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<span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Padam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Padam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chatu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chatu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Chatu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chatu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satakamu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satakamu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Satakamu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satakamu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Poetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_writers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_writers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Early writers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_writers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Pre-Nannayya_period_(before_1020_AD)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Pre-Nannayya_period_(before_1020_AD)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>The Pre-Nannayya period (before 1020 AD)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Pre-Nannayya_period_(before_1020_AD)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malliya_Rechana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malliya_Rechana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Malliya Rechana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malliya_Rechana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Age_of_the_Purāṇas_(1020–1400_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Age_of_the_Purāṇas_(1020–1400_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>The Age of the Purāṇas (1020–1400 CE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Age_of_the_Purāṇas_(1020–1400_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nannaya_Bhattarakudu,_the_Adi_Kavi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nannaya_Bhattarakudu,_the_Adi_Kavi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Nannaya Bhattarakudu, the Adi Kavi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nannaya_Bhattarakudu,_the_Adi_Kavi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tikkana_Somayaji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tikkana_Somayaji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Tikkana Somayaji</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tikkana_Somayaji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Errapragada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Errapragada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Errapragada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Errapragada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baddena_Bhupala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baddena_Bhupala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.4</span> <span>Baddena Bhupala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baddena_Bhupala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Prabandha_Period_(1400–1600_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Prabandha_Period_(1400–1600_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>The Prabandha Period (1400–1600 CE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Prabandha_Period_(1400–1600_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Srinatha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Srinatha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Srinatha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Srinatha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vemana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vemana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Vemana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vemana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bammera_Potanaamatya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bammera_Potanaamatya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>Bammera Potanaamatya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bammera_Potanaamatya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annamacharya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annamacharya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.4</span> <span>Annamacharya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annamacharya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tallapaka_Tirumalamma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tallapaka_Tirumalamma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.5</span> <span>Tallapaka Tirumalamma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tallapaka_Tirumalamma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allasani_Peddana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allasani_Peddana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.6</span> <span>Allasani Peddana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allasani_Peddana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dhurjati" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dhurjati"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.7</span> <span>Dhurjati</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dhurjati-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Krishnadevaraya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Krishnadevaraya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.8</span> <span>Krishnadevaraya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Krishnadevaraya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenali_Ramakrishna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenali_Ramakrishna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.9</span> <span>Tenali Ramakrishna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenali_Ramakrishna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_post-Prabandha_Period_(1600–1850)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_post-Prabandha_Period_(1600–1850)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>The post-Prabandha Period (1600–1850)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_post-Prabandha_Period_(1600–1850)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kasula_Purushottama_Kavi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kasula_Purushottama_Kavi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Kasula Purushottama Kavi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kasula_Purushottama_Kavi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mulugu_Papayaradhya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mulugu_Papayaradhya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Mulugu Papayaradhya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mulugu_Papayaradhya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kshetrayya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kshetrayya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.3</span> <span>Kshetrayya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kshetrayya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kaluve_Veera_Raju" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kaluve_Veera_Raju"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.4</span> <span>Kaluve Veera Raju</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kaluve_Veera_Raju-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kancherla_Gopanna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kancherla_Gopanna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.5</span> <span>Kancherla Gopanna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kancherla_Gopanna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venkamamba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venkamamba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.6</span> <span>Venkamamba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venkamamba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tyagaraja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tyagaraja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.7</span> <span>Tyagaraja</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tyagaraja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paravastu_Chinnayasuri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paravastu_Chinnayasuri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.8</span> <span>Paravastu Chinnayasuri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paravastu_Chinnayasuri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Modern period</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_period-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern period subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contemporary_poets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_poets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Contemporary poets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_poets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kandukuri_Veeresalingam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kandukuri_Veeresalingam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Kandukuri Veeresalingam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kandukuri_Veeresalingam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acharya_Rayaprolu_Subba_Rao" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acharya_Rayaprolu_Subba_Rao"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Acharya Rayaprolu Subba Rao</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acharya_Rayaprolu_Subba_Rao-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mangalampalli_Balamurali_Krishna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mangalampalli_Balamurali_Krishna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Mangalampalli Balamurali Krishna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mangalampalli_Balamurali_Krishna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aatreya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aatreya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.4</span> <span>Aatreya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aatreya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tripuraneni_Ramaswamy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tripuraneni_Ramaswamy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.5</span> <span>Tripuraneni Ramaswamy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tripuraneni_Ramaswamy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_platforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_platforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Modern platforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_platforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Political movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_authors_and_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_authors_and_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Popular authors and works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_authors_and_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">8 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%8A" title="أدب تيلوغوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أدب تيلوغوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82_%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Տելուգու գրականություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տելուգու գրականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="तेलुगू साहित्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तेलुगू साहित्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95" title="ספרות טלוגו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספרות טלוגו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ತೆಲುಗು ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತೆಲುಗು ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%81_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="തെലുഗു സാഹിത്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തെലുഗു സാഹിത്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தெலுங்கு இலக்கியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தெலுங்கு இலக்கியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="తెలుగు సాహిత్యం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తెలుగు సాహిత్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_poetry&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Telugu poetry">Telugu poetry</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Body of works written in the Telugu language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Telugu+literature%22">"Telugu literature"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Telugu+literature%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Telugu+literature%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Telugu+literature%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Telugu+literature%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Telugu+literature%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span 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language">Telugu</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:#BEBEBE;color: var(--color-base)">Cuisine</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">• <a href="/wiki/Telugu_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Telugu cuisine">Telugu cuisine</a> <br /> <p>• <a href="/wiki/Telangana_cuisine" title="Telangana cuisine">Telangana cuisine</a> <br /> </p> • <a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_cuisine" title="Hyderabadi cuisine">Hyderabadi cuisine</a> <br /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:#BEBEBE;color: var(--color-base)">Arts and Crafts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Telangana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Telangana (page does not exist)">Music of Telangana</a><br />• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shadow_Puppets_of_Telangana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shadow Puppets of Telangana (page does not exist)">Shadow Puppets of Telangana</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:#BEBEBE;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Telugu Literature</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:#BEBEBE;color: var(--color-base)">Tourism</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Telangana" title="Tourism in Telangana">Tourism in Telangana</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:#BEBEBE;color: var(--color-base)">Cinema</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_cinema" title="Telugu cinema">Telugu cinema</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Telangana" title="Template:Culture of Telangana"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Culture_of_Telangana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Culture of Telangana (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Telangana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Telangana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Telugu literature</b> is the body of works written in the <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu language</a>. It consists of poems, <a href="/wiki/Short_stories" class="mw-redirect" title="Short stories">short stories</a>, novels, plays, and song lyrics, among others. There is some indication that Telugu literature dates at least to the middle of the first millennium, the first extant works are from the 11th century when the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> was first translated to Telugu from Sanskrit by <a href="/wiki/Nannaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nannaya">Nannaya</a>. The language has experienced a golden age under the patronage of the <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a> Emperor-Poet <a href="/wiki/Krishnadevaraya" title="Krishnadevaraya">Krishnadevaraya</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are various sources available for information on early Telugu writers. Among these are the prologues to their poems, which followed the Sanskrit model by customarily giving a brief description of the writer, a history of the king to whom the book is dedicated, and a chronological list of the books he published. In addition, historical information is available from inscriptions that can be correlated with the poems; there are several grammars, treatises, and anthologies that provide illustrative stanzas; and there is also information available from the lives of the poets and the traditions that they followed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198819_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198819-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subject_matter">Subject matter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Subject matter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early Telugu literature is predominantly religious in subject matter. Poets and scholars drew most of their material from, and spent most of their time translating, epics, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavata">Bhagavata</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87as" class="mw-redirect" title="Purāṇas">Purāṇas</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198833_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198833-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the sixteenth century onwards, rarely known episodes from the <i>Purāṇas</i> would form the basis for the tradition of Telugu-language <i><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81vya" title="Kāvya">kavya</a></i>. Literary works, drawn from episodes of the <i>Purāṇas</i> under the name <i>Akhyana</i> or <i>Khanda</i>, became popular along with depictions of the fortune of a single hero under the title of Charitra, Vijaya, Vilasa and Abhyudaya. Such titles are examples of what would become the most common subject matter of poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198833_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198833-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the eighteenth-century, marriages of heroes under the title Parinaya, Kalyana and Vivāha became popular.