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class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Pirate radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pirate_radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terrestrial_digital_radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terrestrial_digital_radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Terrestrial digital radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terrestrial_digital_radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_broadcasting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_broadcasting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>International broadcasting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_broadcasting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Extensions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Extensions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Extensions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Extensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Satellite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satellite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Satellite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satellite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Program_formats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Program_formats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Program formats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Program_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Receiver" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Receiver"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Receiver</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Receiver-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Radio broadcasting</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9" title="إذاعة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إذاعة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%91%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Радыёвяшчанне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Радыёвяшчанне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Радиоразпръскване – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Радиоразпръскване" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A0dio_(mitj%C3%A0_de_comunicaci%C3%B3)" title="Ràdio (mitjà de comunicació) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ràdio (mitjà de comunicació)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozhlas" title="Rozhlas – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rozhlas" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6rfunk" title="Hörfunk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hörfunk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%86%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ραδιοφωνία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ραδιοφωνία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_(medio_de_comunicaci%C3%B3n)" title="Radio (medio de comunicación) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Radio (medio de comunicación)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_(komunikilo)" title="Radio (komunikilo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Radio (komunikilo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrati_(hedabidea)" title="Irrati (hedabidea) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Irrati (hedabidea)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%AE%D8%B4_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="پخش رادیویی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پخش رادیویی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiodiffusion" title="Radiodiffusion – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Radiodiffusion" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craolach%C3%A1n" title="Craolachán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Craolachán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EB%94%94%EC%98%A4_%EB%B0%A9%EC%86%A1" title="라디오 방송 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라디오 방송" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ռադիոկայան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռադիոկայան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="रेडियो प्रसारण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रेडियो प्रसारण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiopostaja" title="Radiopostaja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Radiopostaja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_(mass_media)" title="Radio (mass media) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Radio (mass media)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95" title="שידור רדיו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שידור רדיו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radyodifizyon" title="Radyodifizyon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Radyodifizyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83" title="Радио уктуруу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Радио уктуруу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyiaran_radio" title="Penyiaran radio – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penyiaran radio" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%80%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Радио нэвтрүүлэг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Радио нэвтрүүлэг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%B7%9A%E6%94%BE%E9%80%81" title="無線放送 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="無線放送" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioeshittirish" title="Radioeshittirish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Radioeshittirish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86" title="ریڈیو اسٹیشن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ریڈیو اسٹیشن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiodifuziune" title="Radiodifuziune – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Radiodifuziune" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Радиовещание – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Радиовещание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmetimi_radiofonik" title="Transmetimi radiofonik – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Transmetimi radiofonik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%95%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%95%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%86%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="وەشاندنی ڕادیۆیی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وەشاندنی ڕادیۆیی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikacioni_medijum" title="Komunikacioni medijum – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Komunikacioni medijum" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siaran" title="Siaran – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Siaran" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_(medium)" title="Radio (medium) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Radio (medium)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="வானொலி ஒலிபரப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வானொலி ஒலிபரப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Радиошунавонӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Радиошунавонӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radyo_yay%C4%B1nc%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Radyo yayıncılığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Radyo yayıncılığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Радіомовлення – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Радіомовлення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ریڈیو نشرکاری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ریڈیو نشرکاری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A0dio_(mezo_de_comunegasion)" title="Ràdio (mezo de comunegasion) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ràdio (mezo de comunegasion)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_station&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio station">Radio station</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Transmission by radio waves intended to reach a wide audience</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Radio station" redirects here. For a broader concept, see <a href="/wiki/Radio_communication_station" title="Radio communication station">Radio communication station</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about audio signals. For video signals, see <a href="/wiki/Over-the-air_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-the-air television">Over-the-air television</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tyholt_taarnet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tyholt_taarnet.jpg/170px-Tyholt_taarnet.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tyholt_taarnet.jpg/255px-Tyholt_taarnet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tyholt_taarnet.jpg/340px-Tyholt_taarnet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Broadcasting tower in <a href="/wiki/Trondheim" title="Trondheim">Trondheim</a>, Norway</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Radio broadcasting</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcasting</a> of <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">audio</a> (sound), sometimes with related <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio waves</a> to <a href="/wiki/Radio_receiver" title="Radio receiver">radio receivers</a> belonging to a public <a href="/wiki/Audience" title="Audience">audience</a>. In <b>terrestrial radio broadcasting</b> the radio waves are broadcast by a land-based <b>radio station</b>, while in <i><a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">satellite radio</a></i> the radio waves are broadcast by a <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellite</a> in Earth orbit. To receive the content the listener must have a <a href="/wiki/Radio_receiver" title="Radio receiver">broadcast radio receiver</a> (<i>radio</i>). Stations are often affiliated with a <a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">radio network</a> that provides content in a common <a href="/wiki/Radio_format" title="Radio format">radio format</a>, either in <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_syndication" title="Broadcast syndication">broadcast syndication</a> or <a href="/wiki/Simulcast" title="Simulcast">simulcast</a>, or both. The <a href="/wiki/Code" title="Code">encoding</a> of a radio broadcast depends on whether it uses an <a href="/wiki/Analog_signal" title="Analog signal">analog</a> or <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal" title="Digital signal">digital signal</a>. Analog radio broadcasts use one of two types of radio wave <a href="/wiki/Modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Modulation">modulation</a>: <a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">amplitude modulation</a> for <a href="/wiki/AM_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="AM radio">AM radio</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">frequency modulation</a> for <a href="/wiki/FM_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="FM radio">FM radio</a>. Newer, digital radio stations transmit in several different <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">digital audio</a> standards, such as DAB (<a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting" title="Digital Audio Broadcasting">Digital Audio Broadcasting</a>), <a href="/wiki/HD_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="HD radio">HD radio</a>, or DRM (<a href="/wiki/Digital_Radio_Mondiale" title="Digital Radio Mondiale">Digital Radio Mondiale</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_broadcasting&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_radio#Broadcasting" title="History of radio">History of radio § Broadcasting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">History of broadcasting</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soire%C3%A9-Musicale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Soire%C3%A9-Musicale.jpg" decoding="async" width="344" height="496" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>Advertisement placed on November 5, 1919 in the <i>Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant</i>, announcing PCGG's debut broadcast scheduled for the next evening.