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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Occult sciences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occult_sciences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occult_qualities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occult_qualities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Occult qualities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occult_qualities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occultism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occultism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Occultism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Occultism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Occultism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Occultism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etic_uses_of_the_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etic_uses_of_the_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Etic uses of the term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etic_uses_of_the_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Modern usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Occulture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occulture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Occulture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occulture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occultism_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occultism_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Occultism and technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occultism_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Occult</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okkultisme" title="Okkultisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Okkultisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="خفيانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خفيانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocultismu" title="Ocultismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ocultismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okkultizm" title="Okkultizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Okkultizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Акультызм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Акультызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Окултизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Окултизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okultizam" title="Okultizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Okultizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocultisme" title="Ocultisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ocultisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okultismus" title="Okultismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Okultismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_ocwlt" title="Yr ocwlt – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr ocwlt" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okkultisme" title="Okkultisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Okkultisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okkultismus" title="Okkultismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Okkultismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okultism" title="Okultism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Okultism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CF%85%CF%86%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Αποκρυφισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αποκρυφισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocultismo" title="Ocultismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ocultismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okultismo" title="Okultismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Okultismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okultismo" title="Okultismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Okultismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%AE%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%87" title="علوم خفیه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="علوم خفیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occultisme" title="Occultisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Occultisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briotais" title="Briotais – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Briotais" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocultismo" title="Ocultismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ocultismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%BB%AC%ED%8A%B8" title="오컬트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오컬트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Օկուլտիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օկուլտիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okultizam" title="Okultizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Okultizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okultisme" title="Okultisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Okultisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulspeki" title="Dulspeki – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dulspeki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occulto" title="Occulto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Occulto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%AA%D7%A8" title="תורת הנסתר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תורת הנסתר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ოკულტიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოკულტიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Оккультизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Оккультизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Оккультизм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Оккультизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occulta" title="Occulta – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Occulta" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okultisms" title="Okultisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Okultisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okultizmas" title="Okultizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Okultizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occultisme" title="Occultisme – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Occultisme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okkultizmus" title="Okkultizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Okkultizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Окултизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Окултизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94koltisma" title="Ôkoltisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ôkoltisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okultisme" title="Okultisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Okultisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occultisme" title="Occultisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Occultisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88" title="オカルト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オカルト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okkultisme" title="Okkultisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Okkultisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okkultisme" title="Okkultisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Okkultisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocultisme" title="Ocultisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ocultisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okkultizm" title="Okkultizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Okkultizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%BC_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85" title="پټ علوم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پټ علوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okultyzm" title="Okultyzm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Okultyzm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocultismo" title="Ocultismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ocultismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocultism" title="Ocultism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ocultism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Оккультизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оккультизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okultizmi" title="Okultizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Okultizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB" title="ගුප්තශාස්ත්‍ර – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගුප්තශාස්ත්‍ර" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occult" title="Occult – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Occult" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okultizmus" title="Okultizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Okultizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Окултизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Окултизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okultizam" title="Okultizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Okultizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okkultismi" title="Okkultismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Okkultismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ockultism" title="Ockultism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ockultism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="மறைபொருள் நிலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மறைபொருள் நிலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="รหัสยศาสตร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รหัสยศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ok%C3%BCltizm" title="Okültizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Okültizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Окультизм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Окультизм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A7n_b%C3%AD_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Thần bí học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thần bí học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%A7%98%E5%AD%B8" title="神秘學 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="神秘學" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%A7%98%E5%AD%A6" title="神秘学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="神秘学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%A7%98%E5%AD%B8" title="神秘學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="神秘學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Paranormal" title="Category:Paranormal">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;padding:0 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)">Main articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astral_projection" title="Astral projection">Astral projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aura_(paranormal)" title="Aura (paranormal)">Aura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilocation" title="Bilocation">Bilocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inedia" title="Inedia">Breatharianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clairvoyance" title="Clairvoyance">Clairvoyance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_encounter" title="Close encounter">Close encounter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_spot_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold spot (paranormal)">Cold spot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_gazing" title="Crystal gazing">Crystal gazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Conjuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptozoology" title="Cryptozoology">Cryptozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">Demonic possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doppelg%C3%A4nger" title="Doppelgänger">Doppelgänger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectoplasm_(paranormal)" title="Ectoplasm (paranormal)">Ectoplasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voice_phenomenon" title="Electronic voice phenomenon">Electronic voice phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasensory_perception" title="Extrasensory perception">Extrasensory perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forteana" class="mw-redirect" title="Forteana">Forteana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortune-telling" title="Fortune-telling">Fortune-telling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_hunting" title="Ghost hunting">Ghost hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations" title="List of reportedly haunted locations">Haunted locations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_India" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Reportedly haunted locations in the United Kingdom">UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_United_States" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in the United States">US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Occult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orb_(optics)#Paranormal_claims" class="mw-redirect" title="Orb (optics)">Orb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouija" title="Ouija">Ouija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_fiction" title="Paranormal fiction">Paranormal fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_television" title="Paranormal television">Paranormal