CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Piri Reis - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"e8b3473d-7f1e-4ef3-a53e-821020b96ffa","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Piri_Reis","wgTitle":"Piri Reis","wgCurRevisionId":1257879582,"wgRevisionId":1257879582,"wgArticleId":23313,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Harv and Sfn no-target errors","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Good articles","Use dmy dates from August 2024","Articles with hCards","Articles containing Turkish-language text","CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)","Commons category link from Wikidata","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Piri Reis","1460s births","1550s deaths","15th-century explorers","16th-century explorers","Naval history of the Ottoman Empire","People from Gelibolu", "Cartographers from the Ottoman Empire","Executed people from the Ottoman Empire","Suleiman the Magnificent","Geographers from the Ottoman Empire","16th-century geographers","15th-century people from the Ottoman Empire","16th-century people from the Ottoman Empire","16th-century executions by the Ottoman Empire","Executed Turkish people","People executed by the Ottoman Empire by decapitation","Turks from the Ottoman Empire","Greeks from the Ottoman Empire","People from the Ottoman Empire of Greek descent"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Piri_Reis","wgRelevantArticleId":23313,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{ "pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q217915","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading", "ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions", "wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Piri_reis.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1738"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Piri_reis.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1158"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="927"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Piri Reis - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piri_Reis"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Piri_Reis&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piri_Reis"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Piri_Reis rootpage-Piri_Reis skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Piri+Reis" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Piri+Reis" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Piri+Reis" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Piri+Reis" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Biography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Biography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Biography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Biography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life_and_piracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_and_piracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Early life and piracy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_piracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naval_career_and_cartography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naval_career_and_cartography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Naval career and cartography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naval_career_and_cartography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grand_Admiral_of_the_Indian_Ocean_Fleet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grand_Admiral_of_the_Indian_Ocean_Fleet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Grand Admiral of the Indian Ocean Fleet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grand_Admiral_of_the_Indian_Ocean_Fleet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Works </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Works subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Piri_Reis_map_of_1513" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piri_Reis_map_of_1513"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Piri Reis map of 1513 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piri_Reis_map_of_1513-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kitab-ı_Bahriye" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kitab-ı_Bahriye"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Kitab-ı Bahriye </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kitab-ı_Bahriye-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1528_world_map" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1528_world_map"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 1528 world map </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1528_world_map-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Piri Reis</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" > 56 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="بيري ريس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيري ريس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piri_R%C9%99is" title="Piri Rəis – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Piri Rəis" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="پیری رییس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پیری رییس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8" title="পিরি রেইস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পিরি রেইস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Пири Реис – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пири Реис" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Piri Reis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8-%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Пири-реис – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пири-реис" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Piri Reis" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Piri Reis" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Piri Reis" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Piri Reis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Piri Reis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AF%CF%81%CE%B9_%CE%A1%CE%AD%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Πίρι Ρέις – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πίρι Ρέις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Piri Reis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Piri Reis" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="پیری رئیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیری رئیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Piri Reis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Piri Reis" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%9D%90%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EB%AC%B4%ED%9E%9B%EB%94%98_%ED%94%BC%EB%A6%AC_%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="아흐메드 무힛딘 피리 레이스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아흐메드 무힛딘 피리 레이스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Piri Reis" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Piri Reis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piri_Re%C3%ACs" title="Piri Reìs – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Piri Reìs" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A1" title="פירי ראיס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פירי ראיס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ფირი რეისი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფირი რეისი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AEr%C3%AE_Re%C3%AEs" title="Pîrî Reîs – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pîrî Reîs" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Piri Reis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Piri Reis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Piri Reis" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piri_reisz" title="Piri reisz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Piri reisz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81" title="Пири Рејс – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пири Рејс" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="പിരി റീസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പിരി റീസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ფირი რეისი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფირი რეისი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%89_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="بيرى ريس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيرى ريس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Piri Reis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Piri Reis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9" title="ピーリー・レイース – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピーリー・レイース" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Piri Reis" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="پیری رئیس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پیری رئیس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Piri Reis" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Piri Reis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Piri Reis" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8-%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Пири-реис – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пири-реис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piri_Reisi" title="Piri Reisi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Piri Reisi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Piri Reis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Piri Reis" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%95%DB%95%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="پیری ڕەئیس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پیری ڕەئیس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Пири Реис – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пири Реис" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Piri Reis" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Piri Reis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AEr%C3%AE_Reis" title="Pîrî Reis – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pîrî Reis" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piri_Re%C3%BDis" title="Piri Reýis – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Piri Reýis" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%80%D1%96-%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%97%D1%81" title="Пірі-реїс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пірі-реїс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="پیری رئیس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پیری رئیس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="Piri Reis – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Piri Reis" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%88%A9%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF" title="皮利里斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="皮利里斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E7%91%9E%C2%B7%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF" title="皮瑞·雷斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="皮瑞·雷斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q217915#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Piri_Reis" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Piri_Reis" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Piri_Reis">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piri_Reis&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piri_Reis&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Piri_Reis">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piri_Reis&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piri_Reis&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Piri_Reis" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Piri_Reis" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piri_Reis&oldid=1257879582" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piri_Reis&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Piri_Reis&id=1257879582&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPiri_Reis">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPiri_Reis">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Piri_Reis&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piri_Reis&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Piri_Reis" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q217915" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Turkish admiral and cartographer</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Piri Reis</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Piri_reis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="statue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Piri_reis.jpg/220px-Piri_reis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Piri_reis.jpg/330px-Piri_reis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Piri_reis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="543" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Statue of Piri Reis</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Muhiddin Piri</div> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1470 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Gelibolu" title="Gelibolu">Gallipoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rumelia_Eyalet" title="Rumelia Eyalet">Rumelia Eyalet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1553 <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt_Eyalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt Eyalet">Egypt Eyalet</a>, Ottoman Empire</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable work</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piri_Reis_map" title="Piri Reis map">1513 Piri Reis map</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kitab-%C4%B1_Bahriye" title="Kitab-ı Bahriye">Kitab-ı Bahriye</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kemal_Reis" title="Kemal Reis">Kemal Reis</a> (uncle)</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piri_Reis-Gelibolu001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bust in Gallipoli captioned, "Piri Reis 1470 to 1553"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Piri_Reis-Gelibolu001.jpg/220px-Piri_Reis-Gelibolu001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="453" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Piri_Reis-Gelibolu001.jpg/330px-Piri_Reis-Gelibolu001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Piri_Reis-Gelibolu001.jpg/440px-Piri_Reis-Gelibolu001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1960" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Piri Reis in Gallipoli</figcaption></figure> Muhiddin Piri (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1470 – 1553), better known as Piri Reis (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: Pîrî <a href="/wiki/Reis_(military_rank)" title="Reis (military rank)">Reis</a>), was an Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">corsair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">navigator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography in medieval Islam">geographer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartographer</a>. He is primarily known today for his cartographic works, including his <a href="/wiki/Piri_Reis_map" title="Piri Reis map">1513 world map</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kitab-%C4%B1_Bahriye" title="Kitab-ı Bahriye">Kitab-ı Bahriye</a> (Book of the Sea), a book with detailed information on early navigational techniques as well as relatively accurate charts for their time, describing the <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">ports</a> and cities of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. He was born in <a href="/wiki/Gelibolu" title="Gelibolu">Gallipoli</a>—a major <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> naval base—and sailed from an early age with his uncle <a href="/wiki/Kemal_Reis" title="Kemal Reis">Kemal Reis</a>. They fought as corsairs in the Western Mediterranean until they were brought into the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Navy" title="Ottoman Navy">Ottoman Navy</a>. Piri Reis fought alongside Kemal Reis in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_wars" title="Ottoman–Venetian wars">Ottoman–Venetian wars</a>. When his uncle died in 1511, Piri Reis returned to Gallipoli to begin his cartographic works. He created his first world map and likely began drafting the charts and notes that would form the basis of the Kitab-ı Bahriye. By 1516, he returned to the navy and took part in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Mamluk_War_(1516%E2%80%931517)" title="Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517)">Ottoman conquest of Egypt</a>. After their victory, he presented the world map to Sultan <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a>. When <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> became sultan, Piri Reis completed the first version of the Kitab-ı Bahriye, which he dedicated and gifted to the sultan by 1521. Several years later, he created a more elaborate version at the urging of Grand Vizier <a href="/wiki/Pargal%C4%B1_Ibrahim_Pasha" title="Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha">Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha</a>. His final surviving work is a 1528 world map, of which only the northwest corner remains (showing <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>). In 1546, Piri Reis became Hind <a href="/wiki/Kapudan_Pasha" title="Kapudan Pasha">Kapudan-ı Derya</a>, or grand admiral of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_naval_expeditions_in_the_Indian_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman naval expeditions in the Indian Ocean">Ottoman Fleet in the Indian Ocean</a>, as well as admiral of the fleet in Egypt. He expanded the Indian Ocean fleet, retook several ports, and pushed the Portuguese out of the Red Sea. In the 1550s, he began a campaign to capture the Portuguese-controlled <a href="/wiki/Hormuz_Island" title="Hormuz Island">Hormuz Island</a> at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>. He abandoned the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hormuz_(1552)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Hormuz (1552)">siege of Hormuz</a> after several weeks, sacked the city, and looted the nearby <a href="/wiki/Qeshm_Island" title="Qeshm Island">Qeshm Island</a>, where wealthy residents of Hormuz had evacuated. For failing to capture Hormuz, he was executed in 1553 in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>. His cartographic work received little appreciation during his own life. There's no evidence that the Kitab-ı Bahriye circulated outside the royal palace before 1550. After his death, hundreds of copies of the book were likely made. Over 40 copies survive today, spanning several centuries. When his 1513 world map was unearthed at the <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, it drew international attention. The map relies on many sources, including a lost map of the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> from <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>. This sparked greater interest in the Kitab-ı Bahriye, and facsimiles of both were published. Piri Reis and his cartography have since become a point of national pride for <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piri_Reis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_piracy">Early life and piracy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piri_Reis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and piracy">edit</a>]</div> Little is known about Piri Reis' background and early life.<a href="#cite_note-Soucek-1992-p266-1">[1]</a> He was likely born around 1470 in <a href="/wiki/Gelibolu" title="Gelibolu">Gallipoli</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bostan-2014-2">[2]</a> At the time, Gallipoli was a major naval base for the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Soucek-1992-p266-1">[1]</a> He was born Muhiddin Piri; <a href="/wiki/Reis_(military_rank)" title="Reis (military rank)">Reis</a> was a military rank equivalent to captain.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> His uncle was <a href="/wiki/Kemal_Reis" title="Kemal Reis">Kemal Reis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McIntosh-2000a-p5-4">[4]</a> Little is known about his parents.<a href="#cite_note-Pedani-2015-p320-5">[5]</a> Piri Reis gives his father's name as Hacı Mehmed.<a href="#cite_note-McIntosh-2000a-p5-4">[4]</a> It is not clear from historical records whether Piri was the son of Kemal Reis' brother or sister.<a href="#cite_note-Pedani-2015-p320-5">[5]</a> Kemal Reis had a brother-in-law from <a href="/wiki/Nafpaktos" title="Nafpaktos">Nafpaktos</a> who was arrested and tortured in Venice for alleged spying during the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_wars" title="Ottoman–Venetian wars">Ottoman–Venetian wars</a>. He was possibly Piri Reis' father.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> By age 12, he began sailing with his uncle <a href="/wiki/Kemal_Reis" title="Kemal Reis">Kemal Reis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McIntosh-2000a-p5-4">[4]</a> Kemal was a notable <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">corsair</a>,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> a type of <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">pirate</a> who acted with the approval of a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Led by Kemal Reis, the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a> threatened European maritime traffic.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Piri Reis wrote of his early years, "We sailed on the Mediterranean and fought the enemies of our religion mercilessly."<a href="#cite_note-McIntosh-2000a-p6-10">[10]</a> He sailed with his uncle on raids, mainly on the coasts of Italy and Spain.<a href="#cite_note-Bostan-2014-2">[2]</a> By 1490, they were operating out of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> As a corsair, Piri Reis captured many ships, a fortress near <a href="/wiki/Mallorca" title="Mallorca">Mallorca</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pianosa" title="Pianosa">Pianosa</a> near Corsica.<a href="#cite_note-Bostan-2014-2">[2]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Granada_War" title="Granada War">Granada War</a>, Piri Reis transported Muslims and Jews from <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> to North Africa.