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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Flight plan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flight_plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Position_determination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Position_determination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Position determination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Position_determination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guidance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guidance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Guidance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guidance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-VNAV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#VNAV"> <div 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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="نظام إدارة الرحلة في الطائرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظام إدارة الرحلة في الطائرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_Management_System" title="Flight Management System – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Flight Management System" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_gesti%C3%B3n_de_vuelo" title="Sistema de gestión de vuelo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sistema de gestión de vuelo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_de_gestion_de_vol" title="Système de gestion de vol – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Système de gestion de vol" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%ED%96%89_%EA%B4%80%EB%A6%AC_%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%9C" title="비행 관리 시스템 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비행 관리 시스템" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_Management_System" title="Flight Management System – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Flight Management System" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%94" title="מערכת ניהול טיסה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מערכת ניהול טיסה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_management_system" title="Flight management system – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Flight management system" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%9B%E8%A1%8C%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E8%A3%85%E7%BD%AE" title="飛行管理装置 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="飛行管理装置" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_Management_Computer" title="Flight Management Computer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Flight Management Computer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_Management_System" title="Flight Management System – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Flight Management System" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_gerenciamento_de_voo" title="Sistema de gerenciamento de voo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sistema de gerenciamento de voo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%91%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Система самолётовождения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Система самолётовождения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_management_system" title="Flight management system – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Flight management system" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/FMC" title="FMC – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="FMC" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Система управління польотом літака – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Система управління польотом літака" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%9E%E8%A1%8C%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="飞行管理系统 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="飞行管理系统" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q657919#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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<nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Component of aircraft avionics</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Honeywell_FMS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Honeywell_FMS.jpg/220px-Honeywell_FMS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Honeywell_FMS.jpg/330px-Honeywell_FMS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Honeywell_FMS.jpg/440px-Honeywell_FMS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1183" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>FMC (Flight Management Computer) <a href="/wiki/Honeywell" title="Honeywell">Honeywell</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (December 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> on Boeing 767–300</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>flight management system</b> (<b>FMS</b>) is a fundamental component of a modern <a href="/wiki/Airliner" title="Airliner">airliner</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">avionics</a>. An FMS is a specialized computer system that automates a wide variety of in-flight tasks, reducing the workload on the flight crew to the point that modern civilian aircraft no longer carry <a href="/wiki/Flight_engineer" title="Flight engineer">flight engineers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Navigator#In_aviation" title="Navigator">navigators</a>. A primary function is in-flight management of the flight plan. Using various sensors (such as <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">INS</a> often backed up by <a href="/wiki/Radio_navigation" title="Radio navigation">radio navigation</a>) to determine the aircraft's position, the FMS can guide the aircraft along the flight plan. From the cockpit, the FMS is normally controlled through a <a href="/wiki/Control_Display_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Control Display Unit">Control Display Unit</a> (CDU) which incorporates a small screen and keyboard or touchscreen. The FMS sends the flight plan for display to the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Flight_Instrument_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic Flight Instrument System">Electronic Flight Instrument System</a> (EFIS), Navigation Display (ND), or Multifunction Display (MFD). The FMS can be summarised as being a dual system consisting of the <b>Flight Management Computer (FMC)</b>, CDU and a cross talk bus. </p><p>The modern FMS was introduced on the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_767" title="Boeing 767">Boeing 767</a>, though earlier navigation computers did exist.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now, systems similar to FMS exist on aircraft as small as the <a href="/wiki/Cessna_182" class="mw-redirect" title="Cessna 182">Cessna 182</a>. In its evolution an FMS has had many different sizes, capabilities and controls. However certain characteristics are common to all FMSs. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Navigation_database">Navigation database</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flight_management_system&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Navigation database"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Flight_management_system" title="Special:EditPage/Flight management system">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>All FMSs contain a navigation database. The navigation database contains the elements from which the flight plan is constructed. These are defined via the <a href="/wiki/ARINC_424" title="ARINC 424">ARINC 424</a> standard. The navigation database (NDB) is normally updated every 28 days, in order to ensure that its contents are current. Each FMS contains only a subset of the ARINC / <a href="/wiki/AIRAC" class="mw-redirect" title="AIRAC">AIRAC</a> data, relevant to the capabilities of the FMS. </p><p>The NDB contains all of the information required for building a flight plan, consisting of: </p> <ul><li>Waypoints/Intersection</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airway_(aviation)" title="Airway (aviation)">Airways</a></li> <li>Radio navigation aids including <a href="/wiki/Distance_measuring_equipment" title="Distance measuring equipment">distance measuring equipment</a> (DME), <a href="/wiki/VHF_omnidirectional_range" title="VHF omnidirectional range">VHF omnidirectional range</a> (VOR), <a href="/wiki/Non-directional_beacon" title="Non-directional beacon">non-directional beacons</a> (NDBs) and <a href="/wiki/Instrument_landing_system" title="Instrument landing system">instrument landing systems</a> (ILSs).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runway" title="Runway">Runways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_instrument_departure" title="Standard instrument departure">Standard instrument departure</a> (SID)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_terminal_arrival" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard terminal arrival">Standard terminal arrival</a> (STAR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holding_(aviation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holding (aviation)">Holding patterns</a> (only as part of IAPs-although can be entered by command of ATC or at pilot's discretion)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrument_approach_procedure" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrument approach procedure">Instrument approach procedure</a> (IAP)</li></ul> <p>Waypoints can also be defined by the pilot(s) along the route or by reference to other waypoints with entry of a place in the form of a waypoint (e.g. a VOR, NDB, ILS, airport or waypoint/intersection). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flight_plan">Flight plan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flight_management_system&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Flight plan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Flight_management_system" title="Special:EditPage/Flight management system">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Flight_plan" title="Flight plan">flight plan</a> is generally determined on the ground, before departure either by the pilot for smaller aircraft or a <a href="/wiki/Flight_planner" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight planner">professional dispatcher</a> for airliners. It is entered into the FMS either by typing it in, selecting it from a saved library of common routes (Company Routes) or via an <a href="/wiki/ACARS" title="ACARS">ACARS</a> datalink with the airline dispatch center. </p><p>During preflight, other information relevant to managing the flight plan is entered. This can include performance information such as gross weight, fuel weight and center of gravity. It will include altitudes including the initial cruise altitude. For aircraft that do not have a <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a>, the initial position is also required. </p><p>The pilot uses the FMS to modify the flight plan in flight for a variety of reasons. Significant engineering design minimizes the keystrokes in order to minimize pilot workload in flight and eliminate any confusing information (Hazardously Misleading Information). The FMS also sends the flight plan information for display on the Navigation Display (ND) of the flight deck instruments Electronic Flight Instrument System (<a href="/wiki/EFIS" class="mw-redirect" title="EFIS">EFIS</a>). The flight plan generally appears as a magenta line, with other airports, radio aids and waypoints displayed. </p><p>Some FMSs can calculate special flight plans, often for tactical requirements, such as search patterns, rendezvous, in-flight refueling tanker orbits, and calculated air release points (CARP) for accurate parachute jumps. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Position_determination">Position determination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flight_management_system&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Position determination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once in flight, a principal task of the FMS is obtaining a <a href="/wiki/Position_fix" class="mw-redirect" title="Position fix">position fix</a>, i.e., to determine the aircraft's position and the accuracy of that position. Simple FMS use a single sensor, generally <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> in order to determine position. But modern FMS use as many sensors as they can, such as VORs, in order to determine and validate their exact position. Some FMS use a <a href="/wiki/Kalman_filter" title="Kalman filter">Kalman filter</a> to integrate the positions from the various sensors into a single position. Common sensors include: </p> <ul><li>Airline-quality GPS receivers act as the primary sensor as they have the highest accuracy and integrity.</li> <li>Radio aids designed for aircraft navigation act as the second highest quality sensors. These include; <ul><li>Scanning DME (<a href="/wiki/Distance_measuring_equipment" title="Distance measuring equipment">distance measuring equipment</a>) that check the distances from five different DME stations simultaneously in order to determine one position every 10 seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>VORs (<a href="/wiki/VHF_omnidirectional_range" title="VHF omnidirectional range">VHF omnidirectional radio range</a>) that supply a bearing. With two VOR stations the aircraft position can be determined, but the accuracy is limited.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_reference_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertial reference system">Inertial reference systems</a> (IRS) use <a href="/wiki/Ring_laser_gyro" class="mw-redirect" title="Ring laser gyro">ring laser gyros</a> and accelerometers in order to calculate the aircraft position. They are highly accurate and independent of outside sources. Airliners use the weighted average of three independent IRS to determine the “triple mixed IRS” position.