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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Structures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hierarchical,_linear,_and_planar_schemata" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hierarchical,_linear,_and_planar_schemata"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Hierarchical, linear, and planar schemata</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hierarchical,_linear,_and_planar_schemata-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Granularity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Granularity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Granularity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Granularity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hypermapping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hypermapping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Hypermapping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hypermapping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-File_metadata" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#File_metadata"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>File metadata</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-File_metadata-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Photographs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photographs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Photographs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photographs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Video</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telecommunications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telecommunications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Telecommunications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telecommunications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geospatial_metadata" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geospatial_metadata"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Geospatial metadata</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geospatial_metadata-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Creation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Creation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Creation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Data_virtualization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_virtualization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Data virtualization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_virtualization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics_and_census_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics_and_census_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Statistics and census services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics_and_census_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Library_and_information_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Library_and_information_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Library and information science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Library_and_information_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5.1</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standards_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standards_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5.2</span> <span>Standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standards_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_objects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_objects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5.3</span> <span>Cultural objects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_objects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online_content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5.4</span> <span>Online content</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6.2</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Legislation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>Healthcare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biomedical_researches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biomedical_researches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9</span> <span>Biomedical researches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biomedical_researches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_warehousing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_warehousing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.10</span> <span>Data warehousing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_warehousing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.11</span> <span>Internet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Broadcast_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broadcast_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.12</span> <span>Broadcast industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broadcast_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.13</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology_and_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology_and_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.14</span> <span>Ecology and environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology_and_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.15</span> <span>Digital music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cloud_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cloud_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.16</span> <span>Cloud applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cloud_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration_and_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration_and_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Administration and management</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administration_and_management-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Administration and management subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administration_and_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Storage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Database_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Database_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Database management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Database_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Metadata</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="بيانات وصفية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيانات وصفية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metam%C9%99lumatlar" title="Metaməlumatlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Metaməlumatlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Metadata" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Метаданни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Метаданни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadades" title="Metadades – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Metadades" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Metadata" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Metadata" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Metadata" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadaten" title="Metadaten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Metadaten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaandmed" title="Metaandmed – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Metaandmed" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Μεταδεδομένα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεταδεδομένα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadatos" title="Metadatos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Metadatos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-dateno" title="Meta-dateno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Meta-dateno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadatu" title="Metadatu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Metadatu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87" title="فراداده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فراداده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9tadonn%C3%A9e" title="Métadonnée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Métadonnée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadatos" title="Metadatos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Metadatos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%94%ED%83%80%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B0" title="메타데이터 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="메타데이터" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metapodatci" title="Metapodatci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Metapodatci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Metadata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incazamininingo" title="Incazamininingo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Incazamininingo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BDsig%C3%B6gn" title="Lýsigögn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lýsigögn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadato" title="Metadato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Metadato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%90-%D7%93%D7%90%D7%98%D7%94" title="מטא-דאטה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מטא-דאטה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE" title="ಮೆಟಾಡೇಟಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೆಟಾಡೇಟಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadati" title="Metadati – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Metadati" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaduomenys" title="Metaduomenys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Metaduomenys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Metadata" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaadat" title="Metaadat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Metaadat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1" title="മെറ്റാഡാറ്റ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മെറ്റാഡാറ്റ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Metadata" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%92%E1%80%B1%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC" title="မက်တာဒေတာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မက်တာဒေတာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Metadata" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%82%BF%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF" title="メタデータ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メタデータ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Metadata" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadane" title="Metadane – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Metadane" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadados" title="Metadados – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Metadados" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadat%C4%83" title="Metadată – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Metadată" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Метаданные – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Метаданные" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadatat" title="Metadatat – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Metadatat" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Metadata" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metad%C3%A1ta" title="Metadáta – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Metadáta" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metapodatek" title="Metapodatek – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Metapodatek" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metapodaci" title="Metapodaci – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Metapodaci" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metapodatci" title="Metapodatci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Metapodatci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metatieto" title="Metatieto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Metatieto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Metadata" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="மீதரவு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மீதரவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%8C" title="ข้อมูลอภิพันธุ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ข้อมูลอภิพันธุ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Фародода – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фародода" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Metadata" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Метадані – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Метадані" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%A7%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%A7" title="میٹاڈیٹا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="میٹاڈیٹا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%AAu_d%E1%BB%AF_li%E1%BB%87u" title="Siêu dữ liệu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Siêu dữ liệu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%B9%BC%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99" title="中繼資料 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="中繼資料" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE" title="元数据 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="元数据" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q180160#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Schlagwortkatalog.jpg/220px-Schlagwortkatalog.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Schlagwortkatalog.jpg/330px-Schlagwortkatalog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Schlagwortkatalog.jpg/440px-Schlagwortkatalog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2128" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>In the 21st century, metadata typically refers to digital forms, but traditional card catalogs contain metadata, with cards holding <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a> about books in a library (author, title, subject, etc.).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cenchrus_ciliaris_L._438045083.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Cenchrus_ciliaris_L._438045083.jpg/220px-Cenchrus_ciliaris_L._438045083.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Cenchrus_ciliaris_L._438045083.jpg/330px-Cenchrus_ciliaris_L._438045083.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Cenchrus_ciliaris_L._438045083.jpg/440px-Cenchrus_ciliaris_L._438045083.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3353" data-file-height="5141" /></a><figcaption>Metadata can come in different layers: This physical <a href="/wiki/Herbarium" title="Herbarium">herbarium</a> record of <i><a href="/wiki/Cenchrus_ciliaris" title="Cenchrus ciliaris">Cenchrus ciliaris</a></i> consists of the specimens as well as metadata about them, while the barcode points to a digital record with metadata about the physical record.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sphagnum_papillosum_at_Sphagnum_cultivation_at_Universit%C3%A4t_Greifswald_2023-06-11_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Sphagnum_papillosum_at_Sphagnum_cultivation_at_Universit%C3%A4t_Greifswald_2023-06-11_01.jpg/220px-Sphagnum_papillosum_at_Sphagnum_cultivation_at_Universit%C3%A4t_Greifswald_2023-06-11_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Sphagnum_papillosum_at_Sphagnum_cultivation_at_Universit%C3%A4t_Greifswald_2023-06-11_01.jpg/330px-Sphagnum_papillosum_at_Sphagnum_cultivation_at_Universit%C3%A4t_Greifswald_2023-06-11_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Sphagnum_papillosum_at_Sphagnum_cultivation_at_Universit%C3%A4t_Greifswald_2023-06-11_01.jpg/440px-Sphagnum_papillosum_at_Sphagnum_cultivation_at_Universit%C3%A4t_Greifswald_2023-06-11_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8384" data-file-height="5612" /></a><figcaption>Metadata for a <i><a href="/wiki/Sphagnum_papillosum" title="Sphagnum papillosum">Sphagnum papillosum</a></i> pot that is part of a <a href="/wiki/Common_garden_experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Common garden experiment">common garden experiment</a> at <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t_Greifswald" class="mw-redirect" title="Universität Greifswald">Universität Greifswald</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Metadata</b> (or <b>metainformation</b>) is "<a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">data</a> that provides information about other data",<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but not the content of the data itself, such as the text of a message or the image itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Gonzalez-Perez_(2018)_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gonzalez-Perez_(2018)-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many distinct types of metadata, including: </p> <ul><li><b>Descriptive metadata</b> – the descriptive information about a resource. It is used for discovery and identification. It includes elements such as title, abstract, author, and keywords.</li> <li><b>Structural metadata</b> – metadata about containers of data and indicates how compound objects are put together, for example, how pages are ordered to form chapters. It describes the types, versions, relationships, and other characteristics of digital materials.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Administrative metadata</b><sup id="cite_ref-Metadata_Basics_Outline_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metadata_Basics_Outline-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – the information to help manage a resource, like resource type, and permissions, and when and how it was created.<sup id="cite_ref-Understanding_Metadata_(2)_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Understanding_Metadata_(2)-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Reference metadata</b> – the information about the contents and quality of <a href="/wiki/Statistical_data_type" title="Statistical data type">statistical data</a>.</li> <li><b>Statistical metadata</b><sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – also called process data, may describe processes that collect, process, or produce statistical data.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Legal metadata</b> – provides information about the creator, <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> holder, and public licensing, if provided.</li></ul> <p>Metadata is not strictly bound to one of these categories, as it can describe a piece of data in many other ways. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadata&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Metadata has various purposes. It can help users <a href="/wiki/Findability" title="Findability">find relevant information</a> and <a href="/wiki/Discoverability" title="Discoverability">discover resources</a>. It can also help organize electronic resources, provide digital identification, and archive and preserve resources. Metadata allows users to access resources by "allowing resources to be found by relevant criteria, identifying resources, bringing similar resources together, distinguishing dissimilar resources, and giving location information".<sup id="cite_ref-Understanding_Metadata_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Understanding_Metadata-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metadata of <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunication</a> activities including <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> traffic is very widely collected by various national governmental organizations. This data is used for the purposes of <a href="/wiki/Traffic_analysis" title="Traffic analysis">traffic analysis</a> and can be used for <a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">mass surveillance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Metadata was traditionally used in the <a href="/wiki/Library_catalog" title="Library catalog">card catalogs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">libraries</a> until the 1980s when libraries converted their catalog data to digital <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">databases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2000s, as data and information were increasingly stored digitally, this digital data was described using <a href="/wiki/Metadata_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Metadata standards">metadata standards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first description of "meta data" for computer systems is purportedly noted by MIT's Center for International Studies experts David Griffel and Stuart McIntosh in 1967: "In summary then, we have statements in an object language about subject descriptions of data and token codes for the data. We also have statements in a meta language describing the data relationships and transformations, and ought/is relations between norm and data."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unique metadata standards exist for different disciplines (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Museum" title="Museum">museum</a> collections, <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_file" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio file">digital audio files</a>, <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">websites</a>, etc.). Describing the <a href="/wiki/Content_(media)" class="mw-redirect" title="Content (media)">contents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Context_(computing)" title="Context (computing)">context</a> of data or <a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">data files</a> increases its usefulness. For example, a <a href="/wiki/HTML_editor" title="HTML editor">web page</a> may include metadata specifying what software language the page is written in (e.g., HTML), what tools were used to create it, what subjects the page is about, and where to find more information about the subject. This metadata can automatically improve the reader's experience and make it easier for users to find the web page online.<sup id="cite_ref-Practices_in_Using_Metadata_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Practices_in_Using_Metadata-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/CD" class="mw-redirect" title="CD">CD</a> may include metadata providing information about the musicians, singers, and songwriters whose work appears on the disc. </p><p>In many countries, government organizations routinely store metadata about emails, telephone calls, web pages, video traffic, IP connections, and cell phone locations.<sup id="cite_ref-NSA_Watching_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSA_Watching-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadata&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Metadata means "data about data". Metadata is defined as the data providing information about one or more aspects of the data; it is used to summarize basic information about data that can make tracking and working with specific data easier.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some examples include: </p> <ul><li>Means of creation of the data</li> <li>Purpose of the data</li> <li>Time and date of creation</li> <li>Creator or author of the data</li> <li>Location on a <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer network</a> where the data was created</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">Standards</a> used</li> <li>Data quality</li> <li>Source of the data</li> <li>Process used to create the data</li></ul> <p>For example, a <a href="/wiki/Digital_image" title="Digital image">digital image</a> may include metadata that describes the size of the image, its color depth, resolution, when it was created, the shutter speed, and other data.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A text document's metadata may contain information about how long the document is, who the author is, when the document was written, and a short summary of the document. Metadata within web pages can also contain descriptions of page content, as well as key words linked to the content.<sup id="cite_ref-Rouse,_M_(2014)_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rouse,_M_(2014)-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These links are often called "Metatags", which were used as the primary factor in determining order for a web search until the late 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Rouse,_M_(2014)_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rouse,_M_(2014)-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reliance on metatags in web searches was decreased in the late 1990s because of "keyword stuffing",<sup id="cite_ref-Rouse,_M_(2014)_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rouse,_M_(2014)-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereby metatags were being largely misused to trick search engines into thinking some websites had more relevance in the search than they really did.<sup id="cite_ref-Rouse,_M_(2014)_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rouse,_M_(2014)-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Metadata can be stored and managed in a <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a>, often called a <a href="/wiki/Metadata_registry" title="Metadata registry">metadata registry</a> or <a href="/wiki/Metadata_repository" title="Metadata repository">metadata repository</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, without context and a point of reference, it might be impossible to identify metadata just by looking at it.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example: by itself, a database containing several numbers, all 13 digits long could be the results of calculations or a list of numbers to plug into an <span class="nowrap">equation  – </span> without any other context, the numbers themselves can be perceived as the data. But if given the context that this database is a log of a book collection, those 13-digit numbers may now be identified as <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBNs</a>  – </span> information that refers to the book, but is not itself the information within the book. The term "metadata" was coined in 1968 by Philip Bagley, in his book "Extension of Programming Language Concepts" where it is clear that he uses the term in the ISO 11179 "traditional" sense, which is "structural metadata" i.e. "data about the containers of data"; rather than the alternative sense "content about individual instances of data content" or metacontent, the type of data usually found in library catalogs.<sup id="cite_ref-Bagley_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bagley-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then the fields of information management, information science, information technology, librarianship, and <a href="/wiki/GIS" class="mw-redirect" title="GIS">GIS</a> have widely adopted the term. In these fields, the word <i>metadata</i> is defined as "data about data".<sup id="cite_ref-NISO_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NISO-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this is the generally accepted definition, various disciplines have adopted their own more specific explanations and uses of the term. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a></i> reported in 2013 that the United States government's interpretation of "metadata" could be broad, and might include message content such as the subject lines of emails.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadata&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the metadata application is manifold, covering a large variety of fields, there are specialized and well-accepted models to specify types of metadata. <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bretherton" title="Francis Bretherton">Bretherton</a> & Singley (1994) distinguish between two distinct classes: structural/control metadata and guide metadata.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Structural metadata</i> describes the structure of database objects such as tables, columns, keys and indexes. <i>Guide metadata</i> helps humans find specific items and is usually expressed as a set of keywords in a natural language. According to <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Kimball" title="Ralph Kimball">Ralph Kimball</a>, metadata can be divided into three categories: <i>technical metadata</i> (or internal metadata), <i><a href="/wiki/Business_metadata" title="Business metadata">business metadata</a></i> (or external metadata), and <i>process metadata</i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/NISO" class="mw-redirect" title="NISO">NISO</a> distinguishes three types of metadata: descriptive, structural, and administrative.<sup id="cite_ref-NISO_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NISO-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Descriptive metadata</i> is typically used for discovery and identification, as information to search and locate an object, such as title, authors, subjects, keywords, and publisher. <i>Structural metadata</i> describes how the components of an object are organized. An example of structural metadata would be how pages are ordered to form chapters of a book. Finally, <i>administrative metadata</i> gives information to help manage the source. Administrative metadata refers to the technical information, such as file type, or when and how the file was created. Two sub-types of administrative metadata are rights management metadata and preservation metadata. <i>Rights management metadata</i> explains <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_Property_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual Property Rights">intellectual property rights</a>, while <i>preservation metadata</i> contains information to preserve and save a resource.<sup id="cite_ref-Understanding_Metadata_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Understanding_Metadata-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Statistical data repositories have their own requirements for metadata in order to describe not only the source and quality of the data<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also what statistical processes were used to create the data, which is of particular importance to the statistical community in order to both validate and improve the process of statistical data production.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An additional type of metadata beginning to be more developed is <i>accessibility metadata</i>. Accessibility metadata is not a new concept to libraries; however, advances in universal design have raised its profile.<sup id="cite_ref-Beyene_(2017)_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beyene_(2017)-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 213–214">: 213–214 </span></sup> Projects like Cloud4All and GPII identified the lack of common terminologies and models to describe the needs and preferences of users and information that fits those needs as a major gap in providing universal access solutions.<sup id="cite_ref-Beyene_(2017)_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beyene_(2017)-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 210–211">: 210–211 </span></sup> Those types of information are accessibility metadata.<sup id="cite_ref-Beyene_(2017)_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beyene_(2017)-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 214">: 214 </span></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://schema.org/">Schema.org</a> has incorporated several accessibility properties based on IMS Global Access for All Information Model Data Element Specification.<sup id="cite_ref-Beyene_(2017)_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beyene_(2017)-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 214">: 214 </span></sup> The Wiki page <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/wiki/WebSchemas/Accessibility">WebSchemas/Accessibility</a> lists several properties and their values. While the efforts to describe and standardize the varied accessibility needs of information seekers are beginning to become more robust, their adoption into established metadata schemas has not been as developed. For example, while Dublin Core (DC)'s "audience" and MARC 21's "reading level" could be used to identify resources suitable for users with dyslexia and DC's "format" could be used to identify resources available in braille, audio, or large print formats, there is more work to be done.<sup id="cite_ref-Beyene_(2017)_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beyene_(2017)-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 214">: 214 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structures">Structures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadata&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Metadata (metacontent) or, more correctly, the vocabularies used to assemble metadata (metacontent) statements, is typically structured according to a standardized concept using a well-defined metadata scheme, including <a href="/wiki/Metadata_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Metadata standards">metadata standards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metadata_modeling" title="Metadata modeling">metadata models</a>. Tools such as <a href="/wiki/Controlled_vocabulary" title="Controlled vocabulary">controlled vocabularies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomy (general)">taxonomies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thesaurus_(information_retrieval)" title="Thesaurus (information retrieval)">thesauri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Data_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Data Dictionary">data dictionaries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Metadata_registry" title="Metadata registry">metadata registries</a> can be used to apply further standardization to the metadata. Structural metadata commonality is also of paramount importance in <a href="/wiki/Data_model" title="Data model">data model</a> development and in <a href="/wiki/Database_design" title="Database design">database design</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntax">Syntax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadata&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Metadata (metacontent) syntax refers to the rules created to structure the fields or elements of metadata (metacontent).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A single metadata scheme may be expressed in a number of different markup or programming languages, each of which requires a different syntax. For example, Dublin Core may be expressed in plain text, <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>, <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A common example of (guide) metacontent is the bibliographic classification, the subject, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Dewey_Decimal_classes" title="List of Dewey Decimal classes">Dewey Decimal class number</a>. There is always an implied statement in any "classification" of some object. To classify an object as, for example, Dewey class number 514 (Topology) (i.e. books having the number 514 on their spine) the implied statement is: "<book><subject heading><514>". This is a subject-predicate-object triple, or more importantly, a class-attribute-value triple. The first 2 elements of the triple (class, attribute) are pieces of some structural metadata having a defined semantic. The third element is a value, preferably from some controlled vocabulary, some reference (master) data. The combination of the metadata and master data elements results in a statement which is a metacontent statement i.e. "metacontent = metadata + master data". All of these elements can be thought of as "vocabulary". Both metadata and master data are vocabularies that can be assembled into metacontent statements. There are many sources of these vocabularies, both meta and master data: UML, EDIFACT, XSD, Dewey/UDC/LoC, SKOS, ISO-25964, Pantone, Linnaean Binomial Nomenclature, etc. Using controlled vocabularies for the components of metacontent statements, whether for indexing or finding, is endorsed by <a href="/wiki/ISO_25964" title="ISO 25964">ISO 25964</a>: "If both the indexer and the searcher are guided to choose the same term for the same concept, then relevant documents will be retrieved."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is particularly relevant when considering search engines of the internet, such as Google. The process indexes pages and then matches text strings using its complex algorithm; there is no intelligence or "inferencing" occurring, just the illusion thereof. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hierarchical,_linear,_and_planar_schemata"><span id="Hierarchical.2C_linear.2C_and_planar_schemata"></span>Hierarchical, linear, and planar schemata</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadata&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hierarchical, linear, and planar schemata"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Metadata schemata can be hierarchical in nature where relationships exist between metadata elements and elements are nested so that parent-child relationships exist between the elements. An example of a hierarchical metadata schema is the <a href="/wiki/Learning_object_metadata" title="Learning object metadata">IEEE LOM</a> schema, in which metadata elements may belong to a parent metadata element. Metadata schemata can also be one-dimensional, or linear, where each element is completely discrete from other elements and classified according to one dimension only. An example of a linear metadata schema is the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Core_Metadata_Initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin Core Metadata Initiative">Dublin Core</a> schema, which is one-dimensional. Metadata schemata are often 2 dimensional, or planar, where each element is completely discrete from other elements but classified according to 2 orthogonal dimensions.