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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantit%C3%A4t_(Verslehre)" title="Quantität (Verslehre) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Quantität (Verslehre)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silabmezuraj_versoj" title="Silabmezuraj versoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Silabmezuraj versoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantit%C3%A9_syllabique" title="Quantité syllabique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Quantité syllabique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettergreeplengte" title="Lettergreeplengte – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lettergreeplengte" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Casomern%C3%BD_ver%C5%A1ov%C3%BD_syst%C3%A9m" title="Časomerný veršový systém – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Časomerný veršový systém" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavelsekvantitet" title="Stavelsekvantitet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stavelsekvantitet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" 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title="Segment (linguistics)">segments</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Syllable_rime" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable rime">rime</a>. In classical Indo-European verse, as developed in <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(Greek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosody (Greek)">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(Latin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosody (Latin)">Latin</a>, distinctions of syllable weight were fundamental to the <a href="/wiki/Metre_(poetry)" title="Metre (poetry)">meter</a> of the line. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linguistics">Linguistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllable_weight&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Linguistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mora_(linguistics)" title="Mora (linguistics)">Mora (linguistics)</a></div> <p>A <b>heavy syllable</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a> with a branching <a href="/wiki/Syllable_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable nucleus">nucleus</a> or a branching <a href="/wiki/Syllable_rime" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable rime">rime</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although not all such syllables are heavy in every language. A branching nucleus generally means the syllable has a <a href="/wiki/Long_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowel">long vowel</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a>; this type of syllable is abbreviated as CVV. A syllable with a branching rime is a <i>closed syllable</i>, that is, one with a <a href="/wiki/Syllable_coda" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable coda">coda</a> (one or more consonants at the end of the syllable); this type of syllable is abbreviated CVC. In some languages, both CVV and CVC syllables are heavy, while a syllable with a short <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> as the nucleus and no coda (a CV syllable) is a <b>light syllable</b>. In other languages, only CVV syllables are heavy, while CVC and CV syllables are light. In yet other languages, CVV syllables are heavy and CV syllables are light, while some CVC syllables are heavy (for instance if the coda is a sonorant) and other CVC syllables are light (for instance if the coda is an obstruent). Some languages distinguish a third type, CVVC syllables (with both a branching nucleus and a coda) and/or CVCC syllables (with a coda consisting of two or more consonants) as <b>superheavy syllables</b>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Mora_(linguistics)" title="Mora (linguistics)">moraic theory</a>, heavy syllables are analyzed as containing two morae, light syllables one, and superheavy syllables three. </p><p>The distinction between heavy and light syllables plays an important role in the <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> of some languages, especially with regard to the assignment of <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress</a>. For instance, in the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_phonology#Sezer_stress" title="Turkish phonology">Sezer stress pattern</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> observed in place names, the main stress occurs as an <a href="/wiki/Iamb_(foot)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iamb (foot)">iamb</a> (i.e. penultimate stress) one syllable to the left of the final syllable: (L'<b>L</b>)σ. However, when the <a href="/wiki/Foot_(prosody)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot (prosody)">foot</a> contains a heavy syllable in the first syllable while the second syllable is light, the iamb shifts to a <a href="/wiki/Trochee" title="Trochee">trochee</a> (i.e. antepenultimate stress) because there is a requirement that main stress fall on a heavy syllable whenever possible: ('<b>H</b>L)σ, and not *(H'<b>L</b>)σ. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classical_poetry">Classical poetry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllable_weight&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classical poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_definition">Basic definition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllable_weight&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Basic definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Ancient Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Hexameter_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexameter poetry">hexameter poetry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin literature</a>, lines followed certain <a href="/wiki/Meter_(poetry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter (poetry)">metrical</a> patterns, such as based on arrangements of heavy and light syllables. A heavy syllable was referred to as a <b><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">longum</i></span></b> and a light as a <b><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">brevis</i></span></b> (and in the modern day, reflecting the ancient terms, a <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">longum</i></span> is often called a "long syllable" and a <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">brevis</i></span> a "short syllable", potentially creating confusion between syllable length and <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">vowel length</a>). </p><p>Similarly, in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Classical Sanskrit meter</a>, metrical patterns consisted of arrangements of syllable weight groups, called gaṇas (parallel to <a href="/wiki/Foot_(prosody)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot (prosody)">Greek metrical feet</a>). A heavy syllable was named <i><b>guru</b></i>, and a light syllable was <i><b>laghu</b></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A syllable was considered heavy if it contained a <a href="/wiki/Long_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowel">long vowel</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a> (and was therefore "long by nature"—it would be long no matter what) or if it contained a short vowel that was followed by more than one consonant ("long by position", long by virtue of its relationship to the consonants following). On the other hand, a syllable was light if it was an <a href="/wiki/Syllable#Open_and_closed" title="Syllable">open syllable</a> and contained only a short vowel.