_ad-Din" title="Constantinople observatory of Taqi ad-Din">Constantinople (Taqi al-Din)</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Maragheh_observatory" title="Maragheh observatory">Maragheh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ulugh_Beg_Observatory" title="Ulugh Beg Observatory">Samarkand (Ulugh Beg)</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_astronomy" title="Egyptian astronomy">Egyptian astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy#Hellenistic_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Hellenistic astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">Indian astronomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_science" title="Byzantine science">Byzantine science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_astronomy" title="Chinese astronomy">Chinese astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_science_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="European science in the Middle Ages">Medieval European science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_astronomy" title="Indian astronomy">Indian astronomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q293520#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q293520#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q293520#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000071392436">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/90061323">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1815912/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118839403">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85386394">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11351734b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11351734b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="adDinawari, Abu Hanifa Ahmad ibn Dawud"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/UFIV023018">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p074233971">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90838472">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/86lnq2qs2bhtx1j">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&amp;url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&amp;id=495/14076">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NLX10&amp;find_code=UID&amp;request=987007278751705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04369614?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118839403.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118839403">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/069741360">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/dineveri-ebu-hanife">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐7bc9588894‐2qzvw Cached time: 20241202165722 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.850 seconds Real time usage: 1.025 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 4617/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 136946/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 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