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<li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Britain_"County_Series"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Britain_"County_Series""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Great Britain "County Series"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Britain_"County_Series"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-City_and_town_mapping,_19th_and_early_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_and_town_mapping,_19th_and_early_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>City and town mapping, 19th and early 20th century</span> </div> 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aria-controls="toc-Map_range-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Map range subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Map_range-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-OS_MasterMap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OS_MasterMap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>OS MasterMap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OS_MasterMap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_mapping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_mapping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Business mapping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_mapping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leisure_maps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leisure_maps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Leisure maps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leisure_maps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-App_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#App_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>App development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-App_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Custom_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Custom_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Custom products</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Custom_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Educational_mapping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educational_mapping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Educational mapping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educational_mapping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derivative_and_licensed_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derivative_and_licensed_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Derivative and licensed products</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derivative_and_licensed_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_access_to_historic_mapping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_access_to_historic_mapping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Free access to historic mapping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_access_to_historic_mapping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_1:63360_and_1:50000_map_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_1:63360_and_1:50000_map_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>History of 1:63360 and 1:50000 map publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_1:63360_and_1:50000_map_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cartography_and_geodesy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cartography_and_geodesy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cartography and geodesy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cartography_and_geodesy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_access_and_criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_access_and_criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Data access and criticisms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Data_access_and_criticisms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Data access and criticisms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Data_access_and_criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-OS_OpenData" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OS_OpenData"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span><i>OS OpenData</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OS_OpenData-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_material" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_material"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Historical material</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_material-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A" title="أوردنانس سورفي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوردنانس سورفي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arolwg_Ordnans" title="Arolwg Ordnans – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Arolwg Ordnans" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_Survey" title="Ordnance Survey – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ordnance Survey" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_Survey" title="Ordnance Survey – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ordnance Survey" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_Survey" title="Ordnance Survey – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ordnance Survey" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_Survey" title="Ordnance Survey – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ordnance Survey" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_Survey" title="Ordnance Survey – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ordnance Survey" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_Survey" title="Ordnance Survey – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ordnance Survey" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_Survey" title="Ordnance Survey – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ordnance Survey" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_Survey" title="Ordnance Survey – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ordnance Survey" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_Survey" title="Ordnance Survey – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ordnance Survey" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_Survey" title="Ordnance Survey – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ordnance Survey" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_Survey" title="Ordnance Survey – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ordnance Survey" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordnance_Survey" title="Ordnance Survey – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ordnance Survey" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%B0%E5%BD%A2%E6%B8%AC%E9%87%8F%E5%B1%80" title="英國地形測量局 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="英國地形測量局" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q548721#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ordnance_Survey&params=50.9378_N_1.4713_W_region:GB-STH_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°56′16″N</span> <span class="longitude">1°28′17″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.9378°N 1.4713°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.9378; -1.4713</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">National mapping agency for Great Britain</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the former agency of Ireland, see <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_Ireland" title="Ordnance Survey Ireland">Ordnance Survey Ireland</a>. For the former agency of Northern Ireland, see <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland">Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland</a>. For an international agency, see <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_International" title="Ordnance Survey International">Ordnance Survey International</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">Ordnance Survey <br /><span style="font-size:85%;"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: <i lang="cy">Arolwg Ordnans</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ordnance_Survey_2015_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/19/Ordnance_Survey_2015_Logo.svg/240px-Ordnance_Survey_2015_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/19/Ordnance_Survey_2015_Logo.svg/360px-Ordnance_Survey_2015_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/19/Ordnance_Survey_2015_Logo.svg/480px-Ordnance_Survey_2015_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="32" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">1791<span class="noprint">; 233 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1791</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data">Great Britain<sup id="cite_ref-RegionServed_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RegionServed-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Notes 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a>, England, UK<br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ordnance_Survey&params=50.9378_N_1.4713_W_region:GB-STH_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°56′16″N</span> <span class="longitude">1°28′17″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.9378°N 1.4713°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.9378; -1.4713</span></span></span></a></span></span> OS grid SU 373 155</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">1,244</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Minister responsible</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kyle" title="Peter Kyle">Peter Kyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Science,_Innovation_and_Technology" title="Secretary of State for Science, Innovation and Technology">Secretary of State for Science, Innovation and Technology</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency executive</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Nick Bolton, <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">CEO</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Science,_Innovation_and_Technology" title="Department for Science, Innovation and Technology">Department for Science, Innovation and Technology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/">www<wbr />.ordnancesurvey<wbr />.co<wbr />.uk</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q548721#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ordnance_Survey_1-250000_-_TF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ordnance_Survey_1-250000_-_TF.jpg/220px-Ordnance_Survey_1-250000_-_TF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ordnance_Survey_1-250000_-_TF.jpg/330px-Ordnance_Survey_1-250000_-_TF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ordnance_Survey_1-250000_-_TF.jpg/440px-Ordnance_Survey_1-250000_-_TF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid" title="Ordnance Survey National Grid">Grid square</a> TF from the <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid" title="Ordnance Survey National Grid">Ordnance Survey National Grid</a>, shown at a <a href="/wiki/Scale_(map)" title="Scale (map)">scale</a> of 1:250,000. The map shows <a href="/wiki/The_Wash" title="The Wash">the Wash</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, as well as places within the counties of <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a>, Cambridgeshire and <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grays_Thurrockmap_1946.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Grays_Thurrockmap_1946.jpg/220px-Grays_Thurrockmap_1946.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Grays_Thurrockmap_1946.jpg/330px-Grays_Thurrockmap_1946.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Grays_Thurrockmap_1946.jpg/440px-Grays_Thurrockmap_1946.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1568" data-file-height="1408" /></a><figcaption>Part of an Ordnance Survey map, at the scale of one inch to the mile, from a New Popular Edition map published in 1946</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mansewood1747-1755.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Mansewood1747-1755.jpg/220px-Mansewood1747-1755.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Mansewood1747-1755.jpg/330px-Mansewood1747-1755.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Mansewood1747-1755.jpg/440px-Mansewood1747-1755.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pollokshaws" title="Pollokshaws">Pollokshaws</a> on <a href="/wiki/William_Roy" title="William Roy">Roy</a>'s Military Survey of Scotland (1747–1755)<sup id="cite_ref-Roy_and_OS_1_inch_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roy_and_OS_1_inch-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Ordnance Survey</b> (<b>OS</b>) is the <a href="/wiki/National_mapping_agency" title="National mapping agency">national mapping agency</a> for Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agency's name indicates its original military purpose (see <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">ordnance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">surveying</a>), which was to map Scotland in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745" title="Jacobite rising of 1745">Jacobite rising of 1745</a>. There was also a more general and nationwide need in light of the potential threat of invasion during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>. Since 1 April 2015, the Ordnance Survey has operated as Ordnance Survey Ltd, a <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">government-owned company</a>, 100% in public ownership. The Ordnance Survey Board remains accountable to the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Science,_Innovation_and_Technology" title="Secretary of State for Science, Innovation and Technology">Secretary of State for Science, Innovation and Technology</a>. It was also a member of the <a href="/wiki/Public_Data_Group" title="Public Data Group">Public Data Group</a>. </p><p>Paper maps represent only 5% of the company's annual revenue. It produces digital map data, online route planning and sharing services and mobile apps, plus many other location-based products for business, government and consumers. Ordnance Survey mapping is usually classified as either "<a href="/wiki/Scale_(map)" title="Scale (map)">large-scale</a>" (in other words, more detailed) or "small-scale". The Survey's large-scale mapping comprises 1:2,500 maps for urban areas and 1:10,000 more generally. (The latter superseded the 1:10,560 "six <a href="/wiki/Inch" title="Inch">inches</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">mile</a>" scale in the 1950s.) These large scale maps are typically used in professional <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">land-use</a> contexts and were available as sheets until the 1980s, when they were <a href="/wiki/Digitizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Digitizing">digitised</a>. Small-scale mapping for leisure use includes the 1:25,000 "Explorer" series, the 1:50,000 "Landranger" series and the 1:250,000 road maps. These are still available in traditional sheet form. </p><p>Ordnance Survey maps remain in <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> for 50 years after their publication. Some of the <a href="/wiki/National_library" title="National library">Copyright Libraries</a> hold complete or near-complete collections of pre-digital OS mapping. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordnance_Survey&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordnance_Survey&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ordnance_Survey_Drawings_-_St._Columb_Major,_Cornwall_(OSD_7).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ordnance_Survey_Drawings_-_St._Columb_Major%2C_Cornwall_%28OSD_7%29.jpg/220px-Ordnance_Survey_Drawings_-_St._Columb_Major%2C_Cornwall_%28OSD_7%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ordnance_Survey_Drawings_-_St._Columb_Major%2C_Cornwall_%28OSD_7%29.jpg/330px-Ordnance_Survey_Drawings_-_St._Columb_Major%2C_Cornwall_%28OSD_7%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Ordnance_Survey_Drawings_-_St._Columb_Major%2C_Cornwall_%28OSD_7%29.jpg/440px-Ordnance_Survey_Drawings_-_St._Columb_Major%2C_Cornwall_%28OSD_7%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5562" data-file-height="4110" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_Drawings" title="Ordnance Survey Drawings">original draftsman's drawings</a> for the area around <a href="/wiki/St_Columb_Major" title="St Columb Major">St Columb Major</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, made in 1810.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_George%27s_Town_and_St_George%27s_Garrison_,_Bermuda_OS_Map_Lieut_AJ_Savage_1901.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/St_George%27s_Town_and_St_George%27s_Garrison_%2C_Bermuda_OS_Map_Lieut_AJ_Savage_1901.jpg/220px-St_George%27s_Town_and_St_George%27s_Garrison_%2C_Bermuda_OS_Map_Lieut_AJ_Savage_1901.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/St_George%27s_Town_and_St_George%27s_Garrison_%2C_Bermuda_OS_Map_Lieut_AJ_Savage_1901.jpg/330px-St_George%27s_Town_and_St_George%27s_Garrison_%2C_Bermuda_OS_Map_Lieut_AJ_Savage_1901.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/St_George%27s_Town_and_St_George%27s_Garrison_%2C_Bermuda_OS_Map_Lieut_AJ_Savage_1901.jpg/440px-St_George%27s_Town_and_St_George%27s_Garrison_%2C_Bermuda_OS_Map_Lieut_AJ_Savage_1901.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2823" data-file-height="1735" /></a><figcaption>Detail from 1901 Ordnance Survey map of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_fortress" title="Imperial fortress">Imperial fortress</a> <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="British Overseas Territory">colony</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> (showing <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s,_Bermuda" title="St. George's, Bermuda">St. George's Town</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Garrison,_Bermuda" title="St. George's Garrison, Bermuda">St. George's Garrison</a>), compiled from surveys carried out between 1897 and 1899 by Lieutenant Arthur Johnson Savage, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Engineers" title="Royal Engineers">Royal Engineers</a>.</figcaption></figure> </div></div> <p>The origins of the Ordnance Survey lie in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745" title="Jacobite rising of 1745">Jacobite rising of 1745</a>. <a href="/wiki/Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cumberland" title="Prince William, Duke of Cumberland">Prince William, Duke of Cumberland</a> realised that the British Army did not have a good map of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlands</a> to locate <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobite</a> dissenters such as <a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser,_11th_Lord_Lovat" title="Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat">Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat</a> so that they could be put on trial.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt2010xix_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2010xix-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1747, Lieutenant-Colonel <a href="/wiki/David_Watson_(British_Army_officer)" title="David Watson (British Army officer)">David Watson</a> proposed the compilation of a map of the Highlands to help in pacifying the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorter1889167–168_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter1889167–168-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">King George II</a> charged Watson with making a military survey of the Highlands under the command of the Duke of Cumberland. Among Watson's assistants were <a href="/wiki/William_Roy" title="William Roy">William Roy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sandby" title="Paul Sandby">Paul Sandby</a> and John Manson. The survey was produced at a scale of 1 inch to 1,000 yards (1:36,000)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHindle1998114–115_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHindle1998114–115-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and included "<a href="/wiki/The_Duke_of_Cumberland%27s_Map" class="mw-redirect" title="The Duke of Cumberland's Map">the Duke of Cumberland's Map</a>" (primarily by Watson and Roy), now held in the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roy later had an illustrious career in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Engineers" title="Royal Engineers">Royal Engineers</a> (RE), rising to the rank of General, and he was largely responsible for the British share of the work in determining the relative positions of the French and British royal observatories. This work was the starting point of the <a href="/wiki/Principal_Triangulation_of_Great_Britain" title="Principal Triangulation of Great Britain">Principal Triangulation of Great Britain</a> (1783–1853), and led to the creation of the Ordnance Survey itself. Roy's technical skills and leadership set the high standard for which the Ordnance Survey became known. Work was begun in earnest in 1790 under Roy's supervision, when the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Ordnance" title="Board of Ordnance">Board of Ordnance</a> (a predecessor of part of the modern <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Defence</a>) began a national military survey starting with the south coast of England. Roy's birthplace near <a href="/wiki/Carluke" title="Carluke">Carluke</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Lanarkshire" title="South Lanarkshire">South Lanarkshire</a> is today marked by a memorial in the form of a large OS <a href="/wiki/Trig_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Trig point">trig point</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1791, the Board received the newer <a href="/wiki/Ramsden_theodolite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsden theodolite">Ramsden theodolite</a> (an improved successor to the one that Roy had used in 1784), and work began on mapping southern Great Britain using a 5 mi (8 km) baseline on <a href="/wiki/Hounslow_Heath" title="Hounslow Heath">Hounslow Heath</a> that Roy himself had previously measured; it crosses the present <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow Airport</a>. In 1991, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mail" title="Royal Mail">Royal Mail</a> marked the bicentenary by issuing a set of postage stamps featuring maps of the Kentish village of <a href="/wiki/Hamstreet" title="Hamstreet">Hamstreet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1801, the first one-inch-to-the-mile (1:63,360 scale) map was published, detailing the county of <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a> following shortly afterwards. The Kent map was published privately and stopped at the county border, while the Essex maps were published by the Ordnance Survey and ignored the county border, setting the trend for future Ordnance Survey maps.