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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardknot" title="Hardknot – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hardknot" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardknott_(%C5%99%C3%ADmsk%C3%A1_pevnost)" title="Hardknott (římská pevnost) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hardknott (římská pevnost)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardknott_romerske_fort" title="Hardknott romerske fort – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hardknott romerske fort" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardknott_Roman_Fort" title="Hardknott Roman Fort – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hardknott Roman Fort" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardknott" title="Hardknott – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hardknott" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediobogdum" title="Mediobogdum – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mediobogdum" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BAnfort_R%C3%B3mh%C3%A1nach_Hardknott" title="Dúnfort Rómhánach Hardknott – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dúnfort Rómhánach Hardknott" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediobogdum" title="Mediobogdum – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mediobogdum" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardknott_Roman_Fort" title="Hardknott Roman Fort – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hardknott Roman Fort" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardknott_Roman_Fort" title="Hardknott Roman Fort – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hardknott Roman Fort" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediobogdum" title="Mediobogdum – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mediobogdum" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forte_Romano_de_Hardknott" title="Forte Romano de Hardknott – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Forte Romano de Hardknott" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hardknott_Roman_Fort&params=54_24_10_N_3_12_19_W_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">54°24′10″N</span> <span class="longitude">3°12′19″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">54.40278°N 3.20528°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">54.40278; -3.20528</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Archeological site in Cumbria, England</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Hardknott Roman Fort</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hardknott_Roman_Fort.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hardknott_Roman_Fort.jpg/220px-Hardknott_Roman_Fort.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hardknott_Roman_Fort.jpg/330px-Hardknott_Roman_Fort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hardknott_Roman_Fort.jpg/440px-Hardknott_Roman_Fort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Hardknott Roman Fort; its parade<br /> ground is the flat area at top right</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumbria_UK_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hardknott Roman Fort is located in Cumbria"><img alt="Hardknott Roman Fort is located in Cumbria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Cumbria_UK_location_map.svg/250px-Cumbria_UK_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Cumbria_UK_location_map.svg/375px-Cumbria_UK_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Cumbria_UK_location_map.svg/500px-Cumbria_UK_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="1345" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:67.561%;left:34.984%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hardknott Roman Fort"><img alt="Hardknott Roman Fort" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Cumbria</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hardknott_Roman_Fort&params=54_24_10_N_3_12_19_W_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">54°24′10″N</span> <span class="longitude">3°12′19″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">54.40278°N 3.20528°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">54.40278; -3.20528</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Castrum</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hardknott_Roman_Fort.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Hardknott_Roman_Fort.png/279px-Hardknott_Roman_Fort.png" decoding="async" width="279" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Hardknott_Roman_Fort.png/419px-Hardknott_Roman_Fort.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Hardknott_Roman_Fort.png/558px-Hardknott_Roman_Fort.png 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption>Hardknott Roman Fort. Its granary at right can be identified by its external buttresses.