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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consortium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Consortium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consortium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A" title="علم الوجود الجيني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الوجود الجيني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologija_gena" title="Ontologija gena – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ontologija gena" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Ontology" title="Gene Ontology – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gene Ontology" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Ontology" title="Gene Ontology – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gene Ontology" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%93%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%AF%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Οντολογία Γονιδίων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οντολογία Γονιδίων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontolog%C3%ADa_g%C3%A9nica" title="Ontología génica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ontología génica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%DA%98%D9%86" title="هستی‌شناسی ژن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هستی‌شناسی ژن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Ontology" title="Gene Ontology – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gene Ontology" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Ontology" title="Gene Ontology – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gene Ontology" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90_%EC%98%A8%ED%86%A8%EB%A1%9C%EC%A7%80" title="유전자 온톨로지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유전자 온톨로지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genska_ontologija" title="Genska ontologija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Genska ontologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Ontology" title="Gene Ontology – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gene Ontology" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="אונטולוגיית גנים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אונטולוגיית גנים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Ontology" title="Gene Ontology – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gene Ontology" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E4%BC%9D%E5%AD%90%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BC" title="遺伝子オントロジー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="遺伝子オントロジー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologia_gen%C3%A9tica" title="Ontologia genética – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ontologia genética" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologia_genei" title="Ontologia genei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ontologia genei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Генная онтология – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Генная онтология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologija_gena" title="Ontologija gena – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ontologija gena" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontologija_gena" title="Ontologija gena – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ontologija gena" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen_Ontolojisi" title="Gen Ontolojisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gen Ontolojisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Онтологія гена – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Онтологія гена" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%93" title="基因本体 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="基因本体" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bioinformatics initiative</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:"><caption class="infobox-title summary">The Gene Ontology</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Go-logo.small.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Go-logo.small.png/175px-Go-logo.small.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Go-logo.small.png/263px-Go-logo.small.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Go-logo.small.png/350px-Go-logo.small.png 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="125" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender">Content</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Description</th><td class="infobox-data">Resource with <a href="/wiki/Controlled_vocabulary" title="Controlled vocabulary">controlled vocabulary</a> to describe the function of <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gene_product" title="Gene product">gene products</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender">Contact</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Primary citation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36866529">36866529</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender">Access</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geneontology.org">geneontology<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender">Miscellaneous</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data">CC BY 4.0 license</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Gene Ontology</b> (<b>GO</b>) is a major <a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">bioinformatics</a> initiative to unify the representation of <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gene_product" title="Gene product">gene product</a> attributes across all <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17984083_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17984083-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More specifically, the project aims to: 1) maintain and develop its <a href="/wiki/Controlled_vocabulary" title="Controlled vocabulary">controlled vocabulary</a> of gene and gene product attributes; 2) <a href="/wiki/Genome_annotation" class="mw-redirect" title="Genome annotation">annotate</a> genes and gene products, and assimilate and disseminate annotation data; and 3) provide tools for easy access to all aspects of the data provided by the project, and to enable functional interpretation of experimental data using the GO, for example via enrichment analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-GO_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GO-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GaudetŠkunca2017_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GaudetŠkunca2017-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GO is part of a larger classification effort, the <a href="/wiki/Open_Biomedical_Ontologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Biomedical Ontologies">Open Biomedical Ontologies</a>, being one of the Initial Candidate Members of the <a