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHindle1998117_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHindle1998117-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the next 20 years, about a third of England and Wales was mapped at the same scale (see <a href="/wiki/Principal_Triangulation_of_Great_Britain" title="Principal Triangulation of Great Britain">Principal Triangulation of Great Britain</a>) under the direction of <a href="/wiki/William_Mudge" title="William Mudge">William Mudge</a>, as other military matters took precedence. It took until 1823 to re-establish the relationship with the French survey made by Roy in 1787. By 1810, one-inch-to-the-mile maps of most of the south of England were completed, but they were withdrawn from sale between 1811 and 1816 because of security fears.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeymour198071_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeymour198071-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1840, the one-inch survey had covered all of Wales and all but the six northernmost counties of England.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Surveying was hard work. For instance, Major <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Frederick_Colby" title="Thomas Frederick Colby">Thomas Colby</a>, the longest-serving Director General of the Ordnance Survey, walked 586 mi (943 km) in 22 days on a reconnaissance in 1819. In 1824, Colby and most of his staff moved to Ireland to work on a six-inches-to-the-mile (1:10,560) valuation survey. The survey of Ireland, county by county, was completed in 1846.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHindle1998114_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHindle1998114-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The suspicions and tensions it caused in rural Ireland are the subject of <a href="/wiki/Brian_Friel" title="Brian Friel">Brian Friel</a>'s play <i><a href="/wiki/Translations_(play)" title="Translations (play)">Translations</a></i>. </p><p>Colby was not only involved in the design of specialist measuring equipment. He also established a systematic collection of place names, and reorganised the map-making process to produce clear, accurate plans. Place names were recorded in "Name Books",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwenPilbeam199230,_75_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwenPilbeam199230,_75-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nls.uk_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nls.uk-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a system first used in Ireland. The instructions for their use were: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The persons employed on the survey are to endeavour to obtain the correct orthography of the names of places by diligently consulting the best authorities within their reach. The name of each place is to be inserted as it is commonly spelt, in the first column of the name book and the various modes of spelling it used in books, writings &c. are to be inserted in the second column, with the authority placed in the third column opposite to each.</p></blockquote> <p>Whilst these procedures generally produced excellent results, mistakes were made: for instance, the <a href="/wiki/Pilgrims%27_Way" title="Pilgrims' Way">Pilgrims' Way</a> in the <a href="/wiki/North_Downs" title="North Downs">North Downs</a> labelled the wrong route, but the name stuck. Similarly, the spelling of <a href="/wiki/Scafell" title="Scafell">Scafell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scafell_Pike" title="Scafell Pike">Scafell Pike</a> copied an error on an earlier map,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was retained as this was the name of a corner of one of the <a href="/wiki/Principal_Triangles" class="mw-redirect" title="Principal Triangles">Principal Triangles</a>, despite "Scawfell" being the almost universal form at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Colby believed in leading from the front, travelling with his men, helping to build camps and, as each survey session drew to a close, arranging mountain-top parties with enormous <a href="/wiki/Plum_pudding" class="mw-redirect" title="Plum pudding">plum puddings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ordnancesurvey.co.uk_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ordnancesurvey.co.uk-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southampton-OSOld.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Southampton-OSOld.jpg/220px-Southampton-OSOld.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Southampton-OSOld.jpg/330px-Southampton-OSOld.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Southampton-OSOld.jpg/440px-Southampton-OSOld.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_buildings,_Southampton" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance Survey buildings, Southampton">former headquarters of the Ordnance Survey</a> in London Road, <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a> (2005).</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/British_Geological_Survey" title="British Geological Survey">British Geological Survey</a> was founded in 1835 as the Ordnance Geological Survey under <a href="/wiki/Henry_De_la_Beche" title="Henry De la Beche">Henry De la Beche</a>, and remained a branch of the Ordnance Survey until 1965. At the same time, the uneven quality of the English and Scottish maps was being improved by engravers under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Baker_(engraver)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin Baker (engraver) (page does not exist)">Benjamin Baker</a>. By the time Colby retired in 1846, the production of six-inch maps of Ireland was complete. This had led to a demand for similar treatment in England, and work was proceeding on extending the six-inch map to northern England, but only a three-inch scale for most of Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Survey_Act_1870"></span> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:100%"><span style="font-size:125%">Survey Act 1870</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act to amend the Law relating to the Surveys of Great Britain, Ireland, and the Isle of Man.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">33 & 34 Vict. c. 13</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12 May 1870</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Other legislation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Amends</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_Revision_Act_1883" title="Statute Law Revision Act 1883">Statute Law Revision Act 1883</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>When Colby retired, he recommended <a href="/wiki/William_Yolland" title="William Yolland">William Yolland</a> as his successor, but he was considered too young and the less experienced Lewis Alexander Hall was appointed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwenPilbeam199244–45_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwenPilbeam199244–45-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a fire in the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>, the headquarters of the survey was moved to <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_buildings,_Southampton" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance Survey buildings, Southampton">Southampton</a> taking over buildings previously occupied by a military orphanage (the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_Asylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Military Asylum">Royal Military Asylum</a>) in 1841,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Yolland was put in charge, but Hall sent him off to Ireland so that when Hall left in 1854 Yolland was again passed over in favour of Major <a href="/wiki/Henry_James_(British_Army_officer)" title="Henry James (British Army officer)">Henry James</a>. Hall was enthusiastic about extending the survey of the north of England to a scale of 1:2,500. In 1855, the Board of Ordnance was abolished and the Ordnance Survey was placed under the <a href="/wiki/War_Office" title="War Office">War Office</a> together with the Topographical Survey and the Depot of Military Knowledge. Eventually in 1870 it was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Works" title="Office of Works">Office of Works</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The primary triangulation of the United Kingdom of Roy, Mudge and Yolland was completed by 1841, but was greatly improved by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ross_Clarke" title="Alexander Ross Clarke">Alexander Ross Clarke</a> who completed a new survey based on <a href="/wiki/George_Biddell_Airy" title="George Biddell Airy">Airy</a>'s spheroid in 1858, completing the <a href="/wiki/Principal_Triangulation_of_Great_Britain" title="Principal Triangulation of Great Britain">Principal Triangulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, he completed an initial <a href="/wiki/Levelling" title="Levelling">levelling</a> of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Britain_"County_Series""><span id="Great_Britain_.22County_Series.22"></span>Great Britain "County Series"<span class="anchor" id="Ordnance_Survey_Act_1841"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordnance_Survey&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Great Britain "County Series""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Ordnance Survey Act 1841</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281837%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act to authorize and facilitate the Completion of a Survey of Great Britain, Berwick upon Tweed, and the Isle of Man.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/4_%26_5_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="4 & 5 Vict.">4 & 5 Vict.</a> c. 30</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">21 June 1841</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Other legislation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Amended by</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_Revision_Act_1874_(No._2)" title="Statute Law Revision Act 1874 (No. 2)">Statute Law Revision Act 1874 (No. 2)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Summary_Jurisdiction_Act_1884" title="Summary Jurisdiction Act 1884">Summary Jurisdiction Act 1884</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="background-color: #ffa16c;">Status: Partially repealed</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/4-5/30/enacted">Text of statute as originally enacted</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/id?title=Ordnance+Survey+Act+1841">Text of the Ordnance Survey Act 1841</a> as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from <a href="/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk" title="Legislation.gov.uk">legislation.gov.uk</a>.</th></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_Great_Britain_County_Series" title="Ordnance Survey Great Britain County Series">Ordnance Survey Great Britain County Series</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ellis_martin_5th_series.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ellis_martin_5th_series.png/220px-Ellis_martin_5th_series.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="374" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ellis_martin_5th_series.png/330px-Ellis_martin_5th_series.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ellis_martin_5th_series.png/440px-Ellis_martin_5th_series.png 2x" data-file-width="2692" data-file-height="4576" /></a><figcaption>The cover of the 5th series OS map Chelmsford and Southend sheet 108. Art by <a href="/wiki/Ellis_Martin" title="Ellis Martin">Ellis Martin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the Ordnance Survey published its <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_Ireland#History" title="Ordnance Survey Ireland">first large-scale maps of Ireland</a> in the mid-1830s, the <a href="/wiki/Tithe_Act_1836" title="Tithe Act 1836">Tithe Act 1836</a> led to calls for a similar six-inch to the mile survey in England and <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>. Official procrastination followed, but the development of the railways added to pressure that resulted in the Ordnance Survey Act 1841 (<a href="/wiki/4_%26_5_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="4 & 5 Vict.">4 & 5 Vict.</a> c. 30).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This granted a right to enter property for the purpose of the survey. Following a fire at its headquarters at the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a> in 1841<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Ordnance Survey relocated to a site in <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a> and was in disarray for several years, with arguments about which scales to use. Major-General Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_James_(Ordnance_Survey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry James (Ordnance Survey)">Henry James</a> was by then Director General, and he saw how photography could be used to make maps of various scales cheaply and easily. He developed and exploited <a href="/wiki/Photozincography" title="Photozincography">photozincography</a>, not only to reduce the costs of map production but also to publish <a href="/wiki/Facsimile" title="Facsimile">facsimiles</a> of nationally important manuscripts. Between 1861 and 1864, a facsimile of the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a> was issued, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_counties_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient counties of England">county</a> by county; and a facsimile of the <a href="/wiki/Gough_Map" title="Gough Map">Gough Map</a> was issued in 1870. </p><p>From the 1840s, the Ordnance Survey concentrated on the Great Britain "<a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_Great_Britain_County_Series" title="Ordnance Survey Great Britain County Series">County Series</a>", modelled on the earlier Ireland survey. A start was made on mapping the whole country, county by county, at six inches to the mile (1:10,560). In 1854, "twenty-five inch" maps were introduced with a scale of 1:2500 (25.344 inches to the mile) and the six inch maps were then based on these twenty-five inch maps. The first edition of the two scales was completed by the 1890s, with a second edition completed in the 1890s and 1900s. From 1907 till the early 1940s, a third edition (or "second revision") was begun but never completed: only areas with significant changes on the ground were revised, many two or three times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOliver2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2017]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2017)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOliver2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2017]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2017)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOliverHellyer2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2017]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2017)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOliverHellyer2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2017]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2017)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, publication of the one-inch to the mile series for Great Britain was completed in 1891. </p><p>From the late 19th century to the early 1940s, the OS produced many "restricted" versions of the County Series maps and other War Department sheets for <a href="/wiki/War_Office" title="War Office">War Office</a> purposes, in a variety of large scales that included details of military significance such as dockyards, naval installations, fortifications and military camps. Apart from a brief period during the disarmament talks of the 1930s, these areas were left blank or incomplete on standard maps. The War Department 1:2500s, unlike the standard issue, were <a href="/wiki/Contour_line" title="Contour line">contoured</a>. The de-classified sheets have now been deposited in some of the Copyright Libraries, helping to complete the map-picture of pre-Second World War Britain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_and_town_mapping,_19th_and_early_20th_century"><span id="City_and_town_mapping.2C_19th_and_early_20th_century"></span>City and town mapping, 19th and early 20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordnance_Survey&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: City and town mapping, 19th and early 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1824, the OS began a 6-inch (1:10,560) survey of Ireland for taxation purposes but found this to be inadequate for urban areas and adopted the five-foot scale (1:1056) for Irish cities and towns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKainOliver2015201_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKainOliver2015201-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1840, the six-inch standard was adopted in Great Britain for the un-surveyed northern counties and the 1:1056 scale also began to be adopted for urban surveys.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKainOliver2015201_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKainOliver2015201-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1842 and 1895, <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_Great_Britain_County_Series#Ordnance_Survey_Town_Plans" title="Ordnance Survey Great Britain County Series">some 400 towns</a> were mapped at 1:500 (126 inches), 1:528 (120 inches, "10 foot scale") or 1:1056 (60 inches), with the remaining towns mapped at 1:2500 (~25 inches).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKainOliver201514_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKainOliver201514-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1855, the Treasury authorised funding for 1:2500 for rural areas and 1:500 for urban areas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKainOliver2015217_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKainOliver2015217-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1:500 scale was considered more 'rational' than 1:528 and became known as the "sanitary scale" since its primary purpose was to support establishment of mains sewerage and water supply.