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198833_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198833-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Religious literature consisted of biographies of the founders of religion<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2024)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup>, their teachings, <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa">sāra</i></span>, as well as commentaries, <span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te"><a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">bhashya</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198833_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198833-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditional Hindu knowledge systems such as <a href="/wiki/Vedic_astrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic astrology">Vedic astrology</a>, the <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa"><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></i></span> , grammar, moral <a href="/wiki/Aphorism" title="Aphorism">aphorisms</a>, and <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa"><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a></i></span> (devotional psalms) to deities within the Hindu pantheon are characteristics of more popular works of Telugu literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198833_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198833-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms">Forms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The various forms of literature found in Telugu are: </p> <ul><li>Prabandham: Stories in verse form with a tight metrical structure. These have three subtypes or sub-forms: <ul><li>Prakhyātam: Famous story.</li> <li>Utpadyam: Purely fictional story.</li> <li>Misramam: Mixed story.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champu" title="Champu">Champu</a>: Mixture of prose and poetry.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81vya" title="Kāvya">Kāvyam</a>: Poem which usually begins with a short prayer called a <a href="/wiki/Prayer#Hinduism" title="Prayer">Prarthana</a>, containing initial auspicious letter "Sri" which invokes the blessings of the God.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198835_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198835-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The occasion and circumstances under which the work is undertaken is next stated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198835_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198835-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subtypes of Kāvyam are: <ul><li>Padya kāvyam: Metrical poetry.</li> <li>Gadya kāvyam: Prose poetry.</li> <li>Khanda kāvyam: Short poems</li></ul></li> <li>Kavita: <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li>Śatakam (anthology): Shatakam is a literary piece of art. The name derives from Śata, which means a hundred in Sanskrit. Shatakam comprises a hundred poems. Hence, a Shatakam is a volume (book) of hundred poems. Shatakams are usually devotional, philosophical or convey morals.</li> <li>Daśaka (anthology): Dasakam or Dashakam comprises ten poems.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avadhanam" title="Avadhanam">Avadhānam</a>: These involve the partial <a href="/wiki/Improvisation" title="Improvisation">improvisation</a> of poems using specific themes, metres, forms, or words.<sup id="cite_ref-Avadhanam_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avadhanam-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a>: (<a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>: <i lang="te">Navala</i>) are written fictional <a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a> <a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">narratives</a>, normally longer than a short story.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burra_katha" title="Burra katha">Katha</a>: A style of religious storytelling.</li> <li>Nātakam: Drama.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naneelu" title="Naneelu">Naneelu</a>: Epigrams.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanolu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanolu (page does not exist)">Nanolu</a>: Nano poems</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Ashtadiggajas" title="Ashtadiggajas">Ashtadiggajas</a> have written in all three of the <i>Prabandham</i> genres during the <i>Prabandha yugam</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Adluri_1998_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adluri_1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Telugu literature uses an expression in verse called <a href="/wiki/Champu" title="Champu">Champu</a>, which mixes <a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a> and poetry. Although it is the dominant literary form, there are exceptions: for example, <a href="/wiki/Tikkana" title="Tikkana">Tikkana</a> composed <i><a href="/wiki/Uttara_Ramayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Uttara Ramayana">Uttara Ramayana</a></i> entirely in verse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198834_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198834-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New devices for the dissemination of knowledge among the people were developed in the form of the Dvipada and <a href="/wiki/Satakam" class="mw-redirect" title="Satakam">Sataka</a> styles. <span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">Dvipada</i></span>, sometimes written was <i>dwipada</i>, means 'two feet'—a <a href="/wiki/Couplet" title="Couplet">couplet</a>— and <span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">sataka</i></span> means 'hundred'—signifying a <a href="/wiki/Cento_(poetry)" title="Cento (poetry)">cento</a> of verses).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198897_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198897-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popular <span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">satakas</i></span> include: the <span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">Sarveshvara, Kalahastishvara</i></span>, and <span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">Dasarathi satakas</i></span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are some <span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">satakas</i></span> which are divided into ten groups of ten verses called <span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">dasaka</i></span> which is adopted from <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198898_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198898-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Avadhanam" title="Avadhanam">Avadhanam</a> is a literary performance popular from the very ancient days in Sanskrit and more so in Telugu and Kannada languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Avadhanam_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avadhanam-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It requires a good memory and tests a person's capability of performing multiple tasks simultaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-Avadhanam_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avadhanam-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All the tasks are memory-intensive and demand an in-depth knowledge of literature, and prosody. The number of Prucchakas can be eight (for <span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">Ashtavadhanam</i></span>) or 100 (<span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">Sataavadhaanam</i></span>) or even 1,000 (for <span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">Sahasravadhanam</i></span>). A person who has successfully performed <span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">Ashtavadhanam</i></span> is called <span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">Ashtavadhani</i></span>, one completing <span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">Shatavadhanam</i></span> is a <span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">Shatavadhani</i></span>, and after performing <span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">Sahasraavadhaanam</i></span> is called <span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">Sahasravadhani</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Avadhanam_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avadhanam-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dwipada">Dwipada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dwipada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">dwipada</i></span> is a couplet with a specific rhyme scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A stanza contains two short lines, each with less than fifteen characters. Longer poems, composed of many <i>dwipada</i>, can be composed with a "highly musical" effect.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the extant corpus in this form was written using the common language of the time. The form's musicality and accessibility made the form a natural fit for spreading religious messages. <a href="/wiki/Palkuriki_Somanatha" title="Palkuriki Somanatha">Palkuriki Somanatha</a> the first to write in this form in the 12th or 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His works <i>Basava Puranam</i> and <i>Panditaradhya Charitra</i> were "immensely singable" devotional works to <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> as <a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basaveshwara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Influenced by <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivaite</a> poets' use of <i>dwipada</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavite" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnavite">Vaishnavite</a> poet wrote the <i>Ranganadha Ramayana</i>, a version of the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> that became incredibly popular for its singability, vernacular diction, and stories not found in <a href="/wiki/Valmiki_Ramayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Valmiki Ramayana">Valmiki's version</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The form reached its apex with <i>Palnati Vira Charitra,</i> popularly ascribed to the 14th century poet <a href="/wiki/Srinatha" title="Srinatha">Srinatha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the Prabandha era, the three most important Sanskrit poems had been translated into Telugu in <i>dwipada:</i> the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> by Thimmaya, the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> by Ranganadha, and the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavatam" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavatam">Bhagavatam</a> by Tekumalla Ranga Sai.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The form declined after the <i>dwipada</i> works of the early 17th century king-poet <a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Nayak" title="Raghunatha Nayak">Raghunatha Nayak</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tanjore" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanjore">Tanjore</a>. <i>Dwipada's</i> accessibility has sometimes meant it was not a prestigious form of Telugu poetry. In the 19th century, scholar <a href="/wiki/Charles_Philip_Brown" title="Charles Philip Brown">Charles Philip Brown</a> noted "the learned despise couplets because the poems thus written are in a flowing easy style which uneducated persons read with enjoyment."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only a few writers today use it out of lingering respect its history.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Padam">Padam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Padam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Padams</i> are lyric poems usually meant to be sung, with an opening line or lines called a <i>pallavi</i>, followed by three <i>caranam</i> verses, each of which is followed by the <i>pallavi</i> refrain.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>padam</i> is thus "a highly integrated, internally resonant syntactic and thematic unit."<sup id="cite_ref-:02_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Annamacharya" title="Annamacharya">Annamacharya</a>, the most famous composer of Telugu <i>padams</i>, is said to have composed a <i>padam</i> a day for the god of the <a href="/wiki/Tirupati" title="Tirupati">Tirupati</a> temple, <a href="/wiki/Venkateswara" title="Venkateswara">Venkateswara</a>. His poems, of which 13,000 survive on copper plates stored in the temple vaults, deal with the "infinite varieties and nuances of the god’s love life" and "his sense of himself as an agonized, turbulent human being in relation to the god he worships".<sup id="cite_ref-:02_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chatu">Chatu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chatu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Chatus</i> (meaning "charming utterance") are remembered poems passed on by recitation.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In premodern South India, literate people recited <span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">chatus</i></span> to each other as a social pastime.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these poems have memorable stories that go along with them that explain and contextualize them. They have passed through a lively oral tradition for hundreds of years, and been anthologized since the 19th century by scholars like <a href="/wiki/Veturi_Prabhakara_Sastri" title="Veturi Prabhakara Sastri">Veturi Prabhakara Sastri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <i>chatus</i> are attributed to <a href="/wiki/Srinatha" title="Srinatha">Srinatha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenali_Rama" title="Tenali Rama">Tenali Rama</a>, and other famous poets. These attributions, most of which are unverifiable, serve to make both mythologize these poets and judge their relative merit. Once made legends, they're free to interact anachronistically in <i>chatus</i>. Poets from different eras meet, exchange poems, and critique each other.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In sum, <i>chatus,</i> "moving from gnomic advice to metalinguistic criticism, through the domains of desire, social commentary, the articulation of cultural values, and critical taste, these interlocking stanzas embody an entire education, an expressive vision of life and poetry."<sup id="cite_ref-:12_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satakamu">Satakamu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Satakamu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i>satakamu</i> literally means "an anthology of a hundred poems", but the number is usually somewhat higher, often an auspicious number like 108.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The anthology is meant to be taken together. A list of notable such anthologies: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li>Vemana Satakam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumathi_Satakam" title="Sumathi Satakam">Sumathi Satakam</a></li> <li>Sri Kalahastishwara Satakam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasarathi_Satakam" title="Dasarathi Satakam">Dasarathi Satakam</a></li> <li>Bhaskara Satakam</li> <li>Kumara Satakam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Satakam" title="Narasimha Satakam">Narasimha Satakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarveswara_Satakam" title="Sarveswara Satakam">Sarveswara Satakam</a></li> <li>Kumara Satakam</li> <li>Kumari Satakam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Nayaka_Satakam" class="mw-redirect" title="Andhra Nayaka Satakam">Andhra Nayaka Satakam</a></li> <li>Sri Kishna Satakam</li> <li>Bharthruhari Neethi Satakam</li> <li>Bharthruhari Vyragya Satakam</li> <li>Bharthruhari Srungara Satakam</li> <li>Daksharama Bhimeswara Satakam</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poetics">Poetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Poetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">Praudha Prabandha</i></span> or <span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">Maha <a href="/wiki/Kavya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kavya">Kavya</a></i></span> is considered<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (February 2022)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> the highest form of verse. The essentials of such a composition according to the Telugu poetic theory are: </p> <ul><li>Śaili (style): The words chosen are neither soft nor very musical but <span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">gambhira</i></span> ('dignified'); <span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">madhurya</i></span> ('sweetness'); <span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">sukumara</i></span> ('grace and delicacy'); <span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">saurabhya</i></span> ('fragrance'); and symphony. Vulgar language (<span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">gramya</i></span>) is avoided.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198834_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198834-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">Ṕāka</i></span> (mould): Refers to the embodiment of ideas in language, and the nature and texture of the language employed. There are three types of <span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">pākas</i></span>: <ul><li><span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">Drāksha</i></span> (wine or grape): <span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">Draksha</i></span> is a crystal clear style where everything is seen through a transparent medium. Mostly <a href="/wiki/Nannayya" title="Nannayya">Nannayya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jandhyala_Papayya_Sastry" title="Jandhyala Papayya Sastry">Karunasri</a> use this mould.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198834_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198834-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">Kadali</i></span> (plantain): <span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">Kadali</i></span> is a complex <span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">pāka</i></span> because the soft skin has to peeled to reach the core of the subject. Mostly Tikkana Somayaji uses this mould.