television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precognition" title="Precognition">Precognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preternatural" title="Preternatural">Preternatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic" title="Psychic">Psychic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_reading" title="Psychic reading">Psychic reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometry_(paranormal)" title="Psychometry (paranormal)">Psychometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_viewing" title="Remote viewing">Remote viewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrocognition" title="Retrocognition">Retrocognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_photography" title="Spirit photography">Spirit photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">Spirit possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_world_(Spiritualism)" title="Spirit world (Spiritualism)">Spirit world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone Tape">Stone Tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telekinesis" title="Telekinesis">Telekinesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telepathy" title="Telepathy">Telepathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table-turning" title="Table-turning">Table-turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufology" title="Ufology">Ufology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">Skepticism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_reading" title="Cold reading">Cold reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debunker" title="Debunker">Debunking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">Hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Randi_Educational_Foundation" title="James Randi Educational Foundation">James Randi Educational Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_thinking" title="Magical thinking">Magical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prizes_for_evidence_of_the_paranormal" title="List of prizes for evidence of the paranormal">Prizes for evidence of the paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoskepticism" title="Pseudoskepticism">Pseudoskepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_literacy" title="Scientific literacy">Scientific literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific skepticism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalous_experiences" title="Anomalous experiences">Anomalous experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apparitional_experience" title="Apparitional experience">Apparitional experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empath" title="Empath">Empath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_awakening" title="False awakening">False awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">Hypnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideomotor_phenomenon" title="Ideomotor phenomenon">Ideomotor phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-body_experience" title="Out-of-body experience">Out-of-body experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronicity" title="Synchronicity">Synchronicity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalistics" title="Anomalistics">Anomalistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_ignorance" title="Argument from ignorance">Argument from ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_populum" title="Argumentum ad populum">Argumentum ad populum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begging_the_question" title="Begging the question">Begging the question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">Cognitive dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_reinforcement" title="Communal reinforcement">Communal reinforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallacy" title="Fallacy">Fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">Fringe science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupthink" title="Groupthink">Groupthink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">Hypnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_science" title="Junk science">Junk science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoscience" title="Protoscience">Protoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_evidence" title="Scientific evidence">Scientific evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">Superstition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncertainty" title="Uncertainty">Uncertainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">Urban legend</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paranormal" title="Template:Paranormal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paranormal" title="Template talk:Paranormal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paranormal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paranormal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Esotericism" title="Category:Esotericism"><i>a series</i></a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle">Esotericism</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:10px;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flower_of_Life_19-circles.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Esoteric symbolism"><img alt="Esoteric symbolism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flower_of_Life_19-circles.svg/90px-Flower_of_Life_19-circles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flower_of_Life_19-circles.svg/135px-Flower_of_Life_19-circles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flower_of_Life_19-circles.svg/180px-Flower_of_Life_19-circles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Key concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_esotericism" title="Eastern esotericism">Eastern esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">Gnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystical_theology" title="Mystical theology">Mystical theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Occult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(perennialism)" title="Traditionalism (perennialism)">Traditionalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Rites</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astral_projection" title="Astral projection">Astral projection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_light" title="Body of light">Body of light</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric transmission">Esoteric transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Evocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiation" title="Initiation">Initiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invocation" title="Invocation">Invocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propitiation" title="Propitiation">Propitiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">Rite of passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">Ritual purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Societies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%E2%88%B4A%E2%88%B4" title="A∴A∴">A∴A∴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lus_Co%C3%ABns" class="mw-redirect" title="Élus Coëns">Élus Coëns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Order_of_the_Golden_Dawn" title="Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn">Golden Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinism" title="Martinism">Martinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosicrucianism" title="Rosicrucianism">Rosicrucianism</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">Tariqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhonian_Order" title="Typhonian Order">Typhonian Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_organization" title="Magical organization">List of magical organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Myriam" title="Brotherhood of Myriam">Brotherhood of Myriam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Notable figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Blavatsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Madame Blavatsky">Blavatsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_B%C3%B6hme" title="Jakob Böhme">Böhme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Burckhardt" title="Titus Burckhardt">Burckhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Crowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dee" title="John Dee">Dee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Faivre" title="Antoine Faivre">Faivre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gurdjieff" title="George Gurdjieff">Gurdjieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manly_P._Hall" title="Manly P. Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes Trismegistus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Lavey" class="mw-redirect" title="Anton Lavey">Lavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89liphas_L%C3%A9vi" title="Éliphas Lévi">Lévi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Liddell_Mathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Liddell Mathers">Mathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Oldmeadow" title="Harry Oldmeadow">Oldmeadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithjof_Schuon" title="Frithjof Schuon">Schuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Edward_Waite" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Edward Waite">Waite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuliano_Kremmerz" title="Giuliano Kremmerz">Giuliano Kremmerz</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Neo-Nazism" title="Esoteric Neo-Nazism">Esoteric Hitlerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Esotericism" title="Template:Esotericism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Esotericism" title="Template talk:Esotericism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Esotericism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Esotericism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>occult</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/occultus#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:occultus">occultus</a></i></i> 'hidden, secret') is a category of <a href="/wiki/Esoteric" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric">esoteric</a> or <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> beliefs and practices which generally fall outside the scope of <a href="/wiki/Organized_religion" title="Organized religion">organized religion</a> and science, encompassing phenomena involving a 'hidden' or 'secret' agency, such as <a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">magic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a>. It can also refer to paranormal ideas such as <a href="/wiki/Extra-sensory_perception" class="mw-redirect" title="Extra-sensory perception">extra-sensory perception</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">parapsychology</a>. </p><p>The term <b>occult sciences</b> was used in <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">16th-century Europe</a> to refer to <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Natural_magic" title="Natural magic">natural magic</a>. The term <b>occultism</b> emerged in <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_long_nineteenth_century" title="France in the long nineteenth century">19th-century France</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasi2006_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasi2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among figures such as <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Court_de_G%C3%A9belin" title="Antoine Court de Gébelin">Antoine Court de Gébelin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelburnHeinzen1986[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0QWwCwAAQBAJpgPA107_107]_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelburnHeinzen1986[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0QWwCwAAQBAJpgPA107_107]-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It came to be associated with various French esoteric groups connected to <a href="/wiki/%C3%89liphas_L%C3%A9vi" title="Éliphas Lévi">Éliphas Lévi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papus" class="mw-redirect" title="Papus">Papus</a>, and in 1875 was introduced into the English language by the esotericist <a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a>. </p><p>Throughout the 20th century, the term 'occult' was used <a href="/wiki/Idiosyncrasy" title="Idiosyncrasy">idiosyncratically</a> by a range of different authors. By the 21st century the term 'occultism' was commonly employed –including by academic scholars in the field of <a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Western esotericism studies">Western esotericism studies</a>– to refer to a range of esoteric currents that developed in the mid-19th century and their descendants. Occultism is thus often used to categorise such <a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">esoteric traditions</a> as <a href="/wiki/Qabalah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qabalah">Qabalah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hermetic_Order_of_the_Golden_Dawn" title="Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn">Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfW64AwAAQBAJpgPA60_60]_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfW64AwAAQBAJpgPA60_60]-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Left-hand_path_and_right-hand_path" title="Left-hand path and right-hand path">left-hand path and right-hand path</a>. </p><p>Use of the term as a <a href="/wiki/Nominalized_adjective" title="Nominalized adjective">nominalized adjective</a> ('the occult') has developed especially since the late twentieth century. In that same period, <i>occult</i> and <i>culture</i> were combined to form the <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a> <i>occulture</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occult&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The occult (from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word <i>occultus</i>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'clandestine', 'hidden', 'secret') is "knowledge of the hidden".