<sup id="cite_ref-philips_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philips-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> stations were <a href="/wiki/Radiotelegraphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiotelegraphy">radiotelegraphy</a> systems and did not carry audio. For audio broadcasts to be possible, electronic detection and amplification devices had to be incorporated. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Thermionic_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermionic valve">thermionic valve</a>, a kind of <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tube</a>, was invented in 1904 by the English physicist <a href="/wiki/John_Ambrose_Fleming" title="John Ambrose Fleming">John Ambrose Fleming</a>. He developed a device that he called an "oscillation valve," because it passes current in only one direction. The heated filament, or <a href="/wiki/Cathode" title="Cathode">cathode</a>, was capable of <a href="/wiki/Thermionic_emission" title="Thermionic emission">thermionic emission</a> of electrons that would flow to the <i><a href="/wiki/Plate_electrode" title="Plate electrode">plate</a></i> (or <i><a href="/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">anode</a></i>) when it was at a higher voltage. Electrons, however, could not pass in the reverse direction because the plate was not heated, and thus not capable of thermionic emission of electrons. Later known as the <a href="/wiki/Fleming_valve" title="Fleming valve">Fleming valve</a>, it could be used as a <a href="/wiki/Rectifier" title="Rectifier">rectifier</a> of alternating current, and as a radio wave <a href="/wiki/Detector_(radio)" title="Detector (radio)">detector</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This greatly improved the <a href="/wiki/Crystal_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal set">crystal set</a>, which rectified the radio signal using an early solid-state diode based on a crystal and a so-called <a href="/wiki/Cat%27s_whisker" class="mw-redirect" title="Cat's whisker">cat's whisker</a>. However, an amplifier was still required. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Triode" title="Triode">triode</a> (mercury-vapor filled with a control grid) was created on March 4, 1906, by the Austrian <a href="/wiki/Robert_von_Lieben" title="Robert von Lieben">Robert von Lieben</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> independently, on October 25, 1906,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lee_De_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee De Forest">Lee De Forest</a> patented his three-element <a href="/wiki/Audion_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Audion tube">Audion</a>. It<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (July 2024)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> was not put to practical use until 1912 when its amplifying ability became recognized by researchers.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Control_room_and_radio_studio_in_Fabianinkatu_headquarters_of_Yleisradio,_ca_1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Control_room_and_radio_studio_in_Fabianinkatu_headquarters_of_Yleisradio%2C_ca_1938.jpg/220px-Control_room_and_radio_studio_in_Fabianinkatu_headquarters_of_Yleisradio%2C_ca_1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Control_room_and_radio_studio_in_Fabianinkatu_headquarters_of_Yleisradio%2C_ca_1938.jpg/330px-Control_room_and_radio_studio_in_Fabianinkatu_headquarters_of_Yleisradio%2C_ca_1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Control_room_and_radio_studio_in_Fabianinkatu_headquarters_of_Yleisradio%2C_ca_1938.jpg/440px-Control_room_and_radio_studio_in_Fabianinkatu_headquarters_of_Yleisradio%2C_ca_1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3006" data-file-height="2997" /></a><figcaption>Control room and radio studio of the <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finnish</a> broadcasting company <a href="/wiki/Yle" title="Yle">Yleisradio</a> (YLE) in the 1930s.</figcaption></figure> <p>By about 1920, valve technology had matured to the point where radio broadcasting was quickly becoming viable.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, an early audio transmission that could be termed a <i>broadcast</i> may have occurred on <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a> in 1906 by <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a>, although this is disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While many early experimenters attempted to create systems similar to <a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">radiotelephone</a> devices by which only two parties were meant to communicate, there were others who intended to transmit to larger audiences. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Herrold" title="Charles Herrold">Charles Herrold</a> started broadcasting in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> in 1909 and was carrying audio by the next year. (Herrold's station eventually became <a href="/wiki/KCBS_(AM)" title="KCBS (AM)">KCBS</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In The Hague, the Netherlands, <a href="/wiki/PCGG" title="PCGG">PCGG</a> started broadcasting on November 6, 1919, making it arguably the first commercial broadcasting station. In 1916, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Conrad" title="Frank Conrad">Frank Conrad</a>, an electrical engineer employed at the <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_(1886)" class="mw-redirect" title="Westinghouse Electric (1886)">Westinghouse Electric Corporation</a>, began broadcasting from his <a href="/wiki/Wilkinsburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania">Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania</a> garage with the call letters 8XK. Later, the station was moved to the top of the Westinghouse factory building in <a href="/wiki/East_Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania" title="East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania">East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</a>. Westinghouse relaunched the station as <a href="/wiki/KDKA_(AM)" title="KDKA (AM)">KDKA</a> on November 2, 1920, as the first commercially licensed radio station in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Commercial_broadcasting" title="Commercial broadcasting">commercial broadcasting</a> designation came from the type of <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_license" title="Broadcast license">broadcast license</a>; <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertisements</a> did not air until years later. The first licensed broadcast in the United States came from KDKA itself: the results of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1920" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. presidential election, 1920">Harding/Cox Presidential Election</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> station that became <a href="/wiki/CFCF-AM" class="mw-redirect" title="CFCF-AM">CFCF</a> began <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_programming" title="Broadcast programming">broadcast programming</a> on May 20, 1920, and the <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a> station that became <a href="/wiki/WWJ_(AM)" title="WWJ (AM)">WWJ</a> began program broadcasts beginning on August 20, 1920, although neither held a license at the time. </p><p>In 1920, wireless broadcasts for entertainment began in the UK from the <a href="/wiki/Marconi_Research_Centre" title="Marconi Research Centre">Marconi Research Centre</a> <a href="/wiki/2MT" title="2MT">2MT</a> at <a href="/wiki/Writtle" title="Writtle">Writtle</a> near <a href="/wiki/Chelmsford,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelmsford, England">Chelmsford, England</a>. A famous broadcast from Marconi's New Street Works factory in Chelmsford was made by the famous <a href="/wiki/Soprano" title="Soprano">soprano</a> Dame <a href="/wiki/Nellie_Melba" title="Nellie Melba">Nellie Melba</a> on June 15, 1920, where she sang two arias and her famous trill. She was the first artist of international renown to participate in direct radio broadcasts. The <a href="/wiki/2MT" title="2MT">2MT</a> station began to broadcast regular entertainment in 1922. The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> was amalgamated in 1922 and received a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Charter">Royal Charter</a> in 1926, making it the first national broadcaster in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by <a href="/wiki/Czech_Radio" title="Czech Radio">Czechoslovak Radio</a> and other European broadcasters in 1923. </p><p>Radio Argentina began regularly scheduled transmissions from the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Coliseo" title="Teatro Coliseo">Teatro Coliseo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a> on August 27, 1920, making its own priority claim. The station got its license on November 19, 1923. The delay was due to the lack of official Argentine licensing procedures before that date. This station continued regular broadcasting of entertainment, and cultural fare for several decades.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Radio in education soon followed, and colleges across the U.S. began adding radio broadcasting courses to their curricula. Curry College in Milton, Massachusetts introduced one of the first broadcasting majors in 1932 when the college teamed up with WLOE in Boston to have students broadcast programs.