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKainOliver2015217_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKainOliver2015217-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a review of the Ordnance Survey in 1892 found that sales of the 1:500 series maps were very poor and the Treasury declined to fund their continuing maintenance, declaring that any revision or new mapping at this scale must be self-financing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKainOliver2015221_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKainOliver2015221-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Very few towns and cities saw a second edition of the town plans:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHindle1998131–132_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHindle1998131–132-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by 1909 only fourteen places had paid for updates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKainOliver2015220,221_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKainOliver2015220,221-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The review determined that revision of 1:2500 mapping should proceed apace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKainOliver2015220_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKainOliver2015220-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most detailed mapping of London was the OS's 1:1056 survey between 1862 and 1872, which took 326 sheets to cover the capital;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKainOliver201542_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKainOliver201542-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a second edition (which needed 759 sheets because of urban expansion) was completed and brought out between 1891 and 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKainOliver201542_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKainOliver201542-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> London was unusual in that <a href="/wiki/Land_registration" title="Land registration">land registration</a> on transfer of title was made compulsory there in 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKainOliver2015222_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKainOliver2015222-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1:1056 sheets were partially revised to provide a basis for <a href="/wiki/HM_Land_Registry" title="HM Land Registry">HM Land Registry</a> index maps and the OS mapped the whole London County Council area (at 1:1056) at national expense.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKainOliver2015222_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKainOliver2015222-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Placenames from the second edition were used in 2016 by the <a href="/wiki/GB1900" title="GB1900">GB1900</a> project to crowd-source an open-licensed gazetteer of Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1911 onwards – and mainly between 1911 and 1913 – the Ordnance Survey <a href="/wiki/Enlarger" title="Enlarger">photo-enlarged</a> many 1:2500 sheets covering built-up areas to 1:1250 (50.688 inches to the mile) for Land Valuation and Inland Revenue purposes: the increased scale was to provide space for annotations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKainOliver2015222_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKainOliver2015222-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About a quarter of these 1:1250s were marked "Partially revised 1912/13". In areas where there were no further 1:2500s, these partially revised "fifty inch" sheets represent the last large-scale revision (larger than six-inch) of the County Series. The County Series mapping was superseded by the <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid" title="Ordnance Survey National Grid">Ordnance Survey National Grid</a> 1:1250s, 1:2500s and 1:10,560s after the Second World War.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOliver2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2017]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2017)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOliver2005[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2017]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2017)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordnance_Survey&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Front_cover_of_new_popular_edition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Front_cover_of_new_popular_edition.jpg/220px-Front_cover_of_new_popular_edition.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Front_cover_of_new_popular_edition.jpg/330px-Front_cover_of_new_popular_edition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Front_cover_of_new_popular_edition.jpg/440px-Front_cover_of_new_popular_edition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1568" data-file-height="2484" /></a><figcaption>Front cover of a one-inch to the mile New Popular Edition, from 1945</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_S.W._OS_One-Inch_7th_170.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/London_S.W._OS_One-Inch_7th_170.jpg/220px-London_S.W._OS_One-Inch_7th_170.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/London_S.W._OS_One-Inch_7th_170.jpg/330px-London_S.W._OS_One-Inch_7th_170.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/London_S.W._OS_One-Inch_7th_170.jpg/440px-London_S.W._OS_One-Inch_7th_170.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8216" data-file-height="9951" /></a><figcaption>Detailed scan of a complete 7th series sheet</figcaption></figure> <p>During World War I, the Ordnance Survey was involved in preparing maps of <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_France" title="Geography of France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Belgium" title="Geography of Belgium">Belgium</a>. During World War II, many more maps were created, including: </p> <ul><li>1:40,000 map of <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, Belgium</li> <li>1:100,000 map of <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, Belgium</li> <li>1:5,000,000 map of <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Africa" title="Geography of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li>1:250,000 map of <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li>1:50,000 map of north-east France</li> <li>1:30,000 map of the Netherlands with manuscript outline of districts occupied by the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (Wehrmacht)">German Army</a>.</li></ul> <p>After the war, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Charles_Close" title="Charles Close">Charles Close</a>, then Director General, developed a strategy using covers designed by <a href="/wiki/Ellis_Martin" title="Ellis Martin">Ellis Martin</a> to increase sales in the leisure market. In 1920 <a href="/wiki/O._G._S._Crawford" title="O. G. S. Crawford">O. G. S. Crawford</a> was appointed Archaeology Officer and played a prominent role in developing the use of aerial photography to deepen understanding of archaeology. </p><p>In 1922, devolution in Northern Ireland led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland">Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland</a> (OSNI) and the independence of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance Survey of Ireland">Ordnance Survey of Ireland</a>, so the original Ordnance Survey pulled its coverage back to Great Britain. </p><p>In 1935, the <a href="/wiki/J._C._C._Davidson" title="J. C. C. Davidson">Davidson</a> Committee was established to review the Ordnance Survey's future. The new Director General, Major-General <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_MacLeod_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malcolm MacLeod (scientist)">Malcolm MacLeod</a>, started the <a href="/wiki/Retriangulation_of_Great_Britain" title="Retriangulation of Great Britain">retriangulation of Great Britain</a>, an immense task involving the erection of concrete <a href="/wiki/Triangulation_station" title="Triangulation station">triangulation pillars ("trig points")</a> on prominent hilltops as infallible positions for theodolites. Each measurement made by theodolite during the retriangulation was repeated no fewer than 32 times. </p><p>The Davidson Committee's final report set the Ordnance Survey on course for the 20th century. The metric <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid" title="Ordnance Survey National Grid">national grid reference system</a> was launched and a 1:25000-scale series of maps was introduced. The one-inch maps continued to be produced until the 1970s, when they were superseded by the 1:50000-scale series – as proposed by William Roy more than two centuries earlier. </p><p>The Ordnance Survey had outgrown its site in the centre of Southampton (made worse by the bomb damage of the Second World War). The bombing during the <a href="/wiki/Southampton_Blitz" title="Southampton Blitz">Blitz</a> devastated Southampton in November 1940 and destroyed most of <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_buildings,_Southampton" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance Survey buildings, Southampton">the Ordnance Survey's city centre offices</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Staff were dispersed to other buildings and to temporary accommodation at Chessington and Esher, Surrey, where they produced 1:25000 scale maps of France, Italy, Germany and most of the rest of Europe in preparation for <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Normandy">its invasion</a>. Until 1969, the Ordnance Survey largely remained at its Southampton city centre HQ and at temporary buildings in the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Maybush" title="Maybush">Maybush</a> nearby, when a new purpose-built headquarters was opened in Maybush adjacent to the wartime temporary buildings there. Some of the remaining buildings of the original Southampton city-centre site are now used as part of the city's court complex. </p><p>The new head office building was designed by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Works_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Works (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Public Building and Works</a> for 4000 staff, including many new recruits who were taken on in the late 1960s and early 1970s as draughtsmen and surveyors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The buildings originally contained factory-floor space for photographic processes such as <a href="/wiki/Heliozincography" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliozincography">heliozincography</a> and map printing, as well as large buildings for storing flat maps. Above the industrial areas were extensive office areas. The complex was notable for its concrete mural. <i>Celestial</i>, by sculptor <a href="/wiki/Keith_McCarter" title="Keith McCarter">Keith McCarter</a><sup id="cite_ref-Major_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Major-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the concrete elliptical paraboloid shell roof over the staff restaurant building. </p><p>In 1995, the Ordnance Survey digitised the last of about 230,000 maps, making the United Kingdom the first country in the world to complete a programme of large-scale electronic mapping.<sup id="cite_ref-ordnancesurvey.co.uk_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ordnancesurvey.co.uk-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late 1990s technological developments had eliminated the need for vast areas for storing maps and for making printing plates by hand. Although there was a small computer section at the Ordnance Survey in the 1960s, the digitising programme had replaced the need for printing large-scale maps, while <a href="/wiki/Computer-to-plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer-to-plate">computer-to-plate</a> technology (in the form of a single machine) had also rendered the photographic platemaking areas obsolete. Part of the latter was converted into a new conference centre in 2000, which was used for internal events and also made available for external organisations to hire. </p><p>The Ordnance Survey became an <a href="/wiki/Executive_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Agency">Executive Agency</a> in 1990, making the organisation independent of ministerial control.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999 the agency was designated a <a href="/wiki/Trading_fund" title="Trading fund">trading fund</a>, required to cover its costs by charging for its products and to remit a proportion of its profits to the Treasury.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordnance_Survey&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ordnance_Survey_HQ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ordnance_Survey_HQ.jpg/220px-Ordnance_Survey_HQ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ordnance_Survey_HQ.jpg/330px-Ordnance_Survey_HQ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ordnance_Survey_HQ.jpg/440px-Ordnance_Survey_HQ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Former Ordnance Survey headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Maybush" title="Maybush">Maybush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a>, used from 1969 until 2011</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geograph_2222919_Ordnance_Survey%27s_new_HQ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Geograph_2222919_Ordnance_Survey%27s_new_HQ.jpg/220px-Geograph_2222919_Ordnance_Survey%27s_new_HQ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Geograph_2222919_Ordnance_Survey%27s_new_HQ.jpg/330px-Geograph_2222919_Ordnance_Survey%27s_new_HQ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Geograph_2222919_Ordnance_Survey%27s_new_HQ.jpg/440px-Geograph_2222919_Ordnance_Survey%27s_new_HQ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>Headquarters in Adanac Park opened in 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2010, OS announced that printing and warehouse operations were to be outsourced,<sup id="cite_ref-ordnancesurvey.co.uk_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ordnancesurvey.co.uk-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ending over 200 years of in-house printing.<sup id="cite_ref-PrintWeek_6_September_2010_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrintWeek_6_September_2010-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Frome-based firm Butler, Tanner and Dennis (BT&D) secured its printing contract.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As already stated, large-scale maps had not been printed at the Ordnance Survey since the common availability of <a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">geographical information systems</a> (GISs), but, until late 2010, the <i>OS Explorer</i> and <i>OS Landranger</i> series were printed in Maybush. </p><p>In April 2009 building began of a new head office in Adanac Park on the outskirts of Southampton.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 10 February 2011 virtually all staff had relocated to the new "Explorer House" building and the old site had been sold off and redeveloped. <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Philip</a> officially opened the new headquarters building on 4 October 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 January 2015 plans were announced for the organisation to move from a trading fund model to a government-owned <a href="/wiki/Limited_company" title="Limited company">limited company</a>, with the move completed in April 2015. The organisation remains fully owned by the UK government and retains many of the features of a public organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2015 the history of the Ordnance Survey was the subject of a <a href="/wiki/BBC_Four" title="BBC Four">BBC Four</a> TV documentary entitled <i>A Very British Map: The Ordnance Survey Story</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Timeshift_Series_15_Episode_2_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Timeshift_Series_15_Episode_2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 10 June 2019 the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Business,_Energy_and_Industrial_Strategy" title="Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy">Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy</a> (BEIS) appointed Steve Blair as the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Executive">Chief Executive</a> of the Ordnance Survey.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ordnance Survey supported the launch of the <a href="/wiki/Slow_Ways" title="Slow Ways">Slow Ways</a> initiative, which encourages users to walk on lesser used paths between UK towns.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 February 2023, ownership of Ordnance Survey Ltd passed to the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Science,_Innovation_and_Technology" title="Department for Science, Innovation and Technology">Department for Science, Innovation and Technology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Map_range">Map range</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordnance_Survey&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Map range"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ordnance_Survey_maps,_W.H._Smith,_Enfield.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Ordnance_Survey_maps%2C_W.H._Smith%2C_Enfield.jpg/220px-Ordnance_Survey_maps%2C_W.H._Smith%2C_Enfield.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Ordnance_Survey_maps%2C_W.H._Smith%2C_Enfield.jpg/330px-Ordnance_Survey_maps%2C_W.H._Smith%2C_Enfield.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Ordnance_Survey_maps%2C_W.H._Smith%2C_Enfield.jpg/440px-Ordnance_Survey_maps%2C_W.H._Smith%2C_Enfield.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>Ordnance Survey maps on sale</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ordnance Survey produces a large range of paper maps and <a href="/wiki/Digital_mapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital mapping">digital mapping</a> products. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="OS_MasterMap">OS MasterMap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordnance_Survey&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: OS MasterMap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ordnance Survey's flagship digital product, launched in November 2001, is <i><a href="/wiki/OS_MasterMap" title="OS MasterMap">OS MasterMap</a></i>, a database that records, in one continuous digital map, every fixed feature of Great Britain larger than a few metres. Every feature is given a unique <a href="/wiki/TOID" title="TOID">TOID</a> (TOpographical IDentifier), a simple identifier that includes no semantic information. Typically, each TOID is <a href="/wiki/Polygon_mesh" title="Polygon mesh">associated with a polygon that represents the area</a> on the ground that the feature covers, in <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid" title="Ordnance Survey National Grid">National Grid</a> coordinates. </p><p>OS MasterMap is offered in themed layers, each linked to a number of TOIDs. In September 2010, the layers were: </p><p><b>Topography:</b> </p> <dl><dd>The primary layer of <i>OS MasterMap</i>, consisting of vector data comprising large-scale representation of features in the real world, such as buildings and areas of vegetation. The features captured and the way they are depicted is listed in a specification available on the Ordnance Survey website.</dd></dl> <p><b>Integrated transport network:</b> </p> <dl><dd>A link-and-node network of transport features such as roads and railways. This data is at the heart of many <a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">satnav</a> systems. In an attempt to reduce the number of <a href="/wiki/Heavy_goods_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy goods vehicle">HGVs</a> using unsuitable roads, a data-capture programme of "Road Routing Information" was undertaken by 2015,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aiming to add information such as height restrictions and one-way streets.</dd></dl> <p><b>Imagery</b> </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Orthophoto" title="Orthophoto">Orthorectified aerial photography</a> in raster format.</dd></dl> <p><b>Address:</b> </p> <dl><dd>An overlay adding every address in the UK to other layers.</dd></dl> <p><b>Address 2:</b> </p> <dl><dd>Adds further information to the Address layer, such as addresses with multiple occupants (blocks of flats, student houses, etc.) and objects with no postal addresses, such as fields and electricity substations.</dd></dl> <p>ITN was withdrawn in April 2019 and replaced by OS MasterMap Highways Network<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Address layers were withdrawn in about 2016 with the information now being available in the AddressBase products<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – so as of 2020, MasterMap consists of Topography and Imagery. </p><p>Pricing of licenses to <i>OS MasterMap</i> data depends on the total area requested, the layers licensed, the number of TOIDs in the layers, and the period in years of the data usage. <i>OS MasterMap</i> can be used to generate maps for a vast array of purposes and maps can be printed from <i>OS MasterMap</i> data with detail equivalent to a traditional 1:1250 scale paper map. </p><p>The Ordnance Survey states that thanks to continuous review, <i>OS MasterMap</i> data is never more than six months out of date. The scale and detail of this mapping project is unique.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> By 2009, around 440 million TOIDs had been assigned, and the database stood at 600 gigabytes in size.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of March 2011, OS claims 450 million TOIDs.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2005, <i>OS MasterMap</i> was at version 6; 2010's version 8 includes provision for Urban Paths (an extension of the "integrated transport network" layer) and pre-build address layer. All these versions have a similar <a href="/wiki/Geography_Markup_Language" title="Geography Markup Language">GML</a> schema. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_mapping">Business mapping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordnance_Survey&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Business mapping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ordnance Survey produces a wide variety of different products aimed at business users, such as utility companies and local authorities. The data is supplied by the Ordnance Survey on optical media or increasingly, via the Internet. Products can be downloaded via FTP or accessed 'on demand' via a web browser. Organisations using Ordnance Survey data have to purchase a licence to do so. Some of the main products are: </p><p><i><b>OS MasterMap:</b></i> </p> <dl><dd>the Ordnance Survey's most detailed mapping showing individual buildings and other features in a <a href="/wiki/Vector_graphics" title="Vector graphics">vector format</a>. Every real-world object is assigned a unique reference number (TOID) that allows customers to add this reference to their own databases. <i>OS MasterMap</i> consists of several so-called "layers" such as the aerial imagery, transport and postcode. The principal layer is the topographic layer.</dd></dl> <p><i><b>OS VectorMap Local:</b></i> </p> <dl><dd>A customisable vector product at 1:10,000 scale.</dd></dl> <p><i><b>Meridian 2, Strategi:</b></i> </p> <dl><dd>Mid-scale mapping in vector format.</dd></dl> <p><i><b>Boundary-Line:</b></i> </p> <dl><dd>Mapping showing administrative boundaries such as counties, parishes and <a href="/wiki/Wards_and_electoral_divisions_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wards and electoral divisions of the United Kingdom">electoral wards</a>.</dd></dl> <p><i><b>Raster versions of leisure maps:</b></i> </p> <dl><dd>1:10,000, 1:25,000, 1:50,000, 1:250,000 scale raster</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leisure_maps">Leisure maps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordnance_Survey&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Leisure maps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid.svg/300px-Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid.svg/450px-Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid.svg/600px-Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of the Ordnance Survey National Grid coordinate system, with <a href="/wiki/Royal_Observatory_Greenwich" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Observatory Greenwich">Royal Observatory Greenwich</a> as an example</figcaption></figure> <p>OS's range of leisure maps are published in a variety of scales: </p><p><i><b>Tour</b></i> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1:100,000</span>, except Scotland)</span></span>: </p> <dl><dd>One-sheet maps covering a generally county-sized area, showing major and most minor roads and containing tourist information and selected footpaths. <i>Tour</i> maps are generally produced from enlargements of 1:250,000 mapping. Several larger scale town maps are provided on each sheet for major settlement centres. The maps have sky-blue covers and there are eight sheets in the series. Scales vary:</dd></dl> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><i>Tour</i> scales and titles as of July 2021 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Number</th> <th>Scale</th> <th>Title </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>1:100 000</td> <td>Cornwall </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>1:110 000</td> <td>Lake District & Cumbria </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>1:100 000</td> <td>Peak District & Derbyshire </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>1:130 000</td> <td>Devon & Somerset West </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>1:100 000</td> <td>The Cotswolds & Gloucestershire </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>1:175 000</td> <td>North & Mid Wales </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>1:175 000</td> <td>South & Mid Wales </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>1:500 000</td> <td>Scotland </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>OS Landranger</b></i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1:50,000)</span></span>: </p> <dl><dd>The "general purpose" map. They have pink covers; 204 sheets cover the whole of Great Britain and the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>. The map shows all footpaths and the format is similar to the <i>Explorer</i> maps, but with less detail.</dd></dl> <p><i><b>OS Landranger Active</b></i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1:50,000)</span></span>: </p> <dl><dd>Select <i>OS Landranger</i> maps available in a plastic-<a href="/wiki/Lamination" title="Lamination">laminated</a> waterproof version, similar to the <i>OS Explorer Active</i> range. As of October 2009<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ordnance_Survey&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, 25 of the 204 <i>Landranger</i> maps were available as <i>OS Landranger Active</i> maps.</dd></dl> <p><i><b>OS Explorer</b></i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1:25,000)</span></span>: </p> <dl><dd>Specifically designed for walkers and cyclists. They have orange covers, and contain 403 sheets covering the whole of Great Britain (the Isle of Man is excluded from this series). These are the most detailed leisure maps that the Ordnance Survey publish and cover all types of footpaths and most details of the countryside for easy navigation. The <i>OL</i> branded sheets within the Explorer series show areas of greater interest (such as the <a href="/wiki/Lake_District" title="Lake District">Lake District</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Mountains,_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Mountains, Wales">Black Mountains</a>, etc.) with an enlarged area coverage. They appear identical to the ordinary <i>Explorer</i> maps, except for the numbering and a little yellow mark on the corner (a relic of the old <i>Outdoor Leisure</i> series). The <i>OS Explorer</i> maps, together with the former <i>Outdoor Leisure</i> series, superseded the numerous green-covered <i>Pathfinder</i> maps. In May 2015 the Ordnance Survey announced that the new release of OL series maps would come with a mobile download version, available through a dedicated app on <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> and <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> devices.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is expected that this will be rolled out to all the Explorer and Landranger series over time.</dd></dl> <p><i><b>OS Explorer Active</b></i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1:25,000)</span></span>: </p> <dl><dd><i>OS Explorer</i> and <i>Outdoor Leisure</i> maps in a plastic-laminated waterproof version.</dd></dl> <p><i><b>Activity Maps:</b></i> </p> <dl><dd>An experimental range of maps designed to support specific activities. The four map packs currently published are <i>Off-Road Cycling Hampshire</i> North, South, East and West. Each map pack contains 12 cycle routes printed on individual map sheets on waterproof paper. While they are based on the 1:25,000 scale maps, the scales have been adjusted so each route fits on a single A4 sheet.</dd></dl> <p>Until 2010, OS also produced the following: </p><p><i><b>Route</b></i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1:625,000)</span></span>: </p> <dl><dd>A double-sided map designed for long-distance road users, covering the whole of Great Britain.</dd></dl> <p><i><b>Road</b></i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1:250,000)</span></span>: </p> <dl><dd>A series of eight sheets covering Great Britain, designed for road users.</dd></dl> <p>These, along with fifteen <i>Tour</i> maps, were discontinued during January 2010 as part of a drive for cost-efficiency. </p><p>The <i>Road</i> series was reintroduced in September 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="App_development">App development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordnance_Survey&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: App development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2013, the Ordnance Survey released its first official app, OS MapFinder (still available, but no longer maintained), and has since added three more apps. In 2021, OS Maps added coverage in Australia. </p><p><i><b>OS Maps:</b></i> </p> <dl><dd>Available on iOS and Android, the free to download app allows users to access maps direct to their devices, plan and record routes and share routes with others. Users can subscribe and download OS Landranger and OS Explorer high-resolution maps in 660dpi quality and use them without incurring roaming charges as maps are stored on the device and can be used offline – without Wi-Fi or mobile signal.</dd></dl> <p><i><b>OS Maps Web:</b></i> </p> <dl><dd>Available as a web page – it allows users to access maps from the web using modern web browsers, planning of custom routes and printing of maps is possible similarly to what the mobile applications can do</dd></dl> <p><i><b>OS Locate:</b></i> </p> <dl><dd>Launched in February 2014 and available on iOS and Android, the free app is a fast and highly accurate means of pinpointing a users exact location and displays grid reference, latitude, longitude and altitude. OS Locate does not need a mobile signal to function, so the inbuilt GPS system in a device can be relied upon.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Custom_products">Custom products</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordnance_Survey&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Custom products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ordnance Survey also offers <i>OS Custom Made</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Print-on-demand" class="mw-redirect" title="Print-on-demand">print-on-demand</a> service based on digital raster data that allows a customer to specify the area of the map or maps desired. Two scales are offered – 1:50,000 (equivalent to 40 km by 40 km) or 1:25,000 (20 km by 20 km) – and the maps may be produced either folded or flat for framing or wall mounting. Customers may provide their own titles and cover images for folded maps.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ordnance Survey also produces more detailed custom mapping to order, at 1:1,250 or 1:500 (<i>Siteplan</i>), from its large-scale digital data. Custom scales may also be produced from the enlargement or reduction of the existing scales. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Educational_mapping">Educational mapping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordnance_Survey&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Educational mapping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ordnance Survey supplies reproductions of its maps from the early 1970s to the 1990s for educational use. These are widely seen in schools both in Britain and in <a href="/wiki/Changes_in_British_sovereignty" title="Changes in British sovereignty">former British colonies</a>, either as stand-alone geographic aids or as part of geography textbooks or workbooks. </p><p>During the 2000s, in an attempt to increase schoolchildren's awareness of maps, the Ordnance Survey offered a free <i>OS Explorer Map</i> to every 11-year-old in <a href="/wiki/Primary_education#United_Kingdom" title="Primary education">UK primary education</a>. By the end of 2010, when the scheme closed, over 6 million maps had been given away.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scheme was replaced by free access to the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digimapforschools.edina.ac.uk/">Digimap for Schools</a> service provided by <a href="/wiki/EDINA" title="EDINA">EDINA</a> for eligible schools.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the trend away from paper products towards geographical information systems (GISs), the Ordnance Survey has been looking into ways of ensuring schoolchildren are made aware of the benefits of GISs and has launched "MapZone", an interactive child-orientated website featuring learning resources and map-related games. </p><p>The Ordnance Survey publishes a quarterly journal, principally for geography teachers, called <i>Mapping News</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Derivative_and_licensed_products">Derivative and licensed products</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordnance_Survey&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Derivative and licensed products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bing_Maps" title="Bing Maps">Bing Maps</a> offers OS data as a layer for the whole of the UK. <a href="/wiki/George_Philip_(cartographer)" title="George Philip (cartographer)">Philip's</a> publishes OS data in its <a href="/wiki/Road_atlas" class="mw-redirect" title="Road atlas">road and street atlases</a> in book format.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One series of historic maps, published by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassini_Publishing_Ltd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cassini Publishing Ltd (page does not exist)">Cassini Publishing Ltd</a>, is a reprint of the Ordnance Survey first series from the mid-19th century but using the <i>OS Landranger</i> <a href="/wiki/Map_projection" title="Map projection">projection</a> at 1:50,000 and given 1 km gridlines. This means that features from over 150 years ago fit almost exactly over their modern equivalents and modern grid references can be given to old features. </p><p>The digitisation of the data has allowed the Ordnance Survey to sell maps electronically. Several companies are now licensed to produce the popular scales (1:50,000 and 1:25,000) and their own derived datasets of the map on CD/DVD or to make them available online for download. The buyer typically has the right to view the maps on a PC, a laptop, and a pocket PC/smartphone, and to print off any number of copies. The accompanying software is GPS-aware, and the maps are ready-calibrated. Thus, the user can quickly transfer the desired area from their PC to their laptop or smartphone, and go for a drive or walk with their position continually pinpointed on the screen. The individual map is more expensive than the equivalent paper version, but the price per square km falls rapidly with the size of coverage bought. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_access_to_historic_mapping">Free access to historic mapping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordnance_Survey&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Free access to historic mapping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Scotland" title="National Library of Scotland">National Library of Scotland</a> provides free access to OS mapping from 1840 to 1970,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a variety of scales from 1:1056 "five foot" maps of London to 1:625,000 "ten mile" national planning maps.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, SABRE Maps provides free access to OS mapping from the end of World War 1 to the 1970s at small and intermediate scale mapping, including 1:25000, One Inch, Half Inch, Quarter Inch and Ten Mile scales, usually with a wider coverage of individual revisions than the NLS.<sup id="cite_ref-About_SABRE_Maps_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_SABRE_Maps-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_1:63360_and_1:50000_map_publications">History of 1:63360 and 1:50000 map publications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordnance_Survey&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: History of 1:63360 and 1:50000 map publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Main OS Great Britain 1:63360 (1 inch to 1 mile) and 1:50000 publications<sup id="cite_ref-bl_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bl-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-close_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-close-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Edition<sup id="cite_ref-bl_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bl-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Publication dates<sup id="cite_ref-bl_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bl-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Scale<sup id="cite_ref-bl_72-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bl-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>coverage<sup id="cite_ref-close_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-close-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Notes 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th># sheets<sup id="cite_ref-close_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-close-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>notes<sup id="cite_ref-bl_72-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bl-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Old Series (or First Edition<sup id="cite_ref-browne_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-browne-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</td> <td>1805–1874</td> <td>1:63360</td> <td>EW</td> <td>110</td> <td>excluded Scotland; first published edition </td></tr> <tr> <td>New Series (or Second Edition<sup id="cite_ref-browne_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-browne-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</td> <td>1872–1897</td> <td>1:63360</td> <td>EWS</td> <td>360EW+131S</td> <td>first using contour lines </td></tr> <tr> <td>Revised New Series</td> <td>1895–1904</td> <td>1:63360</td> <td>EWS</td> <td>360EW+131S</td> <td>some colour sheets available </td></tr> <tr> <td>Third Edition</td> <td>1903–1919</td> <td>1:63360</td> <td>EWS</td> <td>360EW+131S</td> <td>"Small sheet series" </td></tr> <tr> <td>Third Edition</td> <td>1906–1913</td> <td>1:63360</td> <td>EWS</td> <td>152EW+131S</td> <td>"Large sheet series" in colour; also district and tourist editions </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fourth Edition</td> <td>1911–1912</td> <td>1:63360</td> <td>EWS</td> <td>–</td> <td>abandoned small sheet series </td></tr> <tr> <td>Popular Edition</td> <td>1919–1926</td> <td>1:63360</td> <td>EWS</td> <td>146EW+92S</td> <td>large sheets; often mistakenly called Fourth Edition </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fifth Edition</td> <td>1931–1939</td> <td>1:63360</td> <td>part E</td> <td>–</td> <td>abandoned; many styles available </td></tr> <tr> <td>War Revisions</td> <td>1943–1945</td> <td>1:63360</td> <td>part EW</td> <td>–</td> <td>based on fifth and abandoned sixth editions </td></tr> <tr> <td>New Popular (Sixth) Edition</td> <td>1945–1947</td> <td>1:63360</td> <td>EW</td> <td>64–190</td> <td>excluded Scotland, national grid </td></tr> <tr> <td>Seventh Series</td> <td>1952–1962</td> <td>1:63360</td> <td>EWS</td> <td>190</td> <td>rights of way shown; ten colours </td></tr> <tr> <td>Landranger Series</td> <td>1974–</td> <td>1:50000</td> <td>EWS</td> <td>204</td> <td>ongoing revisions </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cartography_and_geodesy">Cartography and geodesy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordnance_Survey&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cartography and geodesy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_National_Grid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/British_National_Grid.svg/220px-British_National_Grid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="407" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/British_National_Grid.svg/330px-British_National_Grid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/British_National_Grid.svg/440px-British_National_Grid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption>The Ordnance Survey maps of Great Britain use the <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid" title="Ordnance Survey National Grid">Ordnance Survey National Grid</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid" title="Ordnance Survey National Grid">Ordnance Survey National Grid</a></div> <p>The Ordnance Survey's original maps were made by <a href="/wiki/Triangulation" title="Triangulation">triangulation</a>. For the second survey, in 1934, this process was used again and resulted in the building of many triangulation pillars (<a href="/wiki/Trig_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Trig point">trig points</a>): short (c. 4 feet/1.2 m high), usually square, concrete or stone pillars at prominent locations such as hill tops. Their precise locations were determined by triangulation, and the details in between were then filled in with less precise methods. </p><p>Modern Ordnance Survey maps are largely based on <a href="/wiki/Orthophoto" title="Orthophoto">orthorectified</a> <a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">aerial photographs</a>, but large numbers of the triangulation pillars remain, many of them adopted by private land owners. The Ordnance Survey still has a team of surveyors across Great Britain who visit in person and survey areas that cannot be surveyed using photogrammetric methods (such as land obscured by vegetation) and there is an aim of ensuring that any major feature (such as a new motorway or large housing development) is surveyed within six months of being built. While original survey methods were largely manual, the current surveying task is simplified by the use of <a href="/wiki/Global_Navigation_Satellite_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Navigation Satellite System">Global Navigation Satellite System</a> technology, allowing the most precise surveying standards yet.