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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Islamic calligraphy style</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bifolium_from_the_%22Nurse%27s_Qur%27an%22_(Mushaf_al-Hadina)_MET_DP167065.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Bifolium_from_the_%22Nurse%27s_Qur%27an%22_%28Mushaf_al-Hadina%29_MET_DP167065.jpg/220px-Bifolium_from_the_%22Nurse%27s_Qur%27an%22_%28Mushaf_al-Hadina%29_MET_DP167065.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Bifolium_from_the_%22Nurse%27s_Qur%27an%22_%28Mushaf_al-Hadina%29_MET_DP167065.jpg/330px-Bifolium_from_the_%22Nurse%27s_Qur%27an%22_%28Mushaf_al-Hadina%29_MET_DP167065.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Bifolium_from_the_%22Nurse%27s_Qur%27an%22_%28Mushaf_al-Hadina%29_MET_DP167065.jpg/440px-Bifolium_from_the_%22Nurse%27s_Qur%27an%22_%28Mushaf_al-Hadina%29_MET_DP167065.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3901" data-file-height="2972" /></a><figcaption>A page from the Nurse's Quran, written in Kairouani style.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Kairouani style</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الخط القيرواني</span>), or <b>Kairouani Kufi style calligraphy</b> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الخط الكوفي القيرواني</span></span>), is one style of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kairouani_calligraphy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Nurse's_Quran_(Mushaf_al-Hadina)"><span id="The_Nurse.27s_Quran_.28Mushaf_al-Hadina.29"></span>The Nurse's Quran (Mushaf al-Hadina)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kairouani_calligraphy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Nurse's Quran (Mushaf al-Hadina)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kairouani style was used for the first time in the Nurse's Quran, finished in 1020<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the last decades of Kairouan’s intellectual and political golden era. The manuscript was kept for centuries in the <a href="/wiki/Maqsurah" title="Maqsurah">maqsurah</a> of <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_ibn_Badis" title="Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis">Ibn Badis</a>, a small cell measuring 8x6 meters next to the <a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">qibla</a> wall that served as a library,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the main prayer room of the Great Mosque. </p><p>The Nurse's Quran was discovered after the publication of an article in an Egyptian journal in 1897 criticizing the conservation of the collections of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan" title="Great Mosque of Kairouan">Great Mosque of Kairouan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in 1948, the French archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Louis_Poinsot" title="Louis Poinsot">Louis Poinsot</a> conducted deeper research on the manuscripts. He disassembled them and took their bindings to the <a href="/wiki/Bardo_National_Museum_(Tunis)" title="Bardo National Museum (Tunis)">Bardo National Museum</a> leaving the parchments separated, and classified by size and condition.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a <i>tahbiss</i> describing the people engaged in the manuscript's creation, the chief of the <a href="/wiki/Scriptorium" title="Scriptorium">scriptorium</a>, Ali Ibn Ahmed al-Warraq, and Fatimah Hadhinah, the <a href="/wiki/Zirid_dynasty" title="Zirid dynasty">Zirid</a> prince's nurse, commissioned the creation of the manuscript for the Great Mosque. Additionally, according to some historians, <i>Dora Al Katibah</i>, a second woman was the boss' secretary or a <a href="/wiki/Scribe" title="Scribe">scribe</a>. This Quran was later donated to enrich the library of the great mosque as part of a political strategy<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> endorsed by the Qadi of Kairouan, Abdallah Ben Hachem.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <i>Quran of the Fadhel</i>, one of the sentences of a <a href="/wiki/Colophon_(publishing)" title="Colophon (publishing)">colophon</a> confirms that the book was written by women <i>‘’she wrote it with her hands”</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Besides this, another trace of the Nurse’s Quran can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">mediaeval</a> inventory set in 1294 by a scribe called <i>Al Khalidini</i>. According to this inventory, the manuscript is just an element of a 125 religious manuscripts collection, 65 of which are Qurans.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This document gave a legal status to the manuscript as a protected item of the library. </p><blockquote><p><i>“ And a Khitmah of Qur’an in sixty juz’, of big format, with a Kufic Rayhani script, five lines, on parchment. Each juz’ of it has a gilded opening, surah headings and hizb markers and tenth’s markers. Some of them are gilded in their closing. Vocalizations are in red, green and azure. Some of them are covered in leather on wood, others in silk on leather on wood, and some in silk on wood. All of them have lost their ornamentation. This is how the description of this Khitmah appears in the Sigill cited20, and this is how it appears now, with its bindings destroyed.”</i></p></blockquote><p>According to the national institute of heritage, the book is divided into 60 hizbs with over 2900 folios of parchment in total. The page measure 44,5x30cm and contain five lines (6 cm high) each. These leaves are currently exposed in different museums of the world such as the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum</a> in New York, <a href="/wiki/The_David_Collection" title="The David Collection">The David Collection</a> in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bardo_National_Museum_(Tunis)" title="Bardo National Museum (Tunis)">Bardo Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>. Yet, the most important part is preserved at the Musée national d'art islamique de Raqqada. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kairouani_Calligraphy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Kairouani_Calligraphy.jpg/220px-Kairouani_Calligraphy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Kairouani_Calligraphy.jpg/330px-Kairouani_Calligraphy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Kairouani_Calligraphy.jpg/440px-Kairouani_Calligraphy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Kairouani calligrapher holding a training session</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution">Evolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kairouani_calligraphy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kairouani style remained very discrete and very few examples where it was is used during the same period as Quran of the Nurse were found. Among these examples, we can mention a small travel pocket Quran written on parchment dating from the 10th century.