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrabb1927_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrabb1927-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In common usage, <i>occult</i> refers to "knowledge of the <a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">paranormal</a>", as opposed to "knowledge of the <a href="/wiki/Measurable" class="mw-redirect" title="Measurable">measurable</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnderhill2017[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnderhill2017[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> usually referred to as science. The terms <i><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">esoteric</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/arcane" class="extiw" title="wikt:arcane">arcane</a></i> can also be used to describe the occult,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright1895[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright1895[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in addition to their meanings unrelated to the supernatural. The term <i>occult sciences</i> was used in the 16th century to refer to <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Natural_magic" title="Natural magic">natural magic</a>. </p><p>The earliest known usage of the term <i>occultism</i> is in the French language, as <i>l'occultisme</i>. In this form it appears in A. de Lestrange's article that was published in <i>Dictionnaire des mots nouveaux</i> ("Dictionary of new words") by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Baptiste_Richard_de_Radonvilliers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean-Baptiste Richard de Radonvilliers (page does not exist)">Jean-Baptiste Richard de Radonvilliers</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Richard_de_Radonvilliers" class="extiw" title="fr:Jean-Baptiste Richard de Radonvilliers">fr</a>]</span> in 1842. However, it was not related, at this point, to the notion of <i>Ésotérisme chrétien</i>, as has been claimed by Hanegraaff,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887Pasi20061364_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887Pasi20061364-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but to describe a political "system of occulticity" that was directed against priests and aristocrats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrube2016b445-450_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrube2016b445-450-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1853, the <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonic</a> author <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Ragon" title="Jean-Marie Ragon">Jean-Marie Ragon</a> had already used <i>occultisme</i> in his popular work <i>Maçonnerie occulte</i>, relating it to earlier practices that, since the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, had been termed "occult sciences" or "occult philosophy", but also to the recent socialist teachings of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Charles Fourier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrube2016b13-14_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrube2016b13-14-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French esotericist <a href="/wiki/%C3%89liphas_L%C3%A9vi" title="Éliphas Lévi">Éliphas Lévi</a> then used the term in his influential book on <a href="/wiki/Ritual_magic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritual magic">ritual magic</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dogme_et_rituel_de_la_haute_magie" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogme et rituel de la haute magie">Dogme et rituel de la haute magie</a></i>, first published in 1856.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lévi was familiar with that work and might have borrowed the term from there. In any case, Lévi also claimed to be a representative of an older tradition of occult science or occult philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasi20061365_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasi20061365-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was from his usage of the term <i>occultisme</i> that it gained wider usage;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887Pasi20061364–1365_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887Pasi20061364–1365-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to Faivre, Lévi was "the principal exponent of esotericism in Europe and the United States" at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaivre199488_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaivre199488-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>occultism</i> emerged in 19th-century France, where it came to be associated with various French esoteric groups connected to <a href="/wiki/%C3%89liphas_L%C3%A9vi" title="Éliphas Lévi">Éliphas Lévi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papus" class="mw-redirect" title="Papus">Papus</a>, </p><p>The earliest use of the term <i>occultism</i> in the English language appears to be in "A Few Questions to 'Hiraf'", an 1875 article by <a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a>, a Russian émigré living in the United States who founded the religion of <a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a>. The article was published in the American Spiritualist magazine, <i>Spiritual Scientist</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887Pasi20061365_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887Pasi20061365-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various twentieth-century writers on the subject used the term <i>occultism</i> in different ways. Some writers, such as the German philosopher <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a> in his "Theses Against Occultism", employed the term as a broad synonym for <a href="/wiki/Irrationality" title="Irrationality">irrationality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasi20061367_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasi20061367-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1950 book <i>L'occultisme</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Amadou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Amadou (page does not exist)">Robert Amadou</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Amadou" class="extiw" title="fr:Robert Amadou">fr</a>]</span> used the term as a synonym for esotericism,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887Pasi20061367_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887Pasi20061367-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an approach that the later scholar of esotericism Marco Pasi suggested left the term superfluous.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasi20061367_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasi20061367-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike Amadou, other writers saw occultism and esotericism as different, albeit related, phenomena. In the 1970s, the sociologist Edward A. Tiryakian distinguished between occultism, which he used in reference to practices, techniques, and procedures, and esotericism, which he defined as the religious or philosophical belief systems on which such practices are based.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887Pasi20061367_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887Pasi20061367-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This division was initially adopted by the early academic scholar of esotericism, Antoine Faivre, although he later abandoned it;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it has been rejected by most scholars who study esotericism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasi20061367_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasi20061367-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 21st century the term was commonly employed – including by academic scholars of esotericism – to refer to a range of esoteric currents that developed in the mid-19th century and their descendants. Occultism is thus often used to categorise such esoteric traditions as Spiritualism, Theosophy, Anthroposophy, the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, and New Age. </p><p>A different division was used by the <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist</a> author <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a>, who used esotericism to describe what he believed was the Traditionalist, inner teaching at the heart of most religions, while occultism was used pejoratively to describe new religions and movements that he disapproved of, such as Spiritualism, Theosophy, and various <a href="/wiki/Secret_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret societies">secret societies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887–888_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887–888-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guénon's use of this terminology was adopted by later writers like <a href="/wiki/Serge_Hutin" title="Serge Hutin">Serge Hutin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luc_Benoist" title="Luc Benoist">Luc Benoist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006888_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006888-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As noted by Hanegraaff, Guénon's use of these terms are rooted in his Traditionalist beliefs and "cannot be accepted as scholarly valid".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006888_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006888-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>occultism</i> derives from the older term <i>occult</i>, much as the term <i>esotericism</i> derives from the older term <i>esoteric</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasi20061365_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasi20061365-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the historian of esotericism <a href="/wiki/Wouter_Hanegraaff" title="Wouter Hanegraaff">Wouter Hanegraaff</a> stated that it was important to distinguish between the meanings of the term <i>occult</i> and <i>occultism</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006884_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006884-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occultism is not a homogenous movement and is widely diverse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaivre199488_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaivre199488-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the course of its history, the term <i>occultism</i> has been used in various different ways.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasi20061364_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasi20061364-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in contemporary uses, occultism commonly refers to forms of <a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">esotericism</a> that developed in the nineteenth century and their twentieth-century derivations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006888_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006888-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a descriptive sense, it has been used to describe forms of esotericism which developed in nineteenth-century France, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Martinism" title="Martinism">Neo-Martinist</a> environment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006888_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006888-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the historian of esotericism <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Faivre" title="Antoine Faivre">Antoine Faivre</a>, it is with the esotericist <a href="/wiki/%C3%89liphas_L%C3%A9vi" title="Éliphas Lévi">Éliphas Lévi</a> that "the occultist current properly so-called" first appears.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaivre199488_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaivre199488-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other prominent French esotericists involved in developing occultism included <a href="/wiki/Papus" class="mw-redirect" title="Papus">Papus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanislas_de_Guaita" title="Stanislas de Guaita">Stanislas de Guaita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phin_P%C3%A9ladan" title="Joséphin Péladan">Joséphin Péladan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges-Albert_Puyou_de_Pouvourville" class="mw-redirect" title="Georges-Albert Puyou de Pouvourville">Georges-Albert Puyou de Pouvourville</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bricaud" title="Jean Bricaud">Jean Bricaud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasi20061365_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasi20061365-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occult_sciences">Occult sciences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occult&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Occult sciences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The idea of occult sciences developed in the sixteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term usually encompassed three practices – astrology, alchemy, and natural magic – although sometimes various forms of <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a> were also included rather than being subsumed under natural magic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were grouped together because, according to the Dutch scholar of <a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">hermeticism</a> <a href="/wiki/Wouter_Hanegraaff" title="Wouter Hanegraaff">Wouter Hanegraaff</a>, "each one of them engaged in a systematic investigation of nature and natural processes, in the context of theoretical frameworks that relied heavily on a belief in occult qualities, virtues or forces."