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1931, a majority of U.S. households owned at least one <a href="/wiki/Radio_receiver" title="Radio receiver">radio receiver</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radio_Libertaire_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Radio_Libertaire_3.jpg/220px-Radio_Libertaire_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Radio_Libertaire_3.jpg/330px-Radio_Libertaire_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Radio_Libertaire_3.jpg/440px-Radio_Libertaire_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="521" /></a><figcaption>Use of a sound broadcasting station</figcaption></figure> <p>In line to <a href="/wiki/ITU_Radio_Regulations" title="ITU Radio Regulations">ITU Radio Regulations</a> (article1.61) each <i>broadcasting station</i> shall be classified by the service in which it operates permanently or temporarily. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_broadcasting&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radio_Transmission_Diagram_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Radio_Transmission_Diagram_en.svg/260px-Radio_Transmission_Diagram_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Radio_Transmission_Diagram_en.svg/390px-Radio_Transmission_Diagram_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Radio_Transmission_Diagram_en.svg/520px-Radio_Transmission_Diagram_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="632" /></a><figcaption>Transmission diagram of sound broadcasting (AM and FM)</figcaption></figure> <p>Broadcasting by radio takes several forms. These include <a href="/wiki/AM_broadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM</a> and <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM</a> stations. There are several subtypes, namely <a href="/wiki/Commercial_broadcasting" title="Commercial broadcasting">commercial broadcasting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-commercial_educational" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-commercial educational">non-commercial educational</a> (NCE) <a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">public broadcasting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-profit" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit">non-profit</a> varieties as well as <a href="/wiki/Community_radio" title="Community radio">community radio</a>, student-run <a href="/wiki/Campus_radio" title="Campus radio">campus radio</a> stations, and <a href="/wiki/Hospital_radio" title="Hospital radio">hospital radio</a> stations can be found throughout the world. Many stations broadcast on <a href="/wiki/Shortwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortwave">shortwave</a> bands using AM technology that can be received over thousands of miles (especially at night). For example, the <a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">VOA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_Russia" title="Voice of Russia">VOR</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a> have transmitted via shortwave to Africa and Asia. These broadcasts are very sensitive to atmospheric conditions and solar activity. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nielsen_Audio" title="Nielsen Audio">Nielsen Audio</a>, formerly known as Arbitron, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>–based company that reports on radio audiences, defines a "radio station" as a government-licensed AM or FM station; an HD Radio (primary or multicast) station; an internet stream of an existing government-licensed station; one of the satellite radio channels from <a href="/wiki/XM_Satellite_Radio" title="XM Satellite Radio">XM Satellite Radio</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sirius_Satellite_Radio" title="Sirius Satellite Radio">Sirius Satellite Radio</a>; or, potentially, a station that is not government licensed.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="AM">AM</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_broadcasting&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: AM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/AM_broadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM broadcasting</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2006AM_broadcast_stations.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/2006AM_broadcast_stations.PNG/260px-2006AM_broadcast_stations.PNG" decoding="async" width="260" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/2006AM_broadcast_stations.PNG/390px-2006AM_broadcast_stations.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/2006AM_broadcast_stations.PNG/520px-2006AM_broadcast_stations.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>AM broadcasting stations in 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>AM stations were the earliest broadcasting stations to be developed. AM refers to <a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">amplitude modulation</a>, a mode of broadcasting radio waves by varying the amplitude of the carrier signal in response to the amplitude of the signal to be transmitted. The medium-wave band is used worldwide for AM broadcasting. Europe also uses the <a href="/wiki/Long_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Long wave">long wave</a> band. In response to the growing popularity of <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting#Stereo_FM" title="FM broadcasting">FM stereo</a> radio stations in the late 1980s and early 1990s, some <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North American</a> stations began broadcasting in <a href="/wiki/AM_stereo" title="AM stereo">AM stereo</a>, though this never gained popularity and very few receivers were ever sold. </p><p>The signal is subject to interference from electrical storms (<a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a>) and other <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference" title="Electromagnetic interference">electromagnetic interference</a> (EMI).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One advantage of AM radio signal is that it can be detected (turned into sound) with simple equipment. If a signal is strong enough, not even a power source is needed; building an unpowered <a href="/wiki/Crystal_radio" title="Crystal radio">crystal radio receiver</a> was a common childhood project in the early decades of AM broadcasting. </p><p>AM broadcasts occur on <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North American</a> airwaves in the <a href="/wiki/Medium_wave" title="Medium wave">medium wave</a> frequency range of 525 to 1,705 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">kHz</a> (known as the "standard broadcast band"). The band was expanded in the 1990s by adding nine <a href="/wiki/Communication_channel" title="Communication channel">channels</a> from 1,605 to 1,705 kHz. Channels are spaced every 10 kHz in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, and generally every 9 kHz everywhere else. </p><p>AM transmissions cannot be ionospheric <a href="/wiki/Radio_propagation" title="Radio propagation">propagated</a> during the day due to strong absorption in the <a href="/wiki/D-layer" class="mw-redirect" title="D-layer">D-layer</a> of the ionosphere. In a crowded channel environment, this means that the power of regional channels which share a frequency must be reduced at night or directionally beamed in order to avoid interference, which reduces the potential nighttime audience. Some stations have frequencies unshared with other stations in North America; these are called <a href="/wiki/Clear-channel_station" title="Clear-channel station">clear-channel stations</a>. Many of them can be heard across much of the country at night. During the night, absorption largely disappears and permits signals to travel to much more distant locations via ionospheric reflections. However, fading of the signal can be severe at night. </p><p>AM radio transmitters can transmit audio frequencies up to 15 kHz (now limited to 10 kHz in the US due to FCC rules designed to reduce interference), but most receivers are only capable of reproducing frequencies up to 5 kHz or less. At the time that AM broadcasting began in the 1920s, this provided adequate fidelity for existing microphones, 78 rpm recordings, and loudspeakers. The fidelity of sound equipment subsequently improved considerably, but the receivers did not. Reducing the bandwidth of the receivers reduces the cost of manufacturing and makes them less prone to interference. AM stations are never assigned adjacent channels in the same service area. This prevents the sideband power generated by two stations from interfering with each other.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bob_Carver" title="Bob Carver">Bob Carver</a> created an <a href="/wiki/AM_stereo" title="AM stereo">AM stereo</a> tuner employing <a href="/wiki/Notch_filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Notch filter">notch filtering</a> that demonstrated that an AM broadcast can meet or exceed the 15 kHz baseband bandwidth allotted to <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM</a> stations without objectionable interference. After several years, the tuner was discontinued. Bob Carver had left the company and the Carver Corporation later cut the number of models produced before discontinuing production completely.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As well as on the medium wave bands, amplitude modulation (AM) is also used on the <a href="/wiki/Shortwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortwave">shortwave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Long_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Long wave">long wave</a> bands. Shortwave is used largely for national broadcasters, international propaganda, or <a href="/wiki/Religious_broadcasting" title="Religious broadcasting">religious broadcasting</a> organizations. Shortwave transmissions can have international or inter-continental range depending on atmospheric conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Long-wave AM broadcasting occurs in Europe, Asia, and Africa. The <a href="/wiki/Ground_wave" title="Ground wave">ground wave</a> propagation at these frequencies is little affected by daily changes in the ionosphere, so broadcasters need not reduce power at night to avoid interference with other transmitters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FM">FM</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_broadcasting&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: FM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM broadcasting</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2006FM_broadcast_stations.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/2006FM_broadcast_stations.PNG/330px-2006FM_broadcast_stations.PNG" decoding="async" width="260" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/2006FM_broadcast_stations.PNG/500px-2006FM_broadcast_stations.