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Aeneid_(Williams)/Book_I" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Aeneid (Williams)/Book I">Aeneid (Book 1)</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <p>An example in Latin: </p> <dl><dd><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Arma virumque cano, Troiae qui primus ab oris</i></span></dd> <dd><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Italiam fato profugus Laviniaque venit</i></span></dd> <dd>(<i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i> 1.1-2)</dd></dl> <p>The first syllable of the first word (<i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">arma</i></span></i>) is heavy ("long by position") because it contains a short vowel (the A) followed by more than one consonant (R and then M)—and if not for the consonants coming after it, it would be light. The second syllable is light because it contains a short vowel (an A) followed immediately by only one consonant (the V). The next syllable is light for the same reason. The next syllable, the second syllable of the word <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">virumque</i></span></i>, is heavy ("long by position") because it contains a short vowel followed by more than one consonant (the M and then the Q). </p><p>But, for example, the first syllable of the word <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Troiae</i></span></i> is heavy ("long by nature") because it contains a diphthong, regardless of the sounds coming after it. Likewise, the fifth syllable of the second line (the first of the word <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">fato</i></span></i>) is heavy ("long by nature") because it contains a long vowel, and it will be heavy no matter what sounds come after. (The word "Italiam" is a special case, in that poets <i>treat</i> it as having a long-by-nature first syllable which it actually has not, in order to make it fit somehow.) </p><p>Terming a syllable "long by position" is equivalent to noting that the syllable ends with a consonant (a closed syllable), because Latin and Greek speakers in the classical era pronounced a consonant as part of a preceding syllable only when it was followed by other consonants, due to the rules of Greek and Latin <a href="/wiki/Syllabification" title="Syllabification">syllabification</a>. In a consonant cluster, one consonant ends the preceding syllable and the rest start the following syllable. For example, Latin syllabifies <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">volat</i></span></i> as <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">vo-lat</i></span></i> but <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">dignus</i></span></i> as <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">dig-nus</i></span></i> and <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">monstrum</i></span></i> as <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">mon-strum</i></span></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exceptions_and_additions">Exceptions and additions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllable_weight&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Exceptions and additions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A few exceptions to and elaborations of the above rules of heavy and light syllables: </p> <ul><li>The Greek letters <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ζ, ξ, ψ</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Zeta_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeta (letter)">zeta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xi_(letter)" title="Xi (letter)">xi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psi_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Psi (letter)">psi</a>) and their Roman equivalents <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Z</i></span> and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">X</i></span> (and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">PS</i></span>) were pronounced as two consonants, so they lengthen by position despite being represented by a single character.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the first syllable of <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">gaza</i></span></i> is heavy, despite the short vowel followed only by one written consonant, because the Z was pronounced as two consonants and lengthens the syllable by position.</li> <li>Sanskrit meter also treats the letters अं and अः (the <a href="/wiki/Anusvara" title="Anusvara">anusvara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Visarga" title="Visarga">visarga</a>) as full consonants for purposes of syllable weight, despite being classified typically as vowels.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The combination <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stop</a>–<a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">liquid</a> (usually) or stop–<a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">nasal</a> (sometimes) cohered in both Latin and Greek; that is, the two consonants were pronounced together with the speed of one consonant. As a result, they did not lengthen by position if the poet did not want them to (although they could if the poet chose). For example, the first syllable of <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">patris</i></span></i> is generally light, even though it has a short vowel followed by two consonants, because the consonants cohere (and the word is syllabified <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">pa-tris</i></span></i>). However, the combination <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirate</a>-nasal or <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced consonant</a>-nasal did not cohere and always lengthened by position.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> and his imitators, the <a href="/wiki/Digamma" title="Digamma">digamma</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ϝ</span></span>), a sound defunct in the standard <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Ionic alphabet</a> and lost from pronunciation by the classical period, was still felt enough to lengthen by position, even though it is normally not written in the Homeric poems. For example, in the line <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἦ τοι μὲν τόδε καλὸν ἀκουέμεν ἐστὶν ἀοιδοῦ</span></span> (<i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i>, 9.3), the first syllable of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">καλὸν</span></span> is long, even though it has a short vowel followed by only one consonant, because the word was originally <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">καλϝὸν</span></span>, and the digamma was still felt enough to lengthen the syllable by position. Since the digamma was being lost during the time when the Homeric poems were composed, recited, and written down, its effects are sometimes not felt, so that words that would have contained a digamma sometimes do not show its effects.