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there are areas of overlap between these different occult sciences, they are separate and in some cases practitioners of one would reject the others as being illegitimate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, occultism increasingly came to be seen as intrinsically incompatible with the concept of science.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From that point on, use of "occult science(s)" implied a conscious <a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">polemic</a> against mainstream science.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the philosopher and card game historian <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dummett" title="Michael Dummett">Michael Dummett</a>, whose analysis of the historical evidence suggested that <a href="/wiki/Fortune-telling" title="Fortune-telling">fortune-telling</a> and occult interpretations using cards were unknown before the 18th century, said that the term <i>occult science</i> was not misplaced because "people who believe in the possibility of unveiling the future or of exercising supernormal powers do so because the efficacy of the methods they employ coheres with some systematic conception which they hold of the way the universe functions...however flimsy its empirical basis."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDummett198093_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDummett198093-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his 1871 book <i>Primitive Culture</i>, the anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Edward_Tylor" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Tylor">Edward Tylor</a> used the term "occult science" as a synonym for <a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">magic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006716_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006716-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occult_qualities">Occult qualities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occult&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Occult qualities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Occult qualities are properties that have no known rational explanation; in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, for example, <a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">magnetism</a> was considered an occult quality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOslerFarber2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidjbLWJPca_zoCpgPA185_185]_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOslerFarber2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidjbLWJPca_zoCpgPA185_185]-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenry1986_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenry1986-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aether_(classical_element)" title="Aether (classical element)">Aether</a> is another such element.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbons2018[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidothGPNE56dMCpgPP8_8]_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbons2018[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidothGPNE56dMCpgPP8_8]-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a>'s contemporaries severely criticized his theory that gravity was effected through "action at a distance", as occult.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchdahl1989232_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchdahl1989232-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occultism">Occultism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occult&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Occultism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eliphas_Levi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Eliphas_Levi.png/170px-Eliphas_Levi.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Eliphas_Levi.png/255px-Eliphas_Levi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Eliphas_Levi.png/340px-Eliphas_Levi.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The French esotericist <a href="/wiki/%C3%89liphas_L%C3%A9vi" title="Éliphas Lévi">Éliphas Lévi</a> popularised the term "occultism" in the 1850s. His reinterpretation of traditional esoteric ideas has led to him being called the origin of "the occultist current properly so-called".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaivre199488_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaivre199488-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the English-speaking world, notable figures in the development of occultism included Helena Blavatsky and other figures associated with her Theosophical Society, senior figures in the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn like <a href="/wiki/William_Wynn_Westcott" title="William Wynn Westcott">William Wynn Westcott</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Liddell_MacGregor_Mathers" title="Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers">Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers</a>, as well as other individuals such as <a href="/wiki/Paschal_Beverly_Randolph" title="Paschal Beverly Randolph">Paschal Beverly Randolph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emma_Hardinge_Britten" title="Emma Hardinge Britten">Emma Hardinge Britten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Edward_Waite" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Edward Waite">Arthur Edward Waite</a>, and – in the early twentieth century – <a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dion_Fortune" title="Dion Fortune">Dion Fortune</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Israel_Regardie" title="Israel Regardie">Israel Regardie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasi20061365_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasi20061365-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the nineteenth century, occultist ideas had also spread into other parts of Europe, such as the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasi20061365–1366_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasi20061365–1366-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike older forms of esotericism, occultism does not necessarily reject "scientific progress or modernity".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaivre199488Goodrick-Clarke2008196_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaivre199488Goodrick-Clarke2008196-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lévi had stressed the need to solve the conflict between science and religion, something that he believed could be achieved by turning to what he thought was the ancient wisdom found in magic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasi20061366_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasi20061366-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French scholar of Western esotericism <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Faivre" title="Antoine Faivre">Antoine Faivre</a> noted that rather than outright accepting "the triumph of scientism", occultists sought "an alternative solution", trying to integrate "scientific progress or modernity" with "a global vision that will serve to make the vacuousness of materialism more apparent".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaivre199488_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaivre199488-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dutch scholar of hermeticism <a href="/wiki/Wouter_Hanegraaff" title="Wouter Hanegraaff">Wouter Hanegraaff</a> remarked that occultism was "essentially an attempt to adapt esotericism" to the "<a href="/wiki/Disenchantment" title="Disenchantment">disenchanted world</a>", a post-Enlightenment society in which growing scientific discovery had eradicated the "dimension of irreducible mystery" previously present. In doing so, he noted, occultism distanced itself from the "traditional esotericism" which accepted the premise of an "enchanted" world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff1996423_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff1996423-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the British historian of Western esotericism <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Goodrick-Clarke" title="Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke">Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke</a>, occultist groups typically seek "proofs and demonstrations by recourse to scientific tests or terminology".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodrick-Clarke2008196_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodrick-Clarke2008196-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his work about Lévi, the German historian of religion Julian Strube has argued that the occultist wish for a "synthesis" of religion, science, and philosophy directly resulted from the context of <a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">contemporary socialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">progressive Catholicism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrube2016a_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrube2016a-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar to spiritualism, but in declared opposition to it, the emergence of occultism should thus be seen within the context of radical social reform, which was often concerned with establishing new forms of "scientific religion" while at the same time propagating the revival of an ancient tradition of "true religion".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrube2016b_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrube2016b-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, the emergence of both modern esotericism and socialism in <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a> France have been inherently intertwined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrube2017b_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrube2017b-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another feature of occultists is that – unlike earlier esotericists – they often openly distanced themselves from Christianity, in some cases (like that of Crowley) even adopting explicitly <a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Christian">anti-Christian</a> stances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasi20061366_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasi20061366-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reflected how pervasive the influence of <a href="/wiki/Secularisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularisation">secularisation</a> had been on all areas of European society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasi20061366_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasi20061366-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In rejecting Christianity, these occultists sometimes turned towards pre-Christian belief systems and embraced forms of <a href="/wiki/Modern_Paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Paganism">Modern Paganism</a>, while others instead took influence from the religions of Asia, such as <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. In various cases, certain occultists did both.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasi20061366_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasi20061366-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another characteristic of these occultists was the emphasis that they placed on "the spiritual realization of the individual", an idea that would strongly influence the twentieth-century New Age and <a href="/wiki/Human_Potential_Movement" title="Human Potential Movement">Human Potential Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasi20061366_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasi20061366-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This spiritual realization was encouraged both through traditional Western 'occult sciences' like alchemy and <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">ceremonial magic</a>, but by the start of the twentieth century had also begun to include practices drawn from non-Western contexts, such as <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasi20061366_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasi20061366-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although occultism is distinguished from earlier forms of esotericism, many occultists have also been involved in older esoteric currents. For instance, occultists like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois-Charles_Barlet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François-Charles Barlet (page does not exist)">François-Charles Barlet</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.-Ch._Barlet" class="extiw" title="fr:F.