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/2006FM_broadcast_stations.PNG/960px-2006FM_broadcast_stations.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/FM_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="FM radio">FM radio</a> broadcast stations in 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>FM refers to <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">frequency modulation</a>, and occurs on <a href="/wiki/VHF" class="mw-redirect" title="VHF">VHF</a> airwaves in the frequency range of 88 to 108 <a href="/wiki/Megahertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Megahertz">MHz</a> everywhere except <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. Russia, like the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, uses 65.9 to 74 MHz frequencies in addition to the world standard. Japan uses the 76 to 90 MHz frequency band. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a> invented wide-band FM radio in the early 1930s to overcome the problem of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference" title="Electromagnetic interference">radio-frequency interference</a> (RFI), which plagued AM radio reception. At the same time, greater fidelity was made possible by spacing stations further apart in the <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio frequency</a> spectrum. Instead of 10 kHz apart, as on the AM band in the US, FM channels are 200 kHz (0.2 MHz) apart. In other countries, greater spacing is sometimes mandatory, such as in New Zealand, which uses 700 kHz spacing (previously 800 kHz). The improved fidelity made available was far in advance of the audio equipment of the 1940s, but wide interchannel spacing was chosen to take advantage of the noise-suppressing feature of wideband FM. </p><p>Bandwidth of 200 <a href="/wiki/KHz" class="mw-redirect" title="KHz">kHz</a> is not needed to accommodate an audio signal — 20 kHz to 30 kHz is all that is necessary for a narrowband FM signal. The 200 kHz bandwidth allowed room for ±75 kHz signal deviation from the assigned frequency, plus guard bands to reduce or eliminate adjacent channel interference. The larger bandwidth allows for broadcasting a 15 kHz bandwidth audio signal plus a 38 kHz <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting#Stereo_FM" title="FM broadcasting">stereo "subcarrier"</a>—a piggyback signal that rides on the main signal. Additional unused capacity is used by some broadcasters to transmit utility functions such as background <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> for public areas, <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a> auxiliary signals, or financial market data. </p><p>The AM radio problem of interference at night was addressed in a different way. At the time FM was set up, the available frequencies were far higher in the spectrum than those used for AM radio - by a factor of approximately 100. Using these frequencies meant that even at far higher power, the range of a given FM signal was much shorter; thus its market was more local than for AM radio. The reception range at night is the same as in the daytime. All FM broadcast transmissions are line-of-sight, and ionospheric bounce is not viable. The much larger bandwidths, compared to AM and SSB, are more susceptible to phase dispersion. Propagation speeds are fastest in the ionosphere at the lowest sideband frequency. The celerity difference between the highest and lowest sidebands is quite apparent to the listener. Such distortion occurs up to frequencies of approximately 50 MHz. Higher frequencies do not reflect from the ionosphere, nor from storm clouds. Moon reflections have been used in some experiments, but require impractical power levels. </p><p>The original FM radio service in the U.S. was the <a href="/wiki/Yankee_Network" title="Yankee Network">Yankee Network</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regular FM broadcasting began in 1939 but did not pose a significant threat to the AM broadcasting industry. It required purchase of a special receiver. The frequencies used, 42 to 50 MHz, were not those used today. The change to the current frequencies, 88 to 108 MHz, began after the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and was to some extent imposed by AM broadcasters as an attempt to cripple what was by now realized to be a potentially serious threat. </p><p>FM radio on the new band had to begin from the ground floor. As a commercial venture, it remained a little-used audio enthusiasts' medium until the 1960s. The more prosperous AM stations, or their owners, acquired FM licenses and often broadcast the same programming on the FM station as on the AM station ("<a href="/wiki/Simulcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Simulcasting">simulcasting</a>"). The FCC limited this practice in the 1960s. By the 1980s, since almost all new radios included both AM and FM tuners, FM became the dominant medium, especially in cities. Because of its greater range, AM remained more common in rural environments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pirate_radio">Pirate radio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_broadcasting&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pirate radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pirate_radio" title="Pirate radio">Pirate radio</a></div> <p>Pirate radio is illegal or non-regulated radio transmission. It is most commonly used to describe illegal broadcasting for entertainment or political purposes. Sometimes it is used for illegal two-way radio operation. Its history can be traced back to the unlicensed nature of the transmission, but historically there has been occasional use of sea vessels—fitting the most common perception of a pirate—as broadcasting bases. Rules and regulations vary largely from country to country, but often the term pirate radio describes the unlicensed broadcast of FM radio, AM radio, or shortwave signals over a wide range. In some places, radio stations are legal where the signal is transmitted, but illegal where the signals are received—especially when the signals cross a national boundary. In other cases, a broadcast may be considered "pirate" due to the type of content, its transmission format, or the transmitting power (wattage) of the station, even if the transmission is not technically illegal (such as a webcast or an amateur radio transmission). Pirate radio stations are sometimes referred to as bootleg radio or clandestine stations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terrestrial_digital_radio">Terrestrial digital radio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_broadcasting&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Terrestrial digital radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio broadcasting">Digital audio broadcasting</a>, <a href="/wiki/HD_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="HD radio">HD radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISDB" title="ISDB">ISDB</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Digital_Radio_Mondiale" title="Digital Radio Mondiale">Digital Radio Mondiale</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Digital_radio" title="Digital radio">Digital radio</a> broadcasting has emerged, first in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a> in 1995 and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> in 1999), and later in the United States, France, the Netherlands, South Africa, and many other countries worldwide. The simplest system is named DAB Digital Radio, for <a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting" title="Digital Audio Broadcasting">Digital Audio Broadcasting</a>, and uses the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> <a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting" title="Digital Audio Broadcasting">EUREKA 147</a> (Band III) system. DAB is used mainly in the UK and South Africa. Germany and the Netherlands use the DAB and DAB+ systems, and France uses the L-Band system of DAB Digital Radio. </p><p>The broadcasting regulators of the United States and Canada have chosen to use <a href="/wiki/HD_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="HD radio">HD radio</a>, an <a href="/wiki/In-band_on-channel" title="In-band on-channel">in-band on-channel</a> system that puts digital broadcasts at frequencies adjacent to the analog broadcast. HD Radio is owned by a <a href="/wiki/Consortium" title="Consortium">consortium</a> of private companies that is called <a href="/wiki/IBiquity" title="IBiquity">iBiquity</a>. An international <a href="/wiki/Non-profit" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit">non-profit</a> consortium <a href="/wiki/Digital_Radio_Mondiale" title="Digital Radio Mondiale">Digital Radio Mondiale</a> (DRM), has introduced the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> DRM system, which is used by a relatively small number of broadcasters worldwide. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_broadcasting">International broadcasting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_broadcasting&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: International broadcasting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Radio_broadcasting" title="Special:EditPage/Radio broadcasting">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_broadcasting" title="International broadcasting">International broadcasting</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Family_of_Radio_Maria.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/World_Family_of_Radio_Maria.png/330px-World_Family_of_Radio_Maria.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/World_Family_of_Radio_Maria.png/500px-World_Family_of_Radio_Maria.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/World_Family_of_Radio_Maria.png/960px-World_Family_of_Radio_Maria.png 2x" data-file-width="1393" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>Worldwide presence of <a href="/wiki/Radio_Maria" title="Radio Maria">Radio Maria</a> broadcasters</figcaption></figure> <p>Broadcasters in one country have several reasons to reach out to an audience in other countries. Commercial broadcasters may simply see a business opportunity to sell advertising or subscriptions to a broader audience. This is more efficient than broadcasting to a single country, because domestic entertainment programs and information gathered by domestic news staff can be cheaply repackaged for non-domestic audiences. </p><p>Governments typically have different motivations for funding international broadcasting. One clear reason is for ideological, or <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> reasons. Many government-owned stations portray their nation in a positive, non-threatening way. This could be to encourage business investment in or tourism to the nation. Another reason is to combat a negative image produced by other nations or internal dissidents, or insurgents. <a href="/wiki/Radio_RSA" title="Radio RSA">Radio RSA</a>, the broadcasting arm of the apartheid South African government, is an example of this. A third reason is to promote the ideology of the broadcaster. For example, a program on <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_Russia" title="Voice of Russia">Radio Moscow</a> from the 1960s to the 1980s was <i>What is Communism?