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ordnance Survey is responsible for a UK-wide network of <a href="/wiki/Real-time_kinematic_positioning#CORS" title="Real-time kinematic positioning">continually operating GNSS stations</a> known as "OS Net". These are used for surveying and other organisations can purchase the right to utilise the network for their own uses.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ordnance Survey still maintains a set of master <a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">geodetic</a> reference points to tie Ordnance Survey <a href="/wiki/Geodetic_datum" title="Geodetic datum">geographic datum points</a> to modern measurement systems such as <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a>. Ordnance Survey maps of Great Britain use the <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid" title="Ordnance Survey National Grid">Ordnance Survey National Grid</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system#Geographic_latitude_and_longitude" title="Geographic coordinate system">latitude and longitude</a> to indicate position. The Grid is known technically as <a href="/wiki/OSGB36" class="mw-redirect" title="OSGB36">OSGB36</a> (Ordnance Survey Great Britain 1936) and was introduced after the 1936–1953 retriangulation.<sup id="cite_ref-GuideCRSGB_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GuideCRSGB-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the British mainland for recording heights the Ordnance Survey maintains an orthometric system referenced to <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Datum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance Datum">Ordnance Datum Newlyn</a>, which is a height datum defined by <a href="/wiki/Mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Mean sea level">mean sea level</a> as measured in <a href="/wiki/Newlyn" title="Newlyn">Newlyn</a>, Cornwall, between 1915 and 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-GuideCRSGB_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GuideCRSGB-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016 the Ordnance Survey redefined Ordnance Datum Newlyn causing a general upwards shift of circa 25mm; an effect of this included the <a href="/wiki/Calf_Top" title="Calf Top">Calf Top</a> hill becoming a mountain.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ordnance Survey's CartoDesign team performs a key role in the organisation, as the authority for cartographic design and development, and engages with internal and external audiences to promote and communicate the value of <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartography</a>. They work on a broad range of projects and are responsible for styling all new products and services.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordnance_Survey&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For several decades the Ordnance Survey has had a research department that is active in several areas of <a href="/wiki/Geographical_information_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographical information science">geographical information science</a>, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_cognition" title="Spatial cognition">Spatial cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartographic_generalization" title="Cartographic generalization">Map generalisation</a></li> <li>Spatial data modelling</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">Remote sensing</a> and analysis of remotely sensed data</li> <li>Semantics and <a href="/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">ontologies</a></li></ul> <p>The Ordnance Survey actively supports the academic research community through its external research and university liaison team. The research department actively supports MSc and PhD students as well as engaging in collaborative research. Most Ordnance Survey products are available to UK universities that have signed up to the <a href="/wiki/Digimap" title="Digimap">Digimap</a> agreement and data is also made available for research purposes that advances the Ordnance Survey's own research agenda. </p><p>More information can be found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/education-and-research/research/index.html">Ordnance Survey Research</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Data_access_and_criticisms">Data access and criticisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordnance_Survey&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Data access and criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Open_Data_in_the_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Data in the UK">Open Data in the UK</a></div> <p>The Ordnance Survey has been subject to criticism. Most centres on the point that Ordnance Survey possesses a virtual government monopoly on geographic data in the UK,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but, although a government agency, it has been required to act as a <a href="/wiki/Trading_fund" title="Trading fund">trading fund</a> (i.e. a commercial entity) from 1999 to 2015. This meant that it is supposed to be entirely self-funded from the commercial sale of its data and derived products whilst at the same time the public supplier of geographical information. In 1985, the Committee of Enquiry into the Handling of Geographic Information was set up to "advise the Secretary of State for the Environment within two years on the future handling of geographic information in the UK, taking account of modern developments in information technology and market needs".<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The committee's final report, published in 1987 under the name of its chairman <a href="/wiki/Roger_Chorley,_2nd_Baron_Chorley" title="Roger Chorley, 2nd Baron Chorley">Roger Chorley</a>, stressed the importance of accessible geographic information to the UK and recommended a loosening of policies on distribution and cost recovery. </p><p>In 2007 the Ordnance Survey were criticised for contracting the public relations company Mandate Communications<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to understand the dynamics of the <a href="/wiki/Open_Data_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Data in the United Kingdom">free data movement</a> and discover which politicians and advisers continued to support their current policies.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="OS_OpenData"><i>OS OpenData</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordnance_Survey&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: OS OpenData"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In response to the feedback from a consultation <i>Policy options for geographic information from Ordnance Survey</i><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the government announced that a package of Ordnance Survey data sets would be released for free use and re-use.<sup id="cite_ref-OSA_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSA-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 April 2010 the Ordnance Survey released<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the brand <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://osdatahub.os.uk/downloads/open">OS OpenData</a></i> under an attribution-only licence compatible with <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">CC-BY</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various groups and individuals had campaigned for this release of data, but some were disappointed when some of the profitable datasets, including the leisure 1:50,000 scale and 1:25,000 scale mapping, as well as the low scale Mastermap were not included. These were withheld with the counter-argument that if licensees do not pay for OS data collection then the government would have to be willing to foot a £30 million per annum bill to obtain the future economic benefit of sharing the mapping.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In mid-2013 the Ordnance Survey described an "enhanced" <a href="/wiki/Linked_data" title="Linked data">linked-data</a> service with a <a href="/wiki/SPARQL" title="SPARQL">SPARQL</a> 1.1-compliant endpoint and bulk-download options.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2018, following the recommendations of the <a href="/wiki/Geospatial_Commission" title="Geospatial Commission">Geospatial Commission</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Office" title="Cabinet Office">Cabinet Office</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was announced that parts of OS Mastermap would be released under the <a href="/wiki/Open_Government_Licence" title="Open Government Licence">Open Government Licence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These would include: </p> <ul><li>property extents created from OS MasterMap Topography Layer</li> <li>TOIDs from OS MasterMap Topography Layer, by integration into OpenMap Local</li></ul> <p>Other data would be made available free up to small businesses (under a transaction threshold) </p> <ul><li>OS MasterMap Topography Layer, including building heights and functional sites</li> <li>OS MasterMap Greenspace Layer</li> <li>OS MasterMap Highways Network</li> <li>OS MasterMap Water Network Layer</li> <li>OS Detailed Path Network</li></ul> <p>These are available through <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">APIs</a> on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://osdatahub.os.uk/">OS Data Hub</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_material">Historical material</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordnance_Survey&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Historical material"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ordnance Survey historical works are generally available, as the agency is covered by <a href="/wiki/Crown_Copyright" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Copyright">Crown Copyright</a>: works more than fifty years old, including historic surveys of Britain and Ireland and much of the New Popular Edition, are in the public domain. However, finding suitable originals remains an issue as the Ordnance Survey does not provide historical mapping on "free" terms, instead marketing commercially "enhanced" reproductions in partnership with companies including GroundSure and Landmark. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Scotland" title="National Library of Scotland">National Library of Scotland</a> has been developing its archive to make Ordnance Survey maps for all of Great Britain more easily available through their website.,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whilst the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_All_British_and_Irish_Road_Enthusiasts" class="mw-redirect" title="Society for All British and Irish Road Enthusiasts">Society for All British and Irish Road Enthusiasts</a> (SABRE) also has a large easily available archive for large numbers of Ordnance Survey maps across all of Great Britain, often with almost complete complete sets of all relevant map revisions.<sup id="cite_ref-About_SABRE_Maps_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_SABRE_Maps-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wikimedia has complete sets of scans of the Old/First series one-inch maps of England and Wales;<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the Old/First series one-inch maps of Scotland;<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the Seventh Series One-inch maps of Great Britain (1952–1967);<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the Third Edition quarter-inch maps of England and Wales;<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and of the Fifth Series quarter-inch maps of Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sets are complete in the sense of including at least one copy of each of the sheets in the series, not in the sense of including all revision levels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordnance_Survey&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Worldmap_LandAndPolitical.jpg/32px-Worldmap_LandAndPolitical.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Worldmap_LandAndPolitical.jpg/48px-Worldmap_LandAndPolitical.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Worldmap_LandAndPolitical.jpg/64px-Worldmap_LandAndPolitical.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5712" data-file-height="2986" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Maps" title="Portal:Maps">Maps portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_chart" title="Admiralty chart">Admiralty chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alastair_Macdonald_(surveyor)" title="Alastair Macdonald (surveyor)">Alastair Macdonald</a>, Director of Surveys and Production at Ordnance Survey 1982–1992</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benchmark_(surveying)" title="Benchmark (surveying)">Benchmark (surveying)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directors_of_the_Ordnance_Survey" title="Directors of the Ordnance Survey">Directors of the Ordnance Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoinformatics" title="Geoinformatics">Geoinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_reference" class="mw-redirect" title="Grid reference">Grid reference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Trigonometric_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Trigonometric Survey">Great Trigonometric Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_national_grid_reference_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish national grid reference system">Irish national grid reference system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_National_Grid" title="Ordnance Survey National Grid">Ordnance Survey National Grid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrography" title="Hydrography">Hydrography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrographic_survey" title="Hydrographic survey">Hydrographic survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Hydrographic_Office" title="United Kingdom Hydrographic Office">United Kingdom Hydrographic Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Map_of_the_World" title="International Map of the World">International Map of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographers%27_A-Z_Map_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographers' A-Z Map Company">Geographers' A-Z Map Company</a>, principal partner of the OS</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Hotine" title="Martin Hotine">Martin Hotine</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_International" title="Ordnance Survey International">Directorate of Overseas Surveys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Map_Reading_Week" title="National Map Reading Week">National Map Reading Week</a></li> <li>(List of) <a href="/wiki/National_mapping_agency" title="National mapping agency">national mapping agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_datum" title="Ordnance datum">Ordnance datum</a> (sea level)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_International" title="Ordnance Survey International">Ordnance Survey International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_Ireland" title="Ordnance Survey Ireland">Ordnance Survey Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland">Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romer" title="Romer">Romer</a>, a device for accurate reading of grid references from a map</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Cadastre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Napoleonic Cadastre (page does not exist)">Napoleonic Cadastre</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordnance_Survey&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordnance_Survey&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-RegionServed-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RegionServed_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Ordnance Survey deals only with maps of Great Britain, and, to an extent, the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>, but not Northern Ireland, which has its own, separate government agency, the <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland">Ordnance Survey of Northern Ireland</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coverage: E=England; W=Wales; S=Scotland</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordnance_Survey&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Roy_and_OS_1_inch-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roy_and_OS_1_inch_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/side-by-side/#zoom=14&lat=55.82410&lon=-4.28800&layers=4&right=11">"Side by side georeferenced maps viewer – Roy Lowlands 1752–55, One inch 7th series 1956–1961"</a>. <i>National Library of Scotland</i>. 16 March 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220507180916/https://maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/side-by-side/#zoom=14&lat=55.82410&lon=-4.28800&layers=4&right=11">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Library+of+Scotland&rft.atitle=Side+by+side+georeferenced+maps+viewer+%E2%80%93+Roy+Lowlands+1752%E2%80%9355%2C+One+inch+7th+series+1956%E2%80%931961&rft.date=2022-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaps.nls.uk%2Fgeo%2Fexplore%2Fside-by-side%2F%23zoom%3D14%26lat%3D55.82410%26lon%3D-4.28800%26layers%3D4%26right%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/ordnance-survey"><i>Ordnance Survey</i></a>, Government of the United Kingdom, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170225131117/https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/ordnance-survey">archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ordnance+Survey&rft.pub=Government+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Forganisations%2Fordnance-survey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt2010xix-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewitt2010xix_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHewitt2010">Hewitt 2010</a>, p. xix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter1889167–168-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorter1889167–168_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPorter1889">Porter 1889</a>, pp. 167–168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHindle1998114–115-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHindle1998114–115_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHindle1998">Hindle 1998</a>, pp. 114–115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.nls.uk/roy/originals.html">"Roy Military Survey of Scotland, 1747–1755"</a>. <i>National Library of Scotland</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Library+of+Scotland&rft.atitle=Roy+Military+Survey+of+Scotland%2C+1747%E2%80%931755&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaps.nls.uk%2Froy%2Foriginals.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">OSGR NS 826497</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/catalog/6855787">"[Maps of Ham Street] / reproduced from a stamp designed by Howard Brown and issued by the Royal Mail on 17 September 1991"</a>. <i>National Library of Australia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Library+of+Australia&rft.atitle=%5BMaps+of+Ham+Street%5D+%2F+reproduced+from+a+stamp+designed+by+Howard+Brown+and+issued+by+the+Royal+Mail+on+17+September+1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalogue.nla.gov.au%2Fcatalog%2F6855787&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHindle1998117-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHindle1998117_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHindle1998">Hindle 1998</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeymour198071-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeymour198071_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeymour1980">Seymour 1980</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>A Description of Ordnance Survey Large Scale Plans</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Library+of+Scotland&rft.atitle=Ordnance+Survey+Maps+Six-inch%2C+1st+edition%2C+Scotland%2C+1843%E2%80%931882&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaps.nls.uk%2Fos%2F6inch%2Fos_info3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Facsimile reprint, <i>Thomas Donald Historic Map of Cumberland 1774</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781873124369" title="Special:BookSources/9781873124369">9781873124369</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pastpresented.ukart.com/eskdale/wordsworth1.htm">"Dorothy Wordsworth's ascent of Scafell Pike, 1818"</a>. <i>Past presented</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Past+presented&rft.atitle=Dorothy+Wordsworth%27s+ascent+of+Scafell+Pike%2C+1818&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pastpresented.ukart.com%2Feskdale%2Fwordsworth1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartineau1855" class="citation book cs1">Martineau, Harriet (1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/completeguidetoe1855mart#page/n7/mode/2up"><i>A Complete Guide to the English Lakes</i></a>. 