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Hardknott Roman Fort</b> is an archeological site, the remains of the <a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">Roman fort</a> <i>Mediobogdum</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> located on the western side of the challenging <a href="/wiki/Hardknott_Pass" title="Hardknott Pass">Hardknott Pass</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lake_District" title="Lake District">English Lake District</a>. The fort was built between 120 and 138 on a rocky spur, and was initially garrisoned by a detachment of the <i><a href="/wiki/Cohors_IV_Delmatarum" title="Cohors IV Delmatarum">Cohors IV Delmatarum</a></i> from the <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatian</a> coast (in modern <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>). It was abandoned around a decade later, then reoccupied circa 200 and remained in use for much of the next two centuries. </p><p>The fort is on land owned by the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust" title="National Trust">National Trust</a>, part of the Trust's <a href="/wiki/Wasdale,_Eskdale_and_Duddon" title="Wasdale, Eskdale and Duddon">Wasdale, Eskdale and Duddon</a> property, and is maintained by <a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a>. It is in the <a href="/wiki/Eskdale,_Cumbria" title="Eskdale, Cumbria">civil parish of Eskdale</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_(unitary_authority)" title="Cumberland (unitary authority)">unitary authority area of Cumberland</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">ceremonial county of Cumbria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location_and_name">Location and name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardknott_Roman_Fort&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Location and name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fort was built on a rocky spur giving a superb view over the <a href="/wiki/River_Esk_(Ravenglass)" title="River Esk (Ravenglass)">River Esk</a> in both upper and lower <a href="/wiki/Eskdale,_Cumbria" title="Eskdale, Cumbria">Eskdale</a>, and protecting <a href="/wiki/Hardknott_Pass" title="Hardknott Pass">Hardknott Pass</a>. At an altitude of 800 feet, it isn't the highest fort in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a>, the highest fort is <a href="/wiki/Epiacum" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiacum">Epiacum</a> or Whitley Castle, just over the border from Cumbria in Northumberland, at an altitude of 1,050 feet. </p><p>The ruins have been commonly known in recent times as Hardknott Fort or Hardknott Castle, but are identified from the <i><a href="/wiki/Ravenna_Cosmography" title="Ravenna Cosmography">Ravenna Cosmography</a></i> as the <i>Mediobogdum</i> fort,<sup id="cite_ref-PRB_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> situated along the Roman road between the forts of <i><a href="/wiki/Ambleside_Roman_Fort" title="Ambleside Roman Fort">Galava</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Ambleside" title="Ambleside">Ambleside</a> to the east, and <i><a href="/wiki/Glannoventa" title="Glannoventa">Glannoventa</a></i> on the coast at <a href="/wiki/Ravenglass" title="Ravenglass">Ravenglass</a> to the west. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardknott_Roman_Fort&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Built between about 120 and 138, the fort was abandoned during the <a href="/wiki/Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire#Antonine_period_(138-161)" title="Scotland during the Roman Empire">Antonine advance into Scotland</a> during the mid-2nd century. The fort was reoccupied around 200 and continued in use until the last years of the 4th century. During this time, an extensive <a href="/wiki/Vicus_(Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicus (Rome)">vicus</a> developed outside the fort.<sup id="cite_ref-HC_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> garrison here was a detachment of 500 infantry of the <i><a href="/wiki/Cohors_IV_Delmatarum" title="Cohors IV Delmatarum">Cohors IV Delmatarum</a></i> from the <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatian</a> coast.<sup id="cite_ref-cambridgemilitaryhistory.com_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cambridgemilitaryhistory.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leather objects from Roman occupation have been found at the site. A 1965 excavation found a piece of leather near the granary, thought to be part of soldier's <a href="/wiki/Jerkin_(garment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerkin (garment)">jerkin</a>. Another excavation in 1968 by <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Charlesworth" title="Dorothy Charlesworth">Dorothy Charlesworth</a> and J. H. Thornton uncovered more leather, including several shoes.<sup id="cite_ref-Charlesworth_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Charlesworth-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Layout">Layout</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardknott_Roman_Fort&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Layout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman-damp-proof-course.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Roman-damp-proof-course.jpg/290px-Roman-damp-proof-course.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Roman-damp-proof-course.jpg/435px-Roman-damp-proof-course.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Roman-damp-proof-course.jpg/580px-Roman-damp-proof-course.jpg 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>On many walls a slate layer demarcates original Roman construction (below) and modern reconstruction (above)</figcaption></figure> <p>The fort is square with rounded corners, 114 metres long externally, or 105 metres internally, the rampart wall being about 1.7 metres thick with ditches adding to the total width of the rampart. The low walls of the fort were "restored" some years ago, a slate course showing the height of the walls before their rebuilding. </p><p>The outer wall has four gates, at the centre of each side, and lookout towers at each corner. Within the walls are the remaining outlines of several buildings: two side-by-side granaries, the garrison headquarters building and garrison commander's villa, or <a href="/wiki/Praetorium" title="Praetorium">Praetorium</a>. In addition to these stone buildings, long-lost timber structures would have housed barracks for the mounted auxilia.