</i> </p><p>A second reason is to advance a nation's foreign policy interests and agenda by disseminating its views on international affairs or on the events in particular parts of the world. During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> the American <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Liberty</a> and Indian Radio <a href="/wiki/All_India_Radio" title="All India Radio">AIR</a> were founded to broadcast news from "behind the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>" that was otherwise being censored and promote dissent and occasionally, to disseminate <a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">disinformation</a>. Currently, the US operates similar services aimed at <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> (<a href="/wiki/Radio_y_Televisi%C3%B3n_Mart%C3%AD" title="Radio y Televisión Martí">Radio y Televisión Martí</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Asia" title="Radio Free Asia">Radio Free Asia</a>). </p><p>Besides ideological reasons, many stations are run by religious broadcasters and are used to provide religious education, religious music, or worship service programs. For example, <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a>, established in 1931, broadcasts such programs. Another station, such as <a href="/wiki/HCJB" title="HCJB">HCJB</a> or <a href="/wiki/Trans_World_Radio" title="Trans World Radio">Trans World Radio</a> will carry brokered programming from evangelists. In the case of the <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_Services_of_the_Kingdom_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcasting Services of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia">Broadcasting Services of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</a>, both governmental and religious programming is provided. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extensions">Extensions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_broadcasting&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Extensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Extensions of traditional radio-wave broadcasting for <a href="/wiki/Audio_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio broadcasting">audio broadcasting</a> in general include <a href="/wiki/Cable_radio" title="Cable radio">cable radio</a>, local wire <a href="/wiki/Television_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Television network">television networks</a>, <a href="/wiki/DTV_radio" title="DTV radio">DTV radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">satellite radio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Internet_radio" title="Internet radio">Internet radio</a> via <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming media</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satellite">Satellite</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_broadcasting&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Satellite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Satellite radio</a></div> <p>The enormous entry costs of space-based satellite transmitters and restrictions on available <a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum" title="Radio spectrum">radio spectrum</a> licenses has restricted growth of <a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Satellite radio</a> broadcasts. In the US and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, just two services, <a href="/wiki/XM_Satellite_Radio" title="XM Satellite Radio">XM Satellite Radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sirius_Satellite_Radio" title="Sirius Satellite Radio">Sirius Satellite Radio</a> exist. Both XM and Sirius are owned by <a href="/wiki/Sirius_XM_Satellite_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirius XM Satellite Radio">Sirius XM Satellite Radio</a>, which was formed by the merger of XM and Sirius on July 29, 2008, whereas in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/XM_Radio_Canada" title="XM Radio Canada">XM Radio Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sirius_Canada" title="Sirius Canada">Sirius Canada</a> remained separate companies until 2010. <a href="/wiki/1worldspace" title="1worldspace">Worldspace</a> in Africa and Asia, and <a href="/wiki/MobaHo!" title="MobaHo!">MobaHO!</a> in Japan and the ROK were two unsuccessful satellite radio operators which have gone out of business. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Program_formats">Program formats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_broadcasting&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Program formats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Radio_format" title="Radio format">Radio format</a></div> <p>Radio program formats differ by country, regulation, and markets. For instance, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> designates the 88–92 megahertz band in the U.S. for non-profit or educational programming, with advertising prohibited. </p><p>In addition, formats change in popularity as time passes and technology improves. Early radio equipment only allowed program material to be broadcast in real time, known as <i>live</i> broadcasting. As technology for <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">sound recording</a> improved, an increasing proportion of broadcast programming used pre-recorded material. A current trend is the <a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">automation</a> of radio stations. Some stations now operate without direct human intervention by using entirely pre-recorded material sequenced by <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> control. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Receiver">Receiver</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_broadcasting&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Receiver"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_radio_receiver" title="Broadcast radio receiver">Broadcast radio receiver</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Broadcast_radio_receiver&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony-walkman-srfs84s_0001.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sony-walkman-srfs84s_0001.JPG/220px-Sony-walkman-srfs84s_0001.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sony-walkman-srfs84s_0001.JPG/330px-Sony-walkman-srfs84s_0001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sony-walkman-srfs84s_0001.JPG/440px-Sony-walkman-srfs84s_0001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>A portable battery-powered AM/FM broadcast receiver, used to listen to audio broadcast by local <a href="/wiki/Radio_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio station">radio stations</a>.</figcaption></figure> The most familiar form of <a href="/wiki/Radio_receiver" title="Radio receiver">radio receiver</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_radio_receiver" title="Broadcast radio receiver">broadcast radio receiver</a>, often just called a broadcast receiver or simply a radio, as used for radio broadcasting. It receives <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">audio</a> programs intended for public reception transmitted by local <a href="/wiki/Radio_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio station">radio stations</a>. The sound is reproduced either by a <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">loudspeaker</a> in the radio or an <a href="/wiki/Earphone" class="mw-redirect" title="Earphone">earphone</a> which plugs into a jack on the radio. The radio requires <a href="/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power">electric power</a>, provided either by <a href="/wiki/Battery_(electricity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery (electricity)">batteries</a> inside the radio or a power cord which plugs into an <a href="/wiki/Electric_outlet" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric outlet">electric outlet</a>. All radios have a <a href="/wiki/Loudness" title="Loudness">volume control</a> to adjust the loudness of the audio, and some type of "<a href="/wiki/Tuner_(radio)" title="Tuner (radio)">tuning</a>" control to select the radio station to be received.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_broadcasting&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_construction_permit" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcasting construction permit">Broadcasting construction permit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_sign" title="Call sign">Call sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a> (DJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">History of broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_broadcasting" title="International broadcasting">International broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio topics">List of radio topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_power_radio_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Low power radio station">Low power radio station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">Podcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_antenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio antenna">Radio antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_personality" title="Radio personality">Radio personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RF_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="RF modulation">RF modulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_commentator" title="Sports commentator">Sports commentator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_station" title="Television station">Television station</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_broadcasting&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-philips-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-philips_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vintageradio.nl/Menu/philips_engels.htm">"Vintage Radio Web: Philips"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200207125459/https://www.vintageradio.nl/Menu/philips_engels.htm">Archived</a> February 7, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (vintageradio.nl)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Broadcasting&rft.atitle=Broadcasting%27s+Oldest+Stations%3A+An+Examination+of+Four+Claimants&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08838157709363817&rft.aulast=Baudino&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E&rft.au=John+M.+Kittross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F08838157709363817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.g0mwt.org.uk/new-street/">"CARS - Marconi Hall Street, New Street and 2MT callsign"</a>. <i>www.g0mwt.org.