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198834_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198834-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">Narikela</i></span> (coconut): <span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">Narikela</i></span> is the most difficult mould to employ because one has to break the <a href="/wiki/Peel_(fruit)" title="Peel (fruit)">rind</a> to understand the idea. <span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te"><a href="/wiki/Amuktamalyada" title="Amuktamalyada">Amuktamalyada</a></i></span> of <a href="/wiki/Krishnadevaraya" title="Krishnadevaraya">Krishnadevaraya</a> is cast in this <span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">pāka</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198835_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198835-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te"><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa</a></i></span> (aesthetic flavor): <span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">Rasa</i></span> is the heart and soul of Telugu poetry. A <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutram</a>, or aphorism, <span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">Vākyam Rasātmakam Kāvyam</i></span>, explains that the soul of a sentence is the <span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">rasa</i></span>. There are nine, known as the <span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">nava rasas</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198835_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198835-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A perfect <a href="/wiki/Kavya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kavya">kavyam</a> uses all nine of these, namely: <ul><li><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa"><a href="/wiki/Sringara" title="Sringara">Śṛṅgāra</a></i></span> (love)</li> <li><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa"><a href="/wiki/H%C4%81sya" title="Hāsya">Hāsya</a></i></span> (comic)</li> <li><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa">Karuṇā</i></span> (sympathy)</li> <li><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa">Raudram</i></span> (horror)</li> <li><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa"><a href="/wiki/Bhay%C4%81naka" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhayānaka">Bhayānaka</a></i></span> (fear)</li> <li><span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">Bībhatsa</i></span> (disgust)</li> <li><span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">Vīra</i></span> (heroic)</li> <li><span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">Adbhuta</i></span> (wonder)</li> <li><span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te"><a href="/wiki/Inner_peace" title="Inner peace">Santham</a></i></span> (peace)</li></ul></li> <li><span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">Alankāra</i></span> (ornamentation). There are:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa">śabdhalankāras</i></span> (ornaments of sound) and <span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">arthalankāras</i></span> (ornaments of thoughts)</li><li><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa"><a href="/wiki/Slesha" class="mw-redirect" title="Slesha">Slesha</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Double_entendre" title="Double entendre">double entendre</a>) and <span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">yamaka</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Alliteration" title="Alliteration">alliteration</a>) are <span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">śabdhalankāras</i></span></li><li><span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te"><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81na" class="mw-redirect" title="Upamāna">Upamāna</a></i></span> (simile) and <span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">utpreksha</i></span> (hyperbole) are <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa">arthalankāras</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198835_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198835-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa"><a href="/wiki/Alank%C4%81ra" title="Alankāra">Alankāras</a></i></span> are used in description of events, places and proceedings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul></div></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_literature" title="History of literature">History of literature</a><br /><span class="nobold">by region or country</span></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> General topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.8em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_basic_literature_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of basic literature topics">Basic topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_terms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of literary terms">Literary terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_theory" title="Literary theory">Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_literature" title="World literature">World literature</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic"> Types</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">Prose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(heroic_literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance (heroic literature)">Romance</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_authors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of authors">Authors</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Middle Eastern</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_literature" title="Ancient literature">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_literature" title="Sumerian literature">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian literature">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahlavi literature">Pahlavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">Israeli</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">European</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.8em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_literature" title="Armenian literature">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_literature" title="Greek literature">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Medieval_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Medieval literature">Early Medieval</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Rome" title="Matter of Rome">Matter of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_France" title="Matter of France">Matter of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Matter of Britain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_literature" title="Renaissance literature">Renaissance</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic"> Modern</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poststructuralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Poststructuralism">Poststructuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-colonialism">Post-colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertext_fiction" title="Hypertext fiction">Hypertexts</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> North and South American</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.8em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_literature" title="Jamaican literature">Jamaican</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid; font-weight:normal; font-style:italic"> <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_literature" title="Latin American literature">Latin American</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_literature" title="Argentine literature">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_literature" title="Brazilian literature">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_literature" title="Chilean literature">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_literature" title="Colombian literature">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_literature" title="Cuban literature">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_literature" title="Mexican literature">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_literature" title="Peruvian literature">Peruvian</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Oceanian_literature" title="Oceanian literature">Oceanian</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_literature" title="Australian literature">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_literature" title="New Zealand literature">New Zealand</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Asian_literature" title="Asian literature">Asian</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.8em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic"> East</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_literature" title="Chinese literature">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_literature" title="Japanese literature">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_literature" title="Korean literature">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_literature" title="Mongolian literature">Mongolian</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;border-top:1px #aaa solid;"> Southeast</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_literature" title="Burmese literature">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_literature" title="Philippine literature">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_literature" title="Thai literature">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_literature" title="Vietnamese literature">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;border-top:1px #aaa solid;"> South</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Meitei_literature" title="Ancient Meitei literature">Ancient Meitei</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_literature" title="Sanskrit literature">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_literature" title="Pakistani literature">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_literature" title="Assamese literature">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_literature" title="Gujarati literature">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_literature" title="Hindi literature">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_literature" title="Kannada literature">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmiri literature">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_literature" title="Malayalam literature">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_literature" title="Marathi literature">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_literature" title="Meitei literature">Modern Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_literature" title="Nepali literature">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_literature" title="Rajasthani literature">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_literature" title="Sindhi literature">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_literature" title="Urdu literature">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_writing_in_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian writing in English">Indian writing in English</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/African_literature" title="African literature">African</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.8em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic"> North</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_literature" title="Egyptian literature">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_literature" title="Ancient Egyptian literature">Ancient Egyptian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_literature" title="Moroccan literature">Moroccan</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal; font-style:italic;border-top:1px #aaa solid;"> Sub-Saharan</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_literature" title="Nigerian literature">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_literature" title="South African literature">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_literature" title="Swahili literature">Swahili</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0 0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction" title="History of science fiction">History of science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_literature" title="List of years in literature">List of years in literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Literature_by_country" title="Category:Literature by country">Literature by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_theatre" title="History of theatre">History of theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ideas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of ideas">History of ideas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_history" title="Intellectual history">Intellectual history</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#ddddff;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/16px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/24px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/32px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="274" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_literature_by_region_or_country" title="Template:History of literature by region or country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_literature_by_region_or_country" title="Template talk:History of literature by region or country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_literature_by_region_or_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of literature by region or country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_writers">Early writers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Early writers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Pre-Nannayya_period_(before_1020_AD)"><span id="The_Pre-Nannayya_period_.28before_1020_AD.29"></span>The Pre-Nannayya period (before 1020 AD)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Pre-Nannayya period (before 1020 AD)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the earliest period, Telugu literature existed in the form of inscriptions, from around 400 BC.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The 6th- or 7th-century <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> text <i><a href="/wiki/Janashrayi-Chhandovichiti" title="Janashrayi-Chhandovichiti">Janashrayi-Chhandovichiti</a></i> (or <i>Janāśraya-chandas</i>) deals with the <a href="/wiki/Metre_(poetry)" title="Metre (poetry)">metres</a> used in Telugu, including some metres that are not found in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Sanskrit prosody</a>. This indicates that Telugu poetry existed during or around the 6th century.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malliya_Rechana">Malliya Rechana</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Malliya Rechana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Malliya_Rechana" title="Malliya Rechana">Malliya Rechana</a> (940 CE) composed the first Telugu poetic prosody book <a href="/wiki/Kavijanasrayam" title="Kavijanasrayam">Kavijanasrayam</a> (pre-Nannayya chandassu) around 940 AD. This was a popular one and referred by many poets. There seems to be even an earlier prosody book by Rechana's guru Vaadindra Chudamani which is not available.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Veturi Prabhakara Sastry in 1900s mentioned the existence of <i>Pre-Nannayya Chandassu</i> in Raja Raja Narendra Pattabhisheka Sanchika.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accurate dating of this piece of literature happened after the 1980s discoveries in Karimnagar.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Age_of_the_Purāṇas_(1020–1400_CE)"><span id="The_Age_of_the_Pur.C4.81.E1.B9.87as_.281020.E2.80.931400_CE.29"></span>The Age of the Purāṇas (1020–1400 CE)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The Age of the Purāṇas (1020–1400 CE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is the period of <a href="/wiki/Kavi_Trayam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kavi Trayam">Kavi Trayam</a> or Trinity of Poets. <a href="/wiki/Nannayya" title="Nannayya">Nannayya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tikkana" title="Tikkana">Tikkana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yerrapragada" title="Yerrapragada">Yerrapragada</a> (or Errana) are known as the Kavi Trayam. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nannaya_Bhattarakudu,_the_Adi_Kavi"><span id="Nannaya_Bhattarakudu.2C_the_Adi_Kavi"></span>Nannaya Bhattarakudu, the Adi Kavi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Nannaya Bhattarakudu, the Adi Kavi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Andhra_mahabharatam" class="mw-redirect" title="Andhra mahabharatam">Andhra Mahabharatam</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Nannayya" title="Nannayya">Nannayya</a> Bhattarakudu (<a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>: <span lang="te">నన్నయ</span>; 1022–1063 CE), is generally regarded as the first Telugu literary composition (<span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">Adi Kavyam</i></span>) and Nannaya as the first poet (<i>Adi Kavi</i>) of Telugu language.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:03_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VV_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VV-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work, which is rendered in the <a href="/wiki/Champu" title="Champu">Champu</a> style, is chaste and polished and of a high literary merit. The advanced and well-developed language used by Nannaya suggests that prior Telugu literature other than royal grants and decrees must have existed before him. However, these presumed works are now <a href="/wiki/Lost_literary_work" title="Lost literary work">lost</a>. Nannaya completed the first two chapters and a part of the third chapter of the <i><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81rata" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahābhārata">Mahābhārata</a></i> epic, which is rendered in the <a href="/wiki/Champu" title="Champu">Champu</a> style.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tikkana_Somayaji">Tikkana Somayaji</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Tikkana Somayaji"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nannaya's <i>Andhra Mahabharatam</i> was almost completed by Tikkana Somayaji (<a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>: <span lang="te">తిక్కన సోమయాజి</span>; 1205–1288 CE) who wrote chapters 4 to 18.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Errapragada">Errapragada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Errapragada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Errapragada (<a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>: <span lang="te">ఎర్రాప్రగడ</span>) or <a href="/wiki/Yerrapragada" title="Yerrapragada">Yerrapragada</a>) who lived in the 14th century, finished the epic by completing the third chapter.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He mimics Nannaya's style in the beginning, slowly changes tempo and finishes the chapter in the writing style of Tikkana.