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Granularity">Granularity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadata&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Granularity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The degree to which the data or metadata is structured is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Data_granularity" class="mw-redirect" title="Data granularity">"granularity"</a>. "Granularity" refers to how much detail is provided. Metadata with a high granularity allows for deeper, more detailed, and more structured information and enables a greater level of technical manipulation. A lower level of granularity means that metadata can be created for considerably lower costs but will not provide as detailed information. The major impact of granularity is not only on creation and capture, but moreover on maintenance costs. As soon as the metadata structures become outdated, so too is the access to the referred data. Hence granularity must take into account the effort to create the metadata as well as the effort to maintain it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hypermapping">Hypermapping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadata&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hypermapping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In all cases where the metadata schemata exceed the planar depiction, some type of hypermapping is required to enable display and view of metadata according to chosen aspect and to serve special views. Hypermapping frequently applies to layering of geographical and geological information overlays.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standards">Standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadata&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>International standards apply to metadata. Much work is being accomplished in the national and international standards communities, especially <a href="/wiki/ANSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ANSI">ANSI</a> (American National Standards Institute) and <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> (International Organization for Standardization) to reach a consensus on standardizing metadata and registries. The core metadata registry standard is <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>/<a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a> 11179 Metadata Registries (MDR), the framework for the standard is described in ISO/IEC 11179-1:2004.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new edition of Part 1 is in its final stage for publication in 2015 or early 2016. It has been revised to align with the current edition of Part 3, ISO/IEC 11179-3:2013<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which extends the MDR to support the registration of Concept Systems. (see <a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11179" title="ISO/IEC 11179">ISO/IEC 11179</a>). This standard specifies a schema for recording both the meaning and technical structure of the data for unambiguous usage by humans and computers. ISO/IEC 11179 standard refers to metadata as information objects about data, or "data about data". In ISO/IEC 11179 Part-3, the information objects are data about Data Elements, Value Domains, and other reusable semantic and representational information objects that describe the meaning and technical details of a data item. This standard also prescribes the details for a metadata registry, and for registering and administering the information objects within a Metadata Registry. ISO/IEC 11179 Part 3 also has provisions for describing compound structures that are derivations of other data elements, for example through calculations, collections of one or more data elements, or other forms of derived data. While this standard describes itself originally as a "data element" registry, its purpose is to support describing and registering metadata content independently of any particular application, lending the descriptions to being discovered and reused by humans or computers in developing new applications, databases, or for analysis of data collected in accordance with the registered metadata content. This standard has become the general basis for other kinds of metadata registries, reusing and extending the registration and administration portion of the standard. </p><p>The Geospatial community has a tradition of specialized <a href="/wiki/Geospatial_metadata" title="Geospatial metadata">geospatial metadata</a> standards, particularly building on traditions of map- and image-libraries and catalogs. Formal metadata is usually essential for geospatial data, as common text-processing approaches are not applicable. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Core" title="Dublin Core">Dublin Core</a> metadata terms are a set of vocabulary terms that can be used to describe resources for the purposes of discovery. The original set of 15 classic<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> metadata terms, known as the Dublin Core Metadata Element Set<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are endorsed in the following standards documents: </p> <ul><li>IETF RFC 5013<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>ISO Standard 15836-2009<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>NISO Standard Z39.85.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The W3C Data Catalog Vocabulary (DCAT)<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an RDF vocabulary that supplements Dublin Core with classes for Dataset, Data Service, Catalog, and Catalog Record. DCAT also uses elements from FOAF, PROV-O, and OWL-Time. DCAT provides an RDF model to support the typical structure of a catalog that contains records, each describing a dataset or service. </p><p> Although not a standard, <a href="/wiki/Microformat" title="Microformat">Microformat</a> (also mentioned in the section <a href="#Internet">metadata on the internet</a> below) is a web-based approach to semantic markup which seeks to re-use existing HTML/XHTML tags to convey metadata. Microformat follows XHTML and HTML standards but is not a standard in itself. One advocate of microformats, <a href="/wiki/Tantek_%C3%87elik" title="Tantek Çelik">Tantek Çelik</a>, characterized a problem with alternative approaches: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Here's a new language we want you to learn, and now you need to output these additional files on your server. It's a hassle. (Microformats) lower the barrier to entry.<sup id="cite_ref-Wharton000_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wharton000-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadata&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="File_metadata">File metadata</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadata&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: File metadata"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most common types of <a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">computer files</a> can embed metadata, including documents, (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office" title="Microsoft Office">Microsoft Office</a> files, <a href="/wiki/OpenDocument" title="OpenDocument">OpenDocument</a> files, <a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a>) images, (e.g. <a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a>, <a href="/wiki/PNG" title="PNG">PNG</a>) Video files, (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Interleave" title="Audio Video Interleave">AVI</a>, <a href="/wiki/MP4" class="mw-redirect" title="MP4">MP4</a>) and audio files. (e.g. <a href="/wiki/WAV" title="WAV">WAV</a>, <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a>) </p><p>Metadata may be added to files by users, but some metadata is often automatically added to files by authoring applications or by devices used to produce the files, without user intervention. </p><p>While metadata in files are useful for finding them, they can be a <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a> hazard when the files are shared. Using <a href="/wiki/Metadata_removal_tool" title="Metadata removal tool">metadata removal tools</a> to clean files before sharing them can mitigate this risk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Photographs">Photographs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadata&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Photographs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Metadata may be written into a <a href="/wiki/Digital_photo" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital photo">digital photo</a> file that will identify who owns it, copyright and contact information, what brand or model of camera created the file, along with exposure information (shutter speed, f-stop, etc.) and descriptive information, such as keywords about the photo, making the file or image searchable on a computer and/or the Internet. Some metadata is created by the camera such as, color space, color channels, exposure time, and aperture (EXIF), while some is input by the photographer and/or software after downloading to a computer.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most digital cameras write metadata about the model number, shutter speed, etc., and some enable you to edit it;<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this functionality has been available on most Nikon DSLRs since the <a href="/wiki/Nikon_D3" title="Nikon D3">Nikon D3</a>, on most new Canon cameras since the <a href="/wiki/Canon_EOS_7D" title="Canon EOS 7D">Canon EOS 7D</a>, and on most Pentax DSLRs since the Pentax K-3. Metadata can be used to make organizing in post-production easier with the use of key-wording. Filters can be used to analyze a specific set of photographs and create selections on criteria like rating or capture time. On devices with geolocation capabilities like <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a> (smartphones in particular), the location the photo was taken from may also be included. </p><p>Photographic Metadata Standards are governed by organizations that develop the following standards. They include, but are not limited to: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPTC_Information_Interchange_Model" title="IPTC Information Interchange Model">IPTC Information Interchange Model</a> IIM (International Press Telecommunications Council)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Press_Telecommunications_Council" title="International Press Telecommunications Council">IPTC</a> Core Schema for XMP</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_Metadata_Platform" title="Extensible Metadata Platform">XMP</a> – Extensible Metadata Platform (an ISO standard)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchangeable_image_file_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchangeable image file format">Exif</a> – Exchangeable image file format, Maintained by CIPA (Camera & Imaging Products Association) and published by JEITA (Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Core" title="Dublin Core">Dublin Core</a> (Dublin Core Metadata Initiative – DCMI)</li> <li>PLUS (Picture Licensing Universal System)</li> <li>VRA Core (Visual Resource Association)<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a> or JPG is a joint Photographic Experts Group</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Video">Video</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadata&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Video"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Metadata is particularly useful in video, where information about its contents (such as transcripts of conversations and text descriptions of its scenes) is not directly understandable by a computer, but where an efficient search of the content is desirable. This is particularly useful in video applications such as <a href="/wiki/Automatic_number-plate_recognition" title="Automatic number-plate recognition">Automatic Number Plate Recognition</a> and Vehicle Recognition Identification software, wherein license plate data is saved and used to create reports and alerts.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are 2 sources in which video metadata is derived: (1) operational gathered metadata, that is information about the content produced, such as the type of equipment, software, date, and location; (2) human-authored metadata, to improve search engine visibility, discoverability, audience engagement, and providing advertising opportunities to video publishers.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Avid's MetaSync and Adobe's Bridge are examples of professional video editing software with access to metadata.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadata&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Telecommunications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Information on the times, origins and destinations of phone calls, electronic messages, instant messages, and other modes of telecommunication, as opposed to message content, is another form of metadata. Bulk collection of this <a href="/wiki/Call_detail_record" title="Call detail record">call detail record</a> metadata by intelligence agencies has proven controversial after disclosures by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a> of the fact that certain Intelligence agencies such as the <a href="/wiki/NSA" class="mw-redirect" title="NSA">NSA</a> had been (and perhaps still are) keeping online metadata on millions of internet users for up to a year, regardless of whether or not they [ever] were persons of interest to the agency. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geospatial_metadata">Geospatial metadata</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadata&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Geospatial metadata"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geospatial_metadata" title="Geospatial metadata">Geospatial metadata</a></div> <p>Geospatial metadata relates to Geographic Information Systems (GIS) files, maps, images, and other data that is location-based. Metadata is used in GIS to document the characteristics and attributes of geographic data, such as database files and data that is developed within a GIS. It includes details like who developed the data, when it was collected, how it was processed, and what formats it's available in, and then delivers the context for the data to be used effectively.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Creation">Creation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadata&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Creation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Metadata can be created either by automated information processing or by manual work. Elementary metadata captured by computers can include information about when an object was created, who created it, when it was last updated, file size, and file extension. In this context an <i>object</i> refers to any of the following: </p> <ul><li>A physical item such as a book, CD, DVD, a paper map, chair, table, flower pot, etc.</li> <li>An electronic file such as a digital image, digital photo, electronic document, program file, database table, etc.</li></ul> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Metadata_engine" title="Metadata engine">metadata engine</a> collects, stores and analyzes information about data and metadata in use within a domain.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_virtualization">Data virtualization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadata&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Data virtualization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Data_virtualization" title="Data virtualization">Data virtualization</a></div> <p>Data virtualization emerged in the 2000s as the new software technology to complete the virtualization "stack" in the enterprise. Metadata is used in data virtualization servers which are enterprise infrastructure components, alongside database and application servers. Metadata in these servers is saved as persistent repository and describe <a href="/wiki/Business_object" title="Business object">business objects</a> in various enterprise systems and applications. Structural metadata commonality is also important to support data virtualization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statistics_and_census_services">Statistics and census services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadata&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Statistics and census services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Standardization and harmonization work has brought advantages to industry efforts to build metadata systems in the statistical community.<sup id="cite_ref-GløersenImprov11_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GløersenImprov11-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LaurilaMetadata12_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaurilaMetadata12-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several metadata guidelines and standards such as the European Statistics Code of Practice<sup id="cite_ref-ECEuropeanStat_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECEuropeanStat-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ISO 17369:2013 (<a href="/wiki/SDMX" title="SDMX">Statistical Data and Metadata Exchange</a> or SDMX)<sup id="cite_ref-GløersenImprov11_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GløersenImprov11-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provide key principles for how businesses, government bodies, and other entities should manage statistical data and metadata. Entities such as <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-UNReportOn15_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNReportOn15-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/European_System_of_Central_Banks" title="European System of Central Banks">European System of Central Banks</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-UNReportOn15_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNReportOn15-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a><sup id="cite_ref-EPAMetadata17_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPAMetadata17-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have implemented these and other such standards and guidelines with the goal of improving "efficiency when managing statistical business processes".