<a href="#cite_note-McIntosh-2000a-p6-10">[10]</a> During the winters, he and his uncle took shelter in favorable harbors on the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_Coast" title="Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naval_career_and_cartography">Naval career and cartography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piri_Reis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Naval career and cartography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venice_by_Piri_Reis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="map of Venetian lagoon with major rivers, canals, and fortifications" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Venice_by_Piri_Reis.jpg/220px-Venice_by_Piri_Reis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Venice_by_Piri_Reis.jpg/330px-Venice_by_Piri_Reis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Venice_by_Piri_Reis.jpg/440px-Venice_by_Piri_Reis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> as depicted in the Kitab-ı Bahriye</figcaption></figure> Piri Reis sailed under his uncle and later <a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a> in the Ottoman Navy.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> To bolster the empire's navy, Ottoman Sultan <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II" title="Bayezid II">Bayezid II</a> recruited <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a> corsairs, including Piri and Kemal.<a href="#cite_note-Hess-1970-p1905-14">[14]</a> Before Barbarossa reorganized the navy, sultans commonly employed former pirates.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The addition of experienced corsairs raised the Ottoman Navy's competence in open-sea combat and knowledge of the Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-Hess-1970-p1905-14">[14]</a> In 1495, Kemal Reis was imprisoned on <a href="/wiki/Euboea" title="Euboea">Euboea</a> for piracy and brought to the capital, <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. Rather than being sentenced, he was given an official position in the navy. Piri Reis was with his uncle through this and later documented it in the Kitab-ı Bahriye.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> In the empire's navy, Kemal and Piri advocated taking the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a> coastal fortresses of the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> and the small but strategically valuable island of <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In his Kitab-ı Bahriye, Piri Reis reports that his uncle had told Sultan <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II" title="Bayezid II">Bayezid II</a>, "Venice has two eyes: Her left eye is the [harbor] fortress of <a href="/wiki/Methoni,_Messenia" title="Methoni, Messenia">Modon</a>. Her right eye is that of <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a>."<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Piri Reis took part in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_wars" title="Ottoman–Venetian wars">Ottoman–Venetian wars</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zonchio" title="Battle of Zonchio">First Battle of Lepanto (Battle of Zonchio)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto_(1500)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Lepanto (1500)">Second Battle of Lepanto (Battle of Modon)</a>, and 1501 conquest of <a href="/wiki/Old_Navarino_castle" title="Old Navarino castle">Navarino</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bostan-2014-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> During the First Battle of Lepanto, Piri Reis was one of many corsairs in a fleet of about 270 ships that fought through the Venetian fleet and entered the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Corinth" title="Gulf of Corinth">Gulf of Corinth</a>, forcing the governor to surrender.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Kemal Reis led the Ottomans in the battles to take the fortresses at Modon and Navarino.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> After the Ottoman navy defeated the Venetian fleet at the Peloponnese, they began to take control of the Eastern Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In the early 1500s, Kemal Reis led <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_raid_on_the_Balearic_Islands_(1501)" title="Ottoman raid on the Balearic Islands (1501)">raids on the Balearic Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pianosa" title="Pianosa">Pianosa</a> in the western Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> In one naval battle, Piri Reis and his uncle captured a Spaniard who had participated in <a href="/wiki/Voyages_of_Christopher_Columbus" title="Voyages of Christopher Columbus">Columbus's voyages</a>,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> and likely possessed an early map of the Americas that Piri Reis would use as a source for his maps.<a href="#cite_note-Nebenzahl-1990-p62-26">[26]</a> When his uncle died in a 1511 shipwreck in the Mediterranean, Piri Reis returned to Gallipoli to work on his navigational studies.<a href="#cite_note-Urguplu-2015-27">[27]</a> The finished manuscript of his first world map was dated to the month of <a href="/wiki/Muharram" title="Muharram">Muharram</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic year</a> 919 AH, equivalent to March 1513 AD.<a href="#cite_note-Massetti-pp41-42-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-McIntosh-2000a-p15-29">[29]</a> This work included the recently explored shores of the Americas and Africa.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Although he had never sailed the Atlantic, he compiled over twenty maps of Arab, Spanish, Portuguese, Indian and older Greek origins into a comprehensive representation of the known world of his era.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> At least by 1513, Piri Reis was sailing again for the Ottomans under Hayreddin Barbarossa along the coast of North Africa.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> By 1516, Piri Reis returned to the navy as captain of a galley in the Ottoman fleet and took part in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Mamluk_War_(1516%E2%80%931517)" title="Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517)">1516–17 Ottoman conquest of Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bostan-2014-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tekeli-1985-pp675-676-33">[33]</a> He was the commander of the Turkish fleet that blockaded Alexandria.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> After the Ottoman victory,<a href="#cite_note-Tekeli-1985-pp675-676-33">[33]</a> Piri Reis presented the 1513 world map to Sultan <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1512–1520).<a href="#cite_note-Kahle-1933-p621-35">[35]</a> It is unknown how Selim used the map, if at all, as it vanished from history until its rediscovery centuries later.<a href="#cite_note-Soucek-1992-p270-36">[36]</a> According to Venetian documents, Piri Reis was no longer with the Ottoman navy in 1518 and was engaging in piracy in the Aegean Sea.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piri_Reis_-_Map_of_the_Islands_of_the_Aegean_Sea_Including_Chios,_Cos,_Rhodes_and_Crete_-_Walters_W658101A_-_Full_Page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Piri_Reis_-_Map_of_the_Islands_of_the_Aegean_Sea_Including_Chios%2C_Cos%2C_Rhodes_and_Crete_-_Walters_W658101A_-_Full_Page.jpg/220px-Piri_Reis_-_Map_of_the_Islands_of_the_Aegean_Sea_Including_Chios%2C_Cos%2C_Rhodes_and_Crete_-_Walters_W658101A_-_Full_Page.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Piri_Reis_-_Map_of_the_Islands_of_the_Aegean_Sea_Including_Chios%2C_Cos%2C_Rhodes_and_Crete_-_Walters_W658101A_-_Full_Page.jpg/330px-Piri_Reis_-_Map_of_the_Islands_of_the_Aegean_Sea_Including_Chios%2C_Cos%2C_Rhodes_and_Crete_-_Walters_W658101A_-_Full_Page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Piri_Reis_-_Map_of_the_Islands_of_the_Aegean_Sea_Including_Chios%2C_Cos%2C_Rhodes_and_Crete_-_Walters_W658101A_-_Full_Page.jpg/440px-Piri_Reis_-_Map_of_the_Islands_of_the_Aegean_Sea_Including_Chios%2C_Cos%2C_Rhodes_and_Crete_-_Walters_W658101A_-_Full_Page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1228" data-file-height="1799" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a> (outlined in red) just off the southern coast of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a></figcaption></figure> Piri Reis advocated for and took part in <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a>'s 1522 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_(1522)" title="Siege of Rhodes (1522)">Siege of Rhodes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Soucek-2004-p222-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The first version of his Kitab-ı Bahriye—a nautical atlas gifted and dedicated to Suleiman—included advice on conquering Rhodes.<a href="#cite_note-Soucek-2004-p222-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Soucek-2013-p137-40">[40]</a> The island of Rhodes had a secure harbor and was 20 km off the coast of Anatolia. Controlled by an adversary, it could threaten maritime communication between the empire's capital and Mediterranean ports.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights of St. John</a> controlled the island, took Muslim captives, and provided shelter to Christian pirates.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> During the siege, the Knights' fleet of ten ships remained in the harbor rather than confront the larger Ottoman force.<a href="#cite_note-Soucek-2004-p223-43">[43]</a> The Ottoman Navy conducted an amphibious operation, transporting many troops to the small island,<a href="#cite_note-Soucek-2004-p223-43">[43]</a> and the island surrendered in December 1522. The Knights of St. John later relocated to <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The second version of the Kitab-ı Bahriye, completed after the conquest of Rhodes, only discusses the events in terms of the practical concerns of acquiring drinking water from Karabağ in <a href="/wiki/Bodrum" title="Bodrum">Bodrum</a> prior to the siege.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The longer second version of the Kitab-ı Bahriye resulted from a conversation with the empire's <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_grand_viziers" title="List of Ottoman grand viziers">grand vizier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Suleiman's reign was the beginning of a shift towards power concentrating in a group of <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">viziers</a>, advisers, governors, and royal family members, including Suleiman's childhood friend <a href="/wiki/Pargal%C4%B1_Ibrahim_Pasha" title="Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha">Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha</a> who rose to grand vizier of the empire.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> When putting down <a href="/wiki/Hain_Ahmed_Pasha" title="Hain Ahmed Pasha">Hain Ahmed Pasha</a>'s 1524 rebellion in Egypt, Ibrahim rode aboard the navy's flagship, commanded by Piri Reis.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hess-1970-p1905-14">[14]</a> Piri Reis said they discussed cartography after Ibrahim asked him about the maps and charts being consulted aboard the ship.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Ibrahim commissioned Piri Reis to create an expanded version of the Kitab-ı Bahriye.<a href="#cite_note-Casale-2010-p37-51">[51]</a> He finished it and gifted it to the sultan by 1526. In later centuries, many copies were made of both versions of the book.<a href="#cite_note-Hepworth-2005-p73-52">[52]</a> Piri Reis completed a second world map in 1528 or 1529.<a href="#cite_note-Soucek-2013-p141-53">[53]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Sevim_Tekeli" title="Sevim Tekeli">Sevim Tekeli</a>, the changes from the first world map demonstrate that Piri Reis was actively following European voyages of discovery.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In both the 1513 world map and the Kitab-ı Bahriye preface, Piri Reis rhetorically undermines the significance of European discoveries by reframing them as the rediscovery of ancient knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> He invokes <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> when explaining the discoveries of Columbus.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and Turkish literary tradition, <a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Qarnayn" title="Dhu al-Qarnayn">Dhu al-Qarnayn</a>—believed to be a <a href="/wiki/Theories_about_Alexander_the_Great_in_the_Quran" title="Theories about Alexander the Great in the Quran">Quranic reference to Alexander the Great</a>—traveled to every corner of the world, thereby defining its limits.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Marginal inscriptions on the world map mention "charts drawn in the days of Alexander" and a book that "fell into the hands" of Columbus describing lands "at the end of the Western Sea".<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> In the 1526 version of the Kitab-ı Bahriye, he explicitly credits European discoveries to lost works created during legendary voyages of Alexander, "My friend, the <a href="/wiki/Franks#Crusaders_and_other_Western_Europeans_as_"Franks"" title="Franks">Franks</a> both read and write everything there is to know about the science of the sea. But do not suppose that they invented such knowledge on their own; and if you wish, I will explain why. During his time, the famous ruler Alexander traveled over all the seas, and whatever he saw and whatever he heard he had recorded, item by item, by a competent person."<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Venice saw Piri Reis as an adversary and obstacle to their aims in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> during the 1530s.<a href="#cite_note-Pedani-2015-p323-61">[61]</a> In 1532, he fought back <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatian</a> pirates in the Adriatic.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> He attacked the Venetian-held castle at <a href="/wiki/Koroni" title="Koroni">Coron</a> in 1533, captured a Venetian galley in 1536, and chased Venetian ships out of the eastern Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-Pedani-2015-p323-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grand_Admiral_of_the_Indian_Ocean_Fleet">Grand Admiral of the Indian Ocean Fleet</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piri_Reis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Grand Admiral of the Indian Ocean Fleet">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piri_Reis_-_Map_of_the_Egyptian_Coast_From_Alexandria_as_Far_as_the_City_of_Rashid_-_Walters_W658303B_-_Full_Page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Piri_Reis_-_Map_of_the_Egyptian_Coast_From_Alexandria_as_Far_as_the_City_of_Rashid_-_Walters_W658303B_-_Full_Page.jpg/290px-Piri_Reis_-_Map_of_the_Egyptian_Coast_From_Alexandria_as_Far_as_the_City_of_Rashid_-_Walters_W658303B_-_Full_Page.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Piri_Reis_-_Map_of_the_Egyptian_Coast_From_Alexandria_as_Far_as_the_City_of_Rashid_-_Walters_W658303B_-_Full_Page.jpg/435px-Piri_Reis_-_Map_of_the_Egyptian_Coast_From_Alexandria_as_Far_as_the_City_of_Rashid_-_Walters_W658303B_-_Full_Page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Piri_Reis_-_Map_of_the_Egyptian_Coast_From_Alexandria_as_Far_as_the_City_of_Rashid_-_Walters_W658303B_-_Full_Page.jpg/580px-Piri_Reis_-_Map_of_the_Egyptian_Coast_From_Alexandria_as_Far_as_the_City_of_Rashid_-_Walters_W658303B_-_Full_Page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> in Egypt as depicted in the Kitab-ı Bahriye</figcaption></figure> After <a href="/wiki/Sinan_Reis" title="Sinan Reis">Sinan Reis</a> died in 1546,<a href="#cite_note-Pedani-2015-p323-61">[61]</a> Piri Reis took his position as Hind <a href="/wiki/Kapudan_Pasha" title="Kapudan Pasha">Kapudan-ı Derya</a>, or grand admiral of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_naval_expeditions_in_the_Indian_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman naval expeditions in the Indian Ocean">Ottoman Fleet in the Indian Ocean</a>, as well as admiral of the fleet in Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-Shaw-1976-p107-63">[63]</a> Portuguese ships had raided the Red Sea as far as Suez and taken the port city of <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a> in Yemen.<a href="#cite_note-Shaw-1976-p107-63">[63]</a> The Portuguese navy employed <a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship" title="Sailing ship">sailing ships</a> capable of navigation and combat in open seas, while the Ottoman navy relied mainly on <a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">galleys</a>, which were more effective along the coasts. This limited Ottoman naval warfare to the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, and narrow straits around Arabia. The empire focused on using its navy to continue land-based expansion into new areas for tax revenue and agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Using his fleet based out of <a href="/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suez</a>, Egypt, Piri Reis led campaigns in the Red Sea and Persian Gulf.<a href="#cite_note-McIntosh-2000a-p6-10">[10]</a> On 26 February 1548, he <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Aden_(1548)" title="Capture of Aden (1548)">recaptured Aden</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shaw-1976-p107-63">[63]</a> Piri Reis subdued the local <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> rulers of <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> in 1547 and began building a Persian Gulf fleet.<a href="#cite_note-Shaw-1976-pp106-107-65">[65]</a> The fleet conducted annual expansions in the Indian Ocean, and some local rulers began to ally with the Portuguese.<a href="#cite_note-Shaw-1976-pp106-107-65">[65]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piris_Reis_expedition_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="map, full details at link and in article body text" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Piris_Reis_expedition_map-en.svg/290px-Piris_Reis_expedition_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Piris_Reis_expedition_map-en.svg/435px-Piris_Reis_expedition_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Piris_Reis_expedition_map-en.svg/580px-Piris_Reis_expedition_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption>Piri Reis' expedition against <a href="/wiki/Hormuz_Island" title="Hormuz Island">Hormuz Island</a></figcaption></figure> The sultan instructed Piri Reis to take the Portuguese-controlled <a href="/wiki/Hormuz_Island" title="Hormuz Island">Hormuz Island</a> at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Önalp-2010-pp1-2-66">[66]</a> Taking <a href="/wiki/Bahrain_Island" title="Bahrain Island">Bahrain Island</a> was a secondary objective.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> In April 1552,<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Piri Reis left Suez with 25 galleys, 5 ships, and 850 soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> In 1552, the Turkish fleet <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Muscat_(1552)" title="Capture of Muscat (1552)">took Muscat</a> after a one-month siege.<a href="#cite_note-Shaw-1976-p107-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Floor-2006-p176-70">[70]</a> The expedition took control of coastal lands in Yemen, Oman, and Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The Portuguese prepared for the attack on Hormuz by evacuating most of the island. Wealthy residents took refuge on the nearby island of <a href="/wiki/Qeshm" class="mw-redirect" title="Qeshm">Qeshm</a>, and the soldiers and royal family retreated to the fortress.<a href="#cite_note-Floor-2006-p176-70">[70]</a> The Turkish soldiers took the <a href="/wiki/Hormuz,_Iran" title="Hormuz, Iran">City of Hormuz</a>, but could not take the fortress.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> They <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hormuz_(1552)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Hormuz (1552)">besieged and bombarded the fortress</a> for several weeks, but Piri Reis grew concerned about the Portuguese fleet attacking them during the siege.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The Ottoman forces ran low on gunpowder, and Kubad Pasha the governor of Basra did not send supplies to the siege.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> On 9 October 1552, the Ottomans retreated.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Floor-2006-p176-70">[70]</a> They sacked the city, looted Qeshm, and retreated into the gulf with over a million pieces of gold.<a href="#cite_note-Floor-2006-p176-70">[70]</a> The fleet arrived at Basra by 1553.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> A letter from the Portuguese governor inside the fortress, dated 31 October 1552, said that the walls had been near collapsing, but that the Ottomans had run low on "munitions, gunpowder, and other war materials" much of which they had lost when a galleon sank on the way to Hormuz.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Portuguese_India" title="List of governors of Portuguese India">Portuguese governor of India</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Afonso_de_Noronha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afonso de Noronha (page does not exist)">Afonso de Noronha</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso_de_Noronha" class="extiw" title="es:Afonso de Noronha">es</a>] organized a fleet of 40 ships led by his nephew Antão de Noronha that reached Hormuz in November 1552.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> In his 80s, Piri Reis was executed following his retreat at Hormuz.<a href="#cite_note-McIntosh-2000a-p6-10">[10]</a> After the expedition's failure, Kubad Pasha denied Piri Reis rowers for his galleys.<a href="#cite_note-Önalp-2010-pp1-2-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Floor-2006-p176-70">[70]</a> Piri Reis returned to Egypt in 1553 with only two ships, loaded with gold.<a href="#cite_note-Pedani-2015-p324-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Floor-2006-p176-70">[70]</a> The sultan had him beheaded in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>; the exact date of his execution is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-Pedani-2015-p324-79">[79]</a> A letter—dated 15 November 1553—written from diplomats in Constantinople to Venice said that he had been "charged with having raised the siege of the fortress of Hormuz".<a href="#cite_note-Pedani-2015-p324-79">[79]</a> He was possibly survived by a son, Mehmed Reis, who is known only from a single portolan map of the Aegean.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piri_Reis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Works">edit</a>]</div> Three of his cartographic works survive in some form to the present day.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Fragments of his <a href="/wiki/Piri_Reis_map" title="Piri Reis map">1513 world map</a> and his 1528 world map are kept in museums in Istanbul.