href="/wiki/OBO_Foundry" title="OBO Foundry">OBO Foundry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17989687_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17989687-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whereas <a href="/wiki/Gene_nomenclature" title="Gene nomenclature">gene nomenclature</a> focuses on gene and gene products, the Gene Ontology focuses on the function of the genes and gene products. The GO also extends the effort by using a <a href="/wiki/Markup_language" title="Markup language">markup language</a> to make the data (not only of the genes and their products but also of curated attributes) <a href="/wiki/Machine-readable_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine-readable data">machine readable</a>, and to do so in a way that is unified across all species (whereas gene nomenclature conventions vary by biological <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxon</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gene_Ontology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Gene Ontology was originally constructed in 1998 by a consortium of researchers studying the <a href="/wiki/Genome_sequencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Genome sequencing">genomes</a> of three <a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">model organisms</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</a></i> (fruit fly), <i><a href="/wiki/Mus_musculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mus musculus">Mus musculus</a></i> (mouse), and <i><a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae" title="Saccharomyces cerevisiae">Saccharomyces cerevisiae</a></i> (brewer's or baker's yeast).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10802651_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10802651-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many other <a href="/wiki/Model_Organism_Databases" class="mw-redirect" title="Model Organism Databases">Model Organism Databases</a> have joined the Gene Ontology Consortium, contributing not only to annotation data, but also to the development of ontologies and tools to view and apply the data. Many major plant, animal, and microorganism databases make a contribution towards this project.<sup id="cite_ref-urlGene_Ontology_Resource_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlGene_Ontology_Resource-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of July 2019, the GO contains 44,945 terms; there are 6,408,283 annotations to 4,467 different biological organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-urlGene_Ontology_Resource_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlGene_Ontology_Resource-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a significant body of literature on the development and use of the GO, and it has become a standard tool in the <a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">bioinformatics</a> arsenal. Their objectives have three aspects: building gene ontology, assigning ontology to gene/gene products, and developing software and databases for the first two objects. </p><p>Several analyses of the Gene Ontology using formal, domain-independent properties of classes (the metaproperties) are also starting to appear. For instance, there is now an ontological analysis of biological ontologies.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terms_and_ontology">Terms and ontology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gene_Ontology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Terms and ontology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From a practical view, an ontology is a representation of something we know about. "Ontologies" consist of representations of things that are detectable or directly observable and the relationships between those things. There is no universal standard terminology in biology and related domains, and term usage may be specific to a species, research area, or even a particular research group. This makes communication and sharing of data more difficult. The Gene Ontology project provides an <a href="/wiki/Ontology_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontology (computer science)">ontology</a> of defined terms representing <a href="/wiki/Gene_product" title="Gene product">gene product</a> properties. The ontology covers three domains: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_component" title="Cellular component">cellular component</a>, the parts of a <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cell</a> or its <a href="/wiki/Extracellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Extracellular">extracellular</a> environment;</li> <li>molecular function, the elemental activities of a gene product at the molecular level, such as binding or <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_catalysis" title="Enzyme catalysis">catalysis</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_process" title="Biological process">biological process</a>, operations or sets of molecular events with a defined beginning and end, pertinent to the functioning of integrated living units: cells, <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a>.</li></ul> <p>Each GO term within the ontology has a term name, which may be a word or string of words; a unique alphanumeric identifier; a definition with cited sources; and an ontology indicating the domain to which it belongs. Terms may also have synonyms, which are classed as being exactly equivalent to the term name, broader, narrower, or related; references to equivalent concepts in other databases; and comments on term meaning or usage. The GO ontology is structured as a <a href="/wiki/Directed_acyclic_graph" title="Directed acyclic graph">directed acyclic graph</a>, and each term has defined <a href="/wiki/Relation_(mathematics)" title="Relation (mathematics)">relationships</a> to one or more other terms in the same domain, and sometimes to other domains. The GO vocabulary is designed to be species-neutral and includes terms applicable to <a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">prokaryotes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Single_cell_organism" class="mw-redirect" title="Single cell organism">single</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multicellular_organism" title="Multicellular organism">multicellular organisms</a>. </p><p>GO is not static, and additions, corrections, and alterations are suggested by and solicited from members of the research and annotation communities, as well as by those directly involved in the GO project.<sup id="cite_ref-Lovering2017_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovering2017-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, an annotator may request a specific term to represent a metabolic pathway, or a section of the ontology may be revised with the help of community experts (e.g.