-Ch. Barlet">fr</a>]</span> and <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a> were also <a href="/wiki/Christian_theosophy" title="Christian theosophy">theosophers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adhering to the ideas of the early modern Lutheran thinker <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Bohme" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakob Bohme">Jakob Bohme</a>, and seeking to integrate ideas from Bohmian theosophy and occultism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaivre199489_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaivre199489-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been noted, however, that this distancing from the Theosophical Society should be understood in the light of polemical identity formations among esotericists towards the end of the nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrube2017a_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrube2017a-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etic_uses_of_the_term">Etic uses of the term</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occult&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Etic uses of the term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Emic_and_etic" title="Emic and etic">Emic and etic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wouter_Hanegraaff_2006_Alchemy_Conference.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Wouter_Hanegraaff_2006_Alchemy_Conference.jpg/220px-Wouter_Hanegraaff_2006_Alchemy_Conference.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Wouter_Hanegraaff_2006_Alchemy_Conference.jpg/330px-Wouter_Hanegraaff_2006_Alchemy_Conference.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Wouter_Hanegraaff_2006_Alchemy_Conference.jpg/440px-Wouter_Hanegraaff_2006_Alchemy_Conference.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="1156" /></a><figcaption>In the 1990s, the Dutch scholar Wouter Hanegraaff put forward a new definition of <i>occultism</i> for scholarly uses.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the mid-1990s, a new definition of "occultism" was put forth by Wouter Hanegraaff.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasi20061367–1368_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasi20061367–1368-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Hanegraaff, the term <i>occultism</i> can be used not only for the nineteenth-century groups which openly self-described using that term but can also be used in reference to "the <i>type</i> of esotericism that they represent".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006888_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006888-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seeking to define occultism so that the term would be suitable "as an <a href="/wiki/Etic" class="mw-redirect" title="Etic">etic</a> category" for scholars, Hanegraaff devised the following definition: "a category in the study of religions, which comprises "all attempts by esotericists to come to terms with a disenchanted world or, alternatively, by people in general to make sense of esotericism from the perspective of a disenchanted secular world".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff1996422_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff1996422-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hanegraaff noted that this etic usage of the term would be independent of <a href="/wiki/Emic" class="mw-redirect" title="Emic">emic</a> usages of the term employed by occultists and other esotericists themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff1996422_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff1996422-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In this definition, occultism covers many esoteric currents that have developed from the mid-nineteenth century onward, including Spiritualism, Theosophy, the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, and the New Age.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006888_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006888-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Employing this etic understanding of "occultism", Hanegraaff argued that its development could begin to be seen in the work of the Swedish esotericist <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Swedenborg" title="Emanuel Swedenborg">Emanuel Swedenborg</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Mesmerism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesmerism">Mesmerist</a> movement of the eighteenth century, although added that occultism only emerged in "fully-developed form" as Spiritualism, a movement that developed in the United States during the mid-nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff1996423_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff1996423-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marco Pasi suggested that the use of Hanegraaff's definition might cause confusion by presenting a group of nineteenth-century esotericists who called themselves "occultists" as just one part of a broader category of esotericists whom scholars would call "occultists".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasi20061368_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasi20061368-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following these discussions, Julian Strube argued that Lévi and other contemporary authors who would now be regarded as esotericists developed their ideas not against the background of an esoteric tradition in the first place. Rather, Lévi's notion of occultism emerged in the context of highly influential radical socialist movements and widespread progressive, so-called neo-Catholic ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrube2016a373–379_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrube2016a373–379-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This further complicates Hanegraaff's characteristics of occultism, since, throughout the nineteenth century, they apply to these reformist movements rather than to a supposed group of esotericists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrube2017b218–221_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrube2017b218–221-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_usage">Modern usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occult&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>occult</i> has also been used as a substantivized adjective as "the occult", a term that has been particularly widely used among journalists and <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociologists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006888_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006888-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This term was popularised by the publication of <a href="/wiki/Colin_Wilson" title="Colin Wilson">Colin Wilson</a>'s 1971 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Occult:_A_History" title="The Occult: A History">The Occult</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006888_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006888-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This term has been used as an "intellectual waste-basket" into which a wide array of beliefs and practices have been placed because they do not fit readily into the categories of religion or science.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006888_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006888-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Hanegraaff, "the occult" is a category into which gets placed a range of beliefs from "spirits or fairies to parapsychological experiments, from UFO-abductions to Oriental mysticism, from vampire legends to channelling, and so on".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006888_18-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006888-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occulture">Occulture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occult&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Occulture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The neologism <i>occulture</i> used within the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_music" title="Industrial music">industrial music</a> scene of the late twentieth century was probably coined by one of its central figures, the musician and occultist <a href="/wiki/Genesis_P-Orridge" title="Genesis P-Orridge">Genesis P-Orridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPartridge2014124_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPartridge2014124-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scholar of religion <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Partridge" title="Christopher Partridge">Christopher Partridge</a> used the term in an academic sense, stating that occulture was "the new spiritual environment in the West; the reservoir feeding new spiritual springs; the soil in which new spiritualities are growing".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPartridge20044_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPartridge20044-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occultism_and_technology">Occultism and technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occult&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Occultism and technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recently scholars have offered perspectives on the occult as intertwined with media and technology. Examples include the work of film and media theorist <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Sconce" title="Jeffrey Sconce">Jeffrey Sconce</a> and religious studies scholar <a href="/wiki/John_Durham_Peters" title="John Durham Peters">John Durham Peters</a>, both of whom suggest that occult movements historically utilize media and apparatuses as tools to reveal hidden aspects of reality or laws of nature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESconce200021ff_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESconce200021ff-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters2012188ff_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters2012188ff-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Erik_Davis" title="Erik Davis">Erik Davis</a> in his book <i>Techgnosis</i> gives an overview of occultism both ancient and modern from the perspective of cybernetics and information technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2015_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2015-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Thacker" title="Eugene Thacker">Eugene Thacker</a> discusses <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Cornelius_Agrippa" title="Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa">Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Three_Books_of_Occult_Philosophy" title="Three Books of Occult Philosophy">Three Books of Occult Philosophy</a></i> in his book <i>In The Dust Of This Planet</i>, where he shows how the horror genre utilizes occult themes to reveal hidden realities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThacker201149–97_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThacker201149–97-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occult&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_occult_symbols" title="List of occult symbols">List of occult symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_occult_terms" title="List of occult terms">List of occult terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_occult_writers" title="List of occult writers">List of occult writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_occultists" title="List of occultists">List of occultists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_organization" title="Magical organization">Magical organization</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occult&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occult&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This theosophy, which is a Christian esoteric tradition adhered to by theosophers, is a distinct movement from Theosophy, the occultist religion adhered to by Theosophists, despite the shared name.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occult&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasi2006-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasi2006_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPasi2006">Pasi 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelburnHeinzen1986[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0QWwCwAAQBAJpgPA107_107]-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelburnHeinzen1986[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0QWwCwAAQBAJpgPA107_107]_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWelburnHeinzen1986">Welburn & Heinzen 1986</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0QWwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA107">107</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfW64AwAAQBAJpgPA60_60]-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfW64AwAAQBAJpgPA60_60]_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStone2014">Stone 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fW64AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA60">60</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrabb1927-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrabb1927_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrabb1927">Crabb 1927</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnderhill2017[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnderhill2017[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUnderhill2017">Underhill 2017</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright1895[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright1895[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright1895">Wright 1895</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887Pasi20061364-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887Pasi20061364_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanegraaff2006">Hanegraaff 2006</a>, p. 887; <a href="#CITEREFPasi2006">Pasi 2006</a>, p. 1364.