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Copies of the <a href="/wiki/Kitab-%C4%B1_Bahriye" title="Kitab-ı Bahriye">Kitab-ı Bahriye</a>, a navigational atlas, are kept in many libraries and museums around the world, although the two created by Piri Reis himself are lost.<a href="#cite_note-Soucek-1992-p272-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Piri_Reis_map_of_1513">Piri Reis map of 1513</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piri_Reis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Piri Reis map of 1513">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Piri_Reis_map" title="Piri Reis map">Piri Reis map</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piri_reis_world_map_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="map of the Atlantic with Arabic writing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Piri_reis_world_map_01.jpg/220px-Piri_reis_world_map_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Piri_reis_world_map_01.jpg/330px-Piri_reis_world_map_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Piri_reis_world_map_01.jpg/440px-Piri_reis_world_map_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1964" data-file-height="2619" /></a><figcaption>Surviving fragment of the <a href="/wiki/Piri_Reis_map" title="Piri Reis map">first World Map</a> of Piri Reis (1513)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Piri_Reis_map" title="Piri Reis map">Piri Reis map of 1513</a> is a <a href="/wiki/World_map" title="World map">world map</a> compiled from a range of contemporary and <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical</a> sources.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Approximately one third of the map survives,<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> housed in the <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The finished manuscript was dated to the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic year</a> 919 AH, equivalent to 1513 AD.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> After the empire's <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Mamluk_War_(1516%E2%80%931517)" title="Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517)">1517 conquest</a> of <a href="/wiki/Egypt_Eyalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt Eyalet">Egypt</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Tekeli-1985-pp675-676-33">[33]</a> Piri Reis presented the 1513 world map to Ottoman Sultan <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1512–1520).<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> It is unknown how Selim used the map, if at all, as it vanished from history until its rediscovery centuries later.<a href="#cite_note-Soucek-1992-p270-36">[36]</a> When rediscovered in 1929,<a href="#cite_note-Şengör-2004-cites-90">[90]</a> the remaining fragment garnered international attention for including a partial copy of an otherwise lost map by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gerber-2010-p199-91">[91]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CipangoComparisonOfPiriReis1513MapToBehaimGlobe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Side by side outlines of the map's depiction of the Caribbean and the Behaim globe's depiction of Asia's east coast show different coastlines but a similar arrangement of land masses." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/CipangoComparisonOfPiriReis1513MapToBehaimGlobe.svg/220px-CipangoComparisonOfPiriReis1513MapToBehaimGlobe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/CipangoComparisonOfPiriReis1513MapToBehaimGlobe.svg/330px-CipangoComparisonOfPiriReis1513MapToBehaimGlobe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/CipangoComparisonOfPiriReis1513MapToBehaimGlobe.svg/440px-CipangoComparisonOfPiriReis1513MapToBehaimGlobe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1482" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of Piri Reis's Caribbean (left) to <a href="/wiki/Erdapfel" title="Erdapfel">Martin Behaim's Asia</a> (right)</figcaption></figure> The map is a <a href="/wiki/Portolan_chart" title="Portolan chart">portolan chart</a> with <a href="/wiki/Compass_rose" title="Compass rose">compass roses</a> from which lines of bearing radiate.<a href="#cite_note-Dutch-2010-92">[92]</a> Designed for navigation via <a href="/wiki/Dead_reckoning" title="Dead reckoning">dead reckoning</a>,<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> portolan charts use a <a href="/wiki/Windrose_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Windrose network">windrose network</a> rather than a <a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">longitude and latitude grid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dutch-2010-92">[92]</a> It contains extensive notes primarily in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish">Ottoman Turkish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McIntosh-2000b-94">[94]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Colophon_(publishing)" title="Colophon (publishing)">colophon</a> in Arabic is written in a different handwriting,<a href="#cite_note-Soucek-2013-p139-95">[95]</a> likely that of Piri Reis himself.<a href="#cite_note-McIntosh-2000a-p15-29">[29]</a> The depiction of South America is detailed and accurate for its time.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Scholars attribute the peculiar arrangement of the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> to a now-lost map from Columbus that depicted Cuba as part of the Asian mainland and <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a> according to <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a>'s description of Japan.<a href="#cite_note-Gaspar-2015-pp1-3-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> This reflects Columbus's erroneous claim that he had found a new route to Asia.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[a]</a> The southern coast of the Atlantic Ocean is most likely a version of <a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis" title="Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cuoghi-2002-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> The map is visually distinct from European <a href="/wiki/Portolan_chart" title="Portolan chart">portolan charts</a>, influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_miniature" title="Islamic miniature">Islamic miniature</a> tradition.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> It was unusual in the Islamic cartographic tradition for incorporating many non-Muslim sources.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> Historian Karen Pinto has described the positive portrayal of <a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">legendary creatures</a> from the edge of the known world in the Americas as breaking away from the medieval Islamic idea of an impassible "Encircling Ocean" surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> Piri Reis adapted the elements of iconography from the <a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world#History" title="Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world">traditional maps</a>—which illustrated well-known routes, cities, and peoples—to the portolan portrayals of newly discovered coasts.<a href="#cite_note-Pinto-2012-112">[111]</a> There are conflicting interpretations of the map.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> Scholarly debate exists over the specific sources used in the map's creation and the number of source maps.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> Many areas on the map have not been conclusively identified with real or <a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_places" title="List of mythological places">mythical places</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> Some authors have noted visual similarities to parts of the Americas not officially discovered by 1513,<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> but there is no textual or historical evidence that the map represents land south of present-day <a href="/wiki/Canan%C3%A9ia" title="Cananéia">Cananéia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> A disproven 20th-century hypothesis identified the southern landmass with an ice-free Antarctic coast.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kitab-ı_Bahriye">Kitab-ı Bahriye</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piri_Reis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Kitab-ı Bahriye">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kitab-%C4%B1_Bahriye" title="Kitab-ı Bahriye">Kitab-ı Bahriye</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piri_ibn_haji_mehmed,_corsica,_nel_kitab-i_bahriye_(libro_delle_cose_del_mare),_1590_ca._(bnf)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Large book open with Arabic text on one page and a multicolor illustrated map opposite" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Piri_ibn_haji_mehmed%2C_corsica%2C_nel_kitab-i_bahriye_%28libro_delle_cose_del_mare%29%2C_1590_ca._%28bnf%29_01.jpg/290px-Piri_ibn_haji_mehmed%2C_corsica%2C_nel_kitab-i_bahriye_%28libro_delle_cose_del_mare%29%2C_1590_ca._%28bnf%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Piri_ibn_haji_mehmed%2C_corsica%2C_nel_kitab-i_bahriye_%28libro_delle_cose_del_mare%29%2C_1590_ca._%28bnf%29_01.jpg/435px-Piri_ibn_haji_mehmed%2C_corsica%2C_nel_kitab-i_bahriye_%28libro_delle_cose_del_mare%29%2C_1590_ca._%28bnf%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Piri_ibn_haji_mehmed%2C_corsica%2C_nel_kitab-i_bahriye_%28libro_delle_cose_del_mare%29%2C_1590_ca._%28bnf%29_01.jpg/580px-Piri_ibn_haji_mehmed%2C_corsica%2C_nel_kitab-i_bahriye_%28libro_delle_cose_del_mare%29%2C_1590_ca._%28bnf%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5221" data-file-height="3074" /></a><figcaption>A copy open to the page on <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a></figcaption></figure> The Kitab-ı Bahriye (كتاب بحرية), or Book of the Sea, is a navigational atlas.<a href="#cite_note-120">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-Casale-2010-p37-51">[51]</a> Piri Reis compiled navigational charts and notes into the most detailed portolan atlas of the sixteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-Hepworth-2005-p73-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goodrich-2004-pt1-121">[119]</a> There are two versions of the book.<a href="#cite_note-Casale-2010-p37-51">[51]</a> The first version was composed between 1511 and 1521.<a href="#cite_note-125">[c]</a> Both versions begin with a preface and were dedicated to the sultan <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1520–1566).<a href="#cite_note-Soucek-1992-p272-84">[84]</a> The second version—completed by 1526—includes a longer introduction written in verse.<a href="#cite_note-Casale-2010-p37-51">[51]</a> It offers information on storms, winds, navigating with a compass, navigating by the stars, reading <a href="/wiki/Portolan_chart" title="Portolan chart">portolan charts</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Soucek-1992-p272-84">[84]</a> It includes information on recent Portuguese and Spanish voyages including the <a href="/wiki/Voyages_of_Christopher_Columbus" title="Voyages of Christopher Columbus">voyages of Christopher Columbus</a> to the Americas and <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_discovery_of_the_sea_route_to_India" title="Portuguese discovery of the sea route to India">discovery of a sea route to India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Casale-2010-p37-51">[51]</a> It offers the first detailed Ottoman description of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>,<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> and gives special attention to <a href="/wiki/Hormuz_Island" title="Hormuz Island">Hormuz Island</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz" title="Strait of Hormuz">strait leading into the Persian Gulf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Soucek-2013-p139-95">[95]</a> The main part of both versions is a nautical guide to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. Separate chapters cover different locations with corresponding portolan charts.<a href="#cite_note-Soucek-1992-p272-84">[84]</a> There are 130 chapters in the first version and 210 in the second.<a href="#cite_note-Soucek-1992-p272-84">[84]</a> Piri Reis says he composed an atlas because any single map has limited space for written details, and some "knowledge cannot be known from maps; it must be explained."<a href="#cite_note-Soucek-1992-p272-84">[84]</a> The chapters start at the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> and move counter-clockwise around the Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> The Kitab-ı Bahriye combines information from a range of sources and Piri Reis' personal experience. The coast of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> relies little on outside sources.<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> Its maps have <a href="/wiki/Compass_rose" title="Compass rose">compass roses</a> indicating North for each page.<a href="#cite_note-Soucek-1992-p277-129">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goodrich-2004-pt1-121">[119]</a> Scale is indicated only in the textual descriptions, not with scale bars.<a href="#cite_note-Goodrich-2004-pt1-121">[119]</a> Standard portolan symbols indicate hazards, like dots for shallow water and crosses for rocks.<a href="#cite_note-Soucek-1992-p277-129">[126]</a> Written when Ottoman sailors relied on oar-driven <a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">galleys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galiot" title="Galiot">galiots</a>, the Kitab-ı Bahriye reflects their needs and capabilities. It gives information on coastal waters, safe harbors, hazards, and sources of fresh water.<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> The known surviving manuscripts are all copies created beginning in the later 1500s.<a href="#cite_note-Goodrich-2004-119">[118]</a> The book achieved fame only after Piri Reis' death.<a href="#cite_note-Casale-2010-p186-131">[128]</a> At least some portion of the book has been translated into English, modern Turkish, Greek, French, German, and Italian.<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1528_world_map">1528 world map</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piri_Reis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1528 world map">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_World_Map_of_Piri_Reis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of the Caribbean and other areas in the New World" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Second_World_Map_of_Piri_Reis.jpg/220px-Second_World_Map_of_Piri_Reis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Second_World_Map_of_Piri_Reis.jpg/330px-Second_World_Map_of_Piri_Reis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Second_World_Map_of_Piri_Reis.jpg/440px-Second_World_Map_of_Piri_Reis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Surviving fragment of the second World Map of Piri Reis (1528)</figcaption></figure> Piri Reis compiled a second world map in 1528.<a href="#cite_note-McIntosh-2015-p303-133">[130]</a> Only a fragment of the map—the northwest corner—remains.<a href="#cite_note-McIntosh-2015-p303-133">[130]</a> The parchment fragment is approximately 70 centimeters square.<a href="#cite_note-McIntosh-2015-p303-133">[130]</a> As with the 1513 map, the 1528 map has calligraphic inscriptions in Ottoman-Turkish written in the Arabic alphabet. The <a href="/wiki/Colophon_(publishing)" title="Colophon (publishing)">colophon</a> is in Arabic, likely handwritten by Piri Reis himself.<a href="#cite_note-McIntosh-2015-p306-134">[131]</a> According to the colophon, Piri Reis compiled the map in 1528 in Gallipoli.<a href="#cite_note-McIntosh-2015-p306-134">[131]</a> However, he may not have completed it until 1529.<a href="#cite_note-McIntosh-2015-p303-133">[130]</a> The 1528 map was a <a href="/wiki/Portolan_chart" title="Portolan chart">portolan chart</a> like his earlier works. It uses a windrose network radiating out from <a href="/wiki/Compass_rose" title="Compass rose">compass roses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McIntosh-2015-p305-135">[132]</a> The map does include one line of latitude, the <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer" title="Tropic of Cancer">Tropic of Cancer</a>; it is slightly south of the correct position for Cuba and the Yucatan.<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> The map uses standard portolan colors and symbols. Dots indicate shallow waters and <a href="/wiki/Sand_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand bank">sand banks</a>. Crosses indicate rocks and <a href="/wiki/Reef" title="Reef">reefs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McIntosh-2015-p305-135">[132]</a> The ships painted on the map are two <a href="/wiki/Caravel" title="Caravel">caravels</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Carrack" title="Carrack">carrack</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McIntosh-2015-p306-134">[131]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Scale_(map)" title="Scale (map)">scale</a> bars indicate 50 miles between the sections of the scales.<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> Based on the design of recently explored geographical features like Greenland, Newfoundland, and Florida, the map likely relied on Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian maps from the 1520s.<a href="#cite_note-McIntosh-2015-p303-133">[130]</a> Notes on the map cite recent Portuguese voyages to <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> Hispaniola and Cuba are much more accurate compared to the 1513 world map. Cuba, labeled "Isla di <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Vana</a>", is now correctly positioned as an island in the Caribbean.<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> In contrast to the 1513 map, Piri Reis leaves areas that have not been explored blank.<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a> Only the explored southern coasts of the Florida peninsula are on the map. The <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Florida" title="Geography of Florida">geography of Florida</a> is left ambiguous as potentially an island or <a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">peninsula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>'s master map, the <a href="/wiki/Padr%C3%B3n_Real" title="Padrón Real">Padrón Real</a>, included this type of ambiguous Florida until 1520, and it influenced Italian cartography like the <a href="/wiki/Freducci_map" title="Freducci map">Freducci map</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piri_Reis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PiriReis_IstanbulNavalMuseum.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="sculpture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/PiriReis_IstanbulNavalMuseum.JPG/220px-PiriReis_IstanbulNavalMuseum.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/PiriReis_IstanbulNavalMuseum.JPG/330px-PiriReis_IstanbulNavalMuseum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/PiriReis_IstanbulNavalMuseum.JPG/440px-PiriReis_IstanbulNavalMuseum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2416" data-file-height="3674" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Piri Reis in the <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Naval_Museum" title="Istanbul Naval Museum">Istanbul Naval Museum</a></figcaption></figure> During his own life, there was limited appreciation for Piri Reis' cartography. Historian Svat Soucek said of the cartographic works of Piri Reis, "They show that although the Ottoman Empire had the potential to participate in the discoveries, its ruling elite spurned the attempt to blaze a trail in this direction".<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> The 1513 world map disappeared from the historical record until its rediscovery centuries later.<a href="#cite_note-Soucek-1992-p270-36">[36]</a> There is no evidence that either version of his atlas circulated outside the royal palace prior to 1550.<a href="#cite_note-Casale-2010-p186-131">[128]</a> The copies produced in the following centuries were often created for their aesthetic or artistic value.<a href="#cite_note-Soucek-2013-p141-53">[53]</a> No Turkish school of cartography or navigation was established to build on his work.<a href="#cite_note-Soucek-1994-p135-145">[142]</a> <a href="/wiki/Murat_Reis_the_Elder" title="Murat Reis the Elder">Murat Reis the Elder</a>'s expedition to the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> and the 1586 <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Lanzarote_(1586)" title="Sack of Lanzarote (1586)">Sack of Lanzarote</a> were some of the few times when Piri Reis' Atlantic cartography was likely used by the Ottoman Navy.<a href="#cite_note-Muhaj-2014-p265-146">[143]</a> The empire's navy—even during the Canary Islands expedition—remained largely composed of oar-driven galleys after the point where other naval powers were moving to <a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship" title="Sailing ship">sailing ships</a> that were more suited to the open oceans.<a href="#cite_note-Muhaj-2014-p265-146">[143]</a> Ottoman scholar <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2tip_%C3%87elebi" title="Kâtip Çelebi">Kâtip Çelebi</a> built on the Kitab-i Bahriye in his seventeenth-century work, Müntehab-ı Bahriyye.<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> By the eighteenth century, major works of cartography from Western Europe were being translated into Turkish.<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a> When Piri Reis' world map was unearthed in 1929, it received international media attention for containing the surviving piece of an otherwise lost map of Christopher Columbus.<a href="#cite_note-Gerber-2010-p199-91">[91]</a> Turkey's first president, <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>, took an interest in the map and initiated <a href="/wiki/Project" title="Project">projects</a> to publish facsimiles and conduct research.<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> Discovered during <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_reforms" title="Atatürk's reforms">Atatürk's reforms</a>, the map was a point of national pride. Its rediscovery also sparked interest in the Kitab-ı Bahriye.<a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-Soucek-1994-p135-145">[142]</a> A facsimile of the book's second version was published by the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Historical_Society" title="Turkish Historical Society">Turkish Historical Society</a> in 1935,<a href="#cite_note-151">[148]</a> and a four-volume facsimile with photographic quality was published in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a> Several ships and submarines have been named after him, including the <a href="/wiki/RV_K._Piri_Reis" title="RV K. Piri Reis">RV K. Piri Reis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reis-class_submarine" title="Reis-class submarine">TCG Pirireis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Piri_Reis_University" title="Piri Reis University">Piri Reis University</a> for maritime studies was founded in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a> In the Turkish TV series <a href="/wiki/Barbaros:_Sword_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Barbaros: Sword of the Mediterranean">Barbaros: Sword of the Mediterranean</a>, he is portrayed by actor Emir Benderlioğlu.