<sup id="cite_ref-UNReportOn15_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNReportOn15-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Library_and_information_science">Library and information science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadata&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Library and information science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Library_and_information_science" title="Library and information science">Library and information science</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:LIS_SidebarPicture.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/LIS_SidebarPicture.png/250px-LIS_SidebarPicture.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/LIS_SidebarPicture.png/375px-LIS_SidebarPicture.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/LIS_SidebarPicture.png/500px-LIS_SidebarPicture.png 2x" data-file-width="2544" data-file-height="1644" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="padding-bottom:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_library_and_information_science" title="Outline of library and information science">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_library_and_information_science" title="Glossary of library and information science">Glossary</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Histories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/History_of_libraries" title="History of libraries">Libraries</a> - <a href="/wiki/Information_history" title="Information history">Information</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Focus</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Archives_management" title="Archives management">Archives management</a> - <a href="/wiki/Collections_management" title="Collections management">Collections management</a> (<a href="/wiki/Preservation_(library_and_archive)" title="Preservation (library and archive)">Preservation</a>) - <a href="/wiki/Data_management" title="Data management">Data management</a> - <a href="/wiki/Information_management" title="Information management">Information management</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cataloging_(library_science)" title="Cataloging (library science)">cataloguing</a>) - <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">Knowledge management</a> - <a href="/wiki/Library_management" title="Library management">Library management</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Curation</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">Data</a> - <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Metadata</a> - <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">Information</a> - <a href="/wiki/Document" title="Document">Documents</a> - <a href="/wiki/Cultural_artifact" title="Cultural artifact">Artefacts</a> - <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">Knowledge</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Interdisciplinary fields</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Archival_science" title="Archival science">Archival science</a> - <a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">Communication studies</a> - <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a> - <a href="/wiki/Data_science" title="Data science">Data science</a> - <a href="/wiki/Documentation_science" title="Documentation science">Documentation science</a> - <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a> - <a href="/wiki/Library_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Library science">Library science</a> - <a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a> - <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies" title="Science and technology studies">Science and technology studies</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Areas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Academic_library" title="Academic library">Academic</a> - <a href="/wiki/Archive" title="Archive">Archival</a> - <a href="/wiki/Law_library" title="Law library">Legal</a> - <a href="/wiki/Medical_library" title="Medical library">Health</a> - <a href="/wiki/Private_library" title="Private library">Private</a> - <a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">Public</a> - <a href="/wiki/School_library" title="School library">School</a> - <a href="/wiki/Special_library" title="Special library">Special</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Libraries" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Libraries">WikiProject</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Library_and_information_science" title="Category:Library and information science">Category</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LibraryandInformation-TopicSidebar" title="Template:LibraryandInformation-TopicSidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LibraryandInformation-TopicSidebar" title="Template talk:LibraryandInformation-TopicSidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LibraryandInformation-TopicSidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LibraryandInformation-TopicSidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Metadata has been used in various ways as a means of cataloging items in libraries in both digital and analog formats. Such data helps classify, aggregate, identify, and locate a particular book, DVD, magazine, or any object a library might hold in its collection.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the 1980s, many library catalogs used 3x5 inch cards in file drawers to display a book's title, author, subject matter, and an abbreviated <a href="/wiki/Alphanumeric" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphanumeric">alpha-numeric</a> string (<a href="/wiki/Call_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Call number">call number</a>) which indicated the physical location of the book within the library's shelves. The <a href="/wiki/Dewey_Decimal_Classification" title="Dewey Decimal Classification">Dewey Decimal System</a> employed by libraries for the classification of library materials by subject is an early example of metadata usage. The early paper catalog had information regarding whichever item was described on said card: title, author, subject, and a number as to where to find said item.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in the 1980s and 1990s, many libraries replaced these paper file cards with computer databases. These computer databases make it much easier and faster for users to do keyword searches. Another form of older metadata collection is the use by the US Census Bureau of what is known as the "Long Form". The Long Form asks questions that are used to create demographic data to find patterns of distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">Libraries</a> employ metadata in <a href="/wiki/Library_catalog" title="Library catalog">library catalogues</a>, most commonly as part of an <a href="/wiki/Library_management_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Library management system">Integrated Library Management System</a>. Metadata is obtained by <a href="/wiki/Library_cataloging#Cataloging_rules" class="mw-redirect" title="Library cataloging">cataloging</a> resources such as books, periodicals, DVDs, web pages or digital images. This data is stored in the integrated library management system, <a href="/wiki/Library_management_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Library management system">ILMS</a>, using the <a href="/wiki/MARC_standards" title="MARC standards">MARC</a> metadata standard. The purpose is to direct patrons to the physical or electronic location of items or areas they seek as well as to provide a description of the item/s in question. </p><p>More recent and specialized instances of library metadata include the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">digital libraries</a> including <a href="/wiki/Eprint" title="Eprint">e-print</a> repositories and digital image libraries. While often based on library principles, the focus on non-librarian use, especially in providing metadata, means they do not follow traditional or common cataloging approaches. Given the custom nature of included materials, metadata fields are often specially created e.g. taxonomic classification fields, location fields, keywords, or copyright statement. Standard file information such as file size and format are usually automatically included.<sup id="cite_ref-solodovnik_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-solodovnik-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Library operation has for decades been a key topic in efforts toward <a href="/wiki/International_standardization" class="mw-redirect" title="International standardization">international standardization</a>. Standards for metadata in digital libraries include <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Core" title="Dublin Core">Dublin Core</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metadata_Encoding_and_Transmission_Standard" title="Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard">METS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metadata_Object_Description_Schema" title="Metadata Object Description Schema">MODS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Data_Documentation_Initiative" title="Data Documentation Initiative">DDI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Name" title="Uniform Resource Name">URN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preservation_Metadata:_Implementation_Strategies" title="Preservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies">PREMIS</a> schema, <a href="/wiki/Ecological_Metadata_Language" title="Ecological Metadata Language">EML</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Protocol_for_Metadata_Harvesting" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol for Metadata Harvesting">OAI-PMH</a>. Leading libraries in the world give hints on their metadata standards strategies.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use and creation of metadata in library and information science also include scientific publications: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science">Science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadata&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Metascience" title="Metascience">Metascience</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/FREYA-The-power-of-PIDs-V05-1.webm/220px-seek%3D30-FREYA-The-power-of-PIDs-V05-1.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="217" data-mwtitle="FREYA-The-power-of-PIDs-V05-1.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:FREYA-The-power-of-PIDs-V05-1.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/FREYA-The-power-of-PIDs-V05-1.webm/FREYA-The-power-of-PIDs-V05-1.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/FREYA-The-power-of-PIDs-V05-1.webm/FREYA-The-power-of-PIDs-V05-1.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/FREYA-The-power-of-PIDs-V05-1.webm/FREYA-The-power-of-PIDs-V05-1.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/FREYA-The-power-of-PIDs-V05-1.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/FREYA-The-power-of-PIDs-V05-1.webm/FREYA-The-power-of-PIDs-V05-1.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/FREYA-The-power-of-PIDs-V05-1.webm/FREYA-The-power-of-PIDs-V05-1.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/FREYA-The-power-of-PIDs-V05-1.webm/FREYA-The-power-of-PIDs-V05-1.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/FREYA-The-power-of-PIDs-V05-1.webm/FREYA-The-power-of-PIDs-V05-1.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AFREYA-The-power-of-PIDs-V05-1.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AFREYA-The-power-of-PIDs-V05-1.webm&lang=he&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="he" label="עברית ‪(he)‬" data-dir="rtl" /></video></span><figcaption>An introduction to <a href="/wiki/FAIR_data" title="FAIR data">FAIR data</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persistent_identifier" title="Persistent identifier">persistent identifiers</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Metadata for scientific publications is often created by journal publishers and citation databases such as <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Web_of_Science" title="Web of Science">Web of Science</a>. The data contained within manuscripts or accompanying them as supplementary material is less often subject to metadata creation,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though they may be submitted to e.g. biomedical databases after publication. The original authors and database curators then become responsible for metadata creation, with the assistance of automated processes. Comprehensive metadata for all experimental data is the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/FAIR_data" title="FAIR data">FAIR Guiding Principles</a>, or the standards for ensuring research data are <a href="/wiki/Findability" title="Findability">findable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">accessible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interoperability" title="Interoperability">interoperable</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reusability" title="Reusability">reusable</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such metadata can then be utilized, complemented, and made accessible in useful ways. <a href="/wiki/Our_Research#OpenAlex" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Research">OpenAlex</a> is a free online index of over 200 million scientific documents that integrates and provides metadata such as sources, <a href="/wiki/Scientific_citation" title="Scientific citation">citations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Academic_authorship" title="Academic authorship">author information</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scientific_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific field">scientific fields</a>, and research topics. Its <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a> and open source website can be used for metascience, <a href="/wiki/Scientometrics" title="Scientometrics">scientometrics</a>, and novel tools that query this <a href="/wiki/Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">semantic</a> web of <a href="/wiki/Academic_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic paper">papers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another project under development, <a href="/wiki/Scholia" title="Scholia">Scholia</a>, uses the metadata of scientific publications for various visualizations and aggregation features such as providing a simple user interface summarizing literature about a specific feature of the SARS-CoV-2 virus using <a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>'s "main subject" property.<sup id="cite_ref-10.1186/s12915-020-00940-y_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1186/s12915-020-00940-y-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In research labor, transparent metadata about authors' contributions to works have been proposed – e.g. the role played in the production of the paper, the level of contribution and the responsibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moreover, various metadata about scientific outputs can be created or complemented – for instance, some organizations attempt to track and link citations of papers as 'Supporting', 'Mentioning' or 'Contrasting' the study.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other examples include developments of <a href="/wiki/Altmetrics" title="Altmetrics">alternative metrics</a><sup id="cite_ref-10.1126/science.aao0185_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1126/science.aao0185-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – which, beyond providing help for assessment and findability, also aggregate many of the public discussions about a scientific paper on social media such as <a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science_information_on_Wikipedia" title="Science information on Wikipedia">citations on Wikipedia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Science_communication" title="Science communication">reports about the study</a> in the news media<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – and a call for showing <a href="/wiki/Reproducibility" title="Reproducibility">whether or not the original findings are confirmed or could get reproduced</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadata&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Metadata in a museum context is the information that trained cultural documentation specialists, such as <a href="/wiki/Archivist" title="Archivist">archivists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Librarian" title="Librarian">librarians</a>, museum <a href="/wiki/Registrar_(museum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Registrar (museum)">registrars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Curator" title="Curator">curators</a>, create to index, structure, describe, identify, or otherwise specify works of art, architecture, cultural objects and their images.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Descriptive metadata is most commonly used in museum contexts for object identification and resource recovery purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Usage">Usage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadata&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Metadata is developed and applied within collecting institutions and museums in order to: </p> <ul><li>Facilitate resource discovery and execute search queries.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Create digital archives that store information relating to various aspects of museum collections and cultural objects, and serve archival and managerial purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Provide public audiences access to cultural objects through publishing digital content online.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_75-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Standards_2">Standards</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadata&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many museums and cultural heritage centers recognize that given the diversity of artworks and cultural objects, no single model or standard suffices to describe and catalog cultural works.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_74-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_75-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a sculpted Indigenous artifact could be classified as an artwork, an archaeological artifact, or an Indigenous heritage item. The early stages of standardization in archiving, description and cataloging within the museum community began in the late 1990s with the development of standards such as <a href="/wiki/Categories_for_the_Description_of_Works_of_Art" title="Categories for the Description of Works of Art">Categories for the Description of Works of Art</a> (CDWA), Spectrum, <a href="/wiki/CIDOC_Conceptual_Reference_Model" title="CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model">CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model</a> (CRM), Cataloging Cultural Objects (CCO) and the CDWA Lite XML schema.