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrube2016b445-450-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrube2016b445-450_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrube2016b">Strube 2016b</a>, p. 445-450.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrube2016b13-14-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrube2016b13-14_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrube2016b">Strube 2016b</a>, p. 13-14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanegraaff2006">Hanegraaff 2006</a>, p. 887.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasi20061365-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasi20061365_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasi20061365_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasi20061365_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasi20061365_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPasi2006">Pasi 2006</a>, p. 1365.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887Pasi20061364–1365-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887Pasi20061364–1365_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanegraaff2006">Hanegraaff 2006</a>, p. 887; <a href="#CITEREFPasi2006">Pasi 2006</a>, pp. 1364–1365.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaivre199488-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaivre199488_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaivre199488_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaivre199488_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaivre199488_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaivre199488_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaivre1994">Faivre 1994</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887Pasi20061365-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887Pasi20061365_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanegraaff2006">Hanegraaff 2006</a>, p. 887; <a href="#CITEREFPasi2006">Pasi 2006</a>, p. 1365.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasi20061367-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasi20061367_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasi20061367_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasi20061367_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPasi2006">Pasi 2006</a>, p. 1367.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887Pasi20061367-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887Pasi20061367_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887Pasi20061367_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanegraaff2006">Hanegraaff 2006</a>, p. 887; <a href="#CITEREFPasi2006">Pasi 2006</a>, p. 1367.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887–888-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006887–888_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanegraaff2006">Hanegraaff 2006</a>, pp. 887–888.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006888-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006888_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006888_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006888_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006888_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006888_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006888_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006888_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006888_18-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006888_18-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006888_18-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanegraaff2006">Hanegraaff 2006</a>, p. 888.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006884-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006884_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanegraaff2006">Hanegraaff 2006</a>, p. 884.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasi20061364-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasi20061364_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPasi2006">Pasi 2006</a>, p. 1364.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDummett198093-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDummett198093_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDummett1980">Dummett 1980</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006716-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff2006716_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanegraaff2006">Hanegraaff 2006</a>, p. 716.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOslerFarber2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidjbLWJPca_zoCpgPA185_185]-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOslerFarber2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidjbLWJPca_zoCpgPA185_185]_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOslerFarber2002">Osler & Farber 2002</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jbLWJPca_zoC&pg=PA185">185</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenry1986-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenry1986_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenry1986">Henry 1986</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibbons2018[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidothGPNE56dMCpgPP8_8]-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibbons2018[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidothGPNE56dMCpgPP8_8]_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibbons2018">Gibbons 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=othGPNE56dMC&pg=PP8">8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuchdahl1989232-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuchdahl1989232_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuchdahl1989">Buchdahl 1989</a>, p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasi20061365–1366-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasi20061365–1366_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPasi2006">Pasi 2006</a>, pp. 1365–1366.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaivre199488Goodrick-Clarke2008196-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaivre199488Goodrick-Clarke2008196_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaivre1994">Faivre 1994</a>, p. 88; <a href="#CITEREFGoodrick-Clarke2008">Goodrick-Clarke 2008</a>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasi20061366-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasi20061366_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasi20061366_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasi20061366_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasi20061366_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasi20061366_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasi20061366_29-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPasi2006">Pasi 2006</a>, p. 1366.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff1996423-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff1996423_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff1996423_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanegraaff1996">Hanegraaff 1996</a>, p. 423.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodrick-Clarke2008196-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodrick-Clarke2008196_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodrick-Clarke2008">Goodrick-Clarke 2008</a>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrube2016a-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrube2016a_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrube2016a">Strube 2016a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrube2016b-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrube2016b_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrube2016b">Strube 2016b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrube2017b-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrube2017b_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrube2017b">Strube2017b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaivre199489-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaivre199489_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaivre1994">Faivre 1994</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrube2017a-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrube2017a_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrube2017a">Strube 2017a</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasi20061367–1368-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasi20061367–1368_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPasi2006">Pasi 2006</a>, pp. 1367–1368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff1996422-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff1996422_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanegraaff1996422_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHanegraaff1996">Hanegraaff 1996</a>, p. 422.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasi20061368-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasi20061368_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPasi2006">Pasi 2006</a>, p. 1368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrube2016a373–379-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrube2016a373–379_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrube2016a">Strube 2016a</a>, pp. 373–379.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrube2017b218–221-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrube2017b218–221_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrube2017b">Strube 2017b</a>, pp. 218–221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPartridge2014124-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPartridge2014124_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPartridge2014">Partridge 2014</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPartridge20044-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPartridge20044_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPartridge2004">Partridge 2004</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESconce200021ff-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESconce200021ff_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSconce2000">Sconce 2000</a>, pp. 21ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters2012188ff-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters2012188ff_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeters2012">Peters 2012</a>, pp. 188ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2015-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2015_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavis2015">Davis 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThacker201149–97-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThacker201149–97_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThacker2011">Thacker 2011</a>, pp. 49–97.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occult&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBuchdahl1989" class="citation book cs1">Buchdahl, Gerd (1989). "History of Science and Criteria of Choice". In Stuewer, Roger H. (ed.). <i>Historical and Philosophical Perspectives of Science</i>. Vol. 5. Gordon and Breach. pp. 232ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2881243509" title="Special:BookSources/978-2881243509"><bdi>978-2881243509</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+Science+and+Criteria+of+Choice&rft.btitle=Historical+and+Philosophical+Perspectives+of+Science&rft.pages=232ff&rft.pub=Gordon+and+Breach&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-2881243509&rft.aulast=Buchdahl&rft.aufirst=Gerd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrabb1927" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Crabb_(writer)" title="George Crabb (writer)">Crabb, G.</a> (1927). <i>English synonyms explained, in alphabetical order, copious illustrations and examples drawn from the best writers</i>. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+synonyms+explained%2C+in+alphabetical+order%2C+copious+illustrations+and+examples+drawn+from+the+best+writers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Thomas+Y.+Crowell+Co.&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Crabb&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2015" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Erik (2015). <i>TechGnosis: Myth, Magic & Mysticism in the Age of Information</i>. North Atlantic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1583949306" title="Special:BookSources/978-1583949306"><bdi>978-1583949306</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=TechGnosis%3A+Myth%2C+Magic+%26+Mysticism+in+the+Age+of+Information&rft.pub=North+Atlantic+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1583949306&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDummett1980" class="citation book cs1">Dummett, Michael (1980). <i>The Game of Tarot</i>. London: Duckworth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7156-1014-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7156-1014-7"><bdi>0-7156-1014-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Game+of+Tarot&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Duckworth&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-7156-1014-7&rft.aulast=Dummett&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaivre1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Faivre" title="Antoine Faivre">Faivre, Antoine</a> (1994). <i>Access to Western Esotericism</i>. 