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17267433_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17267433-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Suggested edits are reviewed by the ontology editors, and implemented where appropriate. </p><p>The GO ontology and annotation files are freely available from the GO website in a number of formats or can be accessed online using the GO browser <a href="/w/index.php?title=AmiGO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AmiGO (page does not exist)">AmiGO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-urlGene_Ontology_Resource_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlGene_Ontology_Resource-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gene Ontology project also provides downloadable mappings of its terms to other classification systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Example_term">Example term</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gene_Ontology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Example term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>id: GO:0000016</dd> <dd>name: lactase activity</dd> <dd>ontology: molecular_function</dd> <dd>def: "Catalysis of the reaction: lactose + H2O=D-glucose + D-galactose." [EC:3.2.1.108]</dd> <dd>synonym: "lactase-phlorizin hydrolase activity" BROAD [EC:3.2.1.108]</dd> <dd>synonym: "lactose galactohydrolase activity" EXACT [EC:3.2.1.108]</dd> <dd>xref: EC:3.2.1.108</dd> <dd>xref: MetaCyc:LACTASE-RXN</dd> <dd>xref: Reactome:20536</dd> <dd>is_a: GO:0004553 ! hydrolase activity, hydrolyzing O-glycosyl compounds</dd></dl> <p>Data source:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Annotation">Annotation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gene_Ontology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Annotation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Genome_annotation" class="mw-redirect" title="Genome annotation">Genome annotation</a> encompasses the practice of capturing data about a gene product, and GO annotations use terms from the GO to do so. Annotations from GO curators are integrated and disseminated on the GO website, where they can be downloaded directly or viewed online using AmiGO.<sup id="cite_ref-AmiGO_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmiGO-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the gene product identifier and the relevant GO term, GO annotations have at least the following data: The <i>reference</i> used to make the annotation (e.g. a journal article); An <i>evidence code</i> denoting the type of evidence upon which the annotation is based; The date and the creator of the annotation </p><p>Supporting information, depending on the GO term and evidence used, and supplementary information, such as the conditions the function is observed under, may also be included in a GO annotation. </p><p>The evidence code comes from a <a href="/wiki/Controlled_vocabulary" title="Controlled vocabulary">controlled vocabulary</a> of codes, the Evidence Code Ontology, covering both manual and automated annotation methods.<sup id="cite_ref-urlECO:_Evidence_Code_Ontology_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlECO:_Evidence_Code_Ontology-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <i>Traceable Author Statement</i> (TAS) means a curator has read a published scientific paper and the metadata for that annotation bears a citation to that paper; <i>Inferred from Sequence Similarity</i> (ISS) means a human curator has reviewed the output from a sequence similarity search and verified that it is biologically meaningful. Annotations from automated processes (for example, remapping annotations created using another annotation vocabulary) are given the code <i>Inferred from Electronic Annotation</i> (IEA). In 2010, over 98% of all GO annotations were inferred computationally, not by curators, but as of July 2, 2019, only about 30% of all GO annotations were inferred computationally.<sup id="cite_ref-urThe_what,_where,_how_and_why_of_gene_ontology—a_primer_for_bioinformaticians_—_Brief_Bioinform_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urThe_what,_where,_how_and_why_of_gene_ontology—a_primer_for_bioinformaticians_—_Brief_Bioinform-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gocons_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gocons-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As these annotations are not checked by a human, the GO Consortium considers them to be marginally less reliable and they are commonly to a higher level, less detailed terms. Full annotation data sets can be downloaded from the GO website. To support the development of annotation, the GO Consortium provides workshops and mentors new groups of curators and developers. </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> algorithms have been designed and implemented to predict Gene Ontology annotations.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CozzettoJones2017_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CozzettoJones2017-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Example_annotation">Example annotation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gene_Ontology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Example annotation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd>Gene product: Actin, alpha cardiac muscle 1, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/gene_product/UniProtKB:P68032">UniProtKB:P68032</a></dd> <dd>GO term: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0060047">heart contraction; GO:0060047</a> (biological process)</dd> <dd>Evidence code: Inferred from Mutant Phenotype (IMP)</dd> <dd>Reference: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17611253">17611253</a></dd> <dd>Assigned by: UniProtKB, June 6, 2008</dd></dl> <p>Data source:<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tools">Tools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gene_Ontology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a large number of tools available, both online and for download, that use the data provided by the GO project.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18480123_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18480123-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vast majority of these come from third parties; the GO Consortium develops and supports two tools, AmiGO and OBO-Edit. </p><p>AmiGO<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AmiGO_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmiGO-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a web-based application that allows users to query, browse, and visualize ontologies and gene product annotation data. It also has a <a href="/wiki/BLAST_(biotechnology)" title="BLAST (biotechnology)">BLAST</a> tool,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tools allowing analysis of larger data sets,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an interface to query the GO database directly.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AmiGO can be used online at the GO website to access the data provided by the GO Consortium or downloaded and installed for local use on any database employing the GO database schema (e.g.