<sup id="cite_ref-cambridgemilitaryhistory.com_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cambridgemilitaryhistory.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hardknott_Castle_Roman_Fort_-_Bathhouse_-_geograph.org.uk_-_546609.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hardknott_Castle_Roman_Fort_-_Bathhouse_-_geograph.org.uk_-_546609.jpg/290px-Hardknott_Castle_Roman_Fort_-_Bathhouse_-_geograph.org.uk_-_546609.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hardknott_Castle_Roman_Fort_-_Bathhouse_-_geograph.org.uk_-_546609.jpg/435px-Hardknott_Castle_Roman_Fort_-_Bathhouse_-_geograph.org.uk_-_546609.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hardknott_Castle_Roman_Fort_-_Bathhouse_-_geograph.org.uk_-_546609.jpg/580px-Hardknott_Castle_Roman_Fort_-_Bathhouse_-_geograph.org.uk_-_546609.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The Roman bath house at Hardknott, outside and below the fort perimeter to the southwest. The car shows the proximity of the modern road.</figcaption></figure> <p>Outside the square of the fort are the remains of the bath house below it (which has a rare circular <i><a href="/wiki/Sudatorium" title="Sudatorium">sudatorium</a></i> or sweating room), and the levelled parade ground above it, which is considered to be the finest surviving example in England.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hardknott_Information_Board.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Hardknott_Information_Board.jpg/290px-Hardknott_Information_Board.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Hardknott_Information_Board.jpg/435px-Hardknott_Information_Board.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Hardknott_Information_Board.jpg/580px-Hardknott_Information_Board.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Information sign at Hardknott</figcaption></figure> <p>The parade ground is approximately two hundred yards higher up the slope to the east of the fort. A track led up to it from the East Gate of the fort. A plan of the fort by <a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">R. G. Collingwood</a> in 1930 shows the parade ground to have been as big as the fort, with embanked edges to ensure a level surface. The English Heritage online ‘History of Hardknott Roman Fort’ suggests that the parade ground would have been large enough to train horses there (cf. ‘External links’ below). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_influence">Cultural influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardknott_Roman_Fort&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cultural influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hardknott is the eponymous fort in the <a href="/wiki/Jack_Whyte" title="Jack Whyte">Jack Whyte</a> novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fort_at_River%27s_Bend" title="The Fort at River's Bend">The Fort at River's Bend</a></i>.</li> <li>The fort also features in ‘’<a href="/wiki/Spain_(poem)" title="Spain (poem)">Spain 1937</a>’’ by W H Auden; as well as in the 17th <a href="/wiki/River_Duddon" title="River Duddon">River Duddon</a> sonnet by <a href="/wiki/Wordsworth" class="mw-redirect" title="Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a>, where it is described as “that lone Camp on Hardknott’s height,/Whose guardians bent the knee to Jove and Mars”.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The fort is featured in the first chapter of <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Trease" title="Geoffrey Trease">Geoffrey Trease</a>'s young adult novel, <i>Word to Caesar</i> (1955), a story set circa year 117</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardknott_Roman_Fort&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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.citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEsmonde_Cleary,_A.,_DARMC,_R._Talbert,_S._Vanderbilt,_R._Warner,_S._Gillies,_T._Elliott" class="citation web cs1">Esmonde Cleary, A., DARMC, R. Talbert, S. Vanderbilt, R. Warner, S. Gillies, T. Elliott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/89243">"Places: 89243 ('Medibogdo')"</a>. Pleiades<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Places%3A+89243+%28%27Medibogdo%27%29&rft.pub=Pleiades&rft.au=Esmonde+Cleary%2C+A.%2C+DARMC%2C+R.+Talbert%2C+S.+Vanderbilt%2C+R.+Warner%2C+S.+Gillies%2C+T.+Elliott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpleiades.stoa.org%2Fplaces%2F89243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardknott+Roman+Fort" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/election-maps/gb/?x=322917&y=502135&z=9&bnd1=cpc&bnd2=uta&labels=on">"Election Maps"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey" title="Ordnance Survey">Ordnance Survey</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Election+Maps&rft.pub=Ordnance+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ordnancesurvey.co.uk%2Felection-maps%2Fgb%2F%3Fx%3D322917%26y%3D502135%26z%3D9%26bnd1%3Dcpc%26bnd2%3Duta%26labels%3Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardknott+Roman+Fort" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PRB-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PRB_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivetSmith,_Colin1979" class="citation book cs1">Rivet, A. L. F.; Smith, Colin (1979). <i>The Place-Names of Roman Britain</i>. London: B. T. Batsford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7134-2077-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7134-2077-4"><bdi>0-7134-2077-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Place-Names+of+Roman+Britain&rft.place=London&rft.pub=B.