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These three writers – Nannaya, Tikkana and Yerrapragada – are known as the <span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">Kavitraya</i></span> ("three great poets") of Telugu. Other translations such as the <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa"><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Puranam</a></i></span>, by the disciple of <a href="/wiki/Tikkana_Somayaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Tikkana Somayaji">Tikkana Somayaji</a>, Marana; the <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa">Dasakumara Charita</i></span>, by <a href="/wiki/Mulaghatika_Ketana" title="Mulaghatika Ketana">Ketana</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Yerrapragada" title="Yerrapragada">Yerrapragada</a>'s <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa">Harivamsam</i></span> followed. Many scientific works, like <span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">Ganitasarasangrahamu</i></span> by <a href="/wiki/Pavuluri_Mallana" title="Pavuluri Mallana">Pavuluri Mallana</a> and <span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">Prakirnaganitamu</i></span> by Eluganti Peddana, were written in the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaju1944_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaju1944-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2012)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baddena_Bhupala">Baddena Bhupala</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Baddena Bhupala"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Sumati Shatakam</i>, which is a <i>neeti</i> ("moral"), is one of the most famous Telugu <a href="/wiki/Shataka" title="Shataka">Shatakams</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Shatakam is composed of more than a 100 <i>padyalu</i> (poems). According to many literary critics<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (January 2012)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> <i>Sumati Shatakam</i> was composed by Baddena Bhupaludu (<a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>: <span lang="te">బద్దెన భూపాల</span>; 1220–1280 CE). He was also known as Bhadra Bhupala. He was a <a href="/wiki/Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola">Chola</a> prince and a vassal under the <a href="/wiki/Kakatiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kakatiya">Kakatiya</a> empress <a href="/wiki/Rani_Rudrama_Devi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rani Rudrama Devi">Rani Rudrama Devi</a>, and a pupil of Tikkana.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> If we assume that the <i>Sumati Shatakam</i> was indeed written by Baddena, it would rank as one of the earliest Shatakams in Telugu along with the <i>Vrushadhipa Shatakam</i> of <a href="/wiki/Palkuriki_Somanatha" title="Palkuriki Somanatha">Palkuriki Somanatha</a> and the <i>Sarveshwara Shatakam</i> of Yathavakkula Annamayya.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (January 2012)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> The <i>Sumatee Shatakam</i> is also one of the earliest Telugu works to be translated into a European language, as <a href="/wiki/C._P._Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="C. P. Brown">C. P. Brown</a> rendered it in English in the 1840s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Prabandha_Period_(1400–1600_CE)"><span id="The_Prabandha_Period_.281400.E2.80.931600_CE.29"></span>The Prabandha Period (1400–1600 CE)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: The Prabandha Period (1400–1600 CE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Srinatha">Srinatha</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Srinatha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Srinatha" title="Srinatha">Srinatha</a> (<a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>: <span lang="te">శ్రీనాథుడు</span>) (1365–1441) popularised the <i>Prabandha</i> style of composition.<sup id="cite_ref-aponline_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aponline-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a minister in the court of Pedakomati Vemareddy of Kondaveedu<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and wrote <i>Salivahana Saptasati</i>, <i>Sivaratri Mahatyam</i>, <i>Harivilasa</i>, <i>Bhimakanda</i>, <a href="/wiki/Kasikhandamu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasikhandamu"><i>Kasi Khandam</i></a>, <i>Srungara Naishadham</i>, <i>Palanati Veera Charitra</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kota_Vamsa" title="Kota Vamsa">Dhananjaya Vijayam</a></i>, <i>Srungara Dipika</i>. These works were concerned with history and mythology.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Srinatha's <i>Srungara Naishadhamu</i> is a well-known example of the form.<sup id="cite_ref-aponline_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aponline-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Srinatha was widely regarded as the <i>Kavi Sarvabhowma</i> ("the emperor among poets").<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vemana">Vemana</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Vemana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vemana" title="Vemana">Kumaragiri Vema Reddy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>: <span lang="te">వేమన</span>), popularly known as Yogi Vemana, was a 14th-century Telugu poet.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His poems were written in the popular vernacular of Telugu, and are known for their use of simple language and native idioms.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> His poems discuss the subjects of <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a>, wisdom and morality.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There is no consensus among scholars about the period in which Vemana lived. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Philip_Brown" title="Charles Philip Brown">C.P. Brown</a>, known for his research on Vemana, estimates the year of birth to be the year 1352 based on some of his verses.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> His poems are four lines in length. The fourth line is, in the majority of the cases, the chorus <i>Viswadhabhirama Vinura Vema</i> – he thus conveyed his message with three small lines written in a simple vernacular.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He traveled widely across south India, acquiring popularity as a poet and Yogi.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> So high was the regard for Vemana that a popular Telugu saying goes 'Vemana's word is the word of the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>'.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He is celebrated for his style of <i>Chaatu padyam</i>, a poem with a hidden meaning.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many lines of Vemana's poems are now colloquial phrases of the Telugu language.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They end with the signature line <i>Viswadhaabhi Raama, Vinura Vema</i>, literally <i>Beloved of Viswadha, listen Vema</i>. There are many interpretations of what the last line signifies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bammera_Potanaamatya">Bammera Potanaamatya</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bammera Potanaamatya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bammera_Potana" class="mw-redirect" title="Bammera Potana">Bammera Potanaamatya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>: <span lang="te">బమ్మెర పోతన</span>) (1450–1510) is best known for his translation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i> from Sanskrit to Telugu.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> His work, <i>Andhra Maha Bhagavatamu</i>. He was born into a Brahmin family and was considered to be a <i>Sahaja Kavi</i> ("natural poet") who needed no teacher. He wrote <i>Bhogini Dandakam</i> a poem praising king Singa Bhoopala's consort danseuse, Bhogini, while young. This is the earliest available Telugu <i>Dandaka</i> (a rhapsody which uses the same gana or foot throughout).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaju1944_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaju1944-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2012)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> His second work was <i>Virabhadra Vijayamu</i> which describes the adventures of <a href="/wiki/Virabhadra" title="Virabhadra">Virabhadra</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As a young man, he was a devotee of Shiva and also <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> and was more interested in salvation, from which came the inspiration to translate the <i>Bhagavata Purāṇas</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Annamacharya">Annamacharya</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Annamacharya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tallapaka <a href="/wiki/Annamacharya" title="Annamacharya">Annamacharya</a> (or Annamayya) (<a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>: <span lang="te">శ్రీ తాళ్ళపాక అన్నమాచార్య</span>) (9 May 1408 – 23 February 1503) is known as the <i>Pada-kavita Pitaamaha</i> of the Telugu language.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was born to a <a href="/wiki/Vaidiki_Velanadu" title="Vaidiki Velanadu">Vaidiki Brahmin</a> family and his works are considered to have dominated and influenced the structure of <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a> compositions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Annamacharya is said to have composed as many as 32,000 sankeertanas (songs) on Bhagwaan Govinda Venkateswara,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of which only about 12,000 are available today. His keertana compositions are based on the <a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a> school of thought.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Annamayya was educated in this system of <a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a> by Sri Satagopa Yateendra of the Ahobila matham.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tallapaka_Tirumalamma">Tallapaka Tirumalamma</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Tallapaka Tirumalamma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tallapaka_Tirumalamma" title="Tallapaka Tirumalamma">Tallapaka Tirumalamma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>: <span lang="te">తాళ్ళపాక తిరుమలమ్మ</span>) (Annamacharya's wife)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wrote <i>Subhadra Kalyanam</i>, and is considered the first female poet in Telugu literature.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (January 2012)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> Her main work, <i>Subhadra Kalyanam</i>, which consists of 1170 poems, is about the marriage of <a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subhadra" title="Subhadra">Subhadra</a>, who are characters that appear in the <i>Mahabharata</i>. She presented the Telugu nativity and culture in the story taken from Sanskrit epic.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Allasani_Peddana">Allasani Peddana</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Allasani Peddana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Allasani_Peddana" title="Allasani Peddana">Allasani Peddana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>: <span lang="te">అల్లసాని పెద్దన</span>) (15th and 16th centuries) was ranked as the foremost of the <i>Ashtadiggajalu</i> the title for the group of eight poets in the court of <a href="/wiki/Krishnadevaraya" title="Krishnadevaraya">Krishnadevaraya</a>, a ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Peddana was a native of Somandepalli near <a href="/wiki/Penukonda_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Penukonda (city)">Anantapur</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Allasani Peddana wrote the first major <i>Prabandha</i> and for this reason he is revered as <i>Andhra Kavita Pitamaha</i> ("the grand father of Telugu poetry").<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It is believed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (January 2012)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> that he was also a minister in the king's court and is hence sometimes referred as <i>Peddanaamaatya</i> (<i>Peddana</i> + <i>Amaatya</i> = Peddana, the minister).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He wrote <i>Swaarochisha Manu Sambhavam</i> (also known as <i>Manu Charitra</i>), which is a development of an episode in the <a href="/wiki/Markandeya" title="Markandeya">Markandeya</a> Purāṇas relating to the birth of Svarochishamanu, who is one of the fourteen <a href="/wiki/Manu_(Hinduism)" title="Manu (Hinduism)">Manus</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pravarakhya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pravarakhya (page does not exist)">Pravarakhya</a> is a pious Brahmin youth who goes to the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> for <a href="/wiki/Tapasya" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapasya">Tapasya</a>. In the Himalayas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Varudhini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Varudhini (page does not exist)">Varudhini</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Gandharva" title="Gandharva">Gandharva</a> girl, falls in love with him, but Pravarakyudu rejects her love. Knowing this a Gandharva youth who was earlier rejected by Varudhini assumes the form of Pravarakhya and succeeds to win her love. To them is born Svarochisha, the father of Svarochishamanu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaju1944_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaju1944-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2012)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The theme for his <i>Manu Charitra</i> is a short story from <a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a>. It is about second <i>Manu</i> of fourteen manus (fathers of mankind societies according to Hindu mythology), translated into Telugu from Sanskrit by Marana (1291–1323),<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> disciple of Tikkana. The original story was around 150 poems and Peddana extended into six chapters with 600 poems by adding fiction and descriptions. </p><p>His work was treated as one of the <i><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Kavyas" title="Pancha Kavyas">Pancha Kavyas</a></i>, the five best works in Telugu. Some of his other famous works such as <i>Harikathaasaaramu</i> are untraceable now.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dhurjati">Dhurjati</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Dhurjati"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dhurjati" title="Dhurjati">Dhurjati</a> or Dhoorjati (<a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>: <span lang="te">ధూర్జటి</span>) (15th and 16th centuries) was a poet in the court of Krishnadevaraya and was one of the 'Ashtadiggajalu'.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He was born to Singamma and Narayana in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Kalahasti" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Kalahasti">Sri Kalahasti</a> and was the grandson of Jakkayya.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> His works include <i>Sri Kalahasteeswara Mahatyam</i> (The grace or miracles of Shiva) and <i>Sri Kalahasteeshwara Shatakam</i> (100+ poems in the praise of Shiva). Dhurjati took themes from Purāṇas and added local stories and myths in his work.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Unlike contemporaries such as Peddana and Mallana, who chose the stories of kings, he chose devotion as his theme.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Krishnadevaraya praised Dhurjati, saying <i>"Stuti mati yaina Andhrakavi Dhurjati palkulakelagalgeno yetulita madhuri mahima...."</i> (How is Dhurjati's poetry so immeasurably beautiful).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was known as <i>Pedda Dhurjati</i> ("Elder Dhurjati") as there were four other people from the same family line who went by the name of Dhurjati during the same period and after him.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> His grandson Venkataraya Dhurjati, wrote <span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">Indumati Parinayam</i></span> ("Marriage of Indumati"), a story from <a href="/wiki/Kalidasa" title="Kalidasa">Kalidasa</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Raghuva%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Raghuvaṃśa"><i>Raghuvamsa</i></a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Krishnadevaraya">Krishnadevaraya</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Krishnadevaraya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Krishnadevaraya (<a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>: <span lang="te">శ్రీ కృష్ణదేవరాయ</span>) was an emperor of Vijayanagara Kingdom. Literary activities flourished during the rule of the Vijayanagara dynasty,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the period of Krishnadevaraya's rule in the sixteenth century is considered<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (January 2012)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> to be the golden age of Telugu literature.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Krishnadevaraya, a poet himself, introduced the <i>Prabandha</i> to Telugu literature.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <i>Amukta Malyada</i>. Krishna Deva Raya wrote the book <i><a href="/wiki/Amuktamalyada" title="Amuktamalyada">Amuktamalyada</a></i> in Telugu, describing the pangs of separation suffered by Andal (an incarnation of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Mahalakshmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahalakshmi">Mahalakshmi</a>. He describes Andal's physical beauty in thirty verses; using descriptions of the spring and the monsoon as metaphors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As elsewhere in Indian poetry, the sensual pleasure of union extends beyond the physical level and becomes a path to, and a metaphor for, spirituality and ultimate union with the divine.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> His court had the <i>Ashtadiggajas</i> ("eight elephants"), who were considered to be the greatest of poets of that time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some critics<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (January 2012)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> dismiss the following period, dominated by <i>prabandhas</i>, as a decadent age.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Of the dozens of works of the eighteenth- to mid-nineteenth century, Kankanti Paparaju's <i>Uttara Ramayana</i> in <i>campu</i> style, and the play <i>Vishnumayavilasa</i> stand out.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Other genres bloomed at the same time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (January 2012)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshaganas</a>, indigenous dramas of song and prose, were also produced.