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). It is free <a href="/wiki/Open_source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Open source software">open source software</a> and is available as part of the go-dev software distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-sfdl_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfdl-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>OBO-Edit is an open source, platform-independent ontology editor developed and maintained by the Gene Ontology Consortium.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is implemented in <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> and uses a <a href="/wiki/Graph_theory" title="Graph theory">graph-oriented</a> approach to display and edit ontologies. OBO-Edit includes a comprehensive search and filter interface, with the option to render subsets of terms to make them visually distinct; the user interface can also be customized according to user preferences. OBO-Edit also has a <a href="/wiki/Semantic_reasoner" title="Semantic reasoner">reasoner</a> that can infer links that have not been explicitly stated based on existing relationships and their properties. Although it was developed for biomedical ontologies, OBO-Edit can be used to view, search, and edit any ontology. It is freely available to download.<sup id="cite_ref-sfdl_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sfdl-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consortium">Consortium</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gene_Ontology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Consortium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Gene Ontology Consortium is the set of <a href="/wiki/Biological_database" title="Biological database">biological databases</a> and research groups actively involved in the gene ontology project.<sup id="cite_ref-gocons_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gocons-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes a number of <a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">model organism</a> databases and <a href="/wiki/Biological_database#Protein_sequence_databases" title="Biological database">multi-species protein databases</a>, software development groups, and a dedicated editorial office. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gene_Ontology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blast2GO" title="Blast2GO">Blast2GO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_Toxicogenomics_Database" title="Comparative Toxicogenomics Database">Comparative Toxicogenomics Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAVID_bioinformatics" class="mw-redirect" title="DAVID bioinformatics">DAVID bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interferome" title="Interferome">Interferome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biomedical_Ontology" title="National Center for Biomedical Ontology">National Center for Biomedical Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_Assessment_of_Function_Annotation" title="Critical Assessment of Function Annotation">Critical Assessment of Function Annotation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gene_Ontology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pmid17984083-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17984083_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Gene_Ontology_Consortium2008" class="citation journal cs1">The Gene Ontology Consortium (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2238979">"The Gene Ontology project in 2008"</a>. <i>Nucleic Acids Research</i>. <b>36</b> (Database issue): D440–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkm883">10.1093/nar/gkm883</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2238979">2238979</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17984083">17984083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Research&rft.atitle=The+Gene+Ontology+project+in+2008&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=Database+issue&rft.pages=D440-4&rft.date=2008-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2238979%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17984083&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkm883&rft.au=The+Gene+Ontology+Consortium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2238979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGene+Ontology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GO-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GO_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDessimozŠkunca2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christophe_Dessimoz" title="Christophe Dessimoz">Dessimoz, Christophe</a>; Škunca, Nives, eds. (2017). <i>The Gene Ontology Handbook</i>. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1446. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4939-3743-1">10.1007/978-1-4939-3743-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781493937431" title="Special:BookSources/9781493937431"><bdi>9781493937431</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1064-3745">1064-3745</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3708801">3708801</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gene+Ontology+Handbook&rft.series=Methods+in+Molecular+Biology&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4939-3743-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3708801%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1064-3745&rft.isbn=9781493937431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGene+Ontology" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GaudetŠkunca2017-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GaudetŠkunca2017_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaudetŠkuncaHuDessimoz2017" class="citation book cs1">Gaudet, Pascale; Škunca, Nives; Hu, James C.; Dessimoz, Christophe (2017). 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The Gene Ontology Consortium"</a>. <i>Nature Genetics</i>. <b>25</b> (1): 25–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F75556">10.1038/75556</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3037419">3037419</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10802651">10802651</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Genetics&rft.atitle=Gene+ontology%3A+tool+for+the+unification+of+biology.