</li></ul> <p>As noted above, the number and order of heavy and light syllables in a line of poetry (together with <a href="/wiki/Caesura" title="Caesura">word breaks</a>) articulated the <a href="/wiki/Meter_(poetry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter (poetry)">meter</a> of the line, such as the most famous classical meter, the epic <a href="/wiki/Dactylic_hexameter" title="Dactylic hexameter">dactylic hexameter</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllable_weight&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meter_(poetry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter (poetry)">Meter (poetry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">Stress (linguistics)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syllable_weight&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHyman2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Larry_Hyman" title="Larry Hyman">Hyman, Larry M.</a> (2003). <i>A Theory of Phonological Weight</i>. Stanford: CSLI Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57586-328-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-57586-328-6"><bdi>1-57586-328-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Theory+of+Phonological+Weight&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=CSLI+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-57586-328-6&rft.aulast=Hyman&rft.aufirst=Larry+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyllable+weight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaidya" class="citation book cs1">Vaidya, Lakshman. <i>Sanskrit-English Dictionary</i>. Sagoon Press. pp. 843–856.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sanskrit-English+Dictionary&rft.pages=843-856&rft.pub=Sagoon+Press&rft.aulast=Vaidya&rft.aufirst=Lakshman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyllable+weight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1978" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, John D. (April 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0035869x00134665">"Sanskrit: An introduction to the classical language. By Michael Coulson. (Teach Yourself Books.) pp. xxx, 493. London, Hodder and Stoughton, 1976. £2.95"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland</i>. <b>110</b> (2): 177–178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0035869x00134665">10.1017/s0035869x00134665</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-869X">0035-869X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162628684">162628684</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+%26+Ireland&rft.atitle=Sanskrit%3A+An+introduction+to+the+classical+language.+By+Michael+Coulson.+%28Teach+Yourself+Books.%29+pp.+xxx%2C+493.+London%2C+Hodder+and+Stoughton%2C+1976.+%C2%A32.95.&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=177-178&rft.date=1978-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162628684%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0035-869X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0035869x00134665&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1017%2Fs0035869x00134665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyllable+weight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmyth1920" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Weir_Smyth" title="Herbert Weir Smyth">Smyth, Herbert Weir</a> (1920). <i>Greek Grammar</i>. Revised by Gordon M. Messing. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-36250-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-36250-0"><bdi>0-674-36250-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Grammar&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1920&rft.isbn=0-674-36250-0&rft.aulast=Smyth&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Weir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyllable+weight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenoughKittredgeHowardD'Ooge1903" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Bradstreet_Greenough" class="mw-redirect" title="James Bradstreet Greenough">Greenough, J. B.</a>; <a href="/wiki/George_Lyman_Kittredge" title="George Lyman Kittredge">Kittredge, G. L.</a>; Howard, A. A.; et al., eds. (1903). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/allengreenoughsn00alle/page/6"><i>New Latin Grammar</i></a></span>. Ginn and Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/allengreenoughsn00alle/page/6">6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89241-001-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-89241-001-9"><bdi>0-89241-001-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Latin+Grammar&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Ginn+and+Company&rft.date=1903&rft.isbn=0-89241-001-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fallengreenoughsn00alle%2Fpage%2F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyllable+weight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0035869x00022280">"IV. Notices of Books - Sanskrit-English Dictionary. By Arthur A. Macdonell, Deputy-Professor of Sanskrit in the University of Oxford. (London: Longmans, sq. 4to. pp. 384.)"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland</i>. <b>25</b> (1): 178. January 1893. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0035869x00022280">10.1017/s0035869x00022280</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-869X">0035-869X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250352541">250352541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+%26+Ireland&rft.atitle=IV.+Notices+of+Books+-+Sanskrit-English+Dictionary.+By+Arthur+A.+Macdonell%2C+Deputy-Professor+of+Sanskrit+in+the+University+of+Oxford.+%28London%3A+Longmans%2C+sq.+4to.+pp.+384.%29&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=178&rft.date=1893-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250352541%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0035-869X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0035869x00022280&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1017%2Fs0035869x00022280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyllable+weight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>Charles E. Bennett. <i>New Latin Grammar</i>. Bolchazy-Carducci: Wauconda, IL, 2004.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vergil" class="mw-redirect" title="Vergil">Vergil</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Aeneid" class="mw-redirect" title="The Aeneid">The Aeneid</a></i>. Edited by R. Deryck Williams. Bristol Classical Press: London, 2004.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syllable_weight&oldid=1179171469">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syllable_weight&oldid=1179171469</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Phonology" title="Category:Phonology">Phonology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poetic_rhythm" title="Category:Poetic rhythm">Poetic rhythm</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 October 2023, at 10:51<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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