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(November 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOliverHellyer2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2017]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2017)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOliverHellyer2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2017]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2017)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOliverHellyer2002">Oliver & Hellyer 2002</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKainOliver2015201-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKainOliver2015201_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKainOliver2015201_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKainOliver2015">Kain & Oliver 2015</a>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKainOliver201514-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKainOliver201514_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKainOliver2015">Kain & Oliver 2015</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKainOliver2015217-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKainOliver2015217_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKainOliver2015217_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKainOliver2015">Kain & Oliver 2015</a>, p. 217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKainOliver2015221-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKainOliver2015221_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKainOliver2015">Kain & Oliver 2015</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHindle1998131–132-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHindle1998131–132_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHindle1998">Hindle 1998</a>, pp. 131–132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKainOliver2015220,221-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKainOliver2015220,221_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKainOliver2015">Kain & Oliver 2015</a>, p. 220,221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKainOliver2015220-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKainOliver2015220_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKainOliver2015">Kain & Oliver 2015</a>, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKainOliver201542-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKainOliver201542_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKainOliver201542_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKainOliver2015">Kain & Oliver 2015</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKainOliver2015222-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKainOliver2015222_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKainOliver2015222_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKainOliver2015222_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKainOliver2015">Kain & Oliver 2015</a>, p. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaula_AucottHumphrey_SouthallCarol_Ekinsmyth2019" class="citation journal cs1">Paula Aucott; Humphrey Southall; Carol Ekinsmyth (11 February 2019). 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Ordnance Survey. 30 November 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120608015344/http://blog.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/2010/11/mapping-the-southampton-blitz-70-years-on/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mapping+the+Southampton+Blitz+70+years+on&rft.pub=Ordnance+Survey&rft.date=2010-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.ordnancesurvey.co.uk%2F2010%2F11%2Fmapping-the-southampton-blitz-70-years-on%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/hampshire/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_9232000/9232001.stm">"Southampton Blitz: Ordnance Survey map of bomb sites"</a>. BBC. 30 November 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130103070749/http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/hampshire/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_9232000/9232001.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Southampton+Blitz%3A+Ordnance+Survey+map+of+bomb+sites&rft.date=2010-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Flocal%2Fhampshire%2Fhi%2Fpeople_and_places%2Fhistory%2Fnewsid_9232000%2F9232001.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Major-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Major_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajor2022" class="citation news cs1">Major, Kirsty (15 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2022/dec/15/keith-mccarter-concrete-mural-celestial-milton-keynes-field">"How did a giant sculpture end up gathering moss in a field?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221215120606/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2022/dec/15/keith-mccarter-concrete-mural-celestial-milton-keynes-field">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+did+a+giant+sculpture+end+up+gathering+moss+in+a+field%3F&rft.date=2022-12-15&rft.aulast=Major&rft.aufirst=Kirsty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2F2022%2Fdec%2F15%2Fkeith-mccarter-concrete-mural-celestial-milton-keynes-field&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fraser Taylor 1998, p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/documents/legal/os-shareholder-framework-document.pdf">"Ordnance Survey Shareholder Document"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk&rft.atitle=Ordnance+Survey+Shareholder+Document&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ordnancesurvey.co.uk%2Fdocuments%2Flegal%2Fos-shareholder-framework-document.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PrintWeek_6_September_2010-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PrintWeek_6_September_2010_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2010" class="citation web cs1">Morris, Helen (6 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.printweek.com/print-week/news/1128411/bt-awarded-map-contract-ordnance-survey-bows-print">"BT&D awarded map contract as Ordnance Survey bows out of print"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/PrintWeek" title="PrintWeek">PrintWeek</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160125082627/http://www.printweek.com/print-week/news/1128411/bt-awarded-map-contract-ordnance-survey-bows-print">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PrintWeek&rft.atitle=BT%26D+awarded+map+contract+as+Ordnance+Survey+bows+out+of+print&rft.date=2010-09-06&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.printweek.com%2Fprint-week%2Fnews%2F1128411%2Fbt-awarded-map-contract-ordnance-survey-bows-print&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-somerset-11183624">"Frome company secures OS map contract"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 6 September 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170522034643/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-somerset-11183624">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Frome+company+secures+OS+map+contract&rft.date=2010-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-somerset-11183624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/about/news/2009/groundbreaking.html">"Ordnance Survey breaks ground at Adanac Park"</a>. Ordnance Survey. 3 April 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140111150436/http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/about/news/2009/groundbreaking.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ordnance+Survey+breaks+ground+at+Adanac+Park&rft.pub=Ordnance+Survey&rft.date=2009-04-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ordnancesurvey.co.uk%2Fabout%2Fnews%2F2009%2Fgroundbreaking.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/news/2011/10/duke-opens-new-ordnance-survey-building.html">"Duke opens new Ordnance Survey head office"</a>. Ordnance Survey. 5 October 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120713165137/http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/news/2011/10/duke-opens-new-ordnance-survey-building.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Duke+opens+new+Ordnance+Survey+head+office&rft.pub=Ordnance+Survey&rft.date=2011-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ordnancesurvey.co.uk%2Foswebsite%2Fnews%2F2011%2F10%2Fduke-opens-new-ordnance-survey-building.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/about/news/2015/os-set-to-become-government-owned-company.html">"Ordnance Survey set to become a Government owned company"</a>. Ordnance Survey. 22 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150122172030/http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/about/news/2015/os-set-to-become-government-owned-company.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ordnance+Survey+set+to+become+a+Government+owned+company&rft.pub=Ordnance+Survey&rft.date=2015-01-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ordnancesurvey.co.uk%2Fabout%2Fnews%2F2015%2Fos-set-to-become-government-owned-company.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/written-questions-answers-statements/written-statement/Commons/2015-01-22/HCWS215/">"Ordnance Survey Change in Operating Model"</a>. UK Parliament. 22 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150123005435/http://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/written-questions-answers-statements/written-statement/Commons/2015-01-22/HCWS215/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ordnance+Survey+Change+in+Operating+Model&rft.pub=UK+Parliament&rft.date=2015-01-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fbusiness%2Fpublications%2Fwritten-questions-answers-statements%2Fwritten-statement%2FCommons%2F2015-01-22%2FHCWS215%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_Timeshift_Series_15_Episode_2-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Timeshift_Series_15_Episode_2_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b06b36q3">"A Very British Map: The Ordnance Survey Story"</a>. <i>Timeshift</i>. 9 September 2015. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Four" title="BBC Four">BBC Four</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timeshift&rft.date=2015-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb06b36q3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.os.uk/news/steve-blair-ceo/">"Steve Blair to join Ordnance Survey as new Chief Executive"</a>. <i>Ordnance Survey</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ordnance+Survey&rft.atitle=Steve+Blair+to+join+Ordnance+Survey+as+new+Chief+Executive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.os.uk%2Fnews%2Fsteve-blair-ceo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Directors_of_the_Ordnance_Survey" title="Directors of the Ordnance Survey">Directors of the Ordnance Survey</a></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox2021" class="citation news cs1">Cox, Roger (25 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/outdoors/slow-ways-project-shows-how-covid-made-us-re-think-urban-environment-3249941">"Slow Ways project shows how covid made us re-think urban environment"</a>. The Scotsman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210829105536/https://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/outdoors/slow-ways-project-shows-how-covid-made-us-re-think-urban-environment-3249941">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Slow+Ways+project+shows+how+covid+made+us+re-think+urban+environment&rft.date=2021-05-25&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotsman.com%2Flifestyle%2Foutdoors%2Fslow-ways-project-shows-how-covid-made-us-re-think-urban-environment-3249941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/making-government-deliver-for-the-british-people/making-government-deliver-for-the-british-people-html">"Making Government Deliver for the British People"</a>. <i>gov.uk</i>. UK Government. 7 February 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230331020803/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/making-government-deliver-for-the-british-people/making-government-deliver-for-the-british-people-html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gov.uk&rft.atitle=Making+Government+Deliver+for+the+British+People&rft.date=2023-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fpublications%2Fmaking-government-deliver-for-the-british-people%2Fmaking-government-deliver-for-the-british-people-html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2016" class="citation web cs1">Nelson, Gemma (3 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/blog/2016/05/how-can-os-data-help-with-safe-routing-for-hgvs/">"How can OS data help with safe routing for HGVs?"</a>. <i>Ordnance Survey</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190623000505/https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/blog/2016/05/how-can-os-data-help-with-safe-routing-for-hgvs/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ordnance+Survey&rft.atitle=How+can+OS+data+help+with+safe+routing+for+HGVs%3F&rft.date=2016-05-03&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Gemma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ordnancesurvey.co.uk%2Fblog%2F2016%2F05%2Fhow-can-os-data-help-with-safe-routing-for-hgvs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/search?term=ITN">"ITN product withdrawal"</a>. <i>Ordnance Survey</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210519093941/https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/search?term=ITN">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ordnance+Survey&rft.atitle=ITN+product+withdrawal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ordnancesurvey.co.uk%2Fsearch%3Fterm%3DITN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/business-government/address-data">"Address Data"</a>. <i>Ordnance Survey</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210519093938/https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/business-government/address-data">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ordnance+Survey&rft.atitle=Address+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ordnancesurvey.co.uk%2Fbusiness-government%2Faddress-data&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/business-and-government/public-sector/mapping-agreements/index.html">Public sector mapping agreements | Business and government</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130930064728/http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/business-and-government/public-sector/mapping-agreements/index.html">Archived</a> 30 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Ordnance Survey. Retrieved on 12 April 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/business-and-government/products/mastermap-products.html">OS MasterMap products | Business and government</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130930073433/http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/business-and-government/products/mastermap-products.html">Archived</a> 30 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Ordnance Survey. Retrieved on 12 April 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/about/news/2015/os-maps-undergo-greatest-innovation-in-200-years.html">"Ordnance Survey maps undergo their greatest innovation for over 200 years"</a>. Ordnance Survey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150520194058/http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/about/news/2015/os-maps-undergo-greatest-innovation-in-200-years.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ordnance+Survey+maps+undergo+their+greatest+innovation+for+over+200+years&rft.pub=Ordnance+Survey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ordnancesurvey.co.uk%2Fabout%2Fnews%2F2015%2Fos-maps-undergo-greatest-innovation-in-200-years.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/shop/maps.html?cat%5B0%5D=20&cat%5B1%5D=138">"Maps"</a>. Ordnance Survey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801232529/https://shop.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/maps/os-paper-maps/?cat%5B0%5D=20&cat%5B1%5D=138">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maps&rft.pub=Ordnance+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ordnancesurvey.co.uk%2Fshop%2Fmaps.html%3Fcat%255B0%255D%3D20%26cat%255B1%255D%3D138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/shop/custom-made-maps.html">"Custom Made"</a>. Ordnance Survey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140103124044/https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/shop/custom-made-maps.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Custom+Made&rft.pub=Ordnance+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ordnancesurvey.co.uk%2Fshop%2Fcustom-made-maps.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/about/news/2010/freemaps.html">Schools urged to order free maps now! | About</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140111150502/http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/about/news/2010/freemaps.html">Archived</a> 11 January 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Ordnance Survey. Retrieved on 12 April 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://blog.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/2010/09/large-scale-maps-become-child%E2%80%99s-play-with-digimap-for-schools/">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101001012153/http://blog.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/2010/09/large-scale-maps-become-child%E2%80%99s-play-with-digimap-for-schools/">Archived</a> 1 October 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/navigation-find-your-way-to-a-good-map-3s8hsrx9r3m">"Navigation: Find your way to a good map"</a>. 13 June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801232527/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/navigation-find-your-way-to-a-good-map-3s8hsrx9r3m">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Navigation%3A+Find+your+way+to+a+good+map&rft.date=2023-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fnavigation-find-your-way-to-a-good-map-3s8hsrx9r3m&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.nls.uk/about.html">"About our map images"</a>. National Library of Scotland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411015143/https://maps.nls.uk/about.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+our+map+images&rft.pub=National+Library+of+Scotland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaps.nls.uk%2Fabout.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.nls.uk/geo/find/#zoom=6&lat=52.58098&lon=-3.36622&layers=38&b=1&z=1&point=0,0">"Ordnance Survey Maps, London, Five feet to the Mile, 1893–1896"</a>. National Library of Scotland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422190233/https://maps.nls.uk/geo/find/#zoom=6&lat=52.58098&lon=-3.36622&layers=38&b=1&z=1&point=0,0">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ordnance+Survey+Maps%2C+London%2C+Five+feet+to+the+Mile%2C+1893%E2%80%931896&rft.pub=National+Library+of+Scotland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaps.nls.uk%2Fgeo%2Ffind%2F%23zoom%3D6%26lat%3D52.58098%26lon%3D-3.36622%26layers%3D38%26b%3D1%26z%3D1%26point%3D0%2C0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-About_SABRE_Maps-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-About_SABRE_Maps_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-About_SABRE_Maps_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sabre-roads.org.uk/maps/">"About SABRE Maps"</a>. SABRE<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Charles Close Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191013125835/https://charlesclosesociety.org/indexes">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=charlesclosesociety.org&rft.atitle=Index+Sheets+for+Ordnance+Survey+Map+Series&rft.aulast=Higley&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcharlesclosesociety.org%2Findexes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-browne-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-browne_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-browne_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowne1991" class="citation book cs1">Browne, John Paddy (1991). <i>Map Cover Art: A pictorial history of Ordnance Survey cover illustrations</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ordnance+Survey&rft.atitle=Overview+of+OS+Net&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ordnancesurvey.co.uk%2Fbusiness-government%2Ftools-support%2Fos-net&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GuideCRSGB-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GuideCRSGB_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GuideCRSGB_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/documents/resources/guide-coordinate-systems-great-britain.pdf">"A Guide to Coordinate Systems in Great Britain"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ordnance Survey</i>. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924061607/http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/docs/support/guide-coordinate-systems-great-britain.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ordnance+Survey&rft.atitle=A+Guide+to+Coordinate+Systems+in+Great+Britain&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ordnancesurvey.co.uk%2Fdocuments%2Fresources%2Fguide-coordinate-systems-great-britain.