+The+Gene+Ontology+Consortium&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-9&rft.date=2000-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3037419%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10802651&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F75556&rft.aulast=Ashburner&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Ball%2C+CA&rft.au=Blake%2C+JA&rft.au=Botstein%2C+D&rft.au=Butler%2C+H&rft.au=Cherry%2C+JM&rft.au=Davis%2C+AP&rft.au=Dolinski%2C+K&rft.au=Dwight%2C+SS&rft.au=Eppig%2C+JT&rft.au=Harris%2C+MA&rft.au=Hill%2C+DP&rft.au=Issel-Tarver%2C+L&rft.au=Kasarskis%2C+A&rft.au=Lewis%2C+S&rft.au=Matese%2C+JC&rft.au=Richardson%2C+JE&rft.au=Ringwald%2C+M&rft.au=Rubin%2C+GM&rft.au=Sherlock%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3037419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGene+Ontology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urlGene_Ontology_Resource-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-urlGene_Ontology_Resource_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-urlGene_Ontology_Resource_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-urlGene_Ontology_Resource_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geneontology.org/">"The Gene Ontology Resource"</a>. 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(2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3509948">"An ontological analysis of some biological ontologies"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Genetics</i>. <b>3</b>: 269. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffgene.2012.00269">10.3389/fgene.2012.00269</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3509948">3509948</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23226158">23226158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Genetics&rft.atitle=An+ontological+analysis+of+some+biological+ontologies&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=269&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3509948%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23226158&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffgene.2012.00269&rft.au=Deb%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3509948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGene+Ontology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lovering2017-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lovering2017_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovering2017" class="citation book cs1">Lovering, Ruth C. 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AmiGO Hub; Web Presence Working Group: 288–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbioinformatics%2Fbtn615">10.1093/bioinformatics/btn615</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2639003">2639003</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19033274">19033274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bioinformatics&rft.atitle=AmiGO%3A+online+access+to+ontology+and+annotation+data&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=288-9&rft.date=2009-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2639003%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19033274&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbioinformatics%2Fbtn615&rft.aulast=Carbon&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Ireland%2C+A&rft.au=Mungall%2C+CJ&rft.au=Shu%2C+S&rft.au=Marshall%2C+B&rft.au=Lewis%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2639003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGene+Ontology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110820101145/http://amigo.geneontology.org/cgi-bin/amigo/blast.cgi">"AmiGO BLAST tool"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/cgi-bin/amigo/blast.cgi">the original</a> on 2011-08-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AmiGO+BLAST+tool&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famigo.geneontology.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Famigo%2Fblast.cgi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGene+Ontology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/cgi-bin/amigo/term_enrichment">AmiGO Term Enrichment tool</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080407005338/http://amigo.geneontology.org/cgi-bin/amigo/term_enrichment">Archived</a> 2008-04-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; finds significant shared GO terms in an annotation set</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/cgi-bin/amigo/slimmer">AmiGO Slimmer</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110929141146/http://amigo.geneontology.org/cgi-bin/amigo/slimmer">Archived</a> 2011-09-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; maps granular annotations up to high-level terms</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://berkeleybop.org/goose">GOOSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090301041914/http://berkeleybop.org/goose">Archived</a> 2009-03-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, GO Online SQL Environment; allows direct SQL querying of the GO database</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Plant_Ontology_Consortium2009" class="citation web cs1">The Plant Ontology Consortium (2009-03-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plantontology.org/amigo/go.cgi">"Plant Ontology Consortium"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Plant+Ontology+Consortium&rft.date=2009-03-16&rft.au=The+Plant+Ontology+Consortium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplantontology.org%2Famigo%2Fgo.cgi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGene+Ontology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sfdl-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sfdl_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sfdl_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=36855">"Gene Ontology downloads at SourceForge"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gene+Ontology+downloads+at+SourceForge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsourceforge.net%2Fproject%2Fshowfiles.php%3Fgroup_id%3D36855&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGene+Ontology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay-RichterHarrisHaendelLewis2007" class="citation journal cs1">Day-Richter J, Harris MA, Haendel M, <a href="/wiki/Suzanna_Lewis" title="Suzanna Lewis">Lewis S</a> (August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbioinformatics%2Fbtm112">"OBO-Edit--an ontology editor for biologists"</a>. <i>Bioinformatics</i>. <b>23</b> (16): 2198–200. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbioinformatics%2Fbtm112">10.1093/bioinformatics/btm112</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17545183">17545183</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bioinformatics&rft.atitle=OBO-Edit--an+ontology+editor+for+biologists&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=2198-200&rft.date=2007-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbioinformatics%2Fbtm112&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17545183&rft.aulast=Day-Richter&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Harris%2C+MA&rft.au=Haendel%2C+M&rft.au=Lewis%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fbioinformatics%252Fbtm112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGene+Ontology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gene_Ontology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/60px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/80px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a> has the property: <ul><li><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg/4px-Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg/6px-Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="460" /></span></span> <b><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property_talk:P686" class="extiw" title="d:Property talk:P686">Gene Ontology ID (P686)</a></i></b> (see <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://query.wikidata.org/embed.html#SELECT%20%3FWikidata_item_%20%3FWikidata_item_Label%20%3Fvalue%20%3FvalueLabel%20%3FEnglish_Wikipedia_article%20%23Show%20data%20in%20this%20order%0A%7B%0A%09%3FWikidata_item_%20wdt%3AP686%20%3Fvalue%20.