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tenali_Ramakrishna">Tenali Ramakrishna</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Tenali Ramakrishna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Garlapati_Tenali_Ramakrishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Garlapati Tenali Ramakrishna">Garlapati Tenali Ramakrishna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>: <span lang="te">గార్లపాటి తెనాలి రామకృష్ణ</span>), popularly known as Tenali Rama and Vikata Kavi, was another sixteenth-century court poet of the Vijayanagara empire and also one of the <i>Ashtadiggajas</i>. His family had originally hailed from <a href="/wiki/Tenali" title="Tenali">Tenali</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guntur_district" title="Guntur district">Guntur district</a>, he was born in a Telugu <a href="/wiki/Niyogi" class="mw-redirect" title="Niyogi">Niyogi</a> Brahmin family. His famous work <i>Panduranga Mahatyamu</i> is one among the <a href="/wiki/Pancha_Kavyas" title="Pancha Kavyas">Pancha Kavyas</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He dedicated that to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Viruri_Vedadri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viruri Vedadri (page does not exist)">Viruri Vedadri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-textbooksonline.tn.nic.in_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-textbooksonline.tn.nic.in-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This book is about the Pundarika Kshetram on the banks of river Bhaimi and its legend. He also composed <i>Udbhataradhya Charitram</i> on the story of Udbhata, a monk, as well as <i>Ghatikachala Mahatyam</i> about <a href="/wiki/Ghatikachala" title="Ghatikachala">Ghatikachalam</a>, a place of worship for God <a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a> near <a href="/wiki/Vellore" title="Vellore">Vellore</a>. He followed the Prabandha style. He took the theme for <i>Panduranga Mahatyam</i> from the <a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a> and enhanced it with many stories about the devotees of God <a href="/wiki/Vitthala" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitthala">Vitthala</a> (Panduranga). He is noted for brilliance and wit and for mocking other poets and great personalities. He created a celebrated character called <i>Nigama Sarma akka</i> (sister of Nigama Sarma) and a story about her without giving her a name. He also had written many <i>Chatuvu</i> (extempore poems). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_post-Prabandha_Period_(1600–1850)"><span id="The_post-Prabandha_Period_.281600.E2.80.931850.29"></span>The post-Prabandha Period (1600–1850)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: The post-Prabandha Period (1600–1850)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kasula_Purushottama_Kavi">Kasula Purushottama Kavi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Kasula Purushottama Kavi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kasula_Purushottama_Kavi" title="Kasula Purushottama Kavi">Kasula Purushottama Kavi</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> poet who lived during the late 18th century (<abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> CE 1798</span>). He hailed from the <a href="/wiki/Diviseema" title="Diviseema">Diviseema</a> area of <a href="/wiki/Krishna_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishna District">Krishna District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> and was a court poet of the then-<a href="/wiki/Yarlagadda_Sivarama_Prasad" title="Yarlagadda Sivarama Prasad">Raja of Challapalli</a>, Yarlagadda Ankineedu Prasad I (r. 1792–1819) of the <a href="/wiki/Challapalli" title="Challapalli">Challapalli <i>Samasthanam</i></a> and possibly of his father as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:032_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:032-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Purushottama Kavi is recognized for composing literary works in Telugu consisting of one hundred poetic stanzas, known as <a href="/wiki/Satakam" class="mw-redirect" title="Satakam">satakams</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarmaSastry1995307_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarmaSastry1995307-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kasula Purushottama Kavi is known for composing the <i><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Nayaka_Satakam" class="mw-redirect" title="Andhra Nayaka Satakam">Andhra Nayaka Satakam</a></i> on Srikakula Andhra Mahavishnu Kasula Purushottama Kavi also composed <i>Hamsaladeevi Gopala Shatakam</i>, <i>Manasa Bodha Shatakam</i>, <i>Bhakta Kalpadruma Shatakam</i>, and <i>Venugopala Shatakam</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mulugu_Papayaradhya">Mulugu Papayaradhya</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Mulugu Papayaradhya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mulugu_Papayaradhya" title="Mulugu Papayaradhya">Mulugu Papayaradhya</a>, also known as Mulugu Papayya or Sangameswara Sastry, (1778 – 1852) was a <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> scholar, preceptor, translator, and writer, known for his translation of the <a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavatam" class="mw-redirect" title="Devi Bhagavatam">Devi Bhagavatam</a> from Sanskrit into Telugu and for being the preceptor and court poet of the Raja of Amavarati, <a href="/wiki/Vasireddy_Venkatadri_Nayudu" title="Vasireddy Venkatadri Nayudu">Vasireddy Venkatadri Nayudu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarmaSastry1995205_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarmaSastry1995205-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mulugu Papayaradhya was born to Viranaradhya and Akkamba.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is known to have written more than a hundred works in Telugu and Sanskrit.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was titled as Abhinava Kalidasa.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a <a href="/wiki/Veerashaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Veerashaiva">Veera Shaivite</a> <i>acharya</i> (preceptor). </p><p>Mulugu Papayaradhya is regarded as the first poet to translate the <a href="/wiki/Devi-Bhagavata_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Devi-Bhagavata Purana">Devi-Bhagavata Purana</a> into Telugu.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the more than hundred works he wrote, <i>Kalyanacampu</i>, <i>Ekadasivratacampu</i>, <i>Aryasati</i>, <i>Sivastotra</i>, and <i>Vedantasarasangraha</i> are among the more prominent works.<sup id="cite_ref-:04_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:04-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Papayaradhya also wrote the <i>Ahalya Sankrandana Vilasamu</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarmaSastry1995306_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarmaSastry1995306-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kshetrayya">Kshetrayya</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Kshetrayya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kshetrayya" title="Kshetrayya">Kshetrayya</a> or Kshetragna (<a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>: <span lang="te">క్షేత్రయ్య</span>) (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600–1680 CE</span>) was a prolific poet and composer of Carnatic music. He lived in the area of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>. He composed a number of <i>padams</i> and <i>keertanas</i>, the prevalent formats of his time. He is credited with more than 4000 compositions, although only a handful have survived. He composed his songs on his favourite deity Krishna (Gopala) in Telugu. He perfected the <i>padam</i> format that is still being used today. His <i>padams</i> are sung in dance (<a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a>) and music recitals. A unique feature of his padams is the practice of singing the <i><a href="/wiki/Anupallavi_(music)" title="Anupallavi (music)">anupallavi</a></i> first then the <i><a href="/wiki/Pallavi" title="Pallavi">pallavi</a></i> (second verse followed by first verse). Most of the padams are of the theme of longing for the coming of the Krishna. He wrote with <a href="/wiki/Sringara" title="Sringara">Sringara</a> as a main theme in expressing <i>madhurabhakti</i> (devotion to the supreme). Sringara is a motif where the mundane sexual relationship between a Nayaki (woman) and a Nayaka (man) is used as a metaphor, denoting the yearning of <a href="/wiki/Jiva" title="Jiva">jeeva</a> (usually depicted as the Nayaki) to unite with the divine (usually depicted as the man). In most of his compositions, Kshetrayya has used the <i><a href="/wiki/Mudra_(music)" title="Mudra (music)">mudra</a></i> (signature) "Muvva Gopala" as a reference to himself, which is also a name for Krishna in Kshetrayya's village Muvva, now called as <a href="/wiki/Movva" title="Movva">Movva</a>. Kshetrayya's work has played a major role in influencing poetry, dance, music of the South Indian tradition. Kshetrayya was intimately connected with the <a href="/wiki/Devadasi" title="Devadasi">devadasi</a> women of the temples of south India, who were the subject of many of his compositions. The devadasis were traditionally in possession of the musical/poetic interpretations of his work for a long period of time till the devadasi system was abolished and the compositions became more accepted in the musical community as valuable works of art. The musical community also owes a lot to <a href="/wiki/Veena_Dhanammal" class="mw-redirect" title="Veena Dhanammal">Veena Dhanammal</a> and <a href="/wiki/T._Brinda" title="T. Brinda">T. Brinda</a>, who popularised Kshetrayya's songs with their beautiful musical interpretation. Kshetrayya's padyams now form an integral part of the dance and musical traditions of South India, where his songs are rendered purely as musical works or as accompaniments to dance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kaluve_Veera_Raju">Kaluve Veera Raju</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Kaluve Veera Raju"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A prose translation by Kaluve Veera Raju which appeared hundred years later (ca 1700) had good success. He was the army chief under Chikka Deva Raya (1672–1704) of the Mysore Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kancherla_Gopanna">Kancherla Gopanna</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Kancherla Gopanna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kancherla_Gopanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Kancherla Gopanna">Kancherla Gopanna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>: <span lang="te">కంచెర్ల గోపన్న</span>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1620</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1680 CE</span>), popularly known as Bhadradri Ramadasu or Bhadrachala Ramadasu (<a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>: <span lang="te">భద్రాచల రామదాసు</span>), was a 17th-century Indian devotee of Rama and a composer of Carnatic music.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is one among the famous vaggeyakaras (same person being the writer and composer of a song) in the Telugu language. His devotional lyrics to Rama are famous in South Indian classical music as <i>Ramadaasu Keertanalu</i>. Even the doyen of South Indian classical music Saint Thyagaraja learned and later improved the style now considered standard kriti form of music composition. He also has written Dasarathi Shatakamu a collection of nearly 100 poems dedicated to the son of Dasaratha, an avatar of <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Venkamamba">Venkamamba</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Venkamamba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tarikonda_Venkamamba" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarikonda Venkamamba">Tarikonda Venkamamba</a> (<a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>: <span lang="te">తరికొండ వెంకమాంబ</span>; alternate spelling: Vengamamba, born 1730) was a poet and staunch devotee of Venkateswara in the 18th century. She wrote numerous poems and songs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Tyagaraja"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a> or Tyagabrahmam (<a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>: <span lang="te">కాకర్ల త్యాగబ్రహ్మం</span>) (1767–1847) of <a href="/wiki/Tanjore" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanjore">Tanjore</a> composed devotional songs in Telugu, which form a big part of the repertoire of Carnatic music. In addition to nearly 600 compositions (kritis), Tyagaraja composed two musical plays in Telugu, the <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Tyagaraja#Prahlada_Bhakti_Vijayam" title="List of compositions by Tyagaraja">Prahalada Bhakti Vijayam</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Tyagaraja#Nouka_Charitram" title="List of compositions by Tyagaraja">Nauka Charitam</a></i>. <i>Prahlada Bhakti Vijayam</i> is in five acts with 45 <i><a href="/wiki/Kriti_(music)" title="Kriti (music)">kritis</a></i> set in 28 <a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">ragas</a> and 138 verses, in different metres in Telugu. <i>Nauka Charitam</i> is a shorter play in one act with 21 <i>kritis</i> set in 13 <i>ragas</i> and 43 verses. The latter is the most popular of Tyagaraja's operas, and is a creation of the composer's own imagination and has no basis in the <i>Bhagavata Purāṇa</i>. Often overlooked is the fact that Tyagaraja's works are some of the best and most beautiful literary expressions in <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu language</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Valmiki composed the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, the story of Rama, with 24,000 verses and also composed 24,000 kritis in praise of the lord.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paravastu_Chinnayasuri">Paravastu Chinnayasuri</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Paravastu Chinnayasuri"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Paravastu_Chinnayasuri" title="Paravastu Chinnayasuri">Paravastu Chinnayasuri</a> (<a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>: <span lang="te">పరవస్తు చిన్నయ సూరి</span>) (1807–1861) wrote <i>Baala Vyaakaranamu</i> in a new style after doing extensive research on <i>Andhra Grammar</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2010)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> which is his greatest gift <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Puffery" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="Unverified descriptions (May 2010)">peacock prose</span></a></i>]</sup> to Telugu people. Other notable works of Chinnayasuri include <i>Neeti Chandrika</i>, <i>Sootandhra Vyaakaranamu</i>, <i>Andhra Dhatumoola</i> and <i>Neeti Sangrahamu</i>. Chinnayasuri translated Mitra Labham and Mitra Bhedam from the Sanskrit <a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a> as <i>Neeti Chandrika</i>. <a href="/wiki/Kandukuri_Veeresalingam" title="Kandukuri Veeresalingam">Kandukuri Veeresalingam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kokkonda_Venkata_Ratnam_Pantulu" title="Kokkonda Venkata Ratnam Pantulu">Kokkonda Venkata Ratnam Pantulu</a> followed his style of prose writing and wrote <i>Vigrahamu</i> and <i>Sandhi</i> in a different pattern.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2010)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_period">Modern period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:auto"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;font-size:120%">Modern Asian literature</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_literature" title="Afghan literature">Afghan literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Arabic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_literature" title="Chinese literature">Chinese literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Indian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_literature" title="Japanese literature">Japanese literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_literature" title="Korean literature">Korean literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese literature">Nepalese literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_literature" title="Pakistani literature">Pakistani literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_literature" title="Sindhi literature">Sindhi literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_literature" title="Tibetan literature">Tibetan literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_literature" title="Urdu literature">Urdu literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_literature" title="Vietnamese literature">Vietnamese literature</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_Asian_literature" title="Template:Modern Asian literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modern_Asian_literature" title="Template talk:Modern Asian literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modern_Asian_literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modern Asian literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The period of modern Telugu literature began with <a href="/wiki/Gurajada_Apparao" title="Gurajada Apparao">Gurajada Apparao</a>, who changed the face of Telugu poetry with his <i>Muthayala Saralu</i>, and was perfected by later writers in the Romanticism era including Rayaprolu and <a href="/wiki/Devulapalli_Krishna_Sastri" class="mw-redirect" title="Devulapalli Krishna Sastri">Devulapalli Krishna Sastri</a>. Gurajada's attempt to reform Telugu poetry by shedding old rules and styles reached a zenith with <a href="/wiki/Sri_Sri_(writer)" title="Sri Sri (writer)">Sri Sri</a>. SriSri's famous work "Maha Prastanam" is an instant hit with every corners of society. Many writers followed his style and continue to enrich the literature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_poets">Contemporary poets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Contemporary poets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kandukuri_Veeresalingam">Kandukuri Veeresalingam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Kandukuri Veeresalingam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kandukuri_Veeresalingam" title="Kandukuri Veeresalingam">Kandukuri Veeresalingam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>: <span lang="te">కందుకూరి వీరేశలింగం</span>; also known as Kandukuri Veeresalingam Pantulu: <span title="Telugu-language text"><span lang="te">కందుకూరి వీరేశలింగం పంతులు</span></span>; 16 April 1848 – 27 May 1919) was a social reformer of Andhra Pradesh. He was born in an orthodox Andhra Brahmin family. He is widely considered as the man who first brought about a renaissance in <a href="/wiki/Telugu_people" title="Telugu people">Telugu people</a> and Telugu literature. He was influenced by the ideals of <a href="/wiki/Brahmo_Samaj" title="Brahmo Samaj">Brahmo Samaj</a> particularly those of <a href="/wiki/Keshab_Chandra_Sen" class="mw-redirect" title="Keshab Chandra Sen">Keshab Chandra Sen</a>. Veereshalingam Panthulu is popularly called <i>Gadya Tikkana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESubbarayuduSubbarayudu1996306–328_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESubbarayuduSubbarayudu1996306–328-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote about 100 books between 1869 and 1919 and introduced the essay, biography, autobiography and the novel into Telugu literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESubbarayuduSubbarayudu1996306–328_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESubbarayuduSubbarayudu1996306–328-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <i>Satyavati Charitam</i> was the first <a href="/wiki/Social_novel" title="Social novel">social novel</a> in Telugu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESubbarayuduSubbarayudu1996306–328_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESubbarayuduSubbarayudu1996306–328-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote <i>Rajashekhara Charitamu</i> inspired by Oliver Goldsmith's <i>The Vicar of Wakefied</i>. To him literature was an instrument to fight social evils.