+T.+Batsford&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-7134-2077-4&rft.aulast=Rivet&rft.aufirst=A.+L.+F.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardknott+Roman+Fort" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HC-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HC_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2000" class="citation book cs1">Jones, J. S. (2000). <i>Hardknott Roman Fort</i>. Kendal: Archaeological Society of Cumbria.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hardknott+Roman+Fort&rft.place=Kendal&rft.pub=Archaeological+Society+of+Cumbria&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=J.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardknott+Roman+Fort" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cambridgemilitaryhistory.com-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cambridgemilitaryhistory.com_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cambridgemilitaryhistory.com_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cambridgemilitaryhistory.com/2015/03/31/hardknott-roman-fort-the-borders-of-empire/">"Hardknott Roman Fort – the Borders of Empire"</a>. <i>Cambridgemilitaryhistory.com</i>. 31 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridgemilitaryhistory.com&rft.atitle=Hardknott+Roman+Fort+%E2%80%93+the+Borders+of+Empire&rft.date=2015-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcambridgemilitaryhistory.com%2F2015%2F03%2F31%2Fhardknott-roman-fort-the-borders-of-empire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardknott+Roman+Fort" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Charlesworth-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Charlesworth_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlesworthThornton1973" class="citation journal cs1">Charlesworth, Dorothy; Thornton, J. H. (1973). "Leather Found in Mediobogdum, the Roman Fort of Hardknott". <i>Britannia</i>. <b>4</b>: 141–152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F525862">10.2307/525862</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/525862">525862</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162324186">162324186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Britannia&rft.atitle=Leather+Found+in+Mediobogdum%2C+the+Roman+Fort+of+Hardknott&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=141-152&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162324186%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F525862%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F525862&rft.aulast=Charlesworth&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rft.au=Thornton%2C+J.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardknott+Roman+Fort" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1009349" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1009349?section=official-list-entry">"Hardknott Roman fort, bath-house, parade ground and tribunal, 4 Roman roads, Roman quarries and 3 cairns (1009349)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England" title="National Heritage List for England">National Heritage List for England</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Heritage+List+for+England&rft.atitle=Hardknott+Roman+fort%2C+bath-house%2C+parade+ground+and+tribunal%2C+4+Roman+roads%2C+Roman+quarries+and+3+cairns+%281009349%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FHistoricEngland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1009349%3Fsection%3Dofficial-list-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHardknott+Roman+Fort" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G Lindop, <i>A Literary Guide to the Lake District</i> (Manchester 1993) p. 262</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hardknott_Roman_Fort&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hardknott_Roman_Fort" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hardknott Roman Fort">Hardknott Roman Fort</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/eskdale-and-duddon-valley">Eskdale and Duddon information at the National Trust</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/hardknott-roman-fort/">Hardknott Roman Fort information at English Heritage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cambridgemilitaryhistory.com/2015/03/31/hardknott-roman-fort-the-borders-of-empire">Hardknott Roman Fort</a> Link to website cambridgemilitaryhistory.com which discusses Hardknott Roman Fort</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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Round Table (henge)">King Arthur's Round Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayburgh_Henge" title="Mayburgh Henge">Mayburgh Henge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dating from <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambleside_Roman_Fort" title="Ambleside Roman Fort">Ambleside