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 11th century, the presence of Kairouani calligraphy started to decline with the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Andalusians" title="Andalusians">andalu</a> calligraphy. According to <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a>, this style remained used only in the Djerid in the south ouest of Tunisia as this region is very far geographically from the influence of <a href="/wiki/Andalusians" title="Andalusians">andalu</a> culture.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, The Tunisian Association for the Art of Calligraphy conducted a research on the script and introduced it in its curriculum. In partnership with some other private institutions and associations, the calligraphers gave courses for the local community of the medina and all people interested to learn the basics of Kairouani script.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fifth edition of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tunisian_Calligraphy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tunisian Calligraphy (page does not exist)">Tunisian Calligraphy</a> 2017 was dedicated to the Kairouani style, and as a way to emphasize on its importance, many Tunisian calligraphy masters presented paintings featuring the Kairouani script such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alhassoumi_Zitoun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alhassoumi Zitoun (page does not exist)">Alhassoumi Zitoun</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Najet_Ennouri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Najet Ennouri (page does not exist)">Najet Ennouri</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zouhour_Arfaoui&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zouhour Arfaoui (page does not exist)">Zouhour Arfaoui</a>. </p><p>In 2018, the script got digitalized and a digital typo that can be used on any <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Word" title="Microsoft Word">Microsoft Word</a>-based processing software became available for download.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kairouani_calligraphy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In general, the letters in Kairouani style are bold and angular. They are not dotted, and well seated on a horizontal line. Vertical letters like <a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">aleph</a> (ا) and <a href="/wiki/Lam_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lam (letter)">lam</a> (ل) are perfectly perpendicular, with the first aleph always distinguished with an extra lower tail finishing horizantally to the right to Kufic styles in general. On the other hand, low letters such as <a href="/wiki/Beh_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beh (letter)">beh</a> (ب) or <a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">shin</a> (س), are characterized by their parallel and closely grouped short dents. Finally, for some other letters that have bulbs like the <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8E%C4%81l" title="Ḏāl">dal</a> (ض) or the <a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">kef</a> (ك) a m<i>ashq</i> (a second upper horizontal line or a rectangle) is added and stretched horizontally proportionally to the left space and the length of the word to make it first in the line. Final characteristic is that words do not split and verse markers are absent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kairouani_calligraphy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kufic_calligraphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kufic calligraphy">Kufic Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kairouani_calligraphy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bluefish.me/kairaouani-calligraphy">"Blue Fish | Kairaouani Calligraphy"</a>. <i>bluefish.me</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bluefish.me&rft.atitle=Blue+Fish+%7C+Kairaouani+Calligraphy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbluefish.me%2Fkairaouani-calligraphy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKairouani+calligraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSebag1965" class="citation book cs1">Sebag, Paul (1965). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatmosqueofkai0000seba"><i>The Great Mosque of Kairouan</i></a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Mosque+of+Kairouan&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Sebag&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatmosqueofkai0000seba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKairouani+calligraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChabbouh1956" class="citation book cs1">Chabbouh, Ibrahim (1956). <i>An old Sigill of the library of the mosque of Qairawan, "Majallat Ma'had al makhtoutat, 2"</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+old+Sigill+of+the+library+of+the+mosque+of+Qairawan%2C+%22Majallat+Ma%27had+al+makhtoutat%2C+2%22&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Chabbouh&rft.aufirst=Ibrahim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKairouani+calligraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayram1897" class="citation book cs1">Bayram, Mohamed Al Hedi (1897). <i>Al Muqtataf</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al+Muqtataf&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Bayram&rft.aufirst=Mohamed+Al+Hedi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKairouani+calligraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis_Poinssot1948" class="citation book cs1">Louis Poinssot, Georges Marçais (1948). <i>Objets Kairouanais IXeme au XIIIeme siecle</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Objets+Kairouanais+IXeme+au+XIIIeme+siecle&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Louis+Poinssot&rft.aufirst=Georges+Mar%C3%A7ais&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKairouani+calligraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDéroche2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_D%C3%A9roche" title="François Déroche">Déroche, François</a> (2010). "A note on the Medieval inventory of the manuscripts kept in the Great Mosque of Kairouan". In Kerr, Robert M.; Milo, Thomas (eds.). <i>Writings and writing from another world and another era</i>. Cambridge: Archetype.