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESubbarayuduSubbarayudu1996306–328_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESubbarayuduSubbarayudu1996306–328-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Acharya_Rayaprolu_Subba_Rao">Acharya Rayaprolu Subba Rao</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Acharya Rayaprolu Subba Rao"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rayaprolu_Subba_Rao" title="Rayaprolu Subba Rao">Rayaprolu Subba Rao</a> (1892–1984) was among the pioneers of modern Telugu literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESubbarayuduSubbarayudu1996309_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESubbarayuduSubbarayudu1996309-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is known as Abhinava Nannaya.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He was recipient of Sahitya Akademi Award to Telugu Writers for his poetic work Misra Manjari in 1965. He was inspired by the Western literary movement and brought romanticism into Telugu literature by breaking away from the traditional translations of Sanskrit literature.Subbarayudu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESubbarayuduSubbarayudu1996309_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESubbarayuduSubbarayudu1996309-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He introduced the concept of <span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">Amalina Shringara Tatvamu</i></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (February 2022)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> into Telugu literature. </p><p>One patriotic verse by Subba Rao, "<span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te"><a href="/wiki/Edesamegina_Endukalidina" title="Edesamegina Endukalidina">Edesamegina Endukalidina</a></i></span>" (also known as "<span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">Janmabhumi</i></span>"), is a perennial favourite, being regularly sung and recited. It was particularly popular for public events in the pre-Independence Andhra region. The verse has been adapted many times into song for use in Telugu films.<sup id="cite_ref-kratti_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kratti-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="te" class="poem"> <p>Edesamegina endukalidina<br /> <span style="padding-left:1.0em;"> </span>epeetamekkina evaremanina<br /> Pogadara neetalli bhoomi Bharatini<br /> Nilupara neejaati nindu gauravamu. </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="" class="poem"> <p>To whichever country you go, <br /> <span style="padding-left:1.0em;"> </span>and wherever you place your feet,<br /> Whatever honour you get, <br /> <span style="padding-left:1.0em;"> </span>and whatever people say,<br /> Praise Bharati, your motherland,<br /> Hold aloft your nation’s (full) honour. </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left">—<span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">Janmabhumi</i></span> ('Motherland')<sup id="cite_ref-Rambabu_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rambabu-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left">—Translation by A. Viswam<sup id="cite_ref-Rambabu_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rambabu-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mangalampalli_Balamurali_Krishna">Mangalampalli Balamurali Krishna</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Mangalampalli Balamurali Krishna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mangalampalli_Balamurali_Krishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangalampalli Balamurali Krishna">Mangalampalli Balamurali Krishna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>: <span lang="te">మంగళంపల్లి బాలమురళీకృష్ణ</span>) <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/00\/Te-%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%B3%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B3%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A3.oga\/Te-%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%B3%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B3%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A3.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"pronunciation"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Te-\u0c2e\u0c02\u0c17\u0c33\u0c02\u0c2a\u0c32\u0c4d\u0c32\u0c3f \u0c2c\u0c3e\u0c32\u0c2e\u0c41\u0c30\u0c33\u0c40\u0c15\u0c43\u0c37\u0c4d\u0c23.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/00/Te-%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%B3%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B3%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A3.oga/Te-%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%B3%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B3%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A3.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">pronunciation</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Te-%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%B3%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B3%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A3.oga" title="File:Te-మంగళంపల్లి బాలమురళీకృష్ణ.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> (born 6 July 1930) is a <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic Music">Carnatic</a> vocalist, multi-instrumentalist and a playback singer. He is also acclaimed as a poet, composer and respected for his knowledge of Carnatic Music. Balamuralikrishna was born in Sankaraguptam, <a href="/wiki/East_Godavari_District" class="mw-redirect" title="East Godavari District">East Godavari District</a>, Andhra Pradesh state.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dr Balamuralikrishna has composed over 400 compositions in various languages like Telugu and Sanskrit. His compositions range from Devotional to Varnams, Kirtis, Javalis, and Thillans. His greatest achievement is the compositions in all the fundamental 72 melakarta ragas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aatreya">Aatreya</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Aatreya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Acharya_Aatreya" title="Acharya Aatreya">Aacharya Aatreya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>: <span lang="te">ఆచార్య ఆత్రేయ</span>) or <i>Kilambi Venkata Narasimhacharyulu</i> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/8f\/Aathreya.ogg\/Aathreya.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"pronunciation"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Aathreya.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8f/Aathreya.ogg/Aathreya.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">pronunciation</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Aathreya.ogg" title="File:Aathreya.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> (7 May 1921 – 13 September 1989) was a playwright, lyrics and story writer of the Telugu film industry.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was born as Kilambi Venkata Narasimhacharyulu on 7 May 1921 in the Mangalampadu village of <a href="/wiki/Sullurpeta" title="Sullurpeta">Sullurpeta</a> Mandalam in the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Amarajeevi_Potti_Sri_Ramulu_Nellore_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Amarajeevi Potti Sri Ramulu Nellore district">Nellore district</a> of Andhra Pradesh. His pen name is based on their family <a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">Gotra</a>. Known for his poetry on the <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">human soul</a> and heart, he was given the title 'Manasu Kavi'(Poet of Heart), which can be rewritten as 'Mana Su Kavi'(Our Good Poet). His poetry is philosophical and intellectually satisfying.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tripuraneni_Ramaswamy">Tripuraneni Ramaswamy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Tripuraneni Ramaswamy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/T._Ramaswamy_Choudary" title="T. Ramaswamy Choudary">Tripuranēni Rāmasvāmi</a> (15 January 1887 – 16 January 1943) was a lawyer, famous poet, playwright and reformer active among the Telugu-speaking people. Popularly known as Kaviraju, he is considered the first poet to introduce rationalism and humanism into Telugu poetry and literature. Ramaswamy chose literary writing as the vehicle for expressing his rationalist thoughts. His famous work 'Sutaparanam' in four cantos was a fierce attack on the ancient Purāṇas, he has attained the state of excellence in poetic and literary criticism. His poetic work "Kuppuswamy Shatakam" reveals the theme of social revolution and talks about social evils, blind faith, and indignity to man. He was against Congress and its fight against independence. In his other works such as "Sambhukavadha", "Suthashrama geetaalu', 'Dhoorta maanava', 'Khooni', 'Bhagavadgita', 'Rana Pratap' and 'Kondaveeti patanam', he made a rational analysis of dogmas prescribed by ancient classics and the injustice these dogmas did to people belonging to the lower social orders. Moreover, he attacked discriminatory practices and fought against the idea of untouchability. Sambhuka Vadha created a lot of controversies. Sambhuka was a character who did tapas to go heaven with the live body before death. That was considered as adharma and was killed by Rama. This story was interpreted that Brahmins do not like doing tapas by non-Brahmins, which is why Sabhuka was killed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_platforms">Modern platforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Modern platforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Growing Internet use in India<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> led to the birth of online platforms that bring Telugu writers closer to more readers. Kadachepta, <a href="/wiki/Pratilipi" title="Pratilipi">Pratilipi</a>, SuKatha, and Kahaniya are prominent among the new platforms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_winners_for_Telugu" title="List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Telugu">Sahitya Akademi Award for Telugu</a> – The award given by India's national academy of letters for writing in Telugu.</li> <li>Ismail Award – Established in 2005, the award is given every year for a poet's debut book.</li> <li>CP Brown Award – Given every year to translators or others have worked to promote the Telugu language.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_movements">Political movements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Political movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paryavaran_Kavitodyamam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paryavaran Kavitodyamam (page does not exist)">Paryavaran Kavitodyamam</a> movement started in 2008. It states its aims as being to bring awareness and concern among not only the elite class but also the masses through creative forms of literature.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This information is too vague. (September 2015)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> The Jagruthi Kiran Foundation initiated it under the leadership of <a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF" class="extiw" title="te:ఎన్ ఎన్ మూర్తి">Narayanam Narasimha Murthy</a>, popularly known as <span title="Telugu-language text"><i lang="te">Vidyavachaspati</i></span>. The movement has literary activities including Harita Kata. Various poets and writers on environment have produced literature for the movement, with over 500 writers participating in the Jagruthi Kiran Foundation. Magazines such as <i>Malle Teega</i> and <i>Kadhakeli</i> are associated with the Jagruthi Kiran Foundation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_authors_and_works">Popular authors and works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Popular authors and works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arudra" class="mw-redirect" title="Arudra">Arudra</a> (ఆరుద్ర) – <i>Samagraandhra Saahityamu</i> (సమగ్రాంధ్ర సాహిత్యము) (The Complete Telugu Literature)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adavi_Baapiraju" class="mw-redirect" title="Adavi Baapiraju">Adavi Baapiraju</a> – <i>Gona Gannareddy, Naarayanarao, Tuphaanu (The storm), Amshumati</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addepalli_Ramamohana_Rao" title="Addepalli Ramamohana Rao">Addepalli Ramamohana Rao</a> – <i>Poga choorina Aakasam</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penumarti_Viswanatha_Sastry" title="Penumarti Viswanatha Sastry">Ajanta</a> – Penumarti Viswanatha Sastry (born 1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allasani_Peddana" title="Allasani Peddana">Allasani Peddana</a> – <i>Manu Charitra</i> (The History of Swarochisha Manu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acharya_Aatreya" title="Acharya Aatreya">Acharya Aatreya</a> – <i>NGO</i>, <i>Kappalu</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avasarala_Ramakrishna_Rao" title="Avasarala Ramakrishna Rao">Avasarala Ramakrishna Rao</a> (1931–2011) – <i>Sampengalu-Sannajajulu</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molla_(poet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Molla (poet)">Atukuri Molla</a> – <a href="/wiki/Molla_Ramayanam" title="Molla Ramayanam"><i>Molla Ramayanam</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potana" class="mw-redirect" title="Potana">Bammera Potana</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchchibabu" class="mw-redirect" title="Buchchibabu">Buchchibabu</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Chivaraku_Migiledi_(novel)" title="Chivaraku Migiledi (novel)">Chivaraku Migiledi</a></i> (What is Left at the End)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balivada_Kanta_Rao" title="Balivada Kanta Rao">Balivada Kanta Rao</a> (1927–2000) – <i>Balivada Kanta Rao Kathalu</i> (Winner of the Kendriya <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahitya Academy Award">Sahitya Academy Award</a> Awarded in 1998 by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>)</li> <li>Bondalapati Sivaramakrishna – <i>Sampoorna Sarat Sahityam</i> ( Published by Desi Kavita Mandali )</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyi_Bhimanna" title="Boyi Bhimanna">Boyi Bhimanna</a> – <i>Gudiselu Kaalipotunnaayi</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Narayanareddy" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Narayanareddy">C. Narayanareddy</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Viswambhara" title="Viswambhara">Viswambhara</a></i> ( Won the <a href="/wiki/Jnanpith_Award" title="Jnanpith Award">Jnanpith Award</a> for this novel in the year 1988 )</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaganti_Somayajulu" title="Chaganti Somayajulu">Cha So</a> (1915–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudipati_Venkatachalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Gudipati Venkatachalam">Chalam</a> – <i>Chitraangi, Maidhaanam, Saavitri, Janaki, Ameena, Brahmaneekam, Musings</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilakamarti_Lakshmi_Narasimham" title="Chilakamarti Lakshmi Narasimham">Chilakamarti Lakshmi Narasimham</a> – <i>Gayopaakhyaanam</i>, <i>Prahasanamulu</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daasarathi_Krishnamacharyulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Daasarathi Krishnamacharyulu">Daasarathi Krishnamacharyulu</a> – <i>Timiramuto samaramu</i> (Fighting against the darkness)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devarakonda_Balagangadhara_Tilak" title="Devarakonda Balagangadhara Tilak">Devarakonda Balagangadhara Tilak</a> – <i>Tilak Kathalu</i>, <i>Amrutam Kurisina Raatri</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhurjati" title="Dhurjati">Dhurjati</a> – <i>Srikaalahasteesvara Shatakam</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duvvoori_Ramireddy" class="mw-redirect" title="Duvvoori Ramireddy">Duvvoori Ramireddy</a> – <i>Paanasaala</i>, <i>Krusheevaludu</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devulapalli_Krishnasastri" title="Devulapalli Krishnasastri">Devulapalli Krishnasastri</a> – <i>Krishna pakshamu</i> (The Brightening Fortnight)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garikapati_Narasimha_Rao" title="Garikapati Narasimha Rao">Garikapati Narasimha Rao</a> – <i>Saagara Ghosha</i> (Boisterousness of Ocean)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gona_Budda_Reddy" title="Gona Budda Reddy">Gona Budda Reddy</a>- <i><a href="/wiki/Ranganatha_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranganatha Ramayanam">Ranganatha Ramayanam</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurajada_Apparao" title="Gurajada Apparao">Gurajada Apparao</a> – <i>Kanyaasulkamu</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurram_Jashuva" title="Gurram Jashuva">Gurram Jashuva</a> – <i>Gabbilamu</i> (The Bat), <i>Firadausi</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaloji" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaloji">Kaloji</a>- <i>Naa Godava</i>, <i>Idee Naa Godava</i> (Autobiography)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandukuri_Veeresalingam" title="Kandukuri Veeresalingam">Kandukuri Veeresalingam</a> – <i>Andhrakavula Charitra</i> (The History of Andhra Poets), <i>Raajasekhara Charitra</i> (The History of <a href="/wiki/Rajashekhara_(Sanskrit_poet)" title="Rajashekhara (Sanskrit poet)">Rajasekhara</a>),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanety_Krishna_Menon" title="Kanety