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreaves2016" class="citation journal cs1">Greaves, Mark (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/documents/resources/updated-transformations-uk-ireland-geoid-model.pdf">"OSGM15 and OSTN15: Updated transformations for UK and Ireland"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Geomatics World</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220814184524/https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/documents/resources/updated-transformations-uk-ireland-geoid-model.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 14 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geomatics+World&rft.atitle=OSGM15+and+OSTN15%3A+Updated+transformations+for+UK+and+Ireland&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Greaves&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ordnancesurvey.co.uk%2Fdocuments%2Fresources%2Fupdated-transformations-uk-ireland-geoid-model.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cumbria-37289472">"Calf Top Cumbrian hill re-categorised as a mountain"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i>. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221209230011/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cumbria-37289472">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Calf+Top+Cumbrian+hill+re-categorised+as+a+mountain&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-cumbria-37289472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/newsroom/blog/ostn15-new-geoid-britain">"OSGM15 – the new geoid for Britain"</a>. <i>Ordnance Survey</i>. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221210134602/https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/newsroom/blog/ostn15-new-geoid-britain">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ordnance+Survey&rft.atitle=OSGM15+%E2%80%93+the+new+geoid+for+Britain&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ordnancesurvey.co.uk%2Fnewsroom%2Fblog%2Fostn15-new-geoid-britain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/resources/carto-design/index.html">"Carto Design team"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carto+Design+team&rft.pub=Ordnance+Survey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ordnancesurvey.co.uk%2Fresources%2Fcarto-design%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthurCross2006" class="citation news cs1">Arthur, Charles; Cross, Michael (9 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://technology.guardian.co.uk/weekly/story/0,,1726229,00.html">"Give us back our crown jewels"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060317154140/http://technology.guardian.co.uk/weekly/story/0,,1726229,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Give+us+back+our+crown+jewels&rft.date=2006-03-09&rft.aulast=Arthur&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Cross%2C+Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftechnology.guardian.co.uk%2Fweekly%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C1726229%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChorley1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Chorley,_2nd_Baron_Chorley" title="Roger Chorley, 2nd Baron Chorley">Chorley, RRE</a> (1987). <i>Handling Geographic Information. Report of the Committee of Enquiry chaired by Lord Chorley</i>. 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Ordnance Survey. 1 April 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927195559/http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/about/news/2010/OpenData.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ordnance+Survey+launches+OS+OpenData+in+groundbreaking+national+initiative&rft.date=2010-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ordnancesurvey.co.uk%2Fabout%2Fnews%2F2010%2FOpenData.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/docs/licences/os-opendata-licence.pdf">"OpenData License Terms and Conditions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Ordnance Survey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110824150008/http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/docs/licences/os-opendata-licence.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OpenData+License+Terms+and+Conditions&rft.pub=Ordnance+Survey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ordnancesurvey.co.uk%2Foswebsite%2Fdocs%2Flicences%2Fos-opendata-licence.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2010/apr/02/ordnance-survey-open-data">"The Ordnance Survey has opened up its map data for free after a long campaign. Find out what was released"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 2 April 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200407171347/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2010/apr/02/ordnance-survey-open-data">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Ordnance+Survey+has+opened+up+its+map+data+for+free+after+a+long+campaign.+Find+out+what+was+released&rft.date=2010-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2Fdatablog%2F2010%2Fapr%2F02%2Fordnance-survey-open-data&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130726181925/http://www.directionsmag.com/pressreleases/new-ordnance-survey-linked-data-service-proving-popular-with-developers/340085">"New Ordnance Survey Linked Data service proving popular with developers"</a> (Press release). Ordnance Survey. 17 July 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.directionsmag.com/pressreleases/new-ordnance-survey-linked-data-service-proving-popular-with-developers/340085">the original</a> on 26 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Ordnance+Survey+Linked+Data+service+proving+popular+with+developers&rft.pub=Ordnance+Survey&rft.date=2013-07-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.directionsmag.com%2Fpressreleases%2Fnew-ordnance-survey-linked-data-service-proving-popular-with-developers%2F340085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/geospatial-commission">"Geospatial Commission"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190622225346/https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/geospatial-commission">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geospatial+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Forganisations%2Fgeospatial-commission&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/716023/OSMM_narrative.pdf">"MasterMap announcement"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210129121920/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/716023/OSMM_narrative.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 29 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MasterMap+announcement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.publishing.service.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F716023%2FOSMM_narrative.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maps.nls.uk/os/">"Ordnance Survey Maps"</a>. National Library of Scotland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150527201628/http://maps.nls.uk/os/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ordnance+Survey+Maps&rft.pub=National+Library+of+Scotland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaps.nls.uk%2Fos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ordnance_Survey_Old/First_series_England_and_Wales_1:63360_(full_sheets)">"Old/First series one-inch England and Wales"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210219190904/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ordnance_Survey_Old/First_series_England_and_Wales_1:63360_(full_sheets)">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Old%2FFirst+series+one-inch+England+and+Wales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCategory%3AOrdnance_Survey_Old%2FFirst_series_England_and_Wales_1%3A63360_%28full_sheets%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ordnance_Survey_Old/First_series_Scotland_1:63360_(full_sheets)">"Old/First Series one-inch Scotland"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515181541/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ordnance_Survey_Old/First_series_Scotland_1:63360_%28full_sheets%29">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Old%2FFirst+Series+one-inch+Scotland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCategory%3AOrdnance_Survey_Old%2FFirst_series_Scotland_1%3A63360_%28full_sheets%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ordnance_Survey_Seventh_Series_Great_Britain_(1952_-_c1967)_1:63360_(full_sheets)">"Seventh Series one-inch Great Britain"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515181514/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ordnance_Survey_Seventh_Series_Great_Britain_%281952_-_c1967%29_1:63360_%28full_sheets%29">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seventh+Series+one-inch+Great+Britain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCategory%3AOrdnance_Survey_Seventh_Series_Great_Britain_%281952_-_c1967%29_1%3A63360_%28full_sheets%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ordnance_Survey_Quarter-Inch_Third_Edition_England_and_Wales_(1919-1930)_1:253,440_(full_sheets)">"Third Edition quarter-inch England and Wales"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515181628/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ordnance_Survey_Quarter-Inch_Third_Edition_England_and_Wales_%281919-1930%29_1:253,440_%28full_sheets%29">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Third+Edition+quarter-inch+England+and+Wales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCategory%3AOrdnance_Survey_Quarter-Inch_Third_Edition_England_and_Wales_%281919-1930%29_1%3A253%2C440_%28full_sheets%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ordnance_Survey_Quarter-Inch_Fifth_Series_(1962-_)_1:250,000_(full_sheets)">"Fifth Series quarter-inch Great Britain"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515181649/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ordnance_Survey_Quarter-Inch_Fifth_Series_%281962-_%29_1:250,000_%28full_sheets%29">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fifth+Series+quarter-inch+Great+Britain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCategory%3AOrdnance_Survey_Quarter-Inch_Fifth_Series_%281962-_%29_1%3A250%2C000_%28full_sheets%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordnance_Survey&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser_Taylor1998" class="citation book cs1">Fraser Taylor, D. R., ed. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XznRE2jDn6UC&pg=PA6"><i>Policy Issues in Modern Cartography</i></a>. Oxford: Pergamon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0080431116" title="Special:BookSources/978-0080431116"><bdi>978-0080431116</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801232528/https://books.google.com/books?id=XznRE2jDn6UC&pg=PA6">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Policy+Issues+in+Modern+Cartography&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0080431116&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXznRE2jDn6UC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewitt2010" class="citation book cs1">Hewitt, Rachel (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mapofnationbiogr0000hewi"><i>Map of a Nation – A biography of the Ordnance Survey</i></a></span>. London: <a href="/wiki/Granta" title="Granta">Granta</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-847-08254-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-847-08254-1"><bdi>978-1-847-08254-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Map+of+a+Nation+%E2%80%93+A+biography+of+the+Ordnance+Survey&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Granta&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-847-08254-1&rft.aulast=Hewitt&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmapofnationbiogr0000hewi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHindle1998" class="citation book cs1">Hindle, Paul (1998). <i>Maps for Historians</i>. Chichester: <a href="/wiki/The_History_Press" title="The History Press">Phillimore & Co</a>. pp. 114–115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85033-934-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-85033-934-0"><bdi>0-85033-934-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maps+for+Historians&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pages=114-115&rft.pub=Phillimore+%26+Co&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-85033-934-0&rft.aulast=Hindle&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKainOliver2015" class="citation book cs1">Kain, Roger J. P.; Oliver, Richard R. (2015). <i>British Town Maps, A History</i>. British Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7123-5729-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7123-5729-6"><bdi>978-0-7123-5729-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Town+Maps%2C+A+History&rft.pub=British+Library&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-7123-5729-6&rft.aulast=Kain&rft.aufirst=Roger+J.+P.&rft.au=Oliver%2C+Richard+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargary1992" class="citation book cs1">Margary, Harry (1992). <i>Old Series Ordnance Survey Maps of England and Wales</i>. Lympne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903541-01-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-903541-01-7"><bdi>0-903541-01-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Series+Ordnance+Survey+Maps+of+England+and+Wales&rft.place=Lympne&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-903541-01-7&rft.aulast=Margary&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliverHellyer2002" class="citation book cs1">Oliver, Richard; Hellyer, Roger (2002). <i>Ordnance Survey of Great Britain: Indexes to the 1:2500 and six-inch scales</i>. Newtown, Montgomeryshire: David Archer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ordnance+Survey+of+Great+Britain%3A+Indexes+to+the+1%3A2500+and+six-inch+scales&rft.place=Newtown%2C+Montgomeryshire&rft.pub=David+Archer&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Hellyer%2C+Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver2005" class="citation book cs1">Oliver, Richard (2005) [1993]. <i>Ordnance Survey Maps: a concise guide for historians</i>. London: Charles Close Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1870598245" title="Special:BookSources/1870598245"><bdi>1870598245</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ordnance+Survey+Maps%3A+a+concise+guide+for+historians&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Charles+Close+Society&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1870598245&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwenPilbeam1992" class="citation book cs1">Owen, Tim; Pilbeam, Elaine (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/documents/resources/map-makers-britain-history.pdf"><i>Ordnance Survey – Map Makers to Britain Since 1791</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Southampton: Ordnance Survey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-31-900249-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-31-900249-7"><bdi>0-31-900249-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211103020553/https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/documents/resources/map-makers-britain-history.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 3 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ordnance+Survey+%E2%80%93+Map+Makers+to+Britain+Since+1791&rft.place=Southampton&rft.pub=Ordnance+Survey&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-31-900249-7&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Pilbeam%2C+Elaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ordnancesurvey.co.uk%2Fdocuments%2Fresources%2Fmap-makers-britain-history.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter1889" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Whitworth_Porter" title="Whitworth Porter">Porter, Whitworth</a> (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lqlBAAAAIAAJ"><i>History of the Corps of Royal Engineers</i></a>. Vol. I. London: Longmans, Green, and Co. pp. 167–68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Corps+of+Royal+Engineers&rft.place=London&rft.pages=167-68&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Co&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Whitworth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlqlBAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeymour1980" class="citation book cs1">Seymour, W.A., ed. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/documents/resources/os-history.pdf"><i>A History of the Ordnance Survey</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Folkestone: Wm Dawson & Sons<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Ordnance+Survey&rft.place=Folkestone&rft.pub=Wm+Dawson+%26+Sons&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ordnancesurvey.co.uk%2Fdocuments%2Fresources%2Fos-history.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/">"Homepage"</a>. Ordnance Survey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031016154458/http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homepage&rft.pub=Ordnance+Survey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ordnancesurvey.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051128091010/http://www.ex.ac.uk/geography/research/maphist.html">"History of Cartography"</a>. University of Exeter. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ex.ac.uk/geography/research/maphist.html">the original</a> on 28 November 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Cartography&rft.pub=University+of+Exeter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ex.ac.uk%2Fgeography%2Fresearch%2Fmaphist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrdnance+Survey" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordnance_Survey&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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for Science, Innovation and Technology">Ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Science,_Innovation_and_Technology" title="Secretary of State for Science, Innovation and Technology">Secretary of State</a>: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kyle" title="Peter Kyle">Peter Kyle MP</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_Science,_Research_and_Innovation" title="Minister of State for Science, Research and Innovation">Minister of State for Science, Research and Innovation</a>: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vallance" title="Patrick Vallance">Lord Vallance of Balham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_Data_Protection_and_Telecoms" title="Minister of State for Data Protection and Telecoms">Minister of State for Data Protection and Telecoms</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chris_Bryant" title="Chris Bryant">Sir Chris Bryant MP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Under-Secretary_of_State_for_AI_and_Digital_Government" title="Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for AI and Digital Government">Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for AI and Digital Government</a>: <a href="/wiki/Feryal_Clark" title="Feryal Clark">Feryal Clark MP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Under-Secretary_of_State_for_the_Future_Digital_Economy_and_Online_Safety" title="Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Future Digital Economy and Online Safety">Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for the Future Digital Economy and Online Safety</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maggie_Jones,_Baroness_Jones_of_Whitchurch" title="Maggie Jones, Baroness Jones of Whitchurch">Baroness Jones of Whitchurch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_(United_Kingdom)" title="Civil Service (United Kingdom)">Civil Service</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_secretary_(UK)" title="Permanent secretary (UK)">Permanent Secretary</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Munby" title="Sarah Munby">Sarah Munby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Chief_Scientific_Adviser_(United_Kingdom)" title="Government Chief Scientific Adviser (United Kingdom)">Government Chief Scientific Adviser</a>: <a href="/wiki/Angela_McLean_(biologist)" title="Angela McLean (biologist)">Dame Angela McLean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Technology_Advisor" title="National Technology Advisor">National Technology Advisor</a>: Dr Dave Smith</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Executive_agency" title="Executive agency">Executive agencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Building_Digital_UK&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Building Digital UK (page does not exist)">Building Digital UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_Property_Office_(United_Kingdom)" title="Intellectual Property Office (United Kingdom)">Intellectual Property Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Met_Office" title="Met Office">Met Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Space_Agency" title="UK Space Agency">UK Space Agency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Non-departmental_public_body" title="Non-departmental public body">Non-departmental<br />public bodies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Research_and_Invention_Agency" title="Advanced Research and Invention Agency">Advanced Research and Invention Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Commissioner%27s_Office" title="Information Commissioner's