%20%23Collecting%20all%20items%20which%20have%20P686%20data%2C%20from%20whole%20Wikidata%20item%20pages%0A%09OPTIONAL%20%7B%3FEnglish_Wikipedia_article%20schema%3Aabout%20%3FWikidata_item_%3B%20schema%3AisPartOf%20%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2F%3E%20.%7D%20%23If%20collected%20item%20has%20link%20to%20English%20Wikipedia%2C%20show%20that%0A%09SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22en%22%20%20%7D%20%23Show%20label%20in%20this%20language.%20%22en%22%20is%20English.%20%20%20%0A%7D%0ALIMIT%201000">uses</a></span>)</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo">AmiGO</a> - the current official web-based set of tools for searching and browsing the Gene Ontology database</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geneontology.org/">Gene Ontology Consortium</a> - official site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plantregmap.gao-lab.org/">PlantRegMap - GO annotation for 165 plant species and GO enrichment Analysis</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bioinformatics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bioinformatics" title="Template:Bioinformatics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bioinformatics" title="Template talk:Bioinformatics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bioinformatics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bioinformatics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bioinformatics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Databases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sequence databases: <a href="/wiki/GenBank" title="GenBank">GenBank</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Nucleotide_Archive" title="European Nucleotide Archive">European Nucleotide Archive</a>, <a href="/wiki/DNA_Data_Bank_of_Japan" title="DNA Data Bank of Japan">DNA Data Bank of Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/China_National_GeneBank" title="China National GeneBank">China National GeneBank</a></li> <li>Secondary databases: <a href="/wiki/UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a>, database of protein sequences grouping together <a href="/wiki/UniProt#UniProtKB.2FSwiss-Prot" title="UniProt">Swiss-Prot</a>, <a href="/wiki/UniProt#UniProtKB.2FTrEMBL" title="UniProt">TrEMBL</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protein_Information_Resource" title="Protein Information Resource">Protein Information Resource</a></li> <li>Other databases: <a href="/wiki/BioNumbers" title="BioNumbers">BioNumbers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">Protein Data Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ensembl_genome_database_project" title="Ensembl genome database project">Ensembl</a>, <a href="/wiki/InterPro" title="InterPro">InterPro</a>, <a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gene_ontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene ontology">Gene Ontology</a></li> <li>Specialised genomic databases: <a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saccharomyces_Genome_Database" title="Saccharomyces Genome Database">Saccharomyces Genome Database</a>, <a href="/wiki/FlyBase" title="FlyBase">FlyBase</a>, <a href="/wiki/VectorBase" title="VectorBase">VectorBase</a>, <a href="/wiki/WormBase" title="WormBase">WormBase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rat_Genome_Database" title="Rat Genome Database">Rat Genome Database</a>, <a href="/wiki/PHI-base" title="PHI-base">PHI-base</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Arabidopsis_Information_Resource" title="The Arabidopsis Information Resource">Arabidopsis Information Resource</a>, <a href="/wiki/GISAID" title="GISAID">GISAID</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zebrafish_Information_Network" title="Zebrafish Information Network">Zebrafish Information Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BLAST_(biotechnology)" title="BLAST (biotechnology)">BLAST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowtie_(sequence_analysis)" title="Bowtie (sequence analysis)">Bowtie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clustal" title="Clustal">Clustal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMBOSS" title="EMBOSS">EMBOSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMMER" title="HMMER">HMMER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUSCLE_(alignment_software)" title="MUSCLE (alignment software)">MUSCLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_Assignment_of_Named_Global_Outbreak_Lineages" title="Phylogenetic Assignment of Named Global Outbreak Lineages">PANGOLIN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAMtools" title="SAMtools">SAMtools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_Oligonucleotide_Analysis_Package" title="Short Oligonucleotide Analysis Package">SOAP suite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TopHat_(bioinformatics)" title="TopHat (bioinformatics)">TopHat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Server: <a href="/wiki/ExPASy" class="mw-redirect" title="ExPASy">ExPASy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_(education_platform)" title="Rosalind (education platform)">Rosalind (education platform)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broad_Institute" title="Broad Institute">Broad Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_Biology_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Computational Biology Department">Computational Biology Department</a> (CBD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/COSBI" title="COSBI">Microsoft Research - University of Trento Centre for Computational and Systems Biology</a> (COSBI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_Center_for_Life_Science" title="Database Center for Life Science">Database Center for Life Science</a> (DBCLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_Data_Bank_of_Japan" title="DNA Data Bank of Japan">DNA Data Bank of Japan</a> (DDBJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Bioinformatics_Institute" title="European Bioinformatics Institute">European Bioinformatics Institute</a> (EMBL-EBI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Molecular_Biology_Laboratory" title="European Molecular Biology Laboratory">European Molecular Biology Laboratory</a> (EMBL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatiron_Institute" title="Flatiron