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_74-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These standards use <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> and <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> markup languages for machine processing, publication and implementation.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_74-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-American_Cataloguing_Rules" title="Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules">Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules</a> (AACR), originally developed for characterizing books, have also been applied to cultural objects, works of art and architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_75-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Standards, such as the CCO, are integrated within a Museum's <a href="/wiki/Collections_Management_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Collections Management System">Collections Management System</a> (CMS), a database through which museums are able to manage their collections, acquisitions, loans and conservation.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_75-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars and professionals in the field note that the "quickly evolving landscape of standards and technologies" creates challenges for cultural documentarians, specifically non-technically trained professionals.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Most collecting institutions and museums use a <a href="/wiki/Relational_database" title="Relational database">relational database</a> to categorize cultural works and their images.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_75-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relational databases and metadata work to document and describe the complex relationships amongst cultural objects and multi-faceted works of art, as well as between objects and places, people, and artistic movements.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_74-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_75-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relational database structures are also beneficial within collecting institutions and museums because they allow for archivists to make a clear distinction between cultural objects and their images; an unclear distinction could lead to confusing and inaccurate searches.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_75-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cultural_objects">Cultural objects</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadata&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Cultural objects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An object's materiality, function, and purpose, as well as the size (e.g., measurements, such as height, width, weight), storage requirements (e.g., climate-controlled environment), and focus of the museum and collection, influence the descriptive depth of the data attributed to the object by cultural documentarians.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_75-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The established institutional cataloging practices, goals, and expertise of cultural documentarians and database structure also influence the information ascribed to cultural objects and the ways in which cultural objects are categorized.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_75-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, museums often employ standardized commercial collection management software that prescribes and limits the ways in which archivists can describe artworks and cultural objects.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As well, collecting institutions and museums use <a href="/wiki/Controlled_vocabulary" title="Controlled vocabulary">Controlled Vocabularies</a> to describe cultural objects and artworks in their collections.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_74-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_75-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Getty Vocabularies and the Library of Congress Controlled Vocabularies are reputable within the museum community and are recommended by CCO standards.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_75-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Museums are encouraged to use controlled vocabularies that are contextual and relevant to their collections and enhance the functionality of their digital information systems.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_74-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_75-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Controlled Vocabularies are beneficial within databases because they provide a high level of consistency, improving resource retrieval.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_74-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_75-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metadata structures, including controlled vocabularies, reflect the <a href="/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">ontologies</a> of the systems from which they were created. Often the processes through which cultural objects are described and categorized through metadata in museums do not reflect the perspectives of the maker communities.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_73-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Online_content">Online content</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadata&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Online content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Metadata has been instrumental in the creation of digital information systems and archives within museums and has made it easier for museums to publish digital content online. This has enabled audiences who might not have had access to cultural objects due to geographic or economic barriers to have access to them.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_74-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2000s, as more museums have adopted archival standards and created intricate databases, discussions about <a href="/wiki/Linked_data" title="Linked data">Linked Data</a> between museum databases have come up in the museum, archival, and library science communities.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collection Management Systems (CMS) and <a href="/wiki/Digital_asset_management" title="Digital asset management">Digital Asset Management</a> tools can be local or shared systems.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_75-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Digital_humanities" title="Digital humanities">Digital Humanities</a> scholars note many benefits of interoperability between museum databases and collections, while also acknowledging the difficulties of achieving such interoperability.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_76-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadata&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metadata&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Metadata" title="Talk:Metadata">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadata&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Problems involving metadata in <a href="/wiki/Litigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Litigation">litigation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> are becoming widespread.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (February 2011)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> Courts have looked at various questions involving metadata, including the <a href="/wiki/Discovery_(law)" title="Discovery (law)">discoverability</a> of metadata by parties. The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure have specific rules for discovery of electronically stored information, and subsequent case law applying those rules has elucidated on the litigant's duty to produce metadata when litigating in federal court.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Supreme_Court" title="Arizona Supreme Court">Arizona Supreme Court</a> has ruled that metadata records are <a href="/wiki/Public_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Public record">public record</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Document metadata have proven particularly important in legal environments in which litigation has requested metadata, that can include sensitive information detrimental to a certain party in court. Using <a href="/wiki/Metadata_removal_tool" title="Metadata removal tool">metadata removal tools</a> to "clean" or redact documents can mitigate the risks of unwittingly sending sensitive data. This process partially (see <a href="/wiki/Data_remanence" title="Data remanence">data remanence</a>) protects law firms from potentially damaging leaking of sensitive data through <a href="/wiki/Electronic_discovery" title="Electronic discovery">electronic discovery</a>. </p><p>Opinion polls have shown that 45% of Americans are "not at all confident" in the ability of social media sites to ensure their personal data is secure and 40% say that social media sites should not be able to store any information on individuals. 76% of Americans say that they are not confident that the information advertising agencies collect on them is secure and 50% say that online advertising agencies should not be allowed to record any of their information at all.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadata&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Australia, the need to strengthen national security has resulted in the introduction of a new metadata storage law.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This new law means that both security and policing agencies will be allowed to access up to 2 years of an individual's metadata, with the aim of making it easier to stop any terrorist attacks and serious crimes from happening. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislation">Legislation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadata&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Legislative metadata has been the subject of some discussion in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://public.resource.org/law.gov/">law.gov</a> forums such as workshops held by the <a href="/wiki/Legal_Information_Institute" title="Legal Information Institute">Legal Information Institute</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Cornell_Law_School" title="Cornell Law School">Cornell Law School</a> on 22 and 23 March 2010. The documentation for these forums is titled, "Suggested metadata practices for legislation and regulations".<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A handful of key points have been outlined by these discussions, section headings of which are listed as follows: </p> <ul><li>General Considerations</li> <li>Document Structure</li> <li>Document Contents</li> <li>Metadata (elements of)</li> <li>Layering</li> <li>Point-in-time versus post-hoc</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadata&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Healthcare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Australian medical research pioneered the definition of metadata for applications in health care. That approach offers the first recognized attempt to adhere to international standards in medical sciences instead of defining a proprietary standard under the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) umbrella. The medical community yet did not approve of the need to follow metadata standards despite research that supported these standards.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biomedical_researches">Biomedical researches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadata&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Biomedical researches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Research studies in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Biomedicine" title="Biomedicine">biomedicine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular biology</a> frequently yield large quantities of data, including results of <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> or <a href="/wiki/Metagenomics" title="Metagenomics">meta-genome</a> <a href="/wiki/Sequencing" title="Sequencing">sequencing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proteomics" title="Proteomics">proteomics</a> data, and even notes or plans created during the course of research itself.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each data type involves its own variety of metadata and the processes necessary to produce these metadata. General metadata standards, such as ISA-Tab,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allow researchers to create and exchange experimental metadata in consistent formats. Specific experimental approaches frequently have their own metadata standards and systems: metadata standards for <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">mass spectrometry</a> include <a href="/wiki/MzML" class="mw-redirect" title="MzML">mzML</a><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and SPLASH,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a>-based standards such as <a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDBML</a><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and SRA XML<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> serve as standards for macromolecular structure and sequencing data, respectively. </p><p>The products of biomedical research are generally realized as peer-reviewed manuscripts and these publications are yet another source of data <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">(see <a href="#Science">#Science</a>)</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_warehousing">Data warehousing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadata&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Data warehousing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Data_warehouse" title="Data warehouse">data warehouse</a> (DW) is a repository of an organization's electronically stored data. Data warehouses are designed to manage and store the data. Data warehouses differ from <a href="/wiki/Business_intelligence" title="Business intelligence">business intelligence</a> (BI) systems because BI systems are designed to use data to create reports and analyze the information, to provide strategic guidance to management.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metadata is an important tool in how data is stored in data warehouses. The purpose of a data warehouse is to house standardized, structured, consistent, integrated, correct, "cleaned" and timely data, extracted from various operational systems in an organization. The extracted data are integrated in the data warehouse environment to provide an enterprise-wide perspective. Data are structured in a way to serve the reporting and analytic requirements. The design of structural metadata commonality using a <a href="/wiki/Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">data modeling</a> method such as <a href="/wiki/Entity-relationship_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Entity-relationship model">entity-relationship model</a> diagramming is important in any data warehouse development effort. They detail metadata on each piece of data in the data warehouse. An essential component of a <a href="/wiki/Data_warehouse" title="Data warehouse">data warehouse</a>/<a href="/wiki/Business_intelligence" title="Business intelligence">business intelligence</a> system is the metadata and tools to manage and retrieve the metadata. <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Kimball" title="Ralph Kimball">Ralph Kimball</a><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> describes metadata as the DNA of the data warehouse as metadata defines the elements of the <a href="/wiki/Data_warehouse" title="Data warehouse">data warehouse</a> and how they work together. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Kimball" title="Ralph Kimball">Kimball</a> et al.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> refers to 3 main categories of metadata: Technical metadata, business metadata and process metadata. Technical metadata is primarily <a href="/wiki/Definition" title="Definition">definitional</a>, while business metadata and process metadata is primarily <a href="/wiki/Description" title="Description">descriptive</a>. The categories sometimes overlap. </p> <ul><li><b>Technical metadata</b> defines the objects and processes in a DW/BI system, as seen from a technical point of view. The technical metadata includes the system metadata, which defines the data structures such as tables, fields, data types, indexes, and partitions in the relational engine, as well as databases, dimensions, measures, and data mining models. Technical metadata defines the data model and the way it is displayed for the users, with the reports, schedules, distribution lists, and user security rights.</li> <li><b>Business metadata</b> is content from the data warehouse described in more user-friendly terms. The business metadata tells you what data you have, where they come from, what they mean and what their relationship is to other data in the data warehouse. Business metadata may also serve as documentation for the DW/BI system. Users who browse the data warehouse are primarily viewing the business metadata.</li> <li><b>Process metadata</b> is used to describe the results of various operations in the data warehouse. Within the <a href="/wiki/Extract,_transform,_load" title="Extract, transform, load">ETL</a> process, all key data from tasks is logged on execution. This includes start time, end time, CPU seconds used, disk reads, disk writes, and rows processed. When troubleshooting the ETL or <a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">query</a> process, this sort of data becomes valuable. Process metadata is the fact measurement when building and using a DW/BI system. Some organizations make a living out of collecting and selling this sort of data to companies – in that case, the process metadata becomes the business metadata for the fact and dimension tables. Collecting process metadata is in the interest of business people who can use the data to identify the users of their products, which products they are using, and what level of service they are receiving.