<a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> Piri Reis' 1513 world map is the target of various pseudoscientific claims and is sometimes invoked in broader pop culture as an unsolved mystery. Civil engineer <a href="/wiki/Marta_Wittkowska#Marriage" title="Marta Wittkowska">Arlington Mallery</a>, professor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hapgood" title="Charles Hapgood">Charles Hapgood</a>, and Hapgood's students developed the hypothesis that the 1513 world map contained cartographic information, notably from an ice-free Antarctic coast, that exceeded the map-making abilities of the sixteenth century. In his 1966 book Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings, Hapgood claims islands along the map's southern Atlantic shore to be ice-covered mountains in Antarctica's <a href="/wiki/Queen_Maud_Land" title="Queen Maud Land">Queen Maud Land</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a> Hapgood's book was met with skepticism due to its lack of evidence and reliance on <a href="/wiki/Cataclysmic_pole_shift_hypothesis" title="Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis">polar shift</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[156]</a> According to geologist Paul Heinrich, the book also did not account for <a href="/wiki/Post-glacial_rebound" title="Post-glacial rebound">post-glacial rebound</a>, and the 1949 survey initially cited by Mallery could not measure even one percent of the area drawn in the Piri Reis map. Subsequent studies have shown no significant similarities to Antarctica's coast.<a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a> Hapgood's claims have been uncritically repeated by <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_D%C3%A4niken" title="Erich von Däniken">Erich von Däniken</a> in support of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">ancient astronauts</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Graham_Hancock" title="Graham Hancock">Graham Hancock</a> in support of an advanced lost civilization.<a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a> The map and polar shift were key plot elements in <a href="/wiki/Allan_W._Eckert" title="Allan W. Eckert">Allan W. Eckert</a>'s science fiction novel <a href="/wiki/The_HAB_Theory" title="The HAB Theory">The HAB Theory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> Piri Reis is a character in the <a href="/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed" title="Assassin's Creed">Assassin's Creed</a> franchise. In the 2010 video game <a href="/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed:_Brotherhood" title="Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood">Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood</a>, a group of Italian <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">Assassins</a> sent from Rome to Constantinople by <a href="/wiki/Ezio_Auditore_da_Firenze" title="Ezio Auditore da Firenze">Ezio Auditore da Firenze</a> infiltrates Piri Reis's shop to steal some of his maps detailing the New World, to match the <a href="/wiki/Templars" class="mw-redirect" title="Templars">Templars</a>' expansion into the new lands.<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a> He appears in its 2011 sequel <a href="/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed:_Revelations" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassin's Creed: Revelations">Assassin's Creed: Revelations</a>, set in early sixteenth-century Constantinople.<a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piri_Reis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> There is disagreement on how much of the map draws from Columbus. Paul Kahle and most later scholars attributed everything north and west of the phantom island Antilia to this source.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Svat Soucek expressed doubts about Kahle's "supposed connection",<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> and commented that "as for the 'map made by Columbus', Piri Reis's own map shows that he must also have used other sources depicting South America (specifically, the eastern bulge of the continent, thus Brazil), which Columbus could not have known" about when the map would have been produced.<a href="#cite_note-Soucek-2013-p140-103">[103]</a> Gregory McIntosh found that Cuba, Central America, and Hispaniola could be clearly attributed to an early map from Columbus,<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> but not necessarily the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Antilles" title="Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a>. McIntosh noted that the duplication of some features like the Virgin Islands indicated an attempt to join a second map in that area.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Other translations of the title: <ul><li>Book of Maritime Matters <a href="#cite_note-Soucek-1992-p266-1">[1]</a></li> <li>Book on Navigation <a href="#cite_note-Hepworth-2005-p73-52">[52]</a></li> <li>Book of Navigation <a href="#cite_note-Goodrich-2004-119">[118]</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Soucek (1992) notes that work on the book began in 1511 around the same time as work on the 1513 world map.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> Soucek (2013) gives 1520 as the completion date.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> Hepworth (2005) says the book was "presented" in 1521.<a href="#cite_note-Hepworth-2005-p73-52">[52]</a> Lepore, Piccardi, and Rombai (2013) say the book "appeared" in 1521.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piri_Reis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Soucek-1992-p266-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Soucek-1992-p266_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Soucek-1992-p266_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Soucek-1992-p266_1-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoucek1992">Soucek 1992</a>, p. 266. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bostan-2014-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bostan-2014_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bostan-2014_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bostan-2014_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bostan-2014_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bostan-2014_2-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFBostan2014">Bostan 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFİnan1954">İnan 1954</a>, p. 6;</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMcIntosh2000a">McIntosh 2000a</a>, p. 5;</li><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tureng.com/en/turkish-english/reis">"Reis"</a>. Tureng Multilingual Dictionary.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reis&rft.btitle=Tureng+Multilingual+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftureng.com%2Fen%2Fturkish-english%2Freis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-McIntosh-2000a-p5-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McIntosh-2000a-p5_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McIntosh-2000a-p5_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McIntosh-2000a-p5_4-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcIntosh2000a">McIntosh 2000a</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pedani-2015-p320-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pedani-2015-p320_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pedani-2015-p320_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPedani2015">Pedani 2015</a>, p. 320. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPedani2015">Pedani 2015</a>, p. 321. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhair2006">Khair 2006</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/corsair">"Corsair"</a>. Cambridge Dictionary.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Corsair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fus%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fcorsair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPryor1988">Pryor 1988</a>, p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-McIntosh-2000a-p6-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McIntosh-2000a-p6_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McIntosh-2000a-p6_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McIntosh-2000a-p6_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McIntosh-2000a-p6_10-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcIntosh2000a">McIntosh 2000a</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsom-Verhaaren2022">Isom-Verhaaren 2022</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFİnan1954">İnan 1954</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAyyubi1989">Ayyubi 1989</a>, p. 737. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hess-1970-p1905-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hess-1970-p1905_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hess-1970-p1905_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hess-1970-p1905_14-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHess1970">Hess 1970</a>, p. 1905. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPedani2015">Pedani 2015</a>, p. 319. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPedani2015">Pedani 2015</a>, pp. 319–320. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoucek2004">Soucek 2004</a>, pp. 222, 232. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoucek2004">Soucek 2004</a>, p. 232. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZarinebafBennetDavis2005">Zarinebaf, Bennet & Davis 2005</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsom-Verhaaren2022">Isom-Verhaaren 2022</a>, pp. 92–93. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsom-Verhaaren2022">Isom-Verhaaren 2022</a>, pp. 94–95. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHess1970">Hess 1970</a>, pp. 1905–1907. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPitcher1972">Pitcher 1972</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoucek1992">Soucek 1992</a>, pp. 270–271. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcIntosh2000a">McIntosh 2000a</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nebenzahl-1990-p62-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Nebenzahl-1990-p62_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNebenzahl1990">Nebenzahl 1990</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-Urguplu-2015-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Urguplu-2015_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUrguplu2015">Urguplu 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Massetti-pp41-42-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Massetti-pp41-42_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMassettiVeracini2016">Massetti & Veracini 2016</a>, pp. 41–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-McIntosh-2000a-p15-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McIntosh-2000a-p15_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McIntosh-2000a-p15_29-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcIntosh2000a">McIntosh 2000a</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcIntosh2000a">McIntosh 2000a</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrotton1998">Brotton 1998</a>, pp. 108–110. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsom-Verhaaren2022">Isom-Verhaaren 2022</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tekeli-1985-pp675-676-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tekeli-1985-pp675-676_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tekeli-1985-pp675-676_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tekeli-1985-pp675-676_33-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTekeli1985">Tekeli 1985</a>, pp. 675–676. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAyyubi1989">Ayyubi 1989</a>, p. 738. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kahle-1933-p621-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Kahle-1933-p621_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKahle1933">Kahle 1933</a>, p. 621. </li> <li id="cite_note-Soucek-1992-p270-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Soucek-1992-p270_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Soucek-1992-p270_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Soucek-1992-p270_36-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoucek1992">Soucek 1992</a>, p. 270. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPedani2015">Pedani 2015</a>, pp. 321–322. </li> <li id="cite_note-Soucek-2004-p222-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Soucek-2004-p222_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Soucek-2004-p222_38-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoucek2004">Soucek 2004</a>, p. 222. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFİnan1954">İnan 1954</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-Soucek-2013-p137-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Soucek-2013-p137_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoucek2013">Soucek 2013</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoucek2004">Soucek 2004</a>, p. 220. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoucek2004">Soucek 2004</a>, p. 221. </li> <li id="cite_note-Soucek-2004-p223-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Soucek-2004-p223_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Soucek-2004-p223_43-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoucek2004">Soucek 2004</a>, p. 223. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrima2021">Grima 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYaldızKaymakçıÖzgün2019">Yaldız, Kaymakçı & Özgün 2019</a>, pp. 224–225. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsom-Verhaaren2022">Isom-Verhaaren 2022</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoucek2013">Soucek 2013</a>, pp. 137–138. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasale2010">Casale 2010</a>, pp. 34–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasale2010">Casale 2010</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasale2010">Casale 2010</a>, pp. 36–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-Casale-2010-p37-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Casale-2010-p37_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Casale-2010-p37_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Casale-2010-p37_51-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Casale-2010-p37_51-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Casale-2010-p37_51-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasale2010">Casale 2010</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hepworth-2005-p73-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hepworth-2005-p73_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hepworth-2005-p73_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hepworth-2005-p73_52-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hepworth-2005-p73_52-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHepworth2005">Hepworth 2005</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-Soucek-2013-p141-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Soucek-2013-p141_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Soucek-2013-p141_53-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoucek2013">Soucek 2013</a>, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAyyubi1989">Ayyubi 1989</a>, p. 739. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasale2019">Casale 2019</a>, p. 876. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasale2019">Casale 2019</a>, pp. 871, 874–875. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasale2019">Casale 2019</a>, pp. 864–867, 875. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAkçura1935">Akçura 1935</a>, sec. V. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAkçura1935">Akçura 1935</a>, sec. VI. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasale2019">Casale 2019</a>, p. 875. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pedani-2015-p323-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pedani-2015-p323_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pedani-2015-p323_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pedani-2015-p323_61-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPedani2015">Pedani 2015</a>, p. 323. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPedani2015">Pedani 2015</a>, pp. 322–323. </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaw-1976-p107-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw-1976-p107_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw-1976-p107_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw-1976-p107_63-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw-1976-p107_63-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFShaw1976">Shaw 1976</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHess1970">Hess 1970</a>, pp. 1916–1917. </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaw-1976-pp106-107-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw-1976-pp106-107_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw-1976-pp106-107_65-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFShaw1976">Shaw 1976</a>, pp. 106–107. </li> <li id="cite_note-Önalp-2010-pp1-2-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Önalp-2010-pp1-2_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Önalp-2010-pp1-2_66-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFÖnalp2010">Önalp 2010</a>, pp. 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFÖzbaran2009">Özbaran 2009</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFÖzbaran2009">Özbaran 2009</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFloor2006">Floor 2006</a>, p. 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-Floor-2006-p176-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Floor-2006-p176_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Floor-2006-p176_70-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Floor-2006-p176_70-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Floor-2006-p176_70-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Floor-2006-p176_70-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Floor-2006-p176_70-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFFloor2006">Floor 2006</a>, p. 176. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalekandathil2010">Malekandathil 2010</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFinkel2007">Finkel 2007</a>, p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFÖzbaran2009">Özbaran 2009</a>, p. 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoucek2011">Soucek 2011</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFÖzbaran2009">Özbaran 2009</a>, p. 110. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsom-Verhaaren2022">Isom-Verhaaren 2022</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFÖzbaran2009">Özbaran 2009</a>, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFÖzbaran2009">Özbaran 2009</a>, pp. 110–111. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pedani-2015-p324-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pedani-2015-p324_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pedani-2015-p324_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pedani-2015-p324_79-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPedani2015">Pedani 2015</a>, p. 324. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAngelovBazzazBatsaki2013">Angelov, Bazzaz & Batsaki 2013</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson1996">Robinson 1996</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnatolia_News_Agency2013">Anatolia News Agency 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcIntosh2015">McIntosh 2015</a>, p. 317. </li> <li id="cite_note-Soucek-1992-p272-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Soucek-1992-p272_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Soucek-1992-p272_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Soucek-1992-p272_84-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Soucek-1992-p272_84-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Soucek-1992-p272_84-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Soucek-1992-p272_84-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoucek1992">Soucek 1992</a>, p. 272. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoucek2013">Soucek 2013</a>, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcIntosh2000a">McIntosh 2000a</a>, pp. 8–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMassettiVeracini2016">Massetti & Veracini 2016</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMassettiVeracini2016">Massetti & Veracini 2016</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasale2019">Casale 2019</a>, p. 871. </li> <li id="cite_note-Şengör-2004-cites-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Şengör-2004-cites_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFŞengör2004">Şengör 2004</a> cites:</li><li><a href="#CITEREFAdıvar1939">Adıvar 1939</a>, pp. 59–60.</li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gerber-2010-p199-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gerber-2010-p199_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerber-2010-p199_91-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerber2010">Gerber 2010</a>, p. 199. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dutch-2010-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dutch-2010_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dutch-2010_92-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDutch2010">Dutch 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcIntosh2000a">McIntosh 2000a</a>, pp. 60–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-McIntosh-2000b-94"><a href="#cite_ref-McIntosh-2000b_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcIntosh2000b">McIntosh 2000b</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-Soucek-2013-p139-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Soucek-2013-p139_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Soucek-2013-p139_95-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoucek2013">Soucek 2013</a>, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFİnan1954">İnan 1954</a>, pp. 35, 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoucek1996">Soucek 1996</a>, pp. 58, 73–74. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gaspar-2015-pp1-3-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Gaspar-2015-pp1-3_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGaspar2015">Gaspar 2015</a>, pp. 1–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcIntosh2000a">McIntosh 2000a</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcIntosh2000a">McIntosh 2000a</a>, pp. 114, 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFKahle1933">Kahle 1933</a>, p. 628;</li><li><a href="#CITEREFİnan1954">İnan 1954</a>, pp. 37–40;</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMcIntosh2000a">McIntosh 2000a</a>, pp. 131–133.</li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoucek1992">Soucek 1992</a>, pp. 270–271. </li> <li id="cite_note-Soucek-2013-p140-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Soucek-2013-p140_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoucek2013">Soucek 2013</a>, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcIntosh2014">McIntosh 2014</a>, p. 372. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcIntosh2000a">McIntosh 2000a</a>, pp. 134–139. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cuoghi-2002-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Cuoghi-2002_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCuoghi2002">Cuoghi 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcIntosh2000a">McIntosh 2000a</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPinto2012">Pinto 2012</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoucek1994">Soucek 1994</a>, pp. 123, 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPinto2012">Pinto 2012</a>, pp. 80, 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pinto-2012-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Pinto-2012_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPinto2012">Pinto 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcIntosh2000a">McIntosh 2000a</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcIntosh2000a">McIntosh 2000a</a>, pp. 15–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcIntosh2000a">McIntosh 2000a</a>, pp. 26, 30, 41, 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFCuoghi2002">Cuoghi 2002</a>;</li><li><a href="#CITEREFDutch2010">Dutch 2010</a>.</li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcIntosh2000a">McIntosh 2000a</a>, pp. 37–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcIntosh2000a">McIntosh 2000a</a>, ch. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-Goodrich-2004-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goodrich-2004_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodrich-2004_119-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoodrich2004">Goodrich 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Goodrich-2004-pt1-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goodrich-2004-pt1_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodrich-2004-pt1_121-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodrich-2004-pt1_121-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoodrich2004">Goodrich 2004</a>, pt. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoucek1992">Soucek 1992</a>, p. 267. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoucek2013">Soucek 2013</a>, p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeporePiccardiRombai2013">Lepore, Piccardi & Rombai 2013</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasale2010">Casale 2010</a>, p. 37 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFİnan1954">İnan 1954</a>, pp. 21–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoucek1992">Soucek 1992</a>, pp. 277–279. </li> <li id="cite_note-Soucek-1992-p277-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Soucek-1992-p277_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Soucek-1992-p277_129-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoucek1992">Soucek 1992</a>, p. 277. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoucek1992">Soucek 1992</a>, pp. 273–274. </li> <li id="cite_note-Casale-2010-p186-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Casale-2010-p186_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Casale-2010-p186_131-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasale2010">Casale 2010</a>, p. 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeporePiccardiRombai2013">Lepore, Piccardi & Rombai 2013</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-McIntosh-2015-p303-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McIntosh-2015-p303_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McIntosh-2015-p303_133-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McIntosh-2015-p303_133-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McIntosh-2015-p303_133-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McIntosh-2015-p303_133-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcIntosh2015">McIntosh 2015</a>, p. 303. </li> <li id="cite_note-McIntosh-2015-p306-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McIntosh-2015-p306_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McIntosh-2015-p306_134-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McIntosh-2015-p306_134-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcIntosh2015">McIntosh 2015</a>, p. 306. </li> <li id="cite_note-McIntosh-2015-p305-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McIntosh-2015-p305_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McIntosh-2015-p305_135-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcIntosh2015">McIntosh 2015</a>, p. 305. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTekeli1985">Tekeli 1985</a>, p. 681. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFİnan1954">İnan 1954</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFİnan1954">İnan 1954</a>, pp. 43–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTekeli1985">Tekeli 1985</a>, p. 681 </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcIntosh2015">McIntosh 2015</a>, p. 307. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFİnan1954">İnan 1954</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcIntosh2015">McIntosh 2015</a>, pp. 307–308. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcIntosh2015">McIntosh 2015</a>, pp. 308–309. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoucek2013">Soucek 2013</a>, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-Soucek-1994-p135-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Soucek-1994-p135_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Soucek-1994-p135_145-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoucek1994">Soucek 1994</a>, p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-Muhaj-2014-p265-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Muhaj-2014-p265_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muhaj-2014-p265_146-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMuhaj2014">Muhaj 2014</a>, p. 265. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSarıcaoğlu2009">Sarıcaoğlu 2009</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSarıcaoğlu2009">Sarıcaoğlu 2009</a>, pp. 123–124. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFİnan1954">İnan 1954</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoucek2013">Soucek 2013</a>, p. 141 </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoucek2013">Soucek 2013</a>, pp. 135–144. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoodrich2004">Goodrich 2004</a>, pt. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOzberk2024">Ozberk 2024</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNHHC2016">NHHC 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewsroom2024">Newsroom 2024</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTethys2024">Tethys 2024</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTarihi2022">Tarihi 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcIntosh2000a">McIntosh 2000a</a>, pp. 53–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFMcIntosh2000a">McIntosh 2000a</a>, pp. 60–62;</li><li><a href="#CITEREFStunkel1967">Stunkel 1967</a>;</li><li><a href="#CITEREFDavies1985">Davies 1985</a>.</li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeinrich2001">Heinrich 2001</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFagan2006">Fagan 2006</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcIntosh2000a">McIntosh 2000a</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPinto2012">Pinto 2012</a>, pp. 65–67. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUbisoft_Montreal2010">Ubisoft Montreal 2010</a> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFUbisoft_Montreal2010 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoekstra2024">Hoekstra 2024</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRitman2011">Ritman 2011</a>. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piri_Reis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdıvar1939" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adnan_Ad%C4%B1var" title="Adnan Adıvar">Adıvar, Abdülhak Adnan</a> (1939). La Science Chez les Turcs Ottomans (1st ed.). Paris: G.P. Maisonneuve et Larose. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11676376">11676376</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Science+Chez+les+Turcs+Ottomans&rft.place=Paris&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=G.P.+Maisonneuve+et+Larose&rft.date=1939&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11676376&rft.aulast=Ad%C4%B1var&rft.aufirst=Abd%C3%BClhak+Adnan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkçura1935" class="citation cs1">Akçura, Yusuf (1935). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Piri_Reis%27_Map">"Piri Reis' Map"</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Piri_Reis_Haritas%C4%B1_%C4%B0zahat.pdf">Piri Reis Haritasi</a> (PDF) (1st ed.). Istanbul: Türk Tarih Kurumu (Turkis HistoricalSociety). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42754605">42754605</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Piri+Reis%27+Map&rft.btitle=Piri+Reis+Haritasi&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=T%C3%BCrk+Tarih+Kurumu+%28Turkis+HistoricalSociety%29&rft.date=1935&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42754605&rft.aulast=Ak%C3%A7ura&rft.aufirst=Yusuf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FPiri_Reis%2527_Map&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnatolia_News_Agency2013" class="citation news cs1">Anatolia News Agency (23 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/topkapi-palace-museum-features-piri-reis-collection-39707">"Topkapı Palace Museum features Piri Reis collection"</a>. Hürriyet Daily News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=H%C3%BCrriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Topkap%C4%B1+Palace+Museum+features+Piri+Reis+collection&rft.date=2013-01-23&rft.au=Anatolia+News+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Ftopkapi-palace-museum-features-piri-reis-collection-39707&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngelovBazzazBatsaki2013" class="citation book cs1">Angelov, Dimiter; Bazzaz, Sahar; Batsaki, Yota (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebook:CHS_BazzazS_etal_eds.Imperial_Geographies.2013">Imperial Geographies in Byzantine and Ottoman Space</a>. Washington, DC: Center for Hellenic Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Geographies+in+Byzantine+and+Ottoman+Space&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Center+for+Hellenic+Studies&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Angelov&rft.aufirst=Dimiter&rft.au=Bazzaz%2C+Sahar&rft.au=Batsaki%2C+Yota&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnrs.harvard.edu%2Furn-3%3Ahul.ebook%3ACHS_BazzazS_etal_eds.Imperial_Geographies.2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyyubi1989" class="citation journal cs1">Ayyubi, N. Akmal (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44146128">"Contribution of Piri Reis to Cartography"</a>. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 50: 737–740. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2249-1937">2249-1937</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44146128">44146128</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=Contribution+of+Piri+Reis+to+Cartography&rft.volume=50&rft.pages=737-740&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44146128%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2249-1937&rft.aulast=Ayyubi&rft.aufirst=N.+Akmal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44146128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBostan2014" class="citation news cs1">Bostan, İdris (30 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seanews.com.tr/authors/prof-idris-bostan/piri-reis-ottoman-sailor-of-the-exploration-age/119874/">"Piri Reis: Ottoman Sailor of the Exploration Age"</a>. SeaNews.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SeaNews&rft.atitle=Piri+Reis%3A+Ottoman+Sailor+of+the+Exploration+Age&rft.date=2014-01-30&rft.aulast=Bostan&rft.aufirst=%C4%B0dris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seanews.com.tr%2Fauthors%2Fprof-idris-bostan%2Fpiri-reis-ottoman-sailor-of-the-exploration-age%2F119874%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrotton1998" class="citation book cs1">Brotton, Jerry (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tradingterritori0000brot">Trading Territories : Mapping the early modern world</a>. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-3499-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-3499-8"><bdi>0-8014-3499-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trading+Territories+%3A+Mapping+the+early+modern+world&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8014-3499-8&rft.aulast=Brotton&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftradingterritori0000brot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasale2010" class="citation book cs1">Casale, Giancarlo (28 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377828.001.0001/acprof-9780195377828">The Ottoman Age of Exploration</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780195377828.003.0003">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195377828.003.0003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537782-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537782-8"><bdi>978-0-19-537782-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Age+of+Exploration&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010-01-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780195377828.003.0003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-537782-8&rft.aulast=Casale&rft.aufirst=Giancarlo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordscholarship.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780195377828.001.0001%2Facprof-9780195377828&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasale2019" class="citation cs1">Casale, Giancarlo (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26845906">"Did Alexander the Great Discover America? Debating Space and Time in Renaissance Istanbul"</a>. Renaissance Quarterly. 72 (3): 863–909. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Frqx.2019.252">10.1017/rqx.2019.252</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26845906">26845906</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204482631">204482631</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Renaissance+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Did+Alexander+the+Great+Discover+America%3F+Debating+Space+and+Time+in+Renaissance+Istanbul&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=863-909&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A204482631%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26845906%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Frqx.2019.252&rft.aulast=Casale&rft.aufirst=Giancarlo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26845906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuoghi2002" class="citation cs1">Cuoghi, Diego (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diegocuoghi.com/Piri_Reis/PiriReis_eng.htm">"Part 1 (Piri Reis)"</a>. The Mysteries of the Piri Reis map. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040310223207/http://xoomer.virgilio.it:80/dicuoghi/Piri_Reis/PiriReis_eng.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mysteries+of+the+Piri+Reis+map&rft.atitle=Part+1+%28Piri+Reis%29&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Cuoghi&rft.aufirst=Diego&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diegocuoghi.com%2FPiri_Reis%2FPiriReis_eng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"> Translation of: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1">Cuoghi, Diego (2003). "I Misteri Della Mappa di Piri Reis". Gli enigmi della storia. Milan: Edizioni Piemme.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gli+enigmi+della+storia&rft.atitle=I+Misteri+Della+Mappa+di+Piri+Reis&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Cuoghi&rft.aufirst=Diego&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1985" class="citation cs1">Davies, Gordon L. Herries (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1150840">"Reviewed Work(s): Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings. Evidence of Advanced Civilization in the Ice Age by Charles H. Hapgood"</a>. Imago Mundi. 37: 108–109. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1150840">1150840</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Imago+Mundi&rft.atitle=Reviewed+Work%28s%29%3A+Maps+of+the+Ancient+Sea+Kings.+Evidence+of+Advanced+Civilization+in+the+Ice+Age+by+Charles+H.+Hapgood&rft.volume=37&rft.pages=108-109&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1150840%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Gordon+L.+Herries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1150840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutch2010" class="citation cs1">Dutch, Steven (2010) [1998]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130813090645/http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/PSEUDOSC/PiriRies.HTM">"The Piri Reis Map"</a>. Science, Pseudoscience, and Irrationalism. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/pseudosc/piriries.htm">the original</a> on 13 August 2013 – via <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Green_Bay" title="University of Wisconsin–Green Bay">University of Wisconsin–Green Bay</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science%2C+Pseudoscience%2C+and+Irrationalism&rft.atitle=The+Piri+Reis+Map&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Dutch&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uwgb.edu%2Fdutchs%2Fpseudosc%2Fpiriries.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFagan2006" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Garrett_G._Fagan" title="Garrett G. Fagan">Fagan, Garrett G.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/archaeologicalfa0000unse_e5v3">Archaeological Fantasies: How Pseudoarchaeology Misrepresents the Past and Misleads the Public</a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-041530-592-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-041530-592-1"><bdi>978-041530-592-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeological+Fantasies%3A+How+Pseudoarchaeology+Misrepresents+the+Past+and+Misleads+the+Public&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-041530-592-1&rft.aulast=Fagan&rft.aufirst=Garrett+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farchaeologicalfa0000unse_e5v3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkel2007" class="citation book cs1">Finkel, Caroline (2007). Osman's dream: the story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1923. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02397-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02397-4"><bdi>978-0-465-02397-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osman%27s+dream%3A+the+story+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1300-1923&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02397-4&rft.aulast=Finkel&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFloor2006" class="citation book cs1">Floor, Willem M. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HVa3AAAAIAAJ">The Persian Gulf: A Political and Economic History of Five Port Cities, 1500-1730</a>. Mage Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-93382-312-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-93382-312-6"><bdi>978-1-93382-312-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persian+Gulf%3A+A+Political+and+Economic+History+of+Five+Port+Cities%2C+1500-1730&rft.pub=Mage+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-93382-312-6&rft.aulast=Floor&rft.aufirst=Willem+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHVa3AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaspar2015" class="citation cs1">Gaspar, Joaquim Alves (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11922812">"The Representation of the West Indies in Early Iberian Cartography: A Cartometric Approach"</a>. Terrae Incognitae. 47 (1): 10–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F0082288415Z.00000000041">10.1179/0082288415Z.00000000041</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128885931">128885931</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Terrae+Incognitae&rft.atitle=The+Representation+of+the+West+Indies+in+Early+Iberian+Cartography%3A+A+Cartometric+Approach&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=10-32&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F0082288415Z.00000000041&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128885931%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gaspar&rft.aufirst=Joaquim+Alves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F11922812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerber2010" class="citation cs1">Gerber, Albrecht (2010). Deissmann the Philologist (1st ed.). Berlin: De Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11022-432-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11022-432-0"><bdi>978-3-11022-432-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deissmann+the+Philologist&rft.place=Berlin&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-11022-432-0&rft.aulast=Gerber&rft.aufirst=Albrecht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodrich2004" class="citation web cs1">Goodrich, Thomas D. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150516061930/http://www.shodb.gov.tr/pirireis/oturumlar/piri_reisin_kitab_i_bahriyesinic_5658_haritasi.htm">"The maps of the Kitab-i Bahriye of Piri Reis"</a>. Piri Reis Sempozyumu. Istanbul Military Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shodb.gov.tr/pirireis/oturumlar/piri_reisin_kitab_i_bahriyesinic_5658_haritasi.htm">the original</a> on 16 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Piri+Reis+Sempozyumu&rft.atitle=The+maps+of+the+Kitab-i+Bahriye+of+Piri+Reis&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Goodrich&rft.aufirst=Thomas+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shodb.gov.tr%2Fpirireis%2Foturumlar%2Fpiri_reisin_kitab_i_bahriyesinic_5658_haritasi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrima2021" class="citation web cs1">Grima, Joseph F. (24 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofmalta.com/article/the-order-of-st-johns-arrival-in-malta-in-1530.909655">"The Order of St John's arrival in Malta in 1530"</a>. Times of Malta.