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.g0mwt.org.uk&rft.atitle=CARS+-+Marconi+Hall+Street%2C+New+Street+and+2MT+callsign&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.g0mwt.org.uk%2Fnew-street%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/aboutbbcnews/spl/hi/history/html/default.stm">"BBC History – The BBC takes to the Airwaves"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=BBC+History+%E2%80%93+The+BBC+takes+to+the+Airwaves&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Faboutbbcnews%2Fspl%2Fhi%2Fhistory%2Fhtml%2Fdefault.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atgelt, Carlos A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldradio.com/archives/international/argentin.html">"Early History of Radio Broadcasting in Argentina."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210424214128/https://www.oldradio.com/archives/international/argentin.html">Archived</a> April 24, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Broadcast Archive (Oldradio.com).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.curry.edu">"Curry College - Home"</a>. <i>www.curry.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.curry.edu&rft.atitle=Curry+College+-+Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.curry.edu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCraig2004" class="citation journal cs1">Craig, Steve (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233149747">"How America Adopted Radio: Demographic Differences in Set Ownership Reported in the 1930–1950 U.S. Censuses"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Broadcasting_%26_Electronic_Media" title="Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media">Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media</a></i>. <b>48</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>: <span class="nowrap">179–</span>195. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1207%2Fs15506878jobem4802_2">10.1207/s15506878jobem4802_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145186571">145186571</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Broadcasting+%26+Electronic+Media&rft.atitle=How+America+Adopted+Radio%3A+Demographic+Differences+in+Set+Ownership+Reported+in+the+1930%E2%80%931950+U.S.+Censuses&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E179-%3C%2Fspan%3E195&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1207%2Fs15506878jobem4802_2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145186571%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Craig&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F233149747&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/newbay/rw_20081008/index.php">"What is a Radio Station?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Radio_World" title="Radio World">Radio World</a></i>. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+World&rft.atitle=What+is+a+Radio+Station%3F&rft.pages=6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nxtbook.com%2Fnxtbooks%2Fnewbay%2Frw_20081008%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Based on the "interference" entry of <i>The Concise Oxford English Dictionary</i>, 11th edition, online</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120713084431/http://kwarner.bravehost.com/tech.htm">"Types of Technology, FM vs AM"</a>. <i>kwarner.bravehost.com</i>. July 13, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kwarner.bravehost.com/tech.htm">the original</a> on July 13, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kwarner.bravehost.com&rft.atitle=Types+of+Technology%2C+FM+vs+AM&rft.date=2012-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkwarner.bravehost.com%2Ftech.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bobcarvercorp.com/">"Landing Page"</a>. <i>BobCarverCorp.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BobCarverCorp.com&rft.atitle=Landing+Page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bobcarvercorp.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrodkowski2015" class="citation book cs1">Grodkowski, Paul (August 24, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HudwCgAAQBAJ"><i>Beginning Shortwave Radio Listening</i></a>. Booktango. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781468964240" title="Special:BookSources/9781468964240"><bdi>9781468964240</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beginning+Shortwave+Radio+Listening&rft.pub=Booktango&rft.date=2015-08-24&rft.isbn=9781468964240&rft.aulast=Grodkowski&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHudwCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halper, Donna L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bostonradio.org/essays/shepard-fm.html">"John Shepard's FM Stations—America's first FM network."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060212104948/http://www.bostonradio.org/essays/shepard-fm.html">Archived</a> February 12, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Boston Radio Archives (BostonRadio.org).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bostonradio.org/yankee-36.html">"The Yankee Network in 1936"</a>. <i>The Archives @ BostonRadio.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Archives+%40+BostonRadio.org&rft.atitle=The+Yankee+Network+in+1936&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonradio.org%2Fyankee-36.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jeff560.tripod.com/chronofm.html">"FM Broadcasting Chronology"</a>. <i>Jeff Miller Pages</i>. June 23, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 10,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jeff+Miller+Pages&rft.atitle=FM+Broadcasting+Chronology&rft.date=2017-06-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjeff560.tripod.com%2Fchronofm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARadio+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_broadcasting&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/radio_broadcasting" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/radio broadcasting">radio broadcasting</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/">Federal Communications Commission website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110217015410/http://www.fcc.gov/">Archived</a> February 17, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – fcc.gov</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dxing.info">DXing.info</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060126210901/http://www.dxing.info/">Archived</a> January 26, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Information about radio stations worldwide</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radio-locator.com/">Radio-Locator.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170828091833/http://www.radio-locator.com/">Archived</a> August 28, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Links to 13,000 radio stations worldwide</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/reception/">BBC reception advice</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060116024539/http://www.bbc.co.uk/reception/">Archived</a> January 16, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dxradio.50webs.com">DXradio.50webs.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070621021004/http://dxradio.50webs.com/">Archived</a> June 21, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "The SWDXER" – with general SWL information and radio antenna tips</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radiostationzone.com">RadioStationZone.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190611132759/http://radiostationzone.com/">Archived</a> June 11, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – 10.000+ radio stations worldwide with ratings, comments and listen live links</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200810081053/http://www.online-radio-stations.org/">Online-Radio-Stations.org</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> – The Web Radio Tuner has a comprehensive list of over 50.000 radio stations</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unwantedemissions.com/">UnwantedEmissions.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100902131421/http://www.unwantedemissions.com/">Archived</a> September 2, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – A general reference to radio spectrum allocations</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navidiku.rs/radio-stanice/">Radio stanice</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110906061202/http://www.navidiku.rs/radio-stanice/">Archived</a> September 6, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Search for radio stations throughout the Europe</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radioemisoraslatinas.com/">Radio Emisoras Latinas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130407163144/http://www.radioemisoraslatinas.com/">Archived</a> April 7, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – has a directory with thousands of Latin America Radio Stations</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Broadcasting111" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Radio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_program" title="Radio program">Radio program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_radio" title="Cable radio">Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_radio" title="Digital radio">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Satellite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_computing" title="Mobile computing">Mobile computing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_television" title="Mobile television">Mobile television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">Teletext</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Web_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Web television">Web television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2PTV" title="P2PTV">Peer-to-peer television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitTorrent#Film.2C_video.2C_and_music" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent television and movies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Broadcasting<br />niche</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campus_radio" title="Campus radio">Campus radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_broadcasting" title="Commercial broadcasting">Commercial broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_radio" title="Community radio">Community radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multichannel_television" title="Multichannel television">Multichannel television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pay_television" title="Pay television">Pay television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pay-per-view" title="Pay-per-view">Pay-per-view</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">News broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_radio" title="Pirate