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet">Internet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadata&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Internet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> format used to define web pages allows for the inclusion of a variety of types of metadata, from basic descriptive text, dates and keywords to further advanced metadata schemes such as the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Core" title="Dublin Core">Dublin Core</a>, <a href="/wiki/E-GMS" title="E-GMS">e-GMS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Australian_Government_Locator_Service" title="Australian Government Locator Service">AGLS</a><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> standards. Pages and files can also be <a href="/wiki/Geotagging" title="Geotagging">geotagged</a> with <a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">coordinates</a>, categorized or tagged, including collaboratively such as with <a href="/wiki/Folksonomy" title="Folksonomy">folksonomies</a>. </p><p>When media has <a href="/wiki/Identifier" title="Identifier">identifiers</a> set or when such can be generated, information such as file tags and descriptions can be pulled or <a href="/wiki/Web_scraping" title="Web scraping">scraped</a> from the Internet – for example about movies.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various online databases are aggregated and provide metadata for various data. The collaboratively built <a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a> has identifiers not just for media but also abstract concepts, various objects, and other entities, that can be looked up by humans and machines to retrieve useful information and to link knowledge in other knowledge bases and databases.<sup id="cite_ref-10.1186/s12915-020-00940-y_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1186/s12915-020-00940-y-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Metadata may be included in the page's header or in a separate file. <a href="/wiki/Microformat" title="Microformat">Microformats</a> allow metadata to be added to on-page data in a way that regular web users do not see, but computers, <a href="/wiki/Web_crawler" title="Web crawler">web crawlers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">search engines</a> can readily access. Many search engines are cautious about using metadata in their ranking algorithms because of exploitation of metadata and the practice of search engine optimization, <a href="/wiki/Search_engine_optimization" title="Search engine optimization">SEO</a>, to improve rankings. See the <a href="/wiki/Meta_element" title="Meta element">Meta element</a> article for further discussion. This cautious attitude may be justified as people, according to Doctorow,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are not executing care and diligence when creating their own metadata and that metadata is part of a competitive environment where the metadata is used to promote the metadata creators own purposes. Studies show that search engines respond to web pages with metadata implementations,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Google has an announcement on its site showing the meta tags that its search engine understands.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enterprise search startup <a href="/wiki/Swiftype" title="Swiftype">Swiftype</a> recognizes metadata as a relevance signal that webmasters can implement for their website-specific search engine, even releasing their own extension, known as Meta Tags 2.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broadcast_industry">Broadcast industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadata&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Broadcast industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Broadcast" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast">broadcast</a> industry, metadata is linked to audio and video <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast media">broadcast media</a> to: </p> <ul><li><i>identify</i> the media: <a href="/wiki/Media_clip" title="Media clip">clip</a> or <a href="/wiki/Playlist" title="Playlist">playlist</a> names, duration, <a href="/wiki/Timecode" title="Timecode">timecode</a>, etc.</li> <li><i>describe</i> the content: notes regarding the quality of video content, rating, description (for example, during a sport event, <a href="/wiki/Index_term" title="Index term">keywords</a> like <i>goal</i>, <i>red card</i> will be associated to some clips)</li> <li><i>classify</i> media: metadata allows producers to sort the media or to easily and quickly find a video content (a <a href="/wiki/TV_news" class="mw-redirect" title="TV news">TV news</a> could urgently need some <a href="/wiki/Archiving" class="mw-redirect" title="Archiving">archive content</a> for a subject). For example, the BBC has a large subject classification system, <a href="/wiki/Lonclass" title="Lonclass">Lonclass</a>, a customized version of the more general-purpose <a href="/wiki/Universal_Decimal_Classification" title="Universal Decimal Classification">Universal Decimal Classification</a>.</li></ul> <p>This metadata can be linked to the video media thanks to the <a href="/wiki/Video_server#Broadcast_automation" title="Video server">video servers</a>. Most major broadcast sporting events like <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> use this metadata to distribute their video content to <a href="/wiki/TV_station" class="mw-redirect" title="TV station">TV stations</a> through <a href="/wiki/Index_term" title="Index term">keywords</a>. It is often the host broadcaster<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who is in charge of organizing metadata through its <i>International Broadcast Centre</i> and its video servers. This metadata is recorded with the images and entered by metadata operators (<i>loggers</i>) who associate in live metadata available in <i>metadata grids</i> through <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Multicam(LSM)" class="mw-redirect" title="Multicam(LSM)">Multicam(LSM)</a> or <a href="/wiki/IPDirector" title="IPDirector">IPDirector</a> used during the FIFA World Cup or Olympic Games).<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geography">Geography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadata&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Metadata that describes geographic objects in electronic storage or format (such as datasets, maps, features, or documents with a geospatial component) has a history dating back to at least 1994. This class of metadata is described more fully on the <a href="/wiki/Geospatial_metadata" title="Geospatial metadata">geospatial metadata</a> article. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecology_and_environment">Ecology and environment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadata&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Ecology and environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Standardization#Environmental_protection" title="Standardization">Standardization § Environmental protection</a></div> <p>Ecological and environmental metadata is intended to document the "who, what, when, where, why, and how" of data collection for a particular study. This typically means which organization or institution collected the data, what type of data, which date(s) the data was collected, the rationale for the data collection, and the methodology used for the data collection. Metadata should be generated in a format commonly used by the most relevant science community, such as <a href="/wiki/Darwin_Core" title="Darwin Core">Darwin Core</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecological_Metadata_Language" title="Ecological Metadata Language">Ecological Metadata Language</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Core" title="Dublin Core">Dublin Core</a>. Metadata editing tools exist to facilitate metadata generation (e.g. Metavist,<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(metadata_search_system)" title="Mercury (metadata search system)">Mercury</a>, Morpho<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Metadata should describe the <a href="/wiki/Data_provenance" class="mw-redirect" title="Data provenance">provenance</a> of the data (where they originated, as well as any transformations the data underwent) and how to give credit for (cite) the data products. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_music">Digital music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadata&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Digital music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When first released in 1982, Compact Discs only contained a Table Of Contents (TOC) with the number of tracks on the disc and their length in samples.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pohlmann1989_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pohlmann1989-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fourteen years later in 1996, a revision of the <a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">CD Red Book</a> standard added <a href="/wiki/CD-Text" title="CD-Text">CD-Text</a> to carry additional metadata.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But CD-Text was not widely adopted. Shortly thereafter, it became common for personal computers to retrieve metadata from external sources (e.g. <a href="/wiki/CDDB" title="CDDB">CDDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gracenote" title="Gracenote">Gracenote</a>) based on the TOC. </p><p>Digital <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">audio</a> formats such as <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_file" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio file">digital audio files</a> superseded music formats such as <a href="/wiki/Cassette_tape" title="Cassette tape">cassette tapes</a> and <a href="/wiki/CDs" class="mw-redirect" title="CDs">CDs</a> in the 2000s. Digital audio files could be labeled with more information than could be contained in just the file name. That descriptive information is called the <b>audio tag</b> or audio metadata in general. Computer programs specializing in adding or modifying this information are called <a href="/wiki/Tag_editor" title="Tag editor">tag editors</a>. Metadata can be used to name, describe, catalog, and indicate ownership or copyright for a digital audio file, and its presence makes it much easier to locate a specific audio file within a group, typically through use of a search engine that accesses the metadata. As different digital audio formats were developed, attempts were made to standardize a specific location within the digital files where this information could be stored. </p><p>As a result, almost all digital audio formats, including <a href="/wiki/Mp3" class="mw-redirect" title="Mp3">mp3</a>, broadcast wav, and <a href="/wiki/Audio_Interchange_File_Format" title="Audio Interchange File Format">AIFF</a> files, have similar standardized locations that can be populated with metadata. The metadata for compressed and uncompressed digital music is often encoded in the <a href="/wiki/ID3" title="ID3">ID3</a> tag. Common editors such as <a href="/wiki/TagLib" title="TagLib">TagLib</a> support MP3, Ogg Vorbis, FLAC, MPC, Speex, WavPack TrueAudio, WAV, AIFF, MP4, and ASF file formats. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cloud_applications">Cloud applications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadata&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Cloud applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the availability of <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud</a> applications, which include those to add metadata to content, metadata is increasingly available over the Internet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration_and_management">Administration and management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadata&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Administration and management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storage">Storage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadata&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Storage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Metadata can be stored either <i>internally</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-id3_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-id3-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the same file or structure as the data (this is also called <i>embedded metadata</i>), or <i>externally</i>, in a separate file or field from the described data. A data repository typically stores the metadata <i>detached</i> from the data but can be designed to support embedded metadata approaches. Each option has advantages and disadvantages: </p> <ul><li>Internal storage means metadata always travels as part of the data they describe; thus, metadata is always available with the data, and can be manipulated locally. This method creates redundancy (precluding normalization), and does not allow managing all of a system's metadata in one place. It arguably increases consistency, since the metadata is readily changed whenever the data is changed.</li> <li>External storage allows collocating metadata for all the contents, for example in a database, for more efficient searching and management. Redundancy can be avoided by normalizing the metadata's organization. In this approach, metadata can be united with the content when information is transferred, for example in <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a>; or can be referenced (for example, as a web link) from the transferred content. On the downside, the division of the metadata from the data content, especially in standalone files that refer to their source metadata elsewhere, increases the opportunities for misalignments between the two, as changes to either may not be reflected in the other.</li></ul> <p>Metadata can be stored in either human-readable or binary form. Storing metadata in a human-readable format such as <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> can be useful because users can understand and edit it without specialized tools.<sup id="cite_ref-Sutter_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutter-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, text-based formats are rarely optimized for storage capacity, communication time, or processing speed. A binary metadata format enables efficiency in all these respects, but requires special software to convert the binary information into human-readable content. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Database_management">Database management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadata&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Database management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each relational database system has its own mechanisms for storing metadata. Examples of relational-database metadata include: </p> <ul><li>Tables of all tables in a database, their names, sizes, and number of rows in each table.</li> <li>Tables of columns in each database, what tables they are used in, and the type of data stored in each column.</li></ul> <p>In database terminology, this set of metadata is referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Database_catalog" title="Database catalog">catalog</a>. The <a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">SQL</a> standard specifies a uniform means to access the catalog, called the <a href="/wiki/Information_schema" title="Information schema">information schema</a>, but not all databases implement it, even if they implement other aspects of the SQL standard. For an example of database-specific metadata access methods, see <a href="/wiki/Oracle_metadata" title="Oracle metadata">Oracle metadata</a>. Programmatic access to metadata is possible using APIs such as <a href="/wiki/JDBC" class="mw-redirect" title="JDBC">JDBC</a>, or SchemaCrawler.<sup id="cite_ref-schemacrawler_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schemacrawler-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadata&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the first satirical examinations of the concept of Metadata as we understand it today is American science fiction author <a href="/wiki/Hal_Draper" title="Hal Draper">Hal Draper</a>'s short story, "<a href="/wiki/MS_Fnd_in_a_Lbry" title="MS Fnd in a Lbry">MS Fnd in a Lbry</a>" (1961). Here, the knowledge of all Mankind is condensed into an object the size of a desk drawer, however, the magnitude of the metadata (e.g. catalog of catalogs of... , as well as indexes and histories) eventually leads to dire yet humorous consequences for the human race. The story prefigures the modern consequences of allowing metadata to become more important than the real data it is concerned with, and the risks inherent in that eventuality as a cautionary tale. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadata&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AGRIS" title="AGRIS">AGRIS</a> – Global public domain database</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliographic_record" title="Bibliographic record">Bibliographic record</a> – Metadata describing a particular resource</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification scheme">Classification scheme</a> – system of descriptive information for an arrangement or division of objects into groups based on characteristics, which the objects have in common<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosswalk_(metadata)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crosswalk (metadata)">Crosswalk (metadata)</a> – in databases, a table that shows equivalent elements in more than one schema<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DataONE" title="DataONE">DataONE</a> – International federation of data repositories</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_dictionary" title="Data dictionary">Data dictionary</a> – Set of metadata that contains definitions and representations of data elements</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Core" title="Dublin Core">Dublin Core</a> – Standardized set of metadata elements</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folksonomy" title="Folksonomy">Folksonomy</a> – Classification based on users' tags</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEOMS_%E2%80%93_Generic_Earth_Observation_Metadata_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="GEOMS – Generic Earth Observation Metadata Standard">GEOMS – Generic Earth Observation Metadata Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geospatial_metadata" title="Geospatial metadata">Geospatial metadata</a> – Metadata used for describing geospatial data</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPDirector" title="IPDirector">IPDirector</a> – A suite of content management software</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11179" title="ISO/IEC 11179">ISO/IEC 11179</a> – Standard for metadata registries</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_tag" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge tag">Knowledge tag</a> – Keyword assigned to information<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_medium_is_the_message" title="The medium is the message">The medium is the message</a> – Communication theory phrase</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury:_Metadata_Search_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury: Metadata Search System">Mercury: Metadata Search System</a> – Metadata management, data discovery and access system<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_element" title="Meta element">Meta element</a> – HTML Metadata</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IF-MAP" title="IF-MAP">Metadata Access Point Interface</a> – Specification for a client/server protocol</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metadata_discovery" title="Metadata discovery">Metadata discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metadata_facility_for_Java" title="Metadata facility for Java">Metadata facility for Java</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/4-b:_Metadata" class="extiw" title="v:4-b: Metadata">Metadata from Wikiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metadata_publishing" title="Metadata publishing">Metadata publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metadata_registry" title="Metadata registry">Metadata registry</a> – Central location to store metadata</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamathematics" title="Metamathematics">Metamathematics</a> – Study of mathematics itself</li> <li><a href="/wiki/METAFOR" title="METAFOR">METAFOR</a> – metadata model for climate science<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcontent" title="Microcontent">Microcontent</a> – Website content providing a clear overview</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microformat" title="Microformat">Microformat</a> – Metadata standard for webpages</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicam_(LSM)" title="Multicam (LSM)">Multicam (LSM)</a> – Software for broadcasting</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observations_and_Measurements" title="Observations and Measurements">Observations and Measurements</a> – information model and data transfer standard<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontology (computer science)">Ontology (computer science)</a> – Specification of a conceptualization<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_statistics" title="Official statistics">Official statistics</a> – Statistics published by government agencies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paratext" title="Paratext">Paratext</a> – Term in literary criticism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_Metadata" class="mw-redirect" title="Preservation Metadata">Preservation Metadata</a> – Information that supports and documents acts of preservation on digital materials<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDMX" title="SDMX">SDMX</a> – An international standard for exchanging statistical data</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">Semantic Web</a> – Extension of the Web to facilitate data exchange</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SGML" class="mw-redirect" title="SGML">SGML</a> – Markup language<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Metadata_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Metadata Company (page does not exist)">The Metadata Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Data_Element_Framework" title="Universal Data Element Framework">Universal Data Element Framework</a> – controlled vocabulary<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocabulary_OneSource" title="Vocabulary OneSource">Vocabulary OneSource</a> – Data analysis tool for controlled vocabulary management and exploration.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XSD" class="mw-redirect" title="XSD">XSD</a> – XML standard to describe elements in document<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadata&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/metadata">"Merriam Webster"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150227084709/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/metadata">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Merriam+Webster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fmetadata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetadata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gonzalez-Perez_(2018)-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gonzalez-Perez_(2018)_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzalez-Perez2018" class="citation book cs1">Gonzalez-Perez C (2018). "Metainformation". In Gonzalez-Perez C (ed.). <i>Information modelling for archaeology and anthropology: software engineering principles for cultural heritage</i> (1st ed.). Springer Cham. pp. <span class="nowrap">181–</span>189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-72652-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-72652-6"><bdi>978-3-319-72652-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Metainformation&rft.btitle=Information+modelling+for+archaeology+and+anthropology%3A+software+engineering+principles+for+cultural+heritage&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E181-%3C%2Fspan%3E189&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Springer+Cham&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-319-72652-6&rft.aulast=Gonzalez-Perez&rft.aufirst=C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetadata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dlib.org/dlib/february97/cnri/02arms1.html">"An Architecture for Information in Digital Libraries"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170327015501/http://www.dlib.org/dlib/february97/cnri/02arms1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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NISO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161007120833/http://marciazeng.slis.kent.edu/metadatabasics/types.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Metadata+Types+and+Functions&rft.pub=NISO&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Zeng%2C+Marcia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarciazeng.slis.kent.edu%2Fmetadatabasics%2Ftypes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetadata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Understanding_Metadata_(2)-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Understanding_Metadata_(2)_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Information_Standards_Organization_(NISO)2001" class="citation book cs1">National Information Standards Organization (NISO) (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141107022958/http://www.niso.org/publications/press/UnderstandingMetadata.pdf"><i>Understanding Metadata</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NISO Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-880124-62-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-880124-62-8"><bdi>978-1-880124-62-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niso.org/publications/press/UnderstandingMetadata.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stats.oecd.org&rft.atitle=OECD+Glossary+of+Statistical+Terms+%E2%80%93+Reference+metadata+Definition&rft.aulast=Directorate&rft.aufirst=OECD+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstats.oecd.org%2Fglossary%2Fdetail.asp%3FID%3D7076&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetadata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDippoSundgren" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cathryn_S._Dippo" title="Cathryn S. Dippo">Dippo, Cathryn</a>; Sundgren, Bo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bls.gov/osmr/research-papers/2000/pdf/st000040.pdf">"The Role of Metadata in Statistics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bureau of Labor Statistics</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210714090220/https://www.bls.gov/osmr/research-papers/2000/pdf/st000040.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 14 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bureau+of+Labor+Statistics&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Metadata+in+Statistics&rft.aulast=Dippo&rft.aufirst=Cathryn&rft.au=Sundgren%2C+Bo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bls.gov%2Fosmr%2Fresearch-papers%2F2000%2Fpdf%2Fst000040.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetadata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Understanding_Metadata-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Understanding_Metadata_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Understanding_Metadata_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Information_Standards_OrganizationRebecca_GuentherJaqueline_Radebaugh2004" class="citation book cs1">National Information Standards Organization; Rebecca Guenther; Jaqueline Radebaugh (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141107022958/http://www.niso.org/publications/press/UnderstandingMetadata.pdf"><i>Understanding Metadata</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Bethesda, MD: NISO Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-880124-62-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-880124-62-8"><bdi>978-1-880124-62-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niso.org/publications/press/UnderstandingMetadata.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Metadata&rft.place=Bethesda%2C+MD&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=NISO+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-880124-62-8&rft.au=National+Information+Standards+Organization&rft.au=Rebecca+Guenther&rft.au=Jaqueline+Radebaugh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.niso.org%2Fpublications%2Fpress%2FUnderstandingMetadata.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetadata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.schneier.com/essays/archives/2014/03/metadata_surveillanc.html">"Metadata = Surveillance"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160621225840/https://www.schneier.com/essays/archives/2014/03/metadata_surveillanc.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Metadata+%3D+Surveillance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.schneier.com%2Fessays%2Farchives%2F2014%2F03%2Fmetadata_surveillanc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetadata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollyScott2008" class="citation book cs1">Holly, Yu; Scott, Breivold (28 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aZGyjL3uatIC&pg=PA4"><i>Electronic Resource Management in Libraries: Research and Practice: Research and Practice</i></a>. IGI Global. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59904-892-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59904-892-5"><bdi>978-1-59904-892-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221126135426/https://books.google.com/books?id=aZGyjL3uatIC&pg=PA4">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Andrew (4 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u_Gi1CPuP3kC&pg=PA90"><i>Digital Libraries: Principles and Practice in a Global Environment</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-598-44005-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-598-44005-2"><bdi>978-3-598-44005-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221126140825/https://books.google.com/books?id=u_Gi1CPuP3kC&pg=PA90">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Fachmagazin für Digitalisierung in der Lehre</i> (in German). <b>04</b>: 54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17613%2Fm6p81g">10.17613/m6p81g</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2509-3096">2509-3096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Synergie.+Fachmagazin+f%C3%BCr+Digitalisierung+in+der+Lehre&rft.atitle=Metadaten+und+OER%3A+Geschichte+einer+Beziehung+%28Metadata+and+OER%3A+%5Bhi%5Dstory+of+a+relationship%29&rft.volume=04&rft.pages=54&rft.date=2017-11-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17613%2Fm6p81g&rft.issn=2509-3096&rft.aulast=Steiner&rft.aufirst=Tobias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetadata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Practices_in_Using_Metadata-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Practices_in_Using_Metadata_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.illinois.edu/dcc/bestpractices/chapter_11_structuralmetadata.html">"Best Practices for Structural Metadata"</a>. 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(1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/compactdischandb0000pohl"><i>The Compact Disc: A Handbook of Theory and Use</i></a></span>. A-R Editions, Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/compactdischandb0000pohl/page/48">48</a>–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89579-228-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89579-228-0"><bdi>978-0-89579-228-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Compact+Disc%3A+A+Handbook+of+Theory+and+Use&rft.pages=48-&rft.pub=A-R+Editions%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-89579-228-0&rft.aulast=Pohlmann&rft.aufirst=Ken+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompactdischandb0000pohl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetadata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220408075911/http://web.ncf.ca/aa571/cdtext.htm">"Unofficial CD Text FAQ"</a>. <i>Computall Services</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.ncf.ca/aa571/cdtext.htm">the original</a> on 8 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computall+Services&rft.atitle=Unofficial+CD+Text+FAQ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.ncf.ca%2Faa571%2Fcdtext.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetadata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-id3-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-id3_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neill" class="citation web cs1">O'Neill, Dan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111111055609/http://www.id3.org/">"ID3.org"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id3.org/">the original</a> on 11 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ID3.org&rft.aulast=O%27Neill&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fid3.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetadata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sutter-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sutter_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_SutterNotebaertVan_de_Walle2006" class="citation book cs1">De Sutter, Robbie; Notebaert, Stijn; Van de Walle, Rik (September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kU7Lqqowp54C&pg=PA226">"Evaluation of Metadata Standards in the Context of Digital Audio-Visual Libraries"</a>. In Gonzalo, Julio; Thanos, Constantino; Verdejo, M. Felisa; Carrasco, Rafael (eds.). <i>Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries: 10th European Conference, EDCL 2006</i>. Springer. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-44636-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-44636-1"><bdi>978-3-540-44636-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160427061113/https://books.google.com/books?id=kU7Lqqowp54C&pg=PA226&cad=4">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Evaluation+of+Metadata+Standards+in+the+Context+of+Digital+Audio-Visual+Libraries&rft.btitle=Research+and+Advanced+Technology+for+Digital+Libraries%3A+10th+European+Conference%2C+EDCL+2006&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006-09&rft.isbn=978-3-540-44636-1&rft.aulast=De+Sutter&rft.aufirst=Robbie&rft.au=Notebaert%2C+Stijn&rft.au=Van+de+Walle%2C+Rik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkU7Lqqowp54C%26pg%3DPA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetadata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schemacrawler-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-schemacrawler_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFatehi" class="citation web cs1">Fatehi, Sualeh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://schemacrawler.sourceforge.net/">"SchemaCrawler"</a>. <i>SourceForge</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090903054127/http://schemacrawler.sourceforge.net/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SourceForge&rft.atitle=SchemaCrawler&rft.aulast=Fatehi&rft.aufirst=Sualeh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fschemacrawler.sourceforge.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetadata" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadata&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite">Baca, Murtha. 2016. <i>Introduction to Metadata: Third Edition</i>. Getty Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781606064795" title="Special:BookSources/9781606064795">9781606064795</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite">Gartner, Richard. 2016. <i>Metadata: Shaping Knowledge from Antiquity to the Semantic Web</i>. Springer. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319408910" title="Special:BookSources/9783319408910">9783319408910</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite">Pomerantz, Jeffrey. 2015. <i>Metadata</i>. MIT Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262528511" title="Special:BookSources/9780262528511">9780262528511</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite">Zeng, Marcia & Qin, Jian. 2016. <i>Metadata</i>. Facet. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781783300525" title="Special:BookSources/9781783300525">9781783300525</a>.</cite></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metadata&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Metadata" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Metadata">Metadata</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/metadata" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:metadata"><i>metadata</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170201234427/http://www.niso.org/apps/group_public/download.php/17446/Understanding%20Metadata"><i>Understanding Metadata: What is metadata, and what is it for?</i></a> – <a href="/wiki/NISO" class="mw-redirect" title="NISO">NISO</a>, 2017</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140522165110/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/interactive/2013/jun/12/what-is-metadata-nsa-surveillance#meta=1111111">"A Guardian guide to your metadata"</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, Wednesday 12 June 2013.