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Malta&rft.atitle=The+Order+of+St+John%27s+arrival+in+Malta+in+1530&rft.date=2021-10-24&rft.aulast=Grima&rft.aufirst=Joseph+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofmalta.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-order-of-st-johns-arrival-in-malta-in-1530.909655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinrich2001" class="citation cs1">Heinrich, Paul (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hallofmaat.com/wsog/fingerprints-of-the-gods-re-piri-reis-map/">Fingerprints of the Gods Re: Piri Reis Map</a>,</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fingerprints+of+the+Gods+Re%3A+Piri+Reis+Map&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Heinrich&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hallofmaat.com%2Fwsog%2Ffingerprints-of-the-gods-re-piri-reis-map%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"> Geologist and Archaeological Geologist at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lsu.edu/lgs/personnel/heinrich-paul.php">Louisiana State University</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHepworth2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hepworth, Paul (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20650882">"Production and Date of the Walters' "Kitab-i Bahriye""</a>. The Journal of the Walters Art Museum. 63: 73–80. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1946-0988">1946-0988</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20650882">20650882</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Walters+Art+Museum&rft.atitle=Production+and+Date+of+the+Walters%27+%22Kitab-i+Bahriye%22&rft.volume=63&rft.pages=73-80&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20650882%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1946-0988&rft.aulast=Hepworth&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20650882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHess1970" class="citation journal cs1">Hess, Andrew C. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1848022">"The Evolution of the Ottoman Seaborne Empire in the Age of the Oceanic Discoveries, 1453-1525"</a>. The American Historical Review. 75 (7): 1892–1919. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1848022">10.2307/1848022</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-8762">0002-8762</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1848022">1848022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+the+Ottoman+Seaborne+Empire+in+the+Age+of+the+Oceanic+Discoveries%2C+1453-1525&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1892-1919&rft.date=1970&rft.issn=0002-8762&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1848022%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1848022&rft.aulast=Hess&rft.aufirst=Andrew+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1848022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoekstra2024" class="citation web cs1">Hoekstra, Kyle (20 May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyhit.com/gaming/assassins-creed-games-in-order/">"Assassin's Creed Games in Order: a Brief History"</a>. History Hit.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Hit&rft.atitle=Assassin%27s+Creed+Games+in+Order%3A+a+Brief+History&rft.date=2024-05-20&rft.aulast=Hoekstra&rft.aufirst=Kyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyhit.com%2Fgaming%2Fassassins-creed-games-in-order%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFİnan1954" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Afet_%C4%B0nan" title="Afet İnan">İnan, Afet</a>; Yolaç, Leman (trans.) (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inan-afet-the-oldest-map-of-america-drawn-by-piri-reis/page/n1/mode/2up">The Oldest Map of America, Drawn by Piri Reis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2435662">2435662</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oldest+Map+of+America%2C+Drawn+by+Piri+Reis&rft.place=Ankara&rft.pub=T%C3%BCrk+Tarih+Kurumu+Basimevi&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2435662&rft.aulast=%C4%B0nan&rft.aufirst=Afet&rft.au=Yola%C3%A7%2C+Leman+%28trans.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finan-afet-the-oldest-map-of-america-drawn-by-piri-reis%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsom-Verhaaren2022" class="citation book cs1">Isom-Verhaaren, Christine (2022). The Sultan's fleet: seafarers of the Ottoman empire (First published ed.). London New York Oxford New Delhi Sydney: I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7556-4173-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7556-4173-4"><bdi>978-0-7556-4173-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sultan%27s+fleet%3A+seafarers+of+the+Ottoman+empire&rft.place=London+New+York+Oxford+New+Delhi+Sydney&rft.edition=First+published&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-7556-4173-4&rft.aulast=Isom-Verhaaren&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahle1933" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_E._Kahle" title="Paul E. Kahle">Kahle, Paul E.</a> (October 1933). "A Lost Map of Columbus". Geographical Review. 23 (4): 621–638. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1933GeoRv..23..621K">1933GeoRv..23..621K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F209247">10.2307/209247</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/209247">209247</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geographical+Review&rft.atitle=A+Lost+Map+of+Columbus&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=621-638&rft.date=1933-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F209247%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F209247&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1933GeoRv..23..621K&rft.aulast=Kahle&rft.aufirst=Paul+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhair2006" class="citation book cs1">Khair, Tabish, ed. (2006). "Piri Reis: The Voyages of a 'Corsair' (c. 1526)". Other routes: 1500 years of African and Asian travel writing. Oxford: Signal. pp. 127–131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-90495-512-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-90495-512-2"><bdi>978-1-90495-512-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61177562">61177562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Piri+Reis%3A+The+Voyages+of+a+%27Corsair%27+%28c.+1526%29&rft.btitle=Other+routes%3A+1500+years+of+African+and+Asian+travel+writing&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=127-131&rft.pub=Signal&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F61177562&rft.isbn=978-1-90495-512-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeporePiccardiRombai2013" class="citation journal cs1">Lepore, Fortunato; Piccardi, Marco; Rombai, Leonardo (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-perimetron.org/Vol_8_2/Lepore_et_al.pdf">"Looking at the Kitab-i Bahriye of Piri Reis"</a> (PDF). E-Perimetron. 8 (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=E-Perimetron&rft.atitle=Looking+at+the+Kitab-i+Bahriye+of+Piri+Reis&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Lepore&rft.aufirst=Fortunato&rft.au=Piccardi%2C+Marco&rft.au=Rombai%2C+Leonardo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-perimetron.org%2FVol_8_2%2FLepore_et_al.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalekandathil2010" class="citation book cs1">Malekandathil, Pius (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rN69iFj1PJoC&pg=PA117">Maritime India-Trade, Religion and Polity In the Indian Ocean</a>. Primus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-38060-701-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-38060-701-6"><bdi>978-9-38060-701-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maritime+India-Trade%2C+Religion+and+Polity+In+the+Indian+Ocean&rft.pub=Primus+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9-38060-701-6&rft.aulast=Malekandathil&rft.aufirst=Pius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrN69iFj1PJoC%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassettiVeracini2016" class="citation cs1">Massetti, Marco; Veracini, Cecilia (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/az2016n1a3.pdf">"The zoomorphic representations of the Pîrî Reis map (1513)"</a> (PDF). Anthropozoologica. 51 (1): 41–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5252%2Faz2016n1a3">10.5252/az2016n1a3</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10400.5%2F28972">10400.5/28972</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192924551">192924551</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropozoologica&rft.atitle=The+zoomorphic+representations+of+the+P%C3%AEr%C3%AE+Reis+map+%281513%29&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=41-54&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10400.5%2F28972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A192924551%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5252%2Faz2016n1a3&rft.aulast=Massetti&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft.au=Veracini%2C+Cecilia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsciencepress.mnhn.fr%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Farticles%2Fpdf%2Faz2016n1a3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntosh2000a" class="citation cs1">McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gregory-c.-mc-intosh-the-piri-reis-map-of-1513">The Piri Reis Map of 1513</a>. <a href="/wiki/Athens,_Georgia" title="Athens, Georgia">Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia_Press" title="University of Georgia Press">University of Georgia Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-82034-359-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-82034-359-4"><bdi>978-0-82034-359-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Piri+Reis+Map+of+1513&rft.place=Athens%2C+Georgia&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-82034-359-4&rft.aulast=McIntosh&rft.aufirst=Gregory+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgregory-c.-mc-intosh-the-piri-reis-map-of-1513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntosh2000b" class="citation cs1">McIntosh, Gregory C. (2000b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5173346">"The Tale of Two Admirals: Columbus and the Piri Reis Map of 1513"</a>. Mercator's World. Vol. 5, no. 3. Aster. pp. 18–23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mercator%27s+World&rft.atitle=The+Tale+of+Two+Admirals%3A+Columbus+and+the+Piri+Reis+Map+of+1513&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=18-23&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=McIntosh&rft.aufirst=Gregory+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F5173346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntosh2014" class="citation cs1">McIntosh, Gregory C. (2014). "The Piri Reis Map of 1513: Art and Literature in the Service of Science". Seapower, Technology, and Trade: Studies in Turkish Maritime History (Digital ed.). Istanbul: <a href="/wiki/Piri_Reis_University" title="Piri Reis University">Piri Reis University</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-94426-451-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-94426-451-8"><bdi>978-9-94426-451-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Piri+Reis+Map+of+1513%3A+Art+and+Literature+in+the+Service+of+Science&rft.btitle=Seapower%2C+Technology%2C+and+Trade%3A+Studies+in+Turkish+Maritime+History&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.edition=Digital&rft.pub=Piri+Reis+University&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-9-94426-451-8&rft.aulast=McIntosh&rft.aufirst=Gregory+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntosh2015" class="citation journal cs1">McIntosh, Gregory C. (August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.storiamediterranea.it/portfolio/agosto-2015/">"The Piri Reis Map of 1528: A Comparative Study with Other Maps of the Time"</a>. Mediterranea. Ricerche Storiche. (34). Palermo: Mediterranea. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1828-230X">1828-230X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mediterranea.+Ricerche+Storiche.&rft.atitle=The+Piri+Reis+Map+of+1528%3A+A+Comparative+Study+with+Other+Maps+of+the+Time&rft.issue=34&rft.date=2015-08&rft.issn=1828-230X&rft.aulast=McIntosh&rft.aufirst=Gregory+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.storiamediterranea.it%2Fportfolio%2Fagosto-2015%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuhaj2014" class="citation conference cs1">Muhaj, Ardian (December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6329881">Ottoman corsairs in the Atlantic during the 16th century: Murat Rais, the Albanian and the first Ottoman expedition to the Canary Islands</a>. International Symposium of Piri Reis and Turkish Maritime History. Istanbul.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Ottoman+corsairs+in+the+Atlantic+during+the+16th+century%3A+Murat+Rais%2C+the+Albanian+and+the+first+Ottoman+expedition+to+the+Canary+Islands&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.date=2014-12&rft.aulast=Muhaj&rft.aufirst=Ardian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F6329881&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNebenzahl1990" class="citation cs1">Nebenzahl, Kenneth (1990). Atlas of Columbus and the Great Discoveries. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/Rand_McNally" title="Rand McNally">Rand McNally</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52883-407-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52883-407-3"><bdi>978-0-52883-407-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Columbus+and+the+Great+Discoveries&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Rand+McNally&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-52883-407-3&rft.aulast=Nebenzahl&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Newsroom (2024). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewsroom2024" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.turkiyetoday.com/lifestyle/pollution-crisis-in-izmir-bay-46978/">"Experts investigate fish deaths, pollution crisis in Izmir Bay - Türkiye Today"</a>. 31 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Experts+investigate+fish+deaths%2C+pollution+crisis+in+Izmir+Bay+-+T%C3%BCrkiye+Today&rft.date=2024-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkiyetoday.com%2Flifestyle%2Fpollution-crisis-in-izmir-bay-46978%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNHHC2016" class="citation web cs1">NHHC (21 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/m/mapiro.html">"Mapiro (SS-376)"</a>. Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Naval History and Heritage Command.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+American+Naval+Fighting+Ships&rft.atitle=Mapiro+%28SS-376%29&rft.date=2016-04-21&rft.au=NHHC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fresearch%2Fhistories%2Fship-histories%2Fdanfs%2Fm%2Fmapiro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖnalp2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Önalp, Ertuğrul (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131212065805/http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/73454/DocLib21/Piri%20Reis'in%20Hurmuz%20Seferi.pdf">"The Military Expedition of Piri Reis to Hormuz and the Considerations of Turkish and Portugese Historians About his Execution"</a> (PDF). Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi (in Turkish). 29 (47). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1501%2FTarar_0000000453">10.1501/Tarar_0000000453</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/73454/DocLib21/Piri%20Reis'in%20Hurmuz%20Seferi.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 12 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ankara+%C3%9Cniversitesi+Dil+ve+Tarih-Co%C4%9Frafya+Fak%C3%BCltesi+Tarih+B%C3%B6l%C3%BCm%C3%BC+Tarih+Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmalar%C4%B1+Dergisi&rft.atitle=The+Military+Expedition+of+Piri+Reis+to+Hormuz+and+the+Considerations+of+Turkish+and+Portugese+Historians+About+his+Execution&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=47&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1501%2FTarar_0000000453&rft.aulast=%C3%96nalp&rft.aufirst=Ertu%C4%9Frul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.ksu.edu.sa%2F73454%2FDocLib21%2FPiri%2520Reis%27in%2520Hurmuz%2520Seferi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖzbaran2009" class="citation book cs1">Özbaran, Salih (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zR4tAQAAIAAJ">Ottoman expansion toward the Indian Ocean in the 16th century</a> (1st ed.). Şişli, İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-605-399-062-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-605-399-062-8"><bdi>978-605-399-062-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottoman+expansion+toward+the+Indian+Ocean+in+the+16th+century&rft.place=%C5%9Ei%C5%9Fli%2C+%C4%B0stanbul&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=%C4%B0stanbul+Bilgi+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-605-399-062-8&rft.aulast=%C3%96zbaran&rft.aufirst=Salih&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzR4tAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOzberk2024" class="citation web cs1">Ozberk, Tayfun (25 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2024/08/turkish-navy-commissions-first-reis-class-aip-submarine-tcg-piri-reis/">"Turkish Navy commissions first Reis-class AIP submarine TCG Piri Reis"</a>. Naval News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Naval+News&rft.atitle=Turkish+Navy+commissions+first+Reis-class+AIP+submarine+TCG+Piri+Reis&rft.date=2024-08-25&rft.aulast=Ozberk&rft.aufirst=Tayfun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.navalnews.com%2Fnaval-news%2F2024%2F08%2Fturkish-navy-commissions-first-reis-class-aip-submarine-tcg-piri-reis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedani2015" class="citation journal cs1">Pedani, Maria Pia (August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.storiamediterranea.it/portfolio/agosto-2015/">"Piri Reis in Venetian Documents"</a>. Mediterranea. Ricerche Storiche. (34). Palermo: Mediterranea. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1828-230X">1828-230X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mediterranea.+Ricerche+Storiche.&rft.atitle=Piri+Reis+in+Venetian+Documents&rft.issue=34&rft.date=2015-08&rft.issn=1828-230X&rft.aulast=Pedani&rft.aufirst=Maria+Pia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.storiamediterranea.it%2Fportfolio%2Fagosto-2015%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinto2012" class="citation cs1">Pinto, Karen (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1010&context=histfac">"Searchin' His Eyes, Lookin' for Traces: Piri Reis' World Map of 1513 & its Islamic Iconographic Connections (A Reading Through Bagdat 334 and Proust)"</a>. Journal of Ottoman Studies. Vol. 39, no. 1. pp. 63–94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ottoman+Studies&rft.atitle=Searchin%27+His+Eyes%2C+Lookin%27+for+Traces%3A+Piri+Reis%27+World+Map+of+1513+%26+its+Islamic+Iconographic+Connections+%28A+Reading+Through+Bagdat+334+and+Proust%29&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=63-94&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Pinto&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcupola.gettysburg.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1010%26context%3Dhistfac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitcher1972" class="citation book cs1">Pitcher, Donald Edgar (1972). An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire: From Earliest Times to the End of the Sixteenth Century. Brill Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Historical+Geography+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%3A+From+Earliest+Times+to+the+End+of+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Pitcher&rft.aufirst=Donald+Edgar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPryor1988" class="citation book cs1">Pryor, John H. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geographytechnol0000pryo/page/193/">Geography, Technology, and WarStudies in the Maritime History of the Mediterranean, 649–1571</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-34424-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-34424-7"><bdi>0-521-34424-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geography%2C+Technology%2C+and+WarStudies+in+the+Maritime+History+of+the+Mediterranean%2C+649%E2%80%931571.&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-521-34424-7&rft.aulast=Pryor&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeographytechnol0000pryo%2Fpage%2F193%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitman2011" class="citation news cs1">Ritman, Alex (14 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/assassin-s-creed-revelations-is-historically-impressive-1.444681">"Assassin's Creed: Revelations is historically impressive"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_(Abu_Dhabi)" title="The National (Abu Dhabi)">The National</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National&rft.atitle=Assassin%27s+Creed%3A+Revelations+is+historically+impressive&rft.date=2011-11-14&rft.aulast=Ritman&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenational.ae%2Farts-culture%2Fassassin-s-creed-revelations-is-historically-impressive-1.444681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1996" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Francis (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgeillustr0000unse_x8p1">The Cambridge illustrated history of the Islamic world</a>. London: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52143-510-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52143-510-9"><bdi>978-0-52143-510-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+illustrated+history+of+the+Islamic+world&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-52143-510-9&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgeillustr0000unse_x8p1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarıcaoğlu2009" class="citation book cs1">Sarıcaoğlu, Fikret (2009). "Cartography". In Ágoston, Gábor; Masters, Bruce Alan (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psi424.cankaya.edu.tr/uploads/files/Agoston%20and%20Masters,%20Enc%20of%20Ott%20Empire.PDF">Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire</a> (PDF). Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-43811-025-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-43811-025-7"><bdi>978-1-43811-025-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cartography&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-43811-025-7&rft.aulast=Sar%C4%B1cao%C4%9Flu&rft.aufirst=Fikret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsi424.cankaya.edu.tr%2Fuploads%2Ffiles%2FAgoston%2520and%2520Masters%2C%2520Enc%2520of%2520Ott%2520Empire.