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<li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=V-tail" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=V-tail" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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<span>Variants</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Variants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Variants subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conventional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conventional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Conventional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conventional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inverted" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inverted"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Inverted</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inverted-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advantages" class="vector-toc-list-item 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Aircraft tail that incorporates rudder and elevators in a V shape</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ntps-b35-N8718A-071012-02-12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ntps-b35-N8718A-071012-02-12.jpg/220px-Ntps-b35-N8718A-071012-02-12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ntps-b35-N8718A-071012-02-12.jpg/330px-Ntps-b35-N8718A-071012-02-12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ntps-b35-N8718A-071012-02-12.jpg/440px-Ntps-b35-N8718A-071012-02-12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="892" /></a><figcaption>1950 V-tailed <a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_Bonanza#Model_35_Bonanza" title="Beechcraft Bonanza">B35</a> still operated by the <a href="/wiki/National_Test_Pilot_School" title="National Test Pilot School">National Test Pilot School</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mojave_Air_and_Space_Port" title="Mojave Air and Space Port">Mojave Air and Space Port</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:N178FA_Cirrus_Vision_SF50_FDK_MD1A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/N178FA_Cirrus_Vision_SF50_FDK_MD1A.jpg/220px-N178FA_Cirrus_Vision_SF50_FDK_MD1A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/N178FA_Cirrus_Vision_SF50_FDK_MD1A.jpg/330px-N178FA_Cirrus_Vision_SF50_FDK_MD1A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/N178FA_Cirrus_Vision_SF50_FDK_MD1A.jpg/440px-N178FA_Cirrus_Vision_SF50_FDK_MD1A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5283" data-file-height="3108" /></a><figcaption>Rear view of the <a href="/wiki/Cirrus_Vision_SF50" title="Cirrus Vision SF50">Cirrus Vision SF50</a>'s V-tail and engine outlet</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fouga_magister.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Fouga_magister.jpg/220px-Fouga_magister.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Fouga_magister.jpg/330px-Fouga_magister.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Fouga_magister.jpg/440px-Fouga_magister.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>The V-tail of a Belgian Air Force <a href="/wiki/Fouga_CM.170_Magister" title="Fouga CM.170 Magister">Fouga CM.170 Magister</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UltraflightLazairSeriesIII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/UltraflightLazairSeriesIII.jpg/220px-UltraflightLazairSeriesIII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/UltraflightLazairSeriesIII.jpg/330px-UltraflightLazairSeriesIII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/UltraflightLazairSeriesIII.jpg/440px-UltraflightLazairSeriesIII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Ultraflight_Lazair" title="Ultraflight Lazair">Ultraflight Lazair</a> showing its inverted V-tail covered with translucent <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_fluoride" title="Polyvinyl fluoride">Tedlar</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>V-tail</b> or <i>vee-tail</i> (sometimes called a <b>butterfly tail</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Rudlicki's V-tail</b><sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="needs quote to show that this is not just some trivial reference to Rudlicki (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>) of an aircraft is an unconventional arrangement of the tail control surfaces that replaces the traditional vertical and horizontal surfaces with two surfaces set in a V-shaped configuration. It is not widely used in aircraft design. The aft edge of each twin surface is a hinged control surface called a ruddervator, which combines the functions of both a <a href="/wiki/Rudder#Aircraft_rudders" title="Rudder">rudder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elevator_(aeronautics)" title="Elevator (aeronautics)">elevator</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V-tail&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The V-tail was invented in 1930 by Polish engineer <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Rudlicki" title="Jerzy Rudlicki">Jerzy Rudlicki</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was tested for the first time on a <a href="/wiki/Hanriot_HD.28" title="Hanriot HD.28">Hanriot HD.28</a> trainer, modified by <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_manufacturer" title="Aerospace manufacturer">aerospace manufacturer</a> <a href="/wiki/Plage_i_La%C5%9Bkiewicz" title="Plage i Laśkiewicz">Plage and Laśkiewicz</a> in the summer of 1931.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="specific claim (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V-tail&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The X-shaped tail surfaces of the experimental <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_XFV" title="Lockheed XFV">Lockheed XFV</a> were essentially a V tail that extended both above and below the fuselage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conventional">Conventional</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V-tail&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Conventional"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most popular conventionally V-tailed aircraft that has been mass-produced is the <a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_Bonanza" title