Krishna Menon">Kanety Krishna Menon</a> – <i>KRATUVU</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jandhyala_Papayya_Sastry" title="Jandhyala Papayya Sastry">Jandhyala Papayya Sastry</a> – <i>UdayaSri</i>, <i>VijayaSri</i>, <i>KarunaSri</i>, <i>Amarkhyam</i>, <i>Telugubala</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasula_Purushottama_Kavi" title="Kasula Purushottama Kavi">Kasula Purushottama Kavi</a> – <i>Andhranayaka Shatakamu</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavitrayam" title="Kavitrayam">Kavitrayam</a> (Nannayya, Tikkana, Yerrapragada) – <i>Andhra Mahaabhaaratamu</i> (The Great Mahabharata in Telugu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kethu_Viswanathareddy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kethu Viswanathareddy">Kethu Viswanathareddy</a> – <i>Kethu Viswanathareddy Kathalu</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._N._Y._Patanjali" title="K. N. Y. Patanjali">KNY Patanjali</a> – <i>Gopatrudu,Khaki Vanam, Veera Bobbili</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodavatiganti_Kutumbarao" title="Kodavatiganti Kutumbarao">Ko Ku</a> – <i>Chaduvu</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondaveeti_Venkatakavi" title="Kondaveeti Venkatakavi">Kondaveeti Venkatakavi</a> – <i>Nehru Charitra</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhurantakam_Rajaram" title="Madhurantakam Rajaram">Madhurantakam Rajaram</a> – <i>Halikulu Kusalama</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malladi_Venkata_Krishna_Murthy" title="Malladi Venkata Krishna Murthy">Malladi Venkata Krishna Murthy</a> – <i>Written 153 novels, over 3000 Short Stories and 8 Travelogues covering 33 countries </i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjuna_Panditaradhyudu" title="Mallikarjuna Panditaradhyudu">Mallikarjuna Panditaradhyudu</a> -- <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Kannada language) transliteration"><i lang="kn-Latn">Śivatatvasāramu</i></span> (First independent work in Telugu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokkapati_Narasimha_Sastry" title="Mokkapati Narasimha Sastry">Mokkapati Narasimha Sastry</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Barrister_Parvateesam" title="Barrister Parvateesam">Barrister Parvateesam</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muddupalani" title="Muddupalani">Muddupalani</a> – <i>Radhika Santvanamu</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullapudi_Venkata_Ramana" title="Mullapudi Venkata Ramana">Mullapudi Venkata Ramana</a> – <i>Budugu, Girisam malli puttadu</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muppala_Ranganayakamma" class="mw-redirect" title="Muppala Ranganayakamma">Muppala Ranganayakamma</a> – <i>Raamayana Vishavruksham, Krishnaveni, Sweet home, Janaki Vimukti, Ammaki Adivaram Leda</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandoori_Subbarao" class="mw-redirect" title="Nandoori Subbarao">Nandoori Subbarao</a> – <i>Yenki paatalu</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanne_Choadudu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanne Choadudu">Nanne Choadudu</a> – <i>Kumaara Sambhavamu</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayani_Krishnakumari" title="Nayani Krishnakumari">Nayani Krishnakumari</a> – <i>Telugu geya vanjmayamu</i>, <i>Agniputri</i>, Kashmira deepakalika</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nannayya" title="Nannayya">Nannayya</a> – <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Mahabharatam" title="Andhra Mahabharatam">Andhra Mahabharatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palkuriki_Somanatha" title="Palkuriki Somanatha">Palkuriki Somanatha</a> -- <a href="/wiki/Basava_purana" title="Basava purana">Basava purana</a>, <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Kannada language) transliteration"><i lang="kn-Latn">Paṇḍitārādhyacaritamu</i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchagnula_Adinarayana_Sastry" title="Panchagnula Adinarayana Sastry">Panchagnula Adinarayana Sastry</a> – Arya Bharathi Granthamala.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panuganti_Lakshminarasimha_Rao" title="Panuganti Lakshminarasimha Rao">Panuganti Lakshminarasimha Rao</a> – <i>Narmada purukitsiyamu</i> (1902), <i>Sarangadhara</i> (1904), <i>Vijaya raghavamu</i> (1909), <i>Raathi sthambhamu</i> (1930), <i>Ramaraju</i> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papineni_Sivasankar" title="Papineni Sivasankar">Papineni Sivasankar</a> – <i>Stabdhata-Chalanam</i> (1984), <i>Oka Saaramsam Kosam</i> (1990), <i>Aku Pacchani Lokamlo</i> (1998), <i>Oka Khadgam-Oka Pushpam</i> (2004), <i>Rajani Gandha</i> (2013), <i>Mattigunde</i> (1992), <i>Sagam Terichina Talupu</i> (2008), <i>Sahityam-Moulika bhavanalu</i> (1996), <i>Nisamta</i> (2008), <i>Thallee Ninnu Dalanchi</i> (2012), <i>Dravadhuikata</i> (2015), <i>Maha Swapnikudu</i> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paravasthu_Chinnayasuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Paravasthu Chinnayasuri">Paravasthu Chinnayasuri</a> – <i>Baalavyaakaranamu, Neeti chandrika</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rallapalli_Ananta_Krishna_Sharma" title="Rallapalli Ananta Krishna Sharma">Rallapalli Ananta Krishna Sharma</a>- <i>Meerabai</i> (1913), <i>Taradevi</i> (1911) (both Khanda Kavya's), <i>Natakopanyasamulu</i>, <i>Vemana</i> (1928–29), <i>Saraswatalokamu</i> (1954) (critical review articles), <i>Shalivahana Gathasaptashati Saramu</i> (translation of the Prakrit work into Telugu) (1932), <i>Chayapa Senaniya</i>, <i>Nrita Ratnavali</i> (Translation into Telugu, 1969), <i>Arya</i> (Translation of Sundara Pandya's Sanskrit work in Telugu, 1970).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravuri_Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Ravuri Bharadwaja">Ravuri Bharadwaja</a> – <i>Paakudu Raallu</i> received the <a href="/wiki/Jnanpith_Award" title="Jnanpith Award">Jnanpith Award</a> 2012</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayaprolu_Subba_Rao" title="Rayaprolu Subba Rao">Rayaprolu Subba Rao</a> <i>Abhinava Nannaya</i> received the Saahitya Academy Award in 1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyam_Sankaramanchi" title="Satyam Sankaramanchi">Sankaramanchi Satyam</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Amaravati_Kathalu" title="Amaravati Kathalu">Amaravati Kathalu</a></i> (The Stories from Amaravati)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnadevaraya" title="Krishnadevaraya">Sri Krishna Deva Raya</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Amuktamalyada" title="Amuktamalyada">Amuktamalyada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srirangam_Srinivasarao" class="mw-redirect" title="Srirangam Srinivasarao">Sri Sri</a> – <i><a href="/wiki/Maha_Prasthanam" title="Maha Prasthanam">Maha Prasthanam</a></i></li> <li>Sri K Sabha – <i>Viswarupa Sandarsanam, Vedabhumi, Mogili, Patala Ganga</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinatha" title="Srinatha">Srinatha</a> – <i>Haravilaasamu, Kaasikhandamu, Bhimakhandamu, Palnaati veeracharitra, Sŕngaara naishadhamu</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suravaram_Pratapareddy" class="mw-redirect" title="Suravaram Pratapareddy">Suravaram Pratapareddy</a> – <i>Aandhrula Saanghika Charitra</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallapaka_Annamacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Tallapaka Annamacharya">Tallapaka Annamacharya</a> (1424?-1503) – <i>Annamacharya kirtanas</i></li> <li>Tapi dharma Rao 'Vidhi Vilasam', 'Devala paina bootu bommalu, Pelli- Dani Puttupurvottaralu, and film script Rojulu marayi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timmakka" class="mw-redirect" title="Timmakka">Tallapaka Timmakka</a> – <i>Subhadrakalyanam</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarigonda_Venkamamba" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarigonda Venkamamba">Tarigonda Venkamamba</a> – <i>Venkatachala Mahatmyamu, Vasista Ramamyanamu, Rajayogasaramu, Bhagavatamu, Krishnamanjari</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenali_Ramakrishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenali Ramakrishna">Tenali Ramakrishna</a> – <i>Paanduranga maahaatmyamu</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenneti_Hemalata" title="Tenneti Hemalata">Tenneti Hemalata</a> – <i>Raktapankhamu, Mohanavamsi, Omar Khayyam</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikkana" title="Tikkana">Tikkana</a> – <i>Nirvachanottara Raamayanamu</i> -</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirupati_Venkata_Kavulu" title="Tirupati Venkata Kavulu">Tirupati Venkata Kavulu</a> – <i>Paandavodyoga vijayamulu, Devi bhaagavatamu</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumalamba" title="Tirumalamba">Tirumalamba</a> – <i>Varadambika parinayamu</i></li> <li>Thiruvarangam Sudhakar – <i>Sudhakara kavitha jyotsna</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuraneni_Ramaswamy_Choudhury" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripuraneni Ramaswamy Choudhury">Tripuraneni Ramaswamy Choudhury</a> – <i>Sutapuranamu</i>, <i>Karempudi kathanamu</i>, <i>Kurukshetra sangramamu</i>, <i>Kuppuswamy shatakamu</i>, <i>Sambhukavadha</i>, <i>Sutashrama geetalu</i>, <i>Dhoorta manava</i>, <i>Khooni</i>, <i>Bhagavadgita</i>, <i>Rana Pratap</i>, <i>Kondaveeti patanam</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuraneni_Maharadhi" title="Tripuraneni Maharadhi">Tripuraneni Maharadhi</a> – <i>Samagraha Praanam</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushasri" title="Ushasri">Ushasri</a> – <i>Sundarakanda</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viswanatha_Satyanarayana" title="Viswanatha Satyanarayana">Viswanatha Satyanarayana</a> – <i>Cheliyalikatta, Kalpavrukshamu, Kinnerasaani Paatalu, <a href="/wiki/Ramayana_Kalpavruksham" title="Ramayana Kalpavruksham">Srimadraamaayana Kalpavŕukshamu</a></i>, <i>Swargaaniki Nichchenalu, <a href="/wiki/Veyipadagalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Veyipadagalu">Veyipadagalu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ekaveera" title="Ekaveera">Ekaveera</a>, Naa ramudu, Nepala rajavamsa kathalu</i> (In <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> he is the first writer to receive <a href="/wiki/Jnanpith_Award" title="Jnanpith Award">Jnanpith Award</a> for the novel <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana_Kalpavruksham" title="Ramayana Kalpavruksham">Ramayana Kalpavrukshamu</a></i> in the year 1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegunta_Mohan_Prasad" title="Vegunta Mohan Prasad">Vegunta Mohan Prasad</a> – <i>Chiti Chinta</i>, <i>Rahastantri</i>, <i>Punarapi</i>, <i>Saandhya Basha</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vemana" title="Vemana">Vemana</a> – <i>Vemana Shatakam</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vempalli_Gangadhar" title="Vempalli Gangadhar">Vempalli Gangadhar</a> – <i>Molakala Punnami</i></li> <li>Yenugu Lakshmana Kavi – <i>Bhartruhari Subhashitamulu</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerrapragada" title="Yerrapragada">Yerrapragada</a> – <i>Harivansamu, Nrusimhapuranamu,</i> half of the <a href="/wiki/Aranya_Parva" class="mw-redirect" title="Aranya Parva">Aranya Parva</a> of <i>Mahabharata</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chatuva" title="Chatuva">Chatuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Telugu development">Telugu development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Telugu poetry">Telugu poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_poets#Telugu" title="List of Indian poets">List of Telugu poets from India</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198819-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198819_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChenchiahBhujanga1988">Chenchiah & Bhujanga (1988)</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198833-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198833_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198833_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198833_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198833_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198833_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChenchiahBhujanga1988">Chenchiah & Bhujanga (1988)</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198835-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198835_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198835_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198835_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198835_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198835_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChenchiahBhujanga1988">Chenchiah & Bhujanga (1988)</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Avadhanam-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Avadhanam_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avadhanam_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avadhanam_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avadhanam_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Amaresh Datta, <i>The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature</i>, v. 1, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&dq=%22Avadhanam%22&pg=PA292">"Avadhanam"</a> (Sahitya Akademi, 2006; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-260-1803-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-260-1803-8">81-260-1803-8</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adluri_1998-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adluri_1998_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdluri1998" class="citation web cs1">Adluri, Seshu Madhava Rao (January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200321024101/http://www.engr.mun.ca/~adluri/telugu/classical/prabandha/ashtadiggajalu.html">"అష్టదిగ్గజ ములు Ashtadiggaja mulu (Introduction) – Telugu Language and Literature"</a>. <i>mun.ca</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.engr.mun.ca/~adluri/telugu/classical/prabandha/ashtadiggajalu.html">the original</a> on 21 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mun.ca&rft.atitle=%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%9C+%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81+Ashtadiggaja+mulu+%28Introduction%29+%E2%80%93+Telugu+Language+and+Literature&rft.date=1998-01&rft.aulast=Adluri&rft.aufirst=Seshu+Madhava+Rao&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.engr.mun.ca%2F~adluri%2Ftelugu%2Fclassical%2Fprabandha%2Fashtadiggajalu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+literature" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198834-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198834_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198834_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198834_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198834_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChenchiahBhujanga1988">Chenchiah & Bhujanga (1988)</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198897-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198897_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChenchiahBhujanga1988">Chenchiah & Bhujanga (1988)</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198898-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChenchiahBhujanga198898_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChenchiahBhujanga1988">Chenchiah & Bhujanga (1988)</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDatta1988" class="citation book cs1">Datta, Amaresh, ed. (1988). <i>Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature</i>. Sahitya Akademi. pp. 1126–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788126011940" title="Special:BookSources/9788126011940"><bdi>9788126011940</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Indian+Literature&rft.pages=1126-27&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9788126011940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1857" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Charles Philip (1857). <i>A Grammar of the Telugu Language</i>. Madras. pp. 310–11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+the+Telugu+Language&rft.place=Madras&rft.pages=310-11&rft.date=1857&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Charles+Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+literature" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnnamācārya,_1408-1503.2005" class="citation book cs1">Annamācārya, 1408-1503. (2005). <i>God on the hill : temple poems from Tirupati</i>. Narayana Rao, Velcheru, 1932-, Shulman, David Dean, 1949-. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4237-3501-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-4237-3501-3"><bdi>1-4237-3501-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62323448">62323448</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+on+the+hill+%3A+temple+poems+from+Tirupati&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62323448&rft.isbn=1-4237-3501-3&rft.au=Annam%C4%81c%C4%81rya%2C+1408-1503.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+literature" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelcheruShulman1998" class="citation book cs1">Velcheru, Narayana Rao; Shulman, David Dean (1998). "Introduction". <i>A Poem at the Right Moment: Remembered Verses from Premodern South India</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-20847-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-20847-1"><bdi>0-520-20847-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36023922">36023922</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=A+Poem+at+the+Right+Moment%3A+Remembered+Verses+from+Premodern+South+India&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36023922&rft.isbn=0-520-20847-1&rft.aulast=Velcheru&rft.aufirst=Narayana+Rao&rft.au=Shulman%2C+David+Dean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhūrjaṭi,_active_16th_century.1987" class="citation book cs1">Dhūrjaṭi, active 16th century. 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Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-05669-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-05669-8"><bdi>0-520-05669-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13334319">13334319</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+the+Lord+of+the+animals+%3B+poems+from+the+Telugu+%3A+the+K%C4%81%E1%B8%B7ahast%C4%AB%C5%9Bvara+%C5%9Bhatakamu+of+Dh%C5%ABrja%E1%B9%ADi&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13334319&rft.isbn=0-520-05669-8&rft.au=Dh%C5%ABrja%E1%B9%ADi%2C+active+16th+century.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+literature" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._RamakrishnaN._GayathriDebiprasad_Chattopadhyaya1983" class="citation book cs1">G. 