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŞengör2004" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cel%C3%A2l_%C5%9Eeng%C3%B6r" title="Celâl Şengör">Şengör, Ali Mehmet Celâl</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071025033830/http://www.shodb.gov.tr/pirireis/oturumlar/piri_reis_haritasi_nasil.htm">"Who Discovered the 1513 Map of Piri Reis?"</a>. Piri Reis Sempozyumu. Istanbul Military Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shodb.gov.tr/pirireis/oturumlar/piri_reis_haritasi_nasil.htm">the original</a> on 25 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Piri+Reis+Sempozyumu&rft.atitle=Who+Discovered+the+1513+Map+of+Piri+Reis%3F&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=%C5%9Eeng%C3%B6r&rft.aufirst=Ali+Mehmet+Cel%C3%A2l&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shodb.gov.tr%2Fpirireis%2Foturumlar%2Fpiri_reis_haritasi_nasil.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw1976" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Stanford J. (29 October 1976). "The Apogee of Ottoman Power, 1451-156: The Eastern Seas". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofottoman00stan">History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey</a>. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52129-163-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52129-163-7"><bdi>978-0-52129-163-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Apogee+of+Ottoman+Power%2C+1451-156%3A+The+Eastern+Seas&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+modern+Turkey&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1976-10-29&rft.isbn=978-0-52129-163-7&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Stanford+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofottoman00stan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoucek1992" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Soucek, Svat (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.press.uchicago.edu/books/HOC/HOC_V2_B1/HOC_VOLUME2_Book1_chapter14.pdf">"Islamic Charting in the Mediterranean"</a> (PDF). In <a href="/wiki/John_Brian_Harley" title="John Brian Harley">Harley, J. B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Woodward_(cartographer)" title="David Woodward (cartographer)">Woodward, D.</a> (eds.). Cartography in the Traditional Islamic and South Asian Societies. Vol. 2. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 263–272.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Islamic+Charting+in+the+Mediterranean&rft.btitle=Cartography+in+the+Traditional+Islamic+and+South+Asian+Societies&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=263-272&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Soucek&rft.aufirst=Svat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.press.uchicago.edu%2Fbooks%2FHOC%2FHOC_V2_B1%2FHOC_VOLUME2_Book1_chapter14.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoucek1994" class="citation cs1">Soucek, Svat (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1595839">"Piri Reis and Ottoman Discovery of the Great Discoveries"</a>. Studia Islamica (79): 121–142. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1595839">10.2307/1595839</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1595839">1595839</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Islamica&rft.atitle=Piri+Reis+and+Ottoman+Discovery+of+the+Great+Discoveries&rft.issue=79&rft.pages=121-142&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1595839&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1595839%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Soucek&rft.aufirst=Svat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1595839&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoucek1996" class="citation book cs1">Soucek, Svatopluk (1996) [1992]. Piri Reis and Turkish Mapmaking After Columbus: The Khalili Portolan Atlas. Studies in the Khalili Collection. Vol. 2. London: The Nour Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Piri+Reis+and+Turkish+Mapmaking+After+Columbus%3A+The+Khalili+Portolan+Atlas&rft.place=London&rft.series=Studies+in+the+Khalili+Collection&rft.pub=The+Nour+Foundation&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Soucek&rft.aufirst=Svatopluk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoucek2004" class="citation journal cs1">Soucek, Svatopluk (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20059216">"Navals Aspects of the Ottoman Conquests of Rhodes, Cyprus and Crete"</a>. Studia Islamica (98/99): 219–261. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0585-5292">0585-5292</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20059216">20059216</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Islamica&rft.atitle=Navals+Aspects+of+the+Ottoman+Conquests+of+Rhodes%2C+Cyprus+and+Crete&rft.issue=98%2F99&rft.pages=219-261&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20059216%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0585-5292&rft.aulast=Soucek&rft.aufirst=Svatopluk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20059216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoucek2011" class="citation book cs1">Soucek, Svat (2011) [Lecture given at the "Uluslararasi Piri Reis Sempozyumu" September 2004]. "Piri Reis and the Persian Gulf". Studies in Ottoman Naval History and Maritime Geography. Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61719-150-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61719-150-3"><bdi>978-1-61719-150-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Piri+Reis+and+the+Persian+Gulf&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Ottoman+Naval+History+and+Maritime+Geography&rft.pub=Georgia+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-61719-150-3&rft.aulast=Soucek&rft.aufirst=Svat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoucek2013" class="citation cs1">Soucek, Svat (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download;jsessionid=09F33FCEF2BC21E763D542BE343F3446?doi=10.1.1.692.1619&rep=rep1&type=pdf">"His uniqueness among cartographers and hydrographers of the Renaissance"</a>. Cartes & Géomatique. No. 216. pp. 135–144. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.692.1619">10.1.1.692.1619</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cartes+%26+G%C3%A9omatique&rft.atitle=His+uniqueness+among+cartographers+and+hydrographers+of+the+Renaissance&rft.issue=216&rft.pages=135-144&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.692.1619%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Soucek&rft.aufirst=Svat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fdownload%3Bjsessionid%3D09F33FCEF2BC21E763D542BE343F3446%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.692.1619%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStunkel1967" class="citation cs1">Stunkel, Kenneth R. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/212645">"Reviewed Work(s): Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings: Evidence of Advanced Civilization in the Ice Age by Charles Hapgood"</a>. Geographical Review. 57 (3): 440–442. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F212645">10.2307/212645</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/212645">212645</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geographical+Review&rft.atitle=Reviewed+Work%28s%29%3A+Maps+of+the+Ancient+Sea+Kings%3A+Evidence+of+Advanced+Civilization+in+the+Ice+Age+by+Charles+Hapgood&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=440-442&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F212645&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F212645%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stunkel&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F212645&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarihi2022" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tarihi, Güncellenme (24 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnnturk.com/magazin/son-dakika-barbaroslar-piri-reis-kimdir-barbaroslar-akdenizin-kilici-piri-reisi-emir-benderlioglu-canlandiriyor-emir-benderlioglu-kac-yasinda-1738665">"Son dakika: Barbaroslar Piri Reis kimdir? Barbaroslar Akdeniz'in Kılıcı Piri Reis'i Emir Benderlioğlu canlandırıyor! Emir Benderlioğlu kaç yaşında? - Son Dakika Magazin Haberleri"</a>. CNN TÜRK (in Turkish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN+T%C3%9CRK&rft.atitle=Son+dakika%3A+Barbaroslar+Piri+Reis+kimdir%3F+Barbaroslar+Akdeniz%27in+K%C4%B1l%C4%B1c%C4%B1+Piri+Reis%27i+Emir+Benderlio%C4%9Flu+canland%C4%B1r%C4%B1yor%21+Emir+Benderlio%C4%9Flu+ka%C3%A7+ya%C5%9F%C4%B1nda%3F+-+Son+Dakika+Magazin+Haberleri&rft.date=2022-03-24&rft.aulast=Tarihi&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCncellenme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnnturk.com%2Fmagazin%2Fson-dakika-barbaroslar-piri-reis-kimdir-barbaroslar-akdenizin-kilici-piri-reisi-emir-benderlioglu-canlandiriyor-emir-benderlioglu-kac-yasinda-1738665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTekeli1985" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sevim_Tekeli" title="Sevim Tekeli">Tekeli, Sevim</a> (1985). "The Map of America by Piri Reis". Erdem. 1 (3): 673–683. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.32704%2Ferdem.1985.3.673">10.32704/erdem.1985.3.673</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:167145440">167145440</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Erdem&rft.atitle=The+Map+of+America+by+Piri+Reis&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=673-683&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.32704%2Ferdem.1985.3.673&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A167145440%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tekeli&rft.aufirst=Sevim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Tethys (2024). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTethys2024" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tethys-engineering.pnnl.gov/organizations/piri-reis-university-0">"Piri Reis University"</a>. Tethys Engineering.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tethys+Engineering&rft.atitle=Piri+Reis+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftethys-engineering.pnnl.gov%2Forganizations%2Fpiri-reis-university-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUbisoft_Montreal2010" class="citation book cs1">Ubisoft Montreal (2010). Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood (PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Microsoft Windows, OS X, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Nintendo Switch). Ubisoft.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assassin%27s+Creed%3A+Brotherhood&rft.pub=Ubisoft&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Ubisoft+Montreal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrguplu2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Urguplu, Ahmet (1 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fountainmagazine.com/all-issues/2015/issue-106-july-august-2015/piri-reis-and-his-world-map-july-august-2015?__cf_chl_tk=mfSW3n1AyTd6xkvYfb4T_o24WQH8zL0mrJXnVs41Re8-1721448176-0.0.1.1-4479">"Piri Reis and His World Map"</a>. The Fountain.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Fountain&rft.atitle=Piri+Reis+and+His+World+Map&rft.date=2015-07-01&rft.aulast=Urguplu&rft.aufirst=Ahmet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffountainmagazine.com%2Fall-issues%2F2015%2Fissue-106-july-august-2015%2Fpiri-reis-and-his-world-map-july-august-2015%3F__cf_chl_tk%3DmfSW3n1AyTd6xkvYfb4T_o24WQH8zL0mrJXnVs41Re8-1721448176-0.0.1.1-4479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYaldızKaymakçıÖzgün2019" class="citation book cs1">Yaldız, Mustafa; Kaymakçı, Cihan; Özgün, Fırat, eds. (2 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VF-zDwAAQBAJ">Turkish Foundations in Rhodes and Kos</a>. Eğitim Yayinevi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-6-05778-613-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-6-05778-613-5"><bdi>978-6-05778-613-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkish+Foundations+in+Rhodes+and+Kos&rft.pub=E%C4%9Fitim+Yayinevi&rft.date=2019-10-02&rft.isbn=978-6-05778-613-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVF-zDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZarinebafBennetDavis2005" class="citation book cs1">Zarinebaf, Fariba; Bennet, John; Davis, Jack L. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ju9sKUox3OcC">A Historical and Economic Geography of Ottoman Greece: The Southwestern Morea in the 18th Century</a>. ASCSA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87661-534-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87661-534-8"><bdi>978-0-87661-534-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+and+Economic+Geography+of+Ottoman+Greece%3A+The+Southwestern+Morea+in+the+18th+Century&rft.pub=ASCSA&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-87661-534-8&rft.aulast=Zarinebaf&rft.aufirst=Fariba&rft.au=Bennet%2C+John&rft.au=Davis%2C+Jack+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJu9sKUox3OcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Piri_Reis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Piri_Reis" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Piri Reis">Piri Reis</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoupis2004" class="citation conference cs1">Loupis, Dimitris (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1188647">Piri Reis' Book on Navigation (Kitab-ı Bahriye) as a Geography Handbook</a>. Eastern Mediterranean cartographies. Athens, Greece: National Hellenic Research Foundation. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/892160459">892160459</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Piri+Reis%27+Book+on+Navigation+%28Kitab-%C4%B1+Bahriye%29+as+a+Geography+Handbook&rft.place=Athens%2C+Greece&rft.pub=National+Hellenic+Research+Foundation&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F892160459&rft.aulast=Loupis&rft.aufirst=Dimitris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1188647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarboni2007" class="citation book cs1">Carboni, Stefano (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=10Rrl29pBMYC&q=46a-b">Venice and the Islamic world, 828-1797</a>. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. sec. 46a-b. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-30012-430-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-30012-430-9"><bdi>978-0-30012-430-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venice+and+the+Islamic+world%2C+828-1797&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=sec.+46a-b&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-30012-430-9&rft.aulast=Carboni&rft.aufirst=Stefano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D10Rrl29pBMYC%26q%3D46a-b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_Dutch" class="citation web cs1">Steven Dutch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130813090645/http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/PSEUDOSC/PiriRies.HTM">"The Piri Reis map"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/PSEUDOSC/PiriRies.HTM">the original</a> on 13 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Piri+Reis+map&rft.au=Steven+Dutch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uwgb.edu%2Fdutchs%2FPSEUDOSC%2FPiriRies.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLunde1992" class="citation web cs1">Lunde, Paul (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/199203/a.muslim.history.of.the.new.world.htm">"A Muslim History Of The New World"</a>. Saudi Aramco World.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Saudi+Aramco+World&rft.atitle=A+Muslim+History+Of+The+New+World&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Lunde&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.aramcoworld.com%2Fissue%2F199203%2Fa.muslim.history.of.the.new.world.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130917040844/http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=1183">"Piri Reis: A Genius 16th-Century Ottoman Cartographer and Navigator"</a>. MuslimHeritage.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muslimheritage.com/topics/default.cfm?ArticleID=1183">the original</a> on 17 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MuslimHeritage.com&rft.atitle=Piri+Reis%3A+A+Genius+16th-Century+Ottoman+Cartographer+and+Navigator&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuslimheritage.com%2Ftopics%2Fdefault.cfm%3FArticleID%3D1183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publicdomainreview.org/collections/the-maps-of-piri-reis/">"The Maps of Piri Reis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Public_Domain_Review" title="The Public Domain Review">The Public Domain Review</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Public+Domain+Review&rft.atitle=The+Maps+of+Piri+Reis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublicdomainreview.org%2Fcollections%2Fthe-maps-of-piri-reis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMesenburg2001" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mesenburg, Peter (2001). "Kartometrische Untersuchung und Rekonstruktion der Weltkarte des Piri Re'is (1513)". Cartographica Helvetica (in German) (24): 3–7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cartographica+Helvetica&rft.atitle=Kartometrische+Untersuchung+und+Rekonstruktion+der+Weltkarte+des+Piri+Re%27is+%281513%29&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=3-7&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Mesenburg&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÇal2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Çal, İsmail (21 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305030553/http://www.dunyabulteni.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=133432">"Piri Reis neden idam edildi?"</a> (in Turkish). Dünya Bülteni. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dunyabulteni.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=133432">the original</a> on 5 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Piri+Reis+neden+idam+edildi%3F&rft.pub=D%C3%BCnya+B%C3%BClteni&rft.date=2010-10-21&rft.aulast=%C3%87al&rft.aufirst=%C4%B0smail&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dunyabulteni.net%2F%3FaType%3Dhaber%26ArticleID%3D133432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArikanToledo" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Arikan, Muzaffer; Toledo, Paulino. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/19/821/10412.pdf">"VENEDİK'TEKİ PAPALIK SEFARETİ BELGELERİNE GÖRE TÜRKLER"</a> (PDF) (in Turkish). Ankara University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VENED%C4%B0K%27TEK%C4%B0+PAPALIK+SEFARET%C4%B0+BELGELER%C4%B0NE+G%C3%96RE+T%C3%9CRKLER&rft.pub=Ankara+University&rft.aulast=Arikan&rft.aufirst=Muzaffer&rft.au=Toledo%2C+Paulino&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdergiler.ankara.edu.tr%2Fdergiler%2F19%2F821%2F10412.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBostan2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bostan, Idris (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/piri-reis">"PÎRÎ REİS"</a>. TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 34 (Osmanpazari – Resuldar) (in Turkish). Istanbul: <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Religious_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate of Religious Affairs">Turkiye Diyanet Foundation</a>, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 283–285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-389-456-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-389-456-2"><bdi>978-975-389-456-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=P%C3%8ER%C3%8E+RE%C4%B0S&rft.btitle=TDV+Encyclopedia+of+Islam%2C+Vol.+34+%28Osmanpazari+%E2%80%93+Resuldar%29&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pages=283-285&rft.pub=Turkiye+Diyanet+Foundation%2C+Centre+for+Islamic+Studies&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-975-389-456-2&rft.aulast=Bostan&rft.aufirst=Idris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fislamansiklopedisi.org.tr%2Fpiri-reis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFSTC_Research_Team2010" class="citation web cs1">FSTC Research Team (13 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muslimheritage.com/piri-reis-16th-c-cartographer-navigator/">"Piri Reis: A Genius 16th-Century Ottoman Cartographer and Navigator"</a>. Muslim Heritage.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Muslim+Heritage&rft.atitle=Piri+Reis%3A+A+Genius+16th-Century+Ottoman+Cartographer+and+Navigator&rft.date=2010-02-13&rft.au=FSTC+Research+Team&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuslimheritage.com%2Fpiri-reis-16th-c-cartographer-navigator%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavvides1992" class="citation journal cs1">Savvides, Alexis G. K. (1992). "Notes on Navarino in the Frankish, Venetian and early Ottoman periods". Ekklisiastikos Faros. 74. Alexandria and Johannesburg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ekklisiastikos+Faros&rft.atitle=Notes+on+Navarino+in+the+Frankish%2C+Venetian+and+early+Ottoman+periods&rft.volume=74&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Savvides&rft.aufirst=Alexis+G.