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+note+on+the+Medieval+inventory+of+the+manuscripts+kept+in+the+Great+Mosque+of+Kairouan&rft.btitle=Writings+and+writing+from+another+world+and+another+era&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Archetype&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=D%C3%A9roche&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKairouani+calligraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoguet2003" class="citation book cs1">Voguet, Elise (2003). <i>la bibliothèque de la Grande Mosquée de Kairouan: Une contribution à l'histoire du mâlikisme kairouannais</i>. Arabica. p. 693.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=la+biblioth%C3%A8que+de+la+Grande+Mosqu%C3%A9e+de+Kairouan%3A+Une+contribution+%C3%A0+l%27histoire+du+m%C3%A2likisme+kairouannais&rft.pages=693&rft.pub=Arabica&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Voguet&rft.aufirst=Elise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKairouani+calligraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._Kwiatowski2006" class="citation journal cs1">W. Kwiatowski, M. Franzer and (2006). "Ink and Gold". <i>Islamic Calligraphy, Sam Fogg</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Calligraphy%2C+Sam+Fogg&rft.atitle=Ink+and+Gold&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=W.+Kwiatowski&rft.aufirst=M.+Franzer+and&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKairouani+calligraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_calligraphy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic calligraphy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_calligraphy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hijazi_script" title="Hijazi script">Hijazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeli_Thuluth" title="Jeli Thuluth">Jeli Thuluth</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kairouani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufic" title="Kufic">Kufic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_script" title="Maghrebi script">Maghrebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhaqqaq" title="Muhaqqaq">Muhaqqaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashq" title="Mashq">Mashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Naskh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuluth" title="Thuluth">Thuluth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_calligraphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman calligraphy">Ottoman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwani" title="Diwani">Diwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawqi" title="Tawqi">Tawqi (Tevki)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruq%27ah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruq'ah script">Ruq'ah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Persian_calligraphy" title="Persian calligraphy">Persian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasta%27liq" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasta'liq">Nasta'liq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Taʿlīq script">Taʿlīq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sini_(script)" title="Sini (script)">Sini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basmalah-1wm.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Basmalah"><img alt="Basmalah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Basmalah-1wm.svg/80px-Basmalah-1wm.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Basmalah-1wm.svg/120px-Basmalah-1wm.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Basmalah-1wm.svg/160px-Basmalah-1wm.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="672" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calligraffiti" title="Calligraffiti">Arabic calligraffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_miniature" title="Arabic miniature">Arabic miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmala" title="Basmala">Basmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firman" title="Firman">Firman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilya" title="Hilya">Hilya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Islamic illuminated manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_miniature" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal miniature">Mughal miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muraqqa" title="Muraqqa">Muraqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_illumination" title="Ottoman illumination">Ottoman illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Ottoman miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">Tughra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoomorphism#Zoomorphic_representation_in_Islamic_art" title="Zoomorphism">Islamic zoomorphism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Calligraphers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_calligraphers" title="List of Ottoman calligraphers">List of Ottoman calligraphers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Persian_calligraphers" title="List of Persian calligraphers">List of Persian calligraphers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Tools</li><li>Techniques</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kasheeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasheeda">Kasheeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalam" title="Qalam">Qalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_heaping" title="Word heaping">Word heaping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Furqan_Islamic_Heritage_Foundation" title="Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation">Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Turkish_Calligraphy_Art" title="Museum of Turkish Calligraphy Art">Museum of Turkish Calligraphy Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Iranian_Calligraphists" title="Society of Iranian Calligraphists">Society of Iranian Calligraphists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Kufic" title="Pseudo-Kufic">Pseudo-Kufic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Part of <a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_art" title="Template:Islamic art">Islamic arts</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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