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.well.com/~doctorow/metacrap.htm">Metacrap: Putting the torch to 7 straw-men of the meta-utopia</a> – <a href="/wiki/Cory_Doctorow" title="Cory Doctorow">Cory Doctorow</a>'s opinion on the limitations of metadata on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, 2001</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dataone.org/">DataONE</a> Investigator Toolkit</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informaworld.com/openurl?genre=journal&issn=1938-6389"><i>Journal of Library Metadata</i></a>, Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, ISSN 1937-5034</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inderscience.com/ijmso"><i>International Journal of Metadata, Semantics and Ontologies</i> (<i>IJMSO</i>)</a>, Inderscience Publishers, ISSN 1744-263X</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://washingtonindependent.com/_literature_52579/Stephen_Machin_–_ON_METADATA_AND_METACONTENT.pdf">"Metadata and metacontent"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Metadata+and+metacontent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwashingtonindependent.com%2F_literature_52579%2FStephen_Machin_%E2%80%93_ON_METADATA_AND_METACONTENT.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetadata" class="Z3988"></span> (PDF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/LPRStandards-TN_1012-508.pdf">LPR Standards</a> (PDF), Department of Homeland Security (October 2012)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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development process/methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">Software quality assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_system" title="Software system">Software system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_verification_and_validation" title="Software verification and validation">Software verification and validation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_analysis" title="Structured analysis">Structured analysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essential_systems_analysis" title="Essential systems analysis">Essential analysis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orientations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspect-oriented_programming" title="Aspect-oriented programming">Aspect-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_development_life_cycle" title="Systems development life cycle">SDLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service-oriented_architecture" title="Service-oriented architecture">Service orientation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Developmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_unified_process" title="Enterprise unified process">EUP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executable_UML" title="Executable UML">Executable UML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_build_model" title="Incremental build model">Incremental model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iterative_and_incremental_development" title="Iterative and incremental development">Iterative model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">Prototype model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrum_(software_development)" title="Scrum (software development)">Scrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_model" title="Spiral model">Spiral model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_process" title="Unified process">UP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-model_(software_development)" title="V-model (software development)">V-model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">Waterfall model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_programming" title="Extreme programming">XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model-driven_engineering" title="Model-driven engineering">Model-driven engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-trip_engineering" title="Round-trip engineering">Round-trip engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capability_Maturity_Model_Integration" title="Capability Maturity Model Integration">CMMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_model" title="Data model">Data model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Entity–relationship model">ER model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_model" title="Function model">Function model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_model" title="Information model">Information model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamodeling" title="Metamodeling">Metamodeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_model" title="Object model">Object model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">SPICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_modeling" title="Systems modeling">Systems model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_model" title="View model">View model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IDEF" title="IDEF">IDEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_modeling_language" title="Systems modeling language">SysML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">UML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Systems_Language" title="Universal Systems Language">USL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">Project management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Software_engineering" title="Category:Software engineering">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Software_engineering" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Software engineering">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Data_warehouses73" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Data_warehouses" title="Template:Data warehouses"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Data_warehouses" title="Template talk:Data warehouses"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Data_warehouses" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Data warehouses"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Data_warehouses73" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Data_warehouse" title="Data warehouse">Data warehouses</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Creating_a_data_warehouse73" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Creating a data warehouse</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimension_(data_warehouse)" title="Dimension (data warehouse)">Dimension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimensional_modeling" title="Dimensional modeling">Dimensional modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fact_(data_warehouse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fact (data warehouse)">Fact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_analytical_processing" title="Online analytical processing">OLAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_schema" title="Star schema">Star schema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowflake_schema" title="Snowflake schema">Snowflake schema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_star_schema" title="Reverse star schema">Reverse star schema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggregate_(data_warehouse)" title="Aggregate (data warehouse)">Aggregate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_version_of_the_truth" title="Single version of the truth">Single version of the truth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Column-oriented_DBMS" class="mw-redirect" title="Column-oriented DBMS">Column-oriented DBMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_hub" title="Data hub">Data hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_mesh" title="Data mesh">Data mesh</a></li> <li>Ensemble modeling patterns <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchor_modeling" title="Anchor modeling">Anchor modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_vault_modeling" title="Data vault modeling">Data vault modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Focal_point_modeling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Focal point modeling (page does not exist)">Focal point modeling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOLAP" class="mw-redirect" title="HOLAP">HOLAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOLAP" class="mw-redirect" title="MOLAP">MOLAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROLAP" class="mw-redirect" title="ROLAP">ROLAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_data_store" title="Operational data store">Operational data store</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_dictionary" title="Data dictionary">Data dictionary</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Metadata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_mart" title="Data mart">Data mart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_normal_form" title="Sixth normal form">Sixth normal form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrogate_key" title="Surrogate key">Surrogate key</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fact</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fact_table" title="Fact table">Fact table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early-arriving_fact" title="Early-arriving fact">Early-arriving fact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measure_(data_warehouse)" title="Measure (data warehouse)">Measure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dimension</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dimension_table" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimension table">Dimension table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degenerate_dimension" title="Degenerate dimension">Degenerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slowly_changing_dimension" title="Slowly changing dimension">Slowly changing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Filling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extract,_transform,_load" title="Extract, transform, load">Extract, transform, load (ETL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extract,_load,_transform" title="Extract, load, transform">Extract, load, transform (ELT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_extraction" title="Data extraction">Extract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_transformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Data transformation">Transform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_loading" title="Data loading">Load</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Using_a_data_warehouse73" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Using a data warehouse</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_intelligence" title="Business intelligence">Business intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashboard_(business)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dashboard (business)">Dashboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">Data mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_support_system" title="Decision support system">Decision support system (DSS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLAP_cube" title="OLAP cube">OLAP cube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_warehouse_automation" title="Data warehouse automation">Data warehouse automation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_Mining_Extensions" title="Data Mining Extensions">Data Mining Extensions (DMX)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MultiDimensional_eXpressions" title="MultiDimensional eXpressions">MultiDimensional eXpressions (MDX)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_for_Analysis" title="XML for Analysis">XML for Analysis (XMLA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_intelligence_software" title="Business intelligence software">Business intelligence software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reporting_software" title="List of reporting software">Reporting software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spreadsheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Spreadsheets">Spreadsheet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related73" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Inmon" title="Bill Inmon">Bill Inmon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_information_factory" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate information factory">Information factory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Kimball" title="Ralph Kimball">Ralph Kimball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_bus_matrix" title="Enterprise bus matrix">Enterprise bus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Linstedt" title="Dan Linstedt">Dan Linstedt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_OLAP_servers" title="Comparison of OLAP servers">Comparison of OLAP servers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Data_warehousing_products" title="Category:Data warehousing products">Data warehousing products and their producers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Semantic_Web71" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Semantic_Web" title="Template:Semantic Web"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Semantic_Web" title="Template talk:Semantic Web"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Semantic_Web" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Semantic Web"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Semantic_Web71" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">Semantic Web</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Databases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertext" title="Hypertext">Hypertext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontology (computer science)">Ontologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics_(computer_science)" title="Semantics (computer science)">Semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_network" title="Semantic network">Semantic networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sub-topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dataspaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Dataspaces">Dataspaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperdata" title="Hyperdata">Hyperdata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linked_data" title="Linked data">Linked data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule-based_system" title="Rule-based system">Rule-based systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_analytics" title="Semantic analytics">Semantic analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_broker" title="Semantic broker">Semantic broker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_computing" title="Semantic computing">Semantic computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_mapper" title="Semantic mapper">Semantic mapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_matching" title="Semantic matching">Semantic matching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_publishing" title="Semantic publishing">Semantic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_reasoner" title="Semantic reasoner">Semantic reasoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_search" title="Semantic search">Semantic search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_service-oriented_architecture" title="Semantic service-oriented architecture">Semantic service-oriented architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_wiki" title="Semantic wiki">Semantic wiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_(web_decentralization_project)" title="Solid (web decentralization project)">Solid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_intelligence" title="Collective intelligence">Collective intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Description_logic" title="Description logic">Description logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folksonomy" title="Folksonomy">Folksonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotagging" title="Geotagging">Geotagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_architecture" title="Information architecture">Information architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IXBRL" class="mw-redirect" title="IXBRL">iXBRL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_extraction" title="Knowledge extraction">Knowledge extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_management" title="Knowledge management">Knowledge management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge representation and reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_2.0" title="Library 2.0">Library 2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_humanities" title="Digital humanities">Digital humanities</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Metadata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_(computer_science)" title="Reference (computer science)">References</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_map" title="Topic map">Topic map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_engineering" title="Web engineering">Web engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Science_Trust" title="Web Science Trust">Web Science Trust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syntax and supporting technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a></li> <li><a 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Platform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Common vocabularies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DOAP" title="DOAP">DOAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Core" title="Dublin Core">Dublin Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FOAF" title="FOAF">FOAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schema.org" title="Schema.org">Schema.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantically_Interlinked_Online_Communities" title="Semantically Interlinked Online Communities">SIOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Knowledge_Organization_System" title="Simple Knowledge Organization System">SKOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Microformat vocabularies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HAtom" title="HAtom">hAtom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCalendar" title="HCalendar">hCalendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCard" title="HCard">hCard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HProduct" title="HProduct">hProduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HRecipe" title="HRecipe">hRecipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HReview" title="HReview">hReview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Meta-42" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-ghnnz","wgBackendResponseTime":150,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.602","walltime":"1.987","ppvisitednodes":{"value":15932,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":348458,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5889,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":10,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":465561,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1744.758 1 -total"," 43.17% 753.281 1 Template:Reflist"," 23.29% 406.335 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