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(2018). <i>Spirituality and the Occult: From the Renaissance to the Modern Age</i>. 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Vol. 69. <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110478105">10.1515/9783110478105</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-047810-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-047810-5"><bdi>978-3-11-047810-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sozialismus%2C+Katholizisimus+und+Okkultismus+im+Frankreich+des+19.+Jahrhunderts+-+Die+Genealogie+der+Schriften+von+Eliphas+L%C3%A9vi&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Religionsgeschichtliche+Versuche+und+Vorarbeiten&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110478105&rft.isbn=978-3-11-047810-5&rft.aulast=Strube&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrube2017a" class="citation journal cs1">Strube, Julian (2017a). "Occultist Identity Formations Between Theosophy and Socialism in fin-de-siècle France". <i><a href="/wiki/Numen_(journal)" title="Numen (journal)">Numen</a></i>. <b>64</b> (<span class="nowrap">5–</span>6). <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>: <span class="nowrap">568–</span>595. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685276-12341481">10.1163/15685276-12341481</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numen&rft.atitle=Occultist+Identity+Formations+Between+Theosophy+and+Socialism+in+fin-de-si%C3%A8cle+France&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E568-%3C%2Fspan%3E595&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15685276-12341481&rft.aulast=Strube&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrube2017b" class="citation journal cs1">Strube, Julian (2017b). "Socialism and Esotericism in July Monarchy France". <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Religions_(journal)" title="History of Religions (journal)">History of Religions</a></i>. <b>57</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>: <span class="nowrap">197–</span>221. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F693682">10.1086/693682</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:166078608">166078608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Religions&rft.atitle=Socialism+and+Esotericism+in+July+Monarchy+France&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E197-%3C%2Fspan%3E221&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F693682&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A166078608%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Strube&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThacker2011" class="citation book cs1">Thacker, Eugene (2011). <i>In the Dust of This Planet: Horror of Philosophy</i>. Vol. 1. Zero Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1846946769" title="Special:BookSources/978-1846946769"><bdi>978-1846946769</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Dust+of+This+Planet%3A+Horror+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Zero+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1846946769&rft.aulast=Thacker&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnderhill2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Underhill" title="Evelyn Underhill">Underhill, Evelyn</a> (2017) [1911]. <i>Mysticism: A Study in Nature and Development of Spiritual Consciousness</i>. Devoted Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1773560045" title="Special:BookSources/978-1773560045"><bdi>978-1773560045</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mysticism%3A+A+Study+in+Nature+and+Development+of+Spiritual+Consciousness&rft.pub=Devoted+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1773560045&rft.aulast=Underhill&rft.aufirst=Evelyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelburnHeinzen1986" class="citation book cs1">Welburn, Andrew J.; Heinzen, Thomas (1986). <i>Power and Self-Consciousness in the Poetry of Shelley</i>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1349182787" title="Special:BookSources/978-1349182787"><bdi>978-1349182787</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+and+Self-Consciousness+in+the+Poetry+of+Shelley&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-1349182787&rft.aulast=Welburn&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft.au=Heinzen%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1895" class="citation book cs1">Wright, C. F. (1895). <i>An Outline of the Principles of Modern Theosophy</i>. Boston: New England Theosophical Corp.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Outline+of+the+Principles+of+Modern+Theosophy&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=New+England+Theosophical+Corp.&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=C.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccult" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occult&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Classen, Albrecht (2017). "Magic in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Age: Literature, Science, Religion, Philosophy, Music, and Art. An Introduction". In Classen, Albrecht (ed.). <i>Magic and Magicians in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Time: The Occult in Pre-Modern Sciences, Medicine, Literature, Religion, and Astrology</i>. Fundamentals of Medieval and Early Modern Culture. Vol. 20. Berlin and Boston: <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110557725-001">10.1515/9783110557725-001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110556070" title="Special:BookSources/9783110556070"><bdi>9783110556070</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1864-3396">1864-3396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Magic+in+the+Middle+Ages+and+the+Early+Modern+Age%3A+Literature%2C+Science%2C+Religion%2C+Philosophy%2C+Music%2C+and+Art.+An+Introduction&rft.btitle=Magic+and+Magicians+in+the+Middle+Ages+and+the+Early+Modern+Time%3A+The+Occult+in+Pre-Modern+Sciences%2C+Medicine%2C+Literature%2C+Religion%2C+and+Astrology&rft.place=Berlin+and+Boston&rft.series=Fundamentals+of+Medieval+and+Early+Modern+Culture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E108&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2017&rft.issn=1864-3396&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110557725-001&rft.isbn=9783110556070&rft.aulast=Classen&rft.aufirst=Albrecht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Forshaw, Peter (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/10048161">"The Occult Middle Ages"</a>. In Partridge, Christopher (ed.). <i>The Occult World</i>. London: Routledge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-13</span></span> – via Academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Occult+Middle+Ages&rft.btitle=The+Occult+World&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Forshaw&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F10048161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Forshaw, Peter (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/s?k=9780500027134"><i>Occult - Decoding the visual culture of mysticism, magic and divination</i></a>. Religious and Spiritual Imagery. Vol. 3. London: <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0500027134" title="Special:BookSources/978-0500027134"><bdi>978-0500027134</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Occult+-+Decoding+the+visual+culture+of+mysticism%2C+magic+and+divination&rft.place=London&rft.series=Religious+and+Spiritual+Imagery&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-0500027134&rft.aulast=Forshaw&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.co.uk%2Fs%3Fk%3D9780500027134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hanegraaff, Wouter J. (2010). "The Beginning of Occultist Kabbalah: Adolphe Franck and Eliphas Levi". <i>Kabbalah and Modernity: Interpretations, Transformations, Adaptations</i>. Netherlands: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004182875" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004182875"><bdi>978-9004182875</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Beginning+of+Occultist+Kabbalah%3A+Adolphe+Franck+and+Eliphas+Levi&rft.btitle=Kabbalah+and+Modernity%3A+Interpretations%2C+Transformations%2C+Adaptations&rft.place=Netherlands&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9004182875&rft.aulast=Hanegraaff&rft.aufirst=Wouter+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Kontou, Tatiana; Wilburn, Sarah, eds. (2012). <i>The Ashgate Research Companion to Nineteenth-Century Spiritualism and the Occult</i>. Farnham: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6912-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6912-8"><bdi>978-0-7546-6912-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ashgate+Research+Companion+to+Nineteenth-Century+Spiritualism+and+the+Occult&rft.place=Farnham&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-6912-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccult" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Partridge, Christopher, ed. (2014). <i>The Occult World</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415695961" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415695961"><bdi>978-0415695961</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Occult+World&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0415695961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOccult" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occult&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Occult" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Occult">Occult</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huss.ex.ac.uk/research/exeseso/">University of Exeter Centre for the Study of Esotericism (EXESESO)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esswe.org">ESSWE</a> European Society for the Study of Western Esotericism, with many links to associated organizations, libraries, scholars etc.</li> <li>Joseph H. Peterson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esotericarchives.com">Twilit Grotto: Archives of Western Esoterica</a> (Esoteric Archives: Occult Literature)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exhibitions.blogs.lib.lsu.edu/?p=1257"><i>Occult Science and Philosophy of the Renaissance</i></a>. Online exhibition from the Louisiana State University Libraries Special Collections.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Magic_and_witchcraft160" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Witchcraft" title="Template:Witchcraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Witchcraft" title="Template talk:Witchcraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Witchcraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Witchcraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Magic_and_witchcraft160" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Africa" title="Witchcraft in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azande_witchcraft" title="Azande witchcraft">Azande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Ghana" title="Witchcraft in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_smeller" title="Witch smeller">Witch smeller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_witchcraft" title="Asian witchcraft">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_the_Philippines" title="Witchcraft in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_witchcraft" title="European witchcraft">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Italy" title="Witchcraft in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akelarre" title="Akelarre">Akelarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benandanti" title="Benandanti">Benandanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunning_folk" title="Cunning folk">Cunning folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_the_Greco-Roman_world" title="Magic in the Greco-Roman world">Greece and Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr">Seiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeress_(Germanic)" title="Seeress (Germanic)">Völva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch-cult_hypothesis" title="Witch-cult hypothesis">Witch-cult hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Witchcraft in Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_early_modern_Britain" title="Witchcraft in early modern Britain">Britain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Latin_America" title="Witchcraft in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_the_Middle_East" title="Witchcraft in the Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft#Oceania" title="Witchcraft">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81kutu" title="Mākutu">Mākutu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Form</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_magic" title="Chaos magic">Chaos magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorcery_(goetia)" title="Sorcery (goetia)">Goetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_European_magic" title="Medieval European magic">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_magic" title="Renaissance magic">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_practitioner" title="Solitary practitioner">Solitary practitioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warlock" title="Warlock">Warlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_doctor" title="Witch doctor">Witch doctor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">Apotropaic magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">Black magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">Ceremonial