radio">Pirate radio</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pirate_television" title="Pirate television">Pirate television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">Public broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_broadcasting" title="Religious broadcasting">Religious broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talk_radio" title="Talk radio">Talk radio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Specialty_channel" title="Specialty channel">Specialty<br />channels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_adult_television_channels" title="List of adult television channels">Adult television channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_interest_channel" title="Children's interest channel">Children's interest channel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_television_series" title="Children's television series">Children's television series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_channel" title="Documentary channel">Documentary channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_interest_channel" title="Men's interest channel">Men's interest channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_movie_television_channels" title="List of movie television channels">Movie television channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_radio" title="Music radio">Music radio</a> / <a href="/wiki/Music_television" title="Music television">Music television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiz_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Quiz channel">Quiz channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping_channel" title="Shopping channel">Shopping channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">News broadcasting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Business channels">Business channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_affairs_(broadcasting)" title="Public affairs (broadcasting)">Public affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestreamed_news" title="Livestreamed news">Livestreamed news</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports broadcasting">Sports broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_interest_channel" title="Women's interest channel">Women's interest channel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production<br />and funding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_network" title="Broadcast network">Broadcast network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast-safe" title="Broadcast-safe">Broadcast-safe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television_systems" title="Broadcast television systems">Broadcast television systems</a></li> <li>Graphics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_on-screen_graphic" title="Digital on-screen graphic">Digital on-screen graphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_third" title="Lower third">Lower third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_ticker" title="News ticker">News ticker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-screen_display" title="On-screen display">On-screen display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Score_bug" title="Score bug">Score bug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_news_screen_layout" title="Television news screen layout">Television news screen layout</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_affiliate" title="Network affiliate">Network affiliate</a></li> <li>Occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_designer" title="Broadcast designer">Broadcast designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_license" title="Broadcast license">Broadcast license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_network_programming" title="Director of network programming">Director of network programming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outside_broadcasting" title="Outside broadcasting">Outside broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_box" title="Press box">Press box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_pool" title="Press pool">Press pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_licence" title="Television licence">Television licence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_studio" title="Television studio">Television studio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_radio_stations_in_Africa286" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Africa_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Africa topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_radio_stations_in_Africa286" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Africa" title="List of radio stations in Africa">List of radio stations in Africa </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Angola" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Benin" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Burkina_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Cape_Verde" title="List of radio stations in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Central_African_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Comoros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in the Comoros (page does not exist)">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Egypt" title="List of radio stations in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Equatorial_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Eswatini" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Gabon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Gambia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in the Gambia (page does not exist)">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Guinea-Bissau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Guinea-Bissau (page does not exist)">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Ivory_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Lesotho" title="List of radio stations in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Liberia" title="List of radio stations in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Malawi" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Mauritania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Mauritius" title="List of radio stations in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Mozambique" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Namibia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Niger" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Nigeria" title="List of radio stations in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in São Tomé and Príncipe (page does not exist)">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Senegal" title="List of radio stations in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Seychelles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Sierra_Leone" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_South_Africa" title="List of radio stations in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Tanzania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Togo" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Zambia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Zimbabwe" title="List of radio stations in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">States with limited<br />recognition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (page does not exist)">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Canary_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in the Canary Islands (page does not exist)">Canary Islands</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Ceuta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Ceuta (page does not exist)">Ceuta</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Melilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Melilla (page does not exist)">Melilla</a>  <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Spain)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Madeira (page does not exist)">Madeira</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Portugal)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Mayotte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Mayotte (page does not exist)">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_R%C3%A9union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Réunion (page does not exist)">Réunion</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(France)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Saint_Helena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Saint Helena (page does not exist)">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Ascension_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Ascension Island (page does not exist)">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Tristan_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Tristan da Cunha (page does not exist)">Tristan da Cunha</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(United Kingdom)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_radio_stations_in_Asia426" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_radio_stations_in_Asia426" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Asia" title="List of radio stations in Asia">List of radio stations in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Afghanistan" title="List of radio stations in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Bangladesh" title="List of radio stations in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Cyprus" title="List of radio stations in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Egypt" title="List of radio stations in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Georgia_(country)" title="List of radio stations in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Indonesia" title="List of radio stations in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Iran" title="List of radio stations in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Israel" title="List of radio stations in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Japan" title="List of radio stations in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_North_Korea" title="List of radio stations in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_South_Korea" title="List of radio stations in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Kyrgyzstan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Malaysia" title="List of radio stations in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Philippines" title="List of radio stations in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Singapore" title="List of radio stations in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Syria" title="List of radio stations in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Timor-Leste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Timor-Leste (page does not exist)">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Turkey" title="List