</li></ul> <p>The FMS constantly crosschecks the various sensors and determines a single aircraft position and accuracy. The accuracy is described as the Actual Navigation Performance (ANP) a circle that the aircraft can be anywhere within measured as the diameter in nautical miles. Modern airspace has a set <a href="/wiki/Required_navigation_performance" title="Required navigation performance">required navigation performance</a> (RNP). The aircraft must have its ANP less than its RNP in order to operate in certain high-level airspace. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Guidance">Guidance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flight_management_system&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Guidance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Flight_management_system" title="Special:EditPage/Flight management system">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Given the flight plan and the aircraft's position, the FMS calculates the course to follow. The pilot can follow this course manually (much like following a VOR radial), or the <a href="/wiki/Autopilot" title="Autopilot">autopilot</a> can be set to follow the course. </p><p>The FMS mode is normally called LNAV or Lateral Navigation for the lateral flight plan and VNAV or vertical navigation for the vertical flight plan. VNAV provides speed and pitch or altitude targets and LNAV provides roll steering command to the autopilot. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="VNAV">VNAV</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flight_management_system&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: VNAV"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sophisticated aircraft, generally airliners such as the <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A320" class="mw-redirect" title="Airbus A320">Airbus A320</a> or <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737" title="Boeing 737">Boeing 737</a> and other turbofan powered aircraft, have full performance Vertical Navigation (<a href="/wiki/VNAV" class="mw-redirect" title="VNAV">VNAV</a>). The purpose of VNAV is to predict and optimize the vertical path. Guidance includes control of the pitch axis and control of the throttle. </p><p>The FMS needs to have a comprehensive flight and engine model in order to have the data required to do this. The function can create a forecast vertical path along the lateral flight plan using this information. The aircraft manufacturer is usually the only source of this comprehensive flight model. </p><p>The vertical profile is constructed by the FMS during pre-flight. Together with the lateral flight plan, it makes use of the aircraft's starting empty weight, fuel weight, center of gravity, and cruising altitude. The first step on a vertical course is to rise to cruise height. Vertical limitations such as "At or ABOVE 8,000" are present in some SID waypoints. Reducing thrust, or "FLEX" climbing, may be used throughout the ascent to spare the engines. Each needs to be taken into account when making vertical profile projections. </p><p>Implementation of an accurate VNAV is difficult and expensive, but it pays off in fuel savings primarily in cruise and descent. In cruise, where most of the fuel is burned, there are multiple methods for fuel savings. </p><p>As an aircraft burns fuel it gets lighter and can cruise higher where there is less drag. <a href="/wiki/Step_climb" title="Step climb">Step climbs</a> or cruise climbs facilitate this. VNAV can determine where the step or cruise climbs (in which the aircraft climbs continuously) should occur to minimize fuel consumption. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Cost_index"></span> Performance optimization allows the FMS to determine the best or most economical speed to fly in level flight. This is often called the <a href="/wiki/Cruise_(aeronautics)" title="Cruise (aeronautics)">ECON speed</a>. This is based on the cost index, which is entered to give a weighting between speed and <a href="/wiki/Fuel_efficiency" title="Fuel efficiency">fuel efficiency</a>. The cost index is calculated by dividing the per-hour cost of operating the plane by the cost of fuel.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally a cost index of 999 gives ECON speeds as fast as possible without consideration of fuel and a cost index of zero gives maximum fuel economy while disregarding other hourly costs such as maintenance and crew expenses. ECON mode is the VNAV speed used by most airliners in cruise. </p><p>RTA or required time of arrival allows the VNAV system to target arrival at a particular waypoint at a defined time. This is often useful for airport arrival slot scheduling. In this case, VNAV regulates the cruise speed or cost index to ensure the RTA is met. </p><p>The first thing the VNAV calculates for the descent is the top of descent point (TOD). This is the point where an efficient and comfortable descent begins. Normally this will involve an idle descent, but for some aircraft an idle descent is too steep and uncomfortable. The FMS calculates the TOD by “flying” the descent backwards from touchdown through the approach and up to cruise. It does this using the flight plan, the aircraft flight model and descent winds. For airline FMS, this is a very sophisticated and accurate prediction, for simple FMS (on smaller aircraft) it can be determined by a “rule of thumb” such as a 3 degree descent path. </p><p>From the TOD, the VNAV determines a four-dimensional predicted path. As the VNAV commands the throttles to idle, the aircraft begins its descent along the VNAV path. If either the predicted path is incorrect or the downpath winds different from the predictions, then the aircraft will not perfectly follow the path. The aircraft varies the pitch in order to maintain the path. Since the throttles are at idle this will modulate the speed. Normally the FMS allows the speed to vary within a small band. After this, either the throttles advance (if the aircraft is below path) or the FMS requests speed brakes with a message, often "DRAG REQUIRED" (if the aircraft is above path). On Airbus aircraft, this message also appears on the PFD and, if the aircraft is extremely high on path, "MORE DRAG" will be displayed. On Boeing aircraft, if the aircraft gets too far off the prescribed path, it will switch from VNAV PTH (which follows the calculated path) to VNAV SPD (which descends as fast as possible while maintaining a selected speed, similar to OP DES (open descent) on Airbuses. </p><p>An ideal idle descent, also known as a “green descent” uses the minimum fuel, minimizes pollution (both at high altitude and local to the airport) and minimizes local noise. While most modern FMS of large airliners are capable of idle descents, most air traffic control systems cannot handle multiple aircraft each using its own optimum descent path to the airport, at this time. Thus the use of idle descents is minimized by Air Traffic Control. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flight_management_system&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_aviation_articles" title="Index of aviation articles">Index of aviation articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acronyms_and_abbreviations_in_avionics" class="mw-redirect" title="Acronyms and abbreviations in avionics">Acronyms and abbreviations in avionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Lateral_Offset_Procedure" class="mw-redirect" title="Strategic Lateral Offset Procedure">Strategic Lateral Offset Procedure</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flight_management_system&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSam_Miller,_et_als2009" class="citation journal cs1">Sam Miller, et als (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514194348/http://www.boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine/articles/qtr_02_09/article_05_1.html">"Contribution of Flight Systems to Performance-Based Navigation"</a>. <i>AERO Magazine</i> (34, Qtr. 2). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine/articles/qtr_02_09/article_05_1.html">the original</a> on 2011-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AERO+Magazine&rft.atitle=Contribution+of+Flight+Systems+to+Performance-Based+Navigation&rft.issue=34%2C+Qtr.+2&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Sam+Miller%2C+et+als&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boeing.com%2Fcommercial%2Faeromagazine%2Farticles%2Fqtr_02_09%2Farticle_05_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+management+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpitzer2007" class="citation book cs1">Spitzer, Carl (2007). "20.2.1". <i>Avionics, Element, Software and Functions</i>. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">20–</span>6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-8438-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-8438-7"><bdi>978-0-8493-8438-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=20.2.1&rft.btitle=Avionics%2C+Element%2C+Software+and+Functions&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+FL&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-8438-7&rft.aulast=Spitzer&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+management+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boeing.com/commercial/aeromagazine/articles/qtr_2_07/article_05_1.html">"AERO – Fuel Conservation Strategies: Cost Index Explained"</a>. <i>www.boeing.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.boeing.com&rft.atitle=AERO+%E2%80%93+Fuel+Conservation+Strategies%3A+Cost+Index+Explained&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boeing.com%2Fcommercial%2Faeromagazine%2Farticles%2Fqtr_2_07%2Farticle_05_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+management+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAirbus_Industrie_SE1998" class="citation web cs1">Airbus Industrie SE (May 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181209123942/http://www.cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/goodies/ac/a320/pdf/data/CostIndex.pdf">"Getting to Grips with the Cost Index"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Cockpitseeker.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cockpitseeker.com/wp-content/uploads/goodies/ac/a320/pdf/data/CostIndex.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cockpitseeker.com&rft.atitle=Getting+to+Grips+with+the+Cost+Index&rft.date=1998-05&rft.au=Airbus+Industrie+SE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cockpitseeker.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fgoodies%2Fac%2Fa320%2Fpdf%2Fdata%2FCostIndex.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFlight+management+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flight_management_system&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>ARINC 702A, Advanced Flight Management Computer System</li> <li>Avionics, Element, Software and Functions Ch 20, Cary R. Spitzer, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-8438-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-8438-9">0-8493-8438-9</a></li> <li>FMC User's Guide B737, Ch 1, Bill Bulfer, Leading Edge Libraries</li> <li>Casner, S.M. <i>The Pilot's Guide to the Modern Airline Cockpit</i>. Newcastle WA, Aviation Supplies and Academics, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56027-683-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-56027-683-5">1-56027-683-5</a>.</li> <li>Chappell, A.R. et al. "The VNAV Tutor: Addressing a Mode Awareness Difficulty for Pilots of Glass Cockpit Aircraft." <i>IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Part A, Systems and Humans</i>, vol. 27, no.3, May 1997, pp. 372–385.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Gouge_flap" title="Gouge flap">Gouge flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurney_flap" title="Gurney flap">Gurney flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krueger_flap" title="Krueger flap">Krueger flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_cuff" title="Leading-edge cuff">Leading-edge cuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_droop_flap" title="Leading-edge droop flap">Leading-edge droop flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_extension" title="Leading-edge extension">LEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_slat" title="Leading-edge slat">Slats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_slot" title="Leading-edge slot">Slot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stall_strips" title="Stall strips">Stall strips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strake_(aeronautics)" title="Strake (aeronautics)">Strake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable-sweep_wing" title="Variable-sweep wing">Variable-sweep wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortex_generator" title="Vortex generator">Vortex generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortilon" title="Vortilon">Vortilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_fence" title="Wing fence">Wing fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingtip_device" title="Wingtip device">Winglet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">Avionic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flight_instruments" title="Flight instruments">flight<br />instrument</a> systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_collision_avoidance_system" title="Airborne collision avoidance system">ACAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_boom" title="Air data boom">Air data boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_computer" title="Air data computer">Air data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_periscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft periscope">Aircraft periscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airspeed_indicator" title="Airspeed indicator">Airspeed indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altimeter" title="Altimeter">Altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciator_panel" title="Annunciator panel">Annunciator panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrodome_(aeronautics)" title="Astrodome (aeronautics)">Astrodome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_indicator" title="Attitude