magic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magical_formula" title="Magical formula">Magical formula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coven" title="Coven">Coven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curse" title="Curse">Curse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anathema" title="Anathema">Anathema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damnation" title="Damnation">Damnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinx" title="Jinx">Jinx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Evocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familiar" title="Familiar">Familiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_magic" title="Gray magic">Gray magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">Incantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_magic" title="Moon magic">Moon magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Occultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_shamanism" title="Black shamanism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_forms_of_shamanism" title="Regional forms of shamanism">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_shamanism" title="Yellow shamanism">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_magic" title="Sex magic">Sex magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigil" title="Sigil">Sigils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Spiritism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_magic" title="Sympathetic magic">Sympathetic magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witches%27_Sabbath" title="Witches' Sabbath">Witches' Sabbath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_magic" title="White magic">White magic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">Amulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athame" title="Athame">Athame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broom" title="Broom">Broom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Besom" title="Besom">besom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censer" title="Censer">Censer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloak_of_invisibility" title="Cloak of invisibility">Cloak of invisibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_ball" title="Crystal ball">Crystal ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_ointment" title="Flying ointment">Flying ointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goofer_dust" title="Goofer dust">Goofer dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">Grimoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">Incense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julleuchter" title="Julleuchter">Julleuchter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_witch" title="Kitchen witch">Kitchen witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love charm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_carpet" title="Magic carpet">Magic carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_circle" title="Magic circle">Magic circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_ring" title="Magic ring">Magic ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magical_weapons" title="List of magical weapons">Magical weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_sword" title="Magic sword">Magic sword</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojo_(African-American_culture)" title="Mojo (African-American culture)">Mojo bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkisi" title="Nkisi">Nkisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkondi" title="Nkondi">Nkondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppet" title="Poppet">Poppet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potion" title="Potion">Potions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sator_Square" title="Sator Square">Sator Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talisman" title="Talisman">Talisman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wand" title="Wand">Wand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_ball" title="Witch ball">Witch ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch%27s_ladder" title="Witch's ladder">Witch's ladder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Folklore and<br />mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agamede" title="Agamede">Agamede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aradia" title="Aradia">Aradia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Yaga" title="Baba Yaga">Baba Yaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayan_(witch)" title="Dayan (witch)">Dayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drude" title="Drude">Drude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow_witch" title="Elbow witch">Elbow witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huld" title="Huld">Huld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalku" title="Kalku">Kalku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medea" title="Medea">Medea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_le_Fay" title="Morgan le Fay">Morgan le Fay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muma_P%C4%83durii" title="Muma Pădurii">Muma Pădurii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_sorceresses" title="Nine sorceresses">Nine sorceresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obayifo" title="Obayifo">Obayifo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasipha%C3%AB" title="Pasiphaë">Pasiphaë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebile" title="Sebile">Sebile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorginak" title="Sorginak">Sorginak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfinger" title="Spearfinger">Spearfinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Witches" title="Three Witches">Three Witches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witches_of_Benevento" title="Witches of Benevento">Witches of Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_of_Endor" title="Witch of Endor">Witch of Endor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major<br />historic treatises</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_and_divination_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Witchcraft and divination in the Hebrew Bible">Witchcraft and divination in the Old Testament</a> (8th–2nd centuries BC)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Directorium_Inquisitorum" title="Directorium Inquisitorum">Directorium Inquisitorum</a></i> (1376)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_maleficis_mulieribus" class="mw-redirect" title="De maleficis mulieribus">De maleficis mulieribus</a></i> (1440)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Formicarius" title="Formicarius">Formicarius</a></i> (1475)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summis_desiderantes_affectibus" title="Summis desiderantes affectibus">Summis desiderantes affectibus</a></i> (1484)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum">Malleus Maleficarum</a></i> (1487)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Lamiis_et_Pythonicis_Mulieribus" class="mw-redirect" title="De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus">De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus</a></i> (1489)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laienspiegel" title="Laienspiegel">Laienspiegel</a></i> (1509)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_praestigiis_daemonum" title="De praestigiis daemonum">De praestigiis daemonum</a></i> (1563)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Discoverie_of_Witchcraft" title="The Discoverie of Witchcraft">The Discoverie of Witchcraft</a></i> (1584)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Newes_from_Scotland" title="Newes from Scotland">Newes from Scotland</a></i> (1591)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Dialogue_Concerning_Witches_and_Witchcrafts" title="A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts">A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts</a></i> (1593)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daemonolatreiae_libri_tres" title="Daemonolatreiae libri tres">Daemonolatreiae libri tres</a></i> (1595)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daemonologie" title="Daemonologie">Daemonologie</a></i> (1597)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magical_Investigations" class="mw-redirect" title="Magical Investigations">Magical Investigations</a></i> (1599)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compendium_Maleficarum" title="Compendium Maleficarum">Compendium Maleficarum</a></i> (1608)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Guide_to_Grand-Jury_Men" title="A Guide to Grand-Jury Men">A Guide to Grand-Jury Men</a></i> (1627)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Discovery_of_Witches" class="mw-redirect" title="The Discovery of Witches">The Discovery of Witches</a></i> (1647)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_sur_les_apparitions_des_esprits_et_sur_les_vampires_ou_les_revenans_de_Hongrie,_de_Moravie,_%26c." title="Traité sur les apparitions des esprits et sur les vampires ou les revenans de Hongrie, de Moravie, &c.">Treatise on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants</a></i> (1751)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persecution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_witch_hunts" title="Modern witch hunts">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamyi_Witch_hiring_controversy" title="Jamyi Witch hiring controversy">Jamyi Witch hiring controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_accusations_against_children" title="Witchcraft accusations against children">accusations against children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunts_in_India" title="Witch hunts in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunts_in_Nepal" title="Witch hunts in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunts_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Witch hunts in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_camp" title="Witch camp">Witch camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Witch trials in the early modern period">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Witch_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryland Witch Trials">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_New_York" title="Witch trials in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem_witch_trials" title="Salem witch trials">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Virginia" title="Witch trials in Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Hungary" title="Witch trials in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Moravia_witch_trials" title="Northern Moravia witch trials">Northern Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Poland" title="Witch trials in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Russia" title="Witch trials in Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Latvia_and_Estonia" title="Witch trials in Latvia and Estonia">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Denmark" title="Witch trials in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_England" title="Witch trials in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Finland" title="Witch trials in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Iceland" title="Witch trials in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Norway" title="Witch trials in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_early_modern_Scotland" title="Witch trials in early modern Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Sweden" title="Witch trials in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_France" title="Witch trials in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_witch_trials" title="Geneva witch trials">Geneva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Italy" title="Witch trials in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Spain" title="Witch trials in Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_witch_trials" title="Basque witch trials">Basque</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire">Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch%27s_mark" title="Witch's mark">Witch's mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pricking" title="Pricking">Pricking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_for_witchcraft" title="List of people executed for witchcraft">List of people executed for witchcraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_witches" title="List of fictional witches">Witches in fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_(word)" title="Witch (word)">Witch (word)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_(archetype)" title="Witch (archetype)">Witch (archetype)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_magic" title="Christian views on magic">Christian views on magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_organization" title="Magical organization">Magical organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maleficium_(sorcery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maleficium (sorcery)">Maleficium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-hand_path_and_right-hand_path" title="Left-hand path and right-hand path">Left-hand path and right-hand path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_interpretations_of_witch_trials_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period">Feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adept" title="Adept">Adept</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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