of radio stations in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Vietnam" title="List of radio stations in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="List of radio stations in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of radio stations in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Macau" title="List of radio stations in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_radio_stations_in_Europe137" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_radio_stations_in_Europe137" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Europe">List of radio stations in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Albania" title="List of radio stations in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Austria" title="List of radio stations in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Belarus" title="List of radio stations in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Belgium" title="List of radio stations in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="List of radio stations in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Bulgaria" title="List of radio stations in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Croatia" title="List of radio stations in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Cyprus" title="List of radio stations in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="List of radio stations in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Estonia" title="List of radio stations in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Finland" title="List of radio stations in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_France" title="List of radio stations in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Georgia_(country)" title="List of radio stations in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Germany" title="List of radio stations in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Greece" title="List of radio stations in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Hungary" title="List of radio stations in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of radio stations in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Italy" title="List of radio stations in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Latvia" title="List of radio stations in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Lithuania" title="List of radio stations in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Luxembourg" title="List of radio stations in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Malta" title="List of radio stations in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Moldova (page does not exist)">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Monaco" title="List of radio stations in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Montenegro" title="List of radio stations in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Netherlands" title="List of radio stations in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_North_Macedonia" title="List of radio stations in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Portugal" title="List of radio stations in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Romania" title="List of radio stations in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_San_Marino" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Serbia" title="List of radio stations in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Slovakia" title="List of radio stations in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Slovenia" title="List of radio stations in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Spain" title="List of radio stations in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Sweden" title="List of radio stations in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Turkey" title="List of radio stations in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Ukraine" title="List of radio stations in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of radio stations in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Kosovo" title="List of radio stations in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Faroe_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_radio_stations_in_North_America179" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template talk:North America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_radio_stations_in_North_America179" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in North America">List of radio stations in North America </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Antigua and Barbuda (page does not exist)">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Bahamas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in the Bahamas (page does not exist)">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Barbados" title="List of radio stations in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Belize" title="List of radio stations in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Canada" title="List of radio stations in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Costa_Rica" title="List of radio stations in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Cuba (page does not exist)">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Dominica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Dominica (page does not exist)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Dominican_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in the Dominican Republic (page does not exist)">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_El_Salvador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in El Salvador (page does not exist)">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Grenada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Grenada (page does not exist)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Guatemala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Guatemala (page does not exist)">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Honduras" title="List of radio stations in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Jamaica" title="List of radio stations in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Nicaragua" title="List of radio stations in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Panama" title="List of radio stations in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Saint Kitts and Nevis (page does not exist)">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Saint_Lucia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Saint Lucia (page does not exist)">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (page does not exist)">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Anguilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Anguilla (page does not exist)">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Aruba" title="List of radio stations in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Bermuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Bermuda (page does not exist)">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in the British Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="List of radio stations in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Cura%C3%A7ao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Curaçao (page does not exist)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Greenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Greenland (page does not exist)">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Guadeloupe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Guadeloupe (page does not exist)">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Martinique (page does not exist)">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Montserrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Montserrat (page does not exist)">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Saba_(island)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Saba (island) (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Sint Maarten (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in the Turks and Caicos Islands (page does not exist)">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_radio_stations_in_South_America231" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_America_topic" title="Template:South America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_America_topic" title="Template talk:South America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_radio_stations_in_South_America231" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in South America">List of radio stations in South America </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Bolivia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Bolivia (page does not exist)">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Guyana" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Paraguay" title="List of radio stations in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="List of radio stations in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_Suriname&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in Suriname (page does not exist)">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Uruguay" title="List of radio stations in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Venezuela" title="List of radio stations in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_the_Falkland_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in the Falkland Islands (page does not exist)">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_French_Guiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in French Guiana (page does not exist)">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_radio_stations_in_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of radio stations in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (page does not exist)"><span style="white-space:normal;">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_radio_stations" title="Category:Lists of radio stations">Category:Lists of radio stations</a> by <a href="/wiki/Category:Radio_stations_by_city" title="Category:Radio stations by city">city</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Radio_stations_by_country" title="Category:Radio stations by country">country</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Radio_stations_by_format" title="Category:Radio stations by format">format</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Radio_stations_by_language" title="Category:Radio stations by language">language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Radio_stations_by_owner" title="Category:Radio stations by owner">owner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Radio_stations_by_year_of_establishment" title="Category:Radio stations by year of establishment">year of establishment</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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