indicator">Attitude indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Course_deviation_indicator" title="Course deviation indicator">Course deviation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_flight_instrument_system" title="Electronic flight instrument system">EFIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine-indicating_and_crew-alerting_system" title="Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system">EICAS</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Flight management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_cockpit" title="Glass cockpit">Glass cockpit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head-up_display" title="Head-up display">Head-up display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heading_indicator" title="Heading indicator">Heading indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_situation_indicator" title="Horizontal situation indicator">Horizontal situation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">INS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_standby_instrument_system" title="Integrated standby instrument system">ISIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-function_display" title="Multi-function display">Multi-function display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitot%E2%80%93static_system" title="Pitot–static system">Pitot–static system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar_altimeter" title="Radar altimeter">Radar altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision_avoidance_system" title="Traffic collision avoidance system">TCAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transponder_(aeronautics)" title="Transponder (aeronautics)">Transponder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn_and_slip_indicator" title="Turn and slip indicator">Turn and slip indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variometer" title="Variometer">Variometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_string" title="Yaw string">Yaw string</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">Propulsion</a> controls,<br /> devices and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fuel_system" title="Aircraft fuel system">fuel systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autothrottle" title="Autothrottle">Autothrottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_tank" title="Drop tank">Drop tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FADEC" title="FADEC">FADEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_tank#Aircraft" title="Fuel tank">Fuel tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascolator" title="Gascolator">Gascolator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet_cone" title="Inlet cone">Inlet cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intake_ramp" title="Intake ramp">Intake ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACA_cowling" title="NACA cowling">NACA cowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACA_duct" title="NACA duct">NACA duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sealing_fuel_tank" title="Self-sealing fuel tank">Self-sealing fuel tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splitter_plate_(aeronautics)" title="Splitter plate (aeronautics)">Splitter plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throttle" title="Throttle">Throttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_lever" title="Thrust lever">Thrust lever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_reversal" title="Thrust reversal">Thrust reversal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townend_ring" title="Townend ring">Townend ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_emergency_power" title="War emergency power">War emergency power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_wing" title="Wet wing">Wet wing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">Landing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arresting_gear" title="Arresting gear">arresting gear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_tire" title="Aircraft tire">Aircraft tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailhook" title="Tailhook">Arrestor hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobrake" title="Autobrake">Autobrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_landing_gear" title="Conventional landing gear">Conventional landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drogue_parachute" title="Drogue parachute">Drogue parachute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">Landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear_extender" title="Landing gear extender">Landing gear extender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleo_strut" title="Oleo strut">Oleo strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricycle_landing_gear" title="Tricycle landing gear">Tricycle landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra_tire" title="Tundra tire">Tundra tire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Escape systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ejection_seat" title="Ejection seat">Ejection seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_crew_capsule" title="Escape crew capsule">Escape crew capsule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_lavatory" title="Aircraft lavatory">Aircraft lavatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_power_unit" title="Auxiliary power unit">Auxiliary power unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleed_air" title="Bleed air">Bleed air system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deicing_boot" title="Deicing boot">Deicing boot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_oxygen_system" title="Emergency oxygen system">Emergency oxygen system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_control_system" title="Environmental control system">Environmental control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_recorder" title="Flight recorder">Flight recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fluid#Aircraft_hydraulic_systems" title="Hydraulic fluid">Hydraulic system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_protection_system" title="Ice protection system">Ice protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-flight_entertainment" title="In-flight entertainment">In-flight entertainment system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_lights" title="Landing lights">Landing lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_light" title="Navigation light">Navigation light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_service_unit" title="Passenger service unit">Passenger service unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_air_turbine" title="Ram air turbine">Ram air turbine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flight_management_system&oldid=1267871181">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flight_management_system&oldid=1267871181</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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