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Bagchi. pp. 164–165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780836411881" title="Special:BookSources/9780836411881"><bdi>9780836411881</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/948611193">948611193</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Encyclopaedia+of+South+Indian+Culture&rft.pages=164-165&rft.pub=K.P.+Bagchi&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F948611193&rft.isbn=9780836411881&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBIkeAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChimakurthi1992" class="citation book cs1">Chimakurthi, Seshagiri Rao (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.491601/2015.491601.telugu-marugulu#page/n95/mode/2up"><i>Telugu Marugulu</i></a>. Telugu Gosti. p. 87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Telugu+Marugulu&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Telugu+Gosti&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Chimakurthi&rft.aufirst=Seshagiri+Rao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.491601%2F2015.491601.telugu-marugulu%23page%2Fn95%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Palkuriki_233/NidudavoluVENKATARAOGariRachanaluParisilana#page/n97/mode/2up"><i>Nidadavolu Venkata Rao Gari Rachanalu Parisheelana</i></a>. p. 80.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nidadavolu+Venkata+Rao+Gari+Rachanalu+Parisheelana&rft.pages=80&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FPalkuriki_233%2FNidudavoluVENKATARAOGariRachanaluParisilana%23page%2Fn97%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaganti1956" class="citation book cs1">Chaganti, Seshayya (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.373092/2015.373092.Sri-Andhra#page/n19/mode/2up"><i>Andhra Kavi Tarangani</i></a>. Hindu dharma sastra granthalayam.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andhra+Kavi+Tarangani&rft.pub=Hindu+dharma+sastra+granthalayam&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Chaganti&rft.aufirst=Seshayya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.373092%2F2015.373092.Sri-Andhra%23page%2Fn19%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrabhakara_Sastry2014" class="citation book cs1">Prabhakara Sastry, Veturi (2014) [1918]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.tirumala.org/Home/Download/?ID=614"><i>Prabandha Ratnavali</i></a>. Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam. p. 44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prabandha+Ratnavali&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Tirumala+Tirupati+Devasthanam&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Prabhakara+Sastry&rft.aufirst=Veturi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Febooks.tirumala.org%2FHome%2FDownload%2F%3FID%3D614&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJha2014" class="citation book cs1">Jha, Dwijendra Narayan (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MaLgBQAAQBAJ"><i>Rethinking Hindu Identity</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317490333" title="Special:BookSources/9781317490333"><bdi>9781317490333</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Hindu+Identity&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781317490333&rft.aulast=Jha&rft.aufirst=Dwijendra+Narayan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMaLgBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevadevan2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Manu_V._Devadevan" title="Manu V. Devadevan">Devadevan, Manu V.</a> (3 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=exzhDwAAQBAJ&dq=Nannaya+first+poet+(adi+kavi)&pg=PA18"><i>The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49457-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49457-1"><bdi>978-1-108-49457-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%27Early+Medieval%27+Origins+of+India&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020-12-03&rft.isbn=978-1-108-49457-1&rft.aulast=Devadevan&rft.aufirst=Manu+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DexzhDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DNannaya%2Bfirst%2Bpoet%2B%28adi%2Bkavi%29%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:03_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDas2005" class="citation book cs1">Das, Sisir Kumar (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BC3l1AbPM8sC&dq=Nannaya+first+poet+(adi+kavi)&pg=PA139"><i>A History of Indian Literature, 500-1399: From Courtly to the Popular</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi" title="Sahitya Akademi">Sahitya Akademi</a>. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-2171-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-260-2171-0"><bdi>978-81-260-2171-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Indian+Literature%2C+500-1399%3A+From+Courtly+to+the+Popular&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-260-2171-0&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Sisir+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBC3l1AbPM8sC%26dq%3DNannaya%2Bfirst%2Bpoet%2B%28adi%2Bkavi%29%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRao1999" class="citation book cs1">Rao, Sonti Venkata Suryanarayana (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fXJkAAAAMAAJ&q=Nannaya+first+poet+(adi+kavi)"><i>Vignettes of Telugu Literature: A Concise History of Classical Telugu Literature</i></a>. Jyeshtha Literary Trust. p. 57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vignettes+of+Telugu+Literature%3A+A+Concise+History+of+Classical+Telugu+Literature&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Jyeshtha+Literary+Trust&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=Sonti+Venkata+Suryanarayana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfXJkAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DNannaya%2Bfirst%2Bpoet%2B%28adi%2Bkavi%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VV-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VV_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnipe2015" class="citation book cs1">Knipe, David M. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2P8TDAAAQBAJ&dq=Rajaraja+Narendra+nannaya&pg=PA12"><i>Vedic Voices: Intimate Narratives of a Living Andhra Tradition</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 12, 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-939768-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-939768-6"><bdi>978-0-19-939768-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vedic+Voices%3A+Intimate+Narratives+of+a+Living+Andhra+Tradition&rft.pages=12%2C+27&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-939768-6&rft.aulast=Knipe&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2P8TDAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DRajaraja%2BNarendra%2Bnannaya%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDatta1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amaresh_Datta" title="Amaresh Datta">Datta, Amaresh</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&dq=Nannaya+tikkana&pg=PA173"><i>Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature</i></a>. Vol. 1. Sahitya Akademi. pp. 172, 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-1803-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-260-1803-1"><bdi>978-81-260-1803-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Indian+Literature&rft.pages=172%2C+173&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-260-1803-1&rft.aulast=Datta&rft.aufirst=Amaresh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DObFCT5_taSgC%26dq%3DNannaya%2Btikkana%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollock2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Pollock" title="Sheldon Pollock">Pollock, Sheldon</a>, ed. (19 May 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC&dq=Nannaya+tikkana&pg=PA393"><i>Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. 393, 397. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22821-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22821-4"><bdi>978-0-520-22821-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literary+Cultures+in+History%3A+Reconstructions+from+South+Asia&rft.pages=393%2C+397&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003-05-19&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22821-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dak9csfpY2WoC%26dq%3DNannaya%2Btikkana%26pg%3DPA393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaju1944-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaju1944_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaju1944_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaju1944_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaju1944">Raju (1944)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aponline-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aponline_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aponline_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120208110254/http://www.aponline.gov.in/Quick%20links/HIST-CULT/languages.html">"Languages – Literature"</a>. <i>aponline.gov.in</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aponline.gov.in/Quick%20links/HIST-CULT/languages.html">the original</a> on 8 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aponline.gov.in&rft.atitle=Languages+%E2%80%93+Literature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aponline.gov.in%2FQuick%2520links%2FHIST-CULT%2Flanguages.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2004" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, William Joseph (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PxvDNBc4qwUC&q=Vemana+century&pg=PA112"><i>Vijayanagara voices: exploring South Indian history and Hindu literature</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3950-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3950-3"><bdi>978-0-7546-3950-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vijayanagara+voices%3A+exploring+South+Indian+history+and+Hindu+literature&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-3950-3&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=William+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPxvDNBc4qwUC%26q%3DVemana%2Bcentury%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Source of his history: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.svasa.org/annamacharya1.html">http://www.svasa.org/annamacharya1.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080212153305/http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/04/stories/2007050404030200.htm">"Annamayya preached oneness 600 years ago"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. Chennai, India. 4 May 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/04/stories/2007050404030200.htm">the original</a> on 12 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Annamayya+preached+oneness+600+years+ago&rft.date=2007-05-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2F2007%2F05%2F04%2Fstories%2F2007050404030200.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604145925/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/edu/2009/04/06/stories/2009040651420200.htm">"Annamacharya's 600th birth anniversary celebrated"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. Chennai, India. 6 April 2009. 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Univ of California Press. p. 291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-97665-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-97665-8"><bdi>978-0-520-97665-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Telugu+Poetry&rft.pages=291&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Press&rft.date=2020-05-12&rft.isbn=978-0-520-97665-8&rft.aulast=Shulman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrUvcDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarmaSastry1995307-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarmaSastry1995307_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarmaSastry1995">Sarma & Sastry (1995)</a>, p. 307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DV9uAAAAMAAJ"><i>A Thousand Laurels--Dr. Sadiq Naqvi: Studies on Medieval India with Special Reference to Deccan</i></a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2003/03/01/stories/2003030108610300.htm">the original</a> on 22 December 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Mangalampalli+can%27t+wait+to+come+home&rft.date=2003-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fthehindu%2F2003%2F03%2F01%2Fstories%2F2003030108610300.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0040490/">"Acharya Athreya"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Acharya+Athreya&rft.pub=IMDb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Fname%2Fnm0040490%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.financialexpress.com/industry/technology/9-out-of-10-new-internet-users-coming-online-will-be-an-indian-language-user-google-kpmg/641440/">"9 out of 10 new Internet users coming online will be an Indian language user: Google-KPMG"</a>. <i>The Financial Express</i>. 25 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Financial+Express&rft.atitle=9+out+of+10+new+Internet+users+coming+online+will+be+an+Indian+language+user%3A+Google-KPMG&rft.date=2017-04-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.financialexpress.com%2Findustry%2Ftechnology%2F9-out-of-10-new-internet-users-coming-online-will-be-an-indian-language-user-google-kpmg%2F641440%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDas2005" class="citation book cs1">Das, Sisir Kumar (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sqBjpV9OzcsC&q=HIstory+of+telugu+literature+panchagnula&pg=PA814"><i>History of Indian Literature: 1911–1956, struggle for freedom : triumph and tragedy</i></a>. Sahitya Akademi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788172017989" title="Special:BookSources/9788172017989"><bdi>9788172017989</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Indian+Literature%3A+1911%E2%80%931956%2C+struggle+for+freedom+%3A+triumph+and+tragedy&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9788172017989&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Sisir+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsqBjpV9OzcsC%26q%3DHIstory%2Bof%2Btelugu%2Bliterature%2Bpanchagnula%26pg%3DPA814&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+literature" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenchiahBhujanga1988" class="citation book cs1">Chenchiah, P.; Bhujanga, Raja M. (1988). <i>A history of Telugu literature</i>. Foreword by C.R. Reddy. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-206-0313-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-206-0313-3"><bdi>81-206-0313-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Telugu+literature&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=81-206-0313-3&rft.aulast=Chenchiah&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Bhujanga%2C+Raja+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+literature" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarmaSastry1995" class="citation book cs1">Krishnamurthi, Salva; Narasimham, K.V.R.; Sarma, N.M.; Radhakrishna Sarma, C.; Ananda Murthy, Veturi; Narasimham Rao, V.V.L.; Rahabrahmam, B. (1995). "Section III: Language and Literature – Language". In Sarma, Nāgabhūṣaṇaśarma Modali (N.M.); Sastry, M. V. (Mudigonda Veerabhadra); Rao, Śēṣagirirāvu Cīmakurti (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/HistoryCultureOfTheAndhras/"><i>History and Culture of the Andhras</i></a>. Hyderabad, India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-86073-07-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-86073-07-8"><bdi>81-86073-07-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Section+III%3A+Language+and+Literature+%E2%80%93+Language&rft.btitle=History+and+Culture+of+the+Andhras&rft.place=Hyderabad%2C+India&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=81-86073-07-8&rft.aulast=Krishnamurthi&rft.aufirst=Salva&rft.au=Narasimham%2C+K.V.R.&rft.au=Sarma%2C+N.M.&rft.au=Radhakrishna+Sarma%2C+C.&rft.au=Ananda+Murthy%2C+Veturi&rft.au=Narasimham+Rao%2C+V.V.L.&rft.au=Rahabrahmam%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FHistoryCultureOfTheAndhras%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+literature" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaju1944" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Poola_Tirupati_Raju" title="Poola Tirupati Raju">Raju, P. T.</a> (1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/teluguliterature035042mbp"><i>Telugu Literature</i></a>. Asha Lane, Fort Bombay, India: The International Book House Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Telugu+Literature&rft.place=Asha+Lane%2C+Fort+Bombay%2C+India&rft.pub=The+International+Book+House+Ltd&rft.date=1944&rft.aulast=Raju&rft.aufirst=P.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fteluguliterature035042mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+literature" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubbarayuduSubbarayudu1996" class="citation book cs1">Subbarayudu, G. K.; Subbarayudu, C. (1996). "Twentieth-Century Telugu Literature (Chapter 11)". In Natarajan, Nalini; Nelson, Emmanuel Sampath (eds.). <i>Handbook of Twentieth-century Literatures of India</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 306–328. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-28778-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-28778-7"><bdi>978-0-313-28778-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Twentieth-Century+Telugu+Literature+%28Chapter+11%29&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Twentieth-century+Literatures+of+India&rft.pages=306-328&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-313-28778-7&rft.aulast=Subbarayudu&rft.aufirst=G.+K.&rft.au=Subbarayudu%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelugu+literature" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: External 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[\"Original research inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Pad\"] = 3,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Peacock inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 29,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 2,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Vague\"] = 1,\n [\"Verse translation\"] = 1,\n [\"Which\"] = 2,\n [\"Who\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-m2jlh","timestamp":"20241125143018","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Telugu literature","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Telugu_literature","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3595276","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3595276","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-09-05T15:07:17Z","dateModified":"2024-11-10T13:41:12Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f9\/Lepakshi...jpg","headline":"Textual creative works in the Telugu language"}</script> </body> </html>