Institute">Flatiron Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Craig_Venter_Institute" title="J. Craig Venter Institute">J. Craig Venter Institute</a> (JCVI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_of_Molecular_Cell_Biology_and_Genetics" title="Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics">Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics</a> (MPI-CBG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">US National Center for Biotechnology Information</a> (NCBI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Genetics" title="National Institute of Genetics">Japanese Institute of Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Bioinformatics_Centre" title="Netherlands Bioinformatics Centre">Netherlands Bioinformatics Centre</a> (NBIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Genome_Center" title="Philippine Genome Center">Philippine Genome Center</a> (PGC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scripps_Research" title="Scripps Research">Scripps Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Institute_of_Bioinformatics" title="Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics">Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics</a> (SIB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellcome_Sanger_Institute" title="Wellcome Sanger Institute">Wellcome Sanger Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitehead_Institute" title="Whitehead Institute">Whitehead Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Society_for_Bioinformatics_and_Computational_Biology" title="African Society for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology">African Society for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology</a> (ASBCB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_Bioinformatics_Resource" title="Australia Bioinformatics Resource">Australia Bioinformatics Resource</a> (EMBL-AR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMBnet" title="EMBnet">European Molecular Biology network</a> (EMBnet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Nucleotide_Sequence_Database_Collaboration" title="International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration">International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration</a> (INSDC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Biocuration" title="International Society for Biocuration">International Society for Biocuration</a> (ISB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Computational_Biology" title="International Society for Computational Biology">International Society for Computational Biology</a> (ISCB) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Computational_Biology_Student_Council" title="International Society for Computational Biology Student Council">Student Council</a> (ISCB-SC)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Genomics_and_Integrative_Biology" title="Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology">Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology</a> (CSIR-IGIB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Society_for_Bioinformatics" title="Japanese Society for Bioinformatics">Japanese Society for Bioinformatics</a> (JSBi)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Meetings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basel_Computational_Biology_Conference" title="Basel Computational Biology Conference">Basel Computational Biology Conference‎</a> ([BC<sup>2</sup>])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conference_on_Computational_Biology" title="European Conference on Computational Biology">European Conference on Computational Biology</a> (ECCB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_Systems_for_Molecular_Biology" title="Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology">Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology</a> (ISMB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Bioinformatics" title="International Conference on Bioinformatics">International Conference on Bioinformatics</a> (InCoB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Computational_Intelligence_Methods_for_Bioinformatics_and_Biostatistics" title="International Conference on Computational Intelligence Methods for Bioinformatics and Biostatistics">International Conference on Computational Intelligence Methods for Bioinformatics and Biostatistics</a> (CIBB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISCB_Africa_ASBCB_Conference_on_Bioinformatics" title="ISCB Africa ASBCB Conference on Bioinformatics">ISCB Africa ASBCB Conference on Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Symposium_on_Biocomputing" title="Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing">Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing</a> (PSB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_in_Computational_Molecular_Biology" title="Research in Computational Molecular Biology">Research in Computational Molecular Biology</a> (RECOMB)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">File formats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CRAM_(file_format)" title="CRAM (file format)">CRAM format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FASTA_format" title="FASTA format">FASTA format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FASTQ_format" title="FASTQ format">FASTQ format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeXML_format" title="NeXML format">NeXML format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_file" title="Nexus file">Nexus format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pileup_format" title="Pileup format">Pileup format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAM_(file_format)" title="SAM (file format)">SAM format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_format" title="Stockholm format">Stockholm format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variant_Call_Format" title="Variant Call Format">VCF format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_feature_format" title="General feature format">GFF format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_transfer_format" title="Gene transfer format">GTF format</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">Computational biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biobanks" title="List of biobanks">List of biobanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biological_databases" title="List of biological databases">List of biological databases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics" title="Molecular phylogenetics">Molecular phylogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequencing" title="Sequencing">Sequencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequence_database" title="Sequence database">Sequence database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequence_alignment" title="Sequence alignment">Sequence alignment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span 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