Roman Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a> <span class="wrap">(including Banks East Turret, <a href="/wiki/Banna_(Birdoswald)" title="Banna (Birdoswald)">Birdoswald Roman Fort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brougham_Castle" title="Brougham Castle">Brougham Roman fort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castle_Folds" title="Castle Folds">Castle Folds</a>, Hare Hill, <a href="/wiki/Milecastle_49" title="Milecastle 49">Harrows Scar Milecastle and Wall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milecastle_48" title="Milecastle 48">King's Stables (Milecastle 48)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leahill_Turret,_Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Leahill Turret, Hadrian's Wall">Leahill Turret</a> and Piper Sike Turret, <a href="/wiki/Pike_Hill_Signal_Tower" title="Pike Hill Signal Tower">Pike Hill Signal Tower</a>, Willowford Wall Turrets and Bridge)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hardknott Roman Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenglass_Roman_Bath_House" title="Ravenglass Roman Bath House">Ravenglass Roman Bath House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dating from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bow_Bridge,_Cumbria" title="Bow Bridge, Cumbria">Bow Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brough_Castle" title="Brough Castle">Brough Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brougham_Castle" title="Brougham Castle">Brougham Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Castle" title="Carlisle Castle">Carlisle Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifton_Hall,_Cumbria" title="Clifton Hall, Cumbria">Clifton Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furness_Abbey" title="Furness Abbey">Furness Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanercost_Priory" title="Lanercost Priory">Lanercost Priory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penrith_Castle" title="Penrith Castle">Penrith Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piel_Castle" title="Piel Castle">Piel Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shap_Abbey" title="Shap Abbey">Shap Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetheral_Priory_Gatehouse" title="Wetheral Priory Gatehouse">Wetheral Priory Gatehouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dating from the 17th century onwards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Countess_Pillar" title="Countess Pillar">Countess Pillar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stott_Park_Bobbin_Mill" title="Stott Park Bobbin Mill">Stott Park Bobbin Mill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Roman_visitor_sites_in_the_UK" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#99cc88;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_visitor_sites_in_the_UK" title="Template:Roman visitor sites in the UK"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_visitor_sites_in_the_UK" title="Template talk:Roman visitor sites in the UK"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_visitor_sites_in_the_UK" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman visitor sites in the UK"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_visitor_sites_in_the_UK" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Roman visitor sites in the UK</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Villas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bignor_Roman_Villa" title="Bignor Roman Villa">Bignor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brading_Roman_Villa" title="Brading Roman Villa">Brading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chedworth_Roman_Villa" title="Chedworth Roman Villa">Chedworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crofton_Roman_Villa" title="Crofton Roman Villa">Crofton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubris#Roman_Painted_House" title="Dubris">Dover Painted House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishbourne_Roman_Palace" title="Fishbourne Roman Palace">Fishbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Witcombe_Roman_Villa" title="Great Witcombe Roman Villa">Great Witcombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littlecote_Roman_Villa" title="Littlecote Roman Villa">Littlecote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lullingstone_Roman_Villa" title="Lullingstone Roman Villa">Lullingstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport_Roman_Villa" title="Newport Roman Villa">Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Leigh_Roman_Villa" title="North Leigh Roman Villa">North Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piddington_Roman_Villa" title="Piddington Roman Villa">Piddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockbourne_Roman_Villa" title="Rockbourne Roman Villa">Rockbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparsholt_Roman_Villa" title="Sparsholt Roman Villa">Sparsholt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viroconium_Cornoviorum#Reconstructed_villa" title="Viroconium Cornoviorum">Wroxeter</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Wroxeter_baths%2C_2010.jpg/100px-Wroxeter_baths%2C_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Wroxeter_baths%2C_2010.jpg/150px-Wroxeter_baths%2C_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Wroxeter_baths%2C_2010.jpg/200px-Wroxeter_baths%2C_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1679" data-file-height="1166" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Forts & military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambleside_Roman_Fort" title="Ambleside Roman Fort">Ambleside Roman Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbeia" title="Arbeia">Arbeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milecastle_52" title="Milecastle 52">Banks East Turret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinovia" title="Vinovia">Binchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna_(Birdoswald)" title="Banna (Birdoswald)">Birdoswald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgh_Castle_(Roman_fortification)" title="Burgh Castle (Roman fortification)">Burgh Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isca_Augusta" title="Isca Augusta">Caerleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilurnum" title="Cilurnum">Chesters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derventio_Brigantum" title="Derventio Brigantum">Derventio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover_Castle" title="Dover Castle">Dover Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hardknott Roman Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housesteads_Roman_Fort" title="Housesteads Roman Fort">Housesteads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_Roman_Fort" title="Lancaster Roman Fort">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunt_Roman_Fort" title="Lunt Roman Fort">Lunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnis_(Carvoran)" title="Magnis (Carvoran)">Carvoran Roman Army Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over_Burrow_Roman_Fort" title="Over Burrow Roman Fort">Over Burrow (Lancaster)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anderitum" title="Anderitum">Pevensey Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portchester_Castle" title="Portchester Castle">Portchester Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremetennacum" title="Bremetennacum">Ribchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richborough_Castle" title="Richborough Castle">Richborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segedunum" title="Segedunum">Segedunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venta_Icenorum" title="Venta Icenorum">Venta Icenorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindolanda" title="Vindolanda">Vindolanda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isurium_Brigantum" title="Isurium Brigantum">Aldborough Roman Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noviomagus_Reginorum" title="Noviomagus Reginorum">Chichester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camulodunum" title="Camulodunum">Colchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coria_(Corbridge)" title="Coria (Corbridge)">Corbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calleva_Atrebatum" title="Calleva Atrebatum">Silchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venta_Icenorum" title="Venta Icenorum">Venta Icenorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verulamium" title="Verulamium">St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viroconium_Cornoviorum" title="Viroconium Cornoviorum">Wroxeter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Roman_Museum" title="Canterbury Roman Museum">Canterbury Roman Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnae_Carvetiorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnae Carvetiorum">Carvoran Roman Army Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerleon_Roman_Fortress_and_Baths" title="Caerleon Roman Fortress and Baths">Caerleon Roman Fortress and Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Claudius,_Colchester" title="Temple of Claudius, Colchester">Colchester Castle Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corinium_Museum" title="Corinium Museum">Corinium Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewry_Wall_Museum" title="Jewry Wall Museum">Jewry Wall Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Roman_Legion_Museum" title="National Roman Legion Museum">National Roman Legion Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremetennacum" title="Bremetennacum">Ribchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alauna_(Maryport)" title="Alauna (Maryport)">Senhouse Roman Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimontium_(Newstead)#Museums" title="Trimontium (Newstead)">Trimontium Trust (Melrose)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Albans_Museums#Verulamium_Museum" title="St Albans Museums">Verulamium Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#99cc88;;width:1%">Other sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Baths_(Bath)" title="Roman Baths (Bath)">Bath Roman Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condercum#Other_buildings" title="Condercum">Benwell Roman temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Baths_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Baths Museum">Caerleon Roman Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_Roman_Amphitheatre" title="Chester Roman Amphitheatre">Chester Roman Amphitheatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewry_Wall" title="Jewry Wall">Jewry Wall, Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welwyn_Roman_Baths" title="Welwyn Roman Baths">Welwyn Roman Baths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum#Archaeological_remains" title="Eboracum">York Roman Baths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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