Office">Information Commissioner's Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Research_and_Innovation" title="UK Research and Innovation">UK Research and Innovation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Humanities_Research_Council" title="Arts and Humanities Research Council">Arts and Humanities Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_and_Biological_Sciences_Research_Council" title="Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council">Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Research_Council" title="Economic and Social Research Council">Economic and Social Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovate_UK" title="Innovate UK">Innovate UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_and_Physical_Sciences_Research_Council" title="Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council">Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Research_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)">Medical Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Environment_Research_Council" title="Natural Environment Research Council">Natural Environment Research Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_England" title="Research England">Research England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_Technology_Facilities_Council" title="Science and Technology Facilities Council">Science and Technology Facilities Council</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tribunal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Tribunal" title="Copyright Tribunal">Copyright Tribunal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_corporations" class="mw-redirect" title="Public corporations">Public corporations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)">National Physical Laboratory</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ordnance Survey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_Technology_Investments&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British Technology Investments (page does not exist)">British Technology Investments</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incubator_for_Artificial_Intelligence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incubator for Artificial Intelligence (page does not exist)">Incubator for Artificial Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Chemist" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Chemist">Government Chemist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Digital_Service" title="Government Digital Service">Government Digital Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Office_for_Science" title="Government Office for Science">Government Office for Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofcom" title="Ofcom">Ofcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone-paid_Services_Authority" title="Phone-paid Services Authority">Phone-paid Services Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regulatory_Horizons_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regulatory Horizons Council (page does not exist)">Regulatory Horizons Council</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=UK_Shared_Business_Services&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UK Shared Business Services (page does not exist)">UK Shared Business Services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Atlas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Atlas" title="Template:Atlas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Atlas" title="Template talk:Atlas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Atlas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Atlas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Atlas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Atlas" title="Atlas">Atlas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geovisualization" title="Geovisualization">Geovisualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Map" title="Map">Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Map_projection" title="Map projection">Map projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">Topography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_world_maps" title="Early world maps">Early world maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography" title="History of cartography">History of cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cartographers" title="List of cartographers">List of cartographers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_mapping" title="Animated mapping">Animated mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartogram" title="Cartogram">Cartogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choropleth_map" title="Choropleth map">Choropleth map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_map" title="Geologic map">Geologic map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_map" title="Linguistic map">Linguistic map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_chart" title="Nautical chart">Nautical chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictorial_map" title="Pictorial map">Pictorial map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thematic_map" title="Thematic map">Thematic map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topographic_map" title="Topographic map">Topographic map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_map" title="Weather map">Weather map</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Maps" title="Category:Maps">Category:Maps</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Atlas" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Atlas">Portal:Atlas</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Visualization_of_technical_information" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Visualization" title="Template:Visualization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Visualization" title="Template talk:Visualization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Visualization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Visualization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Visualization_of_technical_information" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Visualization</a> of technical information</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_data_visualization" title="Biological data visualization">Biological data visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_imaging" title="Chemical imaging">Chemical imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_mapping" title="Crime mapping">Crime mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Data visualization">Data visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Educational visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_visualization" title="Flow visualization">Flow visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geovisualization" title="Geovisualization">Geovisualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Information visualization">Information visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_diagram" title="Mathematical diagram">Mathematical visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_graphics" title="Molecular graphics">Molecular graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Product visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_visualization" title="Scientific visualization">Scientific visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_visualization" title="Social visualization">Social visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_visualization" title="Software visualization">Software visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">Technical drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_interface_design" title="User interface design">User interface design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_culture" title="Visual culture">Visual culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_rendering" title="Volume rendering">Volume visualization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Image <br />types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chart" title="Chart">Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagram" title="Diagram">Diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_drawing" title="Engineering drawing">Engineering drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_of_a_function" title="Graph of a function">Graph of a function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Map" title="Map">Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_(graphics)" title="Plot (graphics)">Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankey_diagram" title="Sankey diagram">Sankey diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schematic" title="Schematic">Schematic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_formula" title="Skeletal formula">Skeletal formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_graphics" title="Statistical graphics">Statistical graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_(information)" title="Table (information)">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">Technical drawings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_illustration" title="Technical illustration">Technical illustration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley">Edmond Halley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Ren%C3%A9_de_Fourcroy" title="Charles-René de Fourcroy">Charles-René de Fourcroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Monge" title="Gaspard Monge">Gaspard Monge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dupin" title="Charles Dupin">Charles Dupin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet" title="Adolphe Quetelet">Adolphe Quetelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Michel_Guerry" title="André-Michel Guerry">André-Michel Guerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Playfair" title="William Playfair">William Playfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Kekul%C3%A9" title="August Kekulé">August Kekulé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Minard" title="Charles Joseph Minard">Charles Joseph Minard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Perozzo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luigi Perozzo (page does not exist)">Luigi Perozzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Amasa_Walker" title="Francis Amasa Walker">Francis Amasa Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Venn" title="John Venn">John Venn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Byrne_(mathematician)" title="Oliver Byrne (mathematician)">Oliver Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henry_Phineas_Riall_Sankey" title="Matthew Henry Phineas Riall Sankey">Matthew Sankey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Booth_(social_reformer)" title="Charles Booth (social reformer)">Charles Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_von_Mayr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg von Mayr (page does not exist)">Georg von Mayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Snow" title="John Snow">John Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Nightingale" title="Florence Nightingale">Florence Nightingale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Pohlke" title="Karl Wilhelm Pohlke">Karl Wilhelm Pohlke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Loua" title="Toussaint Loua">Toussaint Loua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early 20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Walter_Maunder" title="Edward Walter Maunder">Edward Walter Maunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Neurath" title="Otto Neurath">Otto Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gantt" title="Henry Gantt">Henry Gantt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lyon_Bowley" title="Arthur Lyon Bowley">Arthur Lyon Bowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_G._Funkhouser" title="Howard G. Funkhouser">Howard G. Funkhouser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Peddle" title="John B. Peddle">John B. Peddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejnar_Hertzsprung" title="Ejnar Hertzsprung">Ejnar Hertzsprung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Norris_Russell" title="Henry Norris Russell">Henry Norris Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_O._Lorenz" title="Max O. Lorenz">Max O. Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Kahn" title="Fritz Kahn">Fritz Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Beck" title="Harry Beck">Harry Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Raisz" title="Erwin Raisz">Erwin Raisz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mid 20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bertin" title="Jacques Bertin">Jacques Bertin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Modley" title="Rudolf Modley">Rudolf Modley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_H._Robinson" title="Arthur H. Robinson">Arthur H. Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tukey" title="John Tukey">John Tukey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Eleanor_Spear" title="Mary Eleanor Spear">Mary Eleanor Spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Anderson" title="Edgar Anderson">Edgar Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_T._Fisher" title="Howard T. Fisher">Howard T. Fisher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late 20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borden_Dent" title="Borden Dent">Borden Dent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Holmes" title="Nigel Holmes">Nigel Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Cleveland" title="William S. Cleveland">William S. Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_G._Robertson" title="George G. Robertson">George G. Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_H._McCormick" title="Bruce H. McCormick">Bruce H. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Plaisant" title="Catherine Plaisant">Catherine Plaisant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Card" title="Stuart Card">Stuart Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Hanrahan" title="Pat Hanrahan">Pat Hanrahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Tufte" title="Edward Tufte">Edward Tufte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shneiderman" title="Ben Shneiderman">Ben Shneiderman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Friendly" title="Michael Friendly">Michael Friendly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Wainer" title="Howard Wainer">Howard Wainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_A._Pickover" title="Clifford A. Pickover">Clifford A. Pickover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_J._Rosenblum" title="Lawrence J. Rosenblum">Lawrence J. Rosenblum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._DeFanti" title="Thomas A. DeFanti">Thomas A. DeFanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Furnas" title="George Furnas">George Furnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheelagh_Carpendale" title="Sheelagh Carpendale">Sheelagh Carpendale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Brewer" title="Cynthia Brewer">Cynthia Brewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jock_D._Mackinlay" title="Jock D. Mackinlay">Jock D. Mackinlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_MacEachren" title="Alan MacEachren">Alan MacEachren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Goodsell" title="David Goodsell">David Goodsell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwan-Liu_Ma" title="Kwan-Liu Ma">Kwan-Liu Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Maltz" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Maltz">Michael Maltz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leland_Wilkinson" title="Leland Wilkinson">Leland Wilkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Inselberg" title="Alfred Inselberg">Alfred Inselberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early 21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polo_Chau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polo Chau (page does not exist)">Polo Chau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Fry" title="Ben Fry">Ben Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Heer" title="Jeffrey Heer">Jeffrey Heer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Hullman" title="Jessica Hullman">Jessica Hullman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Kindlmann" title="Gordon Kindlmann">Gordon Kindlmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Koblin" title="Aaron Koblin">Aaron Koblin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Krzywinski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Krzywinski (page does not exist)">Martin Krzywinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_R._Johnson" title="Christopher R. Johnson">Christopher R. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Lima" title="Manuel Lima">Manuel Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McCandless" title="David McCandless">David McCandless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Martino" title="Mauro Martino">Mauro Martino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maeda" title="John Maeda">John Maeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriah_Meyer" title="Miriah Meyer">Miriah Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamara_Munzner" title="Tamara Munzner">Tamara Munzner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ade_Olufeko" class="mw-redirect" title="Ade Olufeko">Ade Olufeko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanspeter_Pfister" title="Hanspeter Pfister">Hanspeter Pfister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Rosling" title="Hans Rosling">Hans Rosling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Silva_(computer_scientist)" title="Claudio Silva (computer scientist)">Claudio Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Stefaner" title="Moritz Stefaner">Moritz Stefaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernanda_Vi%C3%A9gas" title="Fernanda Viégas">Fernanda Viégas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_M._Wattenberg" title="Martin M. Wattenberg">Martin Wattenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bang_Wong" title="Bang Wong">Bang Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadley_Wickham" title="Hadley Wickham">Hadley Wickham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartjunk" title="Chartjunk">Chartjunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_coding_in_data_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Color coding in data visualization">Color coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">Computer graphics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics_(computer_science)" title="Computer graphics (computer science)">in computer science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPK_coloring" title="CPK coloring">CPK coloring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_drawing" title="Graph drawing">Graph drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">Graphic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_organizer" title="Graphic organizer">Graphic organizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaging_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Imaging science">Imaging science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infographic" title="Infographic">Information graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misleading_graph" title="Misleading graph">Misleading graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">Neuroimaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_drawing" title="Patent drawing">Patent drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_modelling" title="Scientific modelling">Scientific modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_analysis" title="Spatial analysis">Spatial analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_analytics" title="Visual analytics">Visual analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_cartography" title="Volume cartography">Volume cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_rendering" title="Volume rendering">Volume rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_art" title="Information art">Information art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q548721#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q548721#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q548721#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121724823">ISNI</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000405999271">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/142310292">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1004399-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80083450">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15289096w">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15289096w">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=221965">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007261904705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/035594276">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/40605">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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