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APiri+Reis" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Ottoman_Empire&#124;link=Ottoman_Empire_Seamen_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Seamen_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Template:Seamen of the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Seamen_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Template talk:Seamen of the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Seamen_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Seamen of the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Ottoman_Empire&#124;link=Ottoman_Empire_Seamen_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> Seamen of the Ottoman Empire</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kapudan_Pashas" title="List of Kapudan Pashas">Kapudan Pashas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zagan_Pasha" title="Zagan Pasha">Zagan Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Pasha_Angelovi%C4%87" title="Mahmud Pasha Angelović">Mahmud Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gedik_Ahmed_Pasha" title="Gedik Ahmed Pasha">Gedik Ahmed Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesih_Pasha" title="Mesih Pasha">Mesih Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hersekzade_Ahmed_Pasha" title="Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha">Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadim_Suleiman_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadim Suleiman Pasha">Süleyman Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokollu_Mehmed_Pasha" title="Sokollu Mehmed Pasha">Sokollu Mehmed Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinan_Pasha_(Ottoman_admiral)" title="Sinan Pasha (Ottoman admiral)">Sinan Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyale_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Piyale Pasha">Piyale Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCezzinzade_Ali_Pasha" title="Müezzinzade Ali Pasha">Müezzinzade Ali Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu%C3%A7_Ali_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Uluç Ali Reis">Kılıç Ali Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigalazade_Yusuf_Sinan_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha">Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemanke%C5%9F_Mustafa_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemankeş Mustafa Pasha">Kemankeş Mustafa Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazi_H%C3%BCseyin_Pasha" title="Gazi Hüseyin Pasha">Gazi Hüseyin Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Musa_Pasha" title="Kara Musa Pasha">Kara Musa Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koca_Musa_Pasha" title="Koca Musa Pasha">Koca Musa Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Can%C4%B1m_Hoca_Mehmed_Pasha" title="Canım Hoca Mehmed Pasha">Canım Hoca Mehmed Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Mustafa_Pasha" title="Kara Mustafa Pasha">Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezzo_Morto_H%C3%BCseyin_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezzo Morto Hüseyin Pasha">Mezzo Morto Hüseyin Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltac%C4%B1_Mehmet_Pasha" title="Baltacı Mehmet Pasha">Baltacı Mehmet Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebubekir_Pasha" title="Ebubekir Pasha">Koca Bekir Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cezayirli_Gazi_Hasan_Pasha" title="Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha">Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koca_H%C3%BCsrev_Mehmed_Pasha" title="Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha">Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Fevzi_Pasha" title="Ahmed Fevzi Pasha">Ahmed Fevzi Pasha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other important seamen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_Reis" title="Kemal Reis">Kemal Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selman_Reis" title="Selman Reis">Selman Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Bayram" title="Mustafa Bayram">Mustafa Bayram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoca_Sefer" title="Hoca Sefer">Hoca Sefer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Piri Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n_Reis" title="Aydın Reis">Aydın Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinan_Reis" title="Sinan Reis">Sinan Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgut_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Turgut Reis">Turgut Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurto%C4%9Flu_Muslihiddin_Reis" title="Kurtoğlu Muslihiddin Reis">Kurtoğlu Muslihiddin Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Salih Reis">Salih Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seydi_Ali_Reis" title="Seydi Ali Reis">Seydi Ali Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murat_Reis_the_Elder" title="Murat Reis the Elder">Murat Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Reis" title="Sefer Reis">Sefer Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurto%C4%9Flu_H%C4%B1z%C4%B1r_Reis" title="Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis">Kurtoğlu Hızır Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occhiali" title="Occhiali">Uluç Ali Reis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey Portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_geography" title="Template:Islamic geography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_geography" title="Template talk:Islamic geography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_geography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic geography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world">Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geographers_of_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Category:Geographers of the medieval Islamic world">Geographers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khwarizmi" title="Al-Khwarizmi">Al-Khwarizmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa_Dinawari" title="Abu Hanifa Dinawari">Abu Hanifa Dinawari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27qubi" title="Ya'qubi">Ya'qubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_al-Tajir" title="Sulaiman al-Tajir">Sulaiman al-Tajir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khordadbeh" title="Ibn Khordadbeh">Ibn Khordadbeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Rustah" title="Ahmad ibn Rustah">Ahmad ibn Rustah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Fadlan" title="Ahmad ibn Fadlan">Ahmad ibn Fadlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Zayd_al-Balkhi" title="Abu Zayd al-Balkhi">Abu Zayd al-Balkhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muhammad_al-Hasan_al-Hamdani" title="Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdani">Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masudi" title="Al-Masudi">Al-Masudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istakhri" title="Istakhri">Istakhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khashkhash_Ibn_Saeed_Ibn_Aswad" title="Khashkhash Ibn Saeed Ibn Aswad">Khashkhash Ibn Saeed Ibn Aswad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hawqal" title="Ibn Hawqal">Ibn Hawqal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Faqih" title="Ibn al-Faqih">Ibn al-Faqih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqaddasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Muqaddasi">Al-Muqaddasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ramhormuzi" title="Al-Ramhormuzi">Al-Ramhormuzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qudama_ibn_Ja%27far" title="Qudama ibn Ja'far">Qudama ibn Ja'far</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Al-Biruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sa%CA%BF%C4%ABd_Gard%C4%93z%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Saʿīd Gardēzī">Abu Saʿīd Gardēzī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bakri" title="Al-Bakri">Al-Bakri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_al-Kashgari" title="Mahmud al-Kashgari">Mahmud al-Kashgari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domiyat" title="Domiyat">Domiyat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abi_Bakr_al-Zuhri" title="Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr al-Zuhri">al-Zuhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Idrisi" title="Muhammad al-Idrisi">Muhammad al-Idrisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l_Abbas_al-Hijazi" title="Abu'l Abbas al-Hijazi">Abu'l Abbas al-Hijazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Jubayr" title="Ibn Jubayr">Ibn Jubayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_Shirazi" title="Saadi Shirazi">Saadi Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi" title="Yaqut al-Hamawi">Yaqut al-Hamawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Said_al-Maghribi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Said al-Maghribi">Ibn Said al-Maghribi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nafis" title="Ibn al-Nafis">Ibn al-Nafis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Mujawir" title="Ibn al-Mujawir">Ibn al-Mujawir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dimashqi_(geographer)" title="Al-Dimashqi (geographer)">Al-Dimashqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fida" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Fida">Abu'l-Fida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Wardi" title="Ibn al-Wardi">Ibn al-Wardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdallah_Mustawfi" title="Hamdallah Mustawfi">Hamdallah Mustawfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Nu" title="Lin Nu">Lin Nu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abd-al-Razz%C4%81q_Samarqand%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd-al-Razzāq Samarqandī">Abd-al-Razzāq Samarqandī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghiy%C4%81th_al-d%C4%ABn_Naqq%C4%81sh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh">Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_M%C4%81jid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad ibn Mājid">Ahmad ibn Mājid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Huan" title="Ma Huan">Ma Huan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fei_Xin" title="Fei Xin">Fei Xin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_Al_Mahri" title="Sulaiman Al Mahri">Sulaiman Al Mahri</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Piri Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Ahmed_Nasrallah_Thattvi" title="Mir Ahmed Nasrallah Thattvi">Mir Ahmed Nasrallah Thattvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C4%ABn_R%C4%81z%C4%AB" title="Amīn Rāzī">Amīn Rāzī</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evliya_%C3%87elebi" title="Evliya Çelebi">Evliya Çelebi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geographical_works_of_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Category:Geographical works of the medieval Islamic world">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Roads_and_Kingdoms_(al-Bakr%C4%AB)" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Roads and Kingdoms (al-Bakrī)">Book of Roads and Kingdoms (al-Bakrī)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Roads_and_Kingdoms_(ibn_Khordadbeh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Roads and Kingdoms (ibn Khordadbeh)">Book of Roads and Kingdoms (ibn Khordadbeh)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabula_Rogeriana" title="Tabula Rogeriana">Tabula Rogeriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Rawd_al-Mitar" title="Kitab al-Rawd al-Mitar">Kitab al-Rawd al-Mitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27jam_Al-Buldan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'jam Al-Buldan">Mu'jam Al-Buldan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rihla" title="Rihla">Rihla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Meadows_of_Gold" title="The Meadows of Gold">The Meadows of Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piri_Reis_map" title="Piri Reis map">Piri Reis map</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kitab_al-Kharaj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kitab al-Kharaj (page does not exist)">Kitab al-Kharaj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geography (Ptolemy)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217915#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217915#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217915#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000446442939">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/173366743">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1841614/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119388405">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50082435">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb131661581">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb131661581">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an58569677">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1072021">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1149854">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072678437">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90406304">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000581687&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=61879">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/hftx2v611mbln4s">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810689009705606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/36174">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007516947805171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500475834">ULAN</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1818382">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119388405.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119388405">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/170429520">IdRef</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/03512993X">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/piri-reis">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piri_Reis&oldid=1257879582">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piri_Reis&oldid=1257879582</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Piri_Reis" title="Category:Piri Reis">Piri Reis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1460s_births" title="Category:1460s births">1460s births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1550s_deaths" title="Category:1550s deaths">1550s deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:15th-century_explorers" title="Category:15th-century explorers">15th-century explorers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_explorers" title="Category:16th-century explorers">16th-century explorers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_history_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Naval history of the Ottoman Empire">Naval history of the Ottoman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Gelibolu" title="Category:People from Gelibolu">People from Gelibolu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cartographers_from_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Cartographers from the Ottoman Empire">Cartographers from the Ottoman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Executed_people_from_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Executed people from the Ottoman Empire">Executed people from the Ottoman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Category:Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geographers_from_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Geographers from the Ottoman Empire">Geographers from the Ottoman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_geographers" title="Category:16th-century geographers">16th-century geographers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:15th-century_people_from_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:15th-century people from the Ottoman Empire">15th-century people from the Ottoman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_people_from_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:16th-century people from the Ottoman Empire">16th-century people from the Ottoman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_executions_by_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:16th-century executions by the Ottoman Empire">16th-century executions by the Ottoman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Executed_Turkish_people" title="Category:Executed Turkish people">Executed Turkish people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_executed_by_the_Ottoman_Empire_by_decapitation" title="Category:People executed by the Ottoman Empire by decapitation">People executed by the Ottoman Empire by decapitation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Turks_from_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Turks from the Ottoman Empire">Turks from the Ottoman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Greeks_from_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Greeks from the Ottoman Empire">Greeks from the Ottoman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_the_Ottoman_Empire_of_Greek_descent" title="Category:People from the Ottoman Empire of Greek descent">People from the Ottoman Empire of Greek descent</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn no-target errors">Harv and Sfn no-target errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2024">Use dmy dates from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Turkish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Turkish-language text">Articles containing Turkish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Turkish-language_sources_(tr)" title="Category:CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)">CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 November 2024, at 02:17 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piri_Reis&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-bjwd6","wgBackendResponseTime":219,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.284","walltime":"1.491","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10706,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":215832,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5174,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":285441,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1260.355 1 -total"," 24.92% 314.138 2 Template:Reflist"," 14.58% 183.739 169 Template:Harvnb"," 11.68% 147.267 1 Template:Infobox_person"," 8.63% 108.767 24 Template:Citation"," 6.91% 87.083 20 Template:Cite_book"," 6.81% 85.868 1 Template:Langx"," 6.46% 81.469 3 Template:Navbox"," 6.05% 76.196 5 Template:Multiref"," 6.04% 76.074 1 Template:Seamen_of_the_Ottoman_Empire"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.733","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17463484,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"Book_of_Navigation\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdıvar1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAkçura1935\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnatolia_News_Agency2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAngelovBazzazBatsaki2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArikanToledo\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAyyubi1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBostan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrotton1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarboni2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCasale2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCasale2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCuoghi2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDutch2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFSTC_Research_Team2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFagan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinkel2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFloor2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaspar2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerber2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodrich2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrima2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeinrich2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHepworth2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHess1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoekstra2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsom-Verhaaren2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKahle1933\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhair2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeporePiccardiRombai2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoupis2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLunde1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalekandathil2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMassettiVeracini2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcIntosh2000a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcIntosh2000b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcIntosh2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcIntosh2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMesenburg2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuhaj2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNHHC2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNebenzahl1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewsroom2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOzberk2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPedani2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinto2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPitcher1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPryor1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRitman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarıcaoğlu2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSavvides1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoucek1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoucek1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoucek1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoucek2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoucek2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoucek2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteven_Dutch\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStunkel1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTarihi2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTekeli1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTethys2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUrguplu2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYaldızKaymakçıÖzgün2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZarinebafBennetDavis2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÇal2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÖnalp2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÖzbaran2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFİnan1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŞengör2004\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 24,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite video game\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 15,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Cs1 config\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Reis, Piri\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 169,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox person\"] = 1,\n [\"Islamic geography\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Multiref\"] = 5,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Reign\"] = 3,\n [\"Seamen of the Ottoman Empire\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn whitelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"TDV Encyclopedia of Islam\"] = 1,\n [\"Transl\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBostan2007\"] = 1,\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-zdfpm","timestamp":"20241124161311","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Piri Reis","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Piri_Reis","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q217915","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q217915","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-05-17T07:15:33Z","dateModified":"2024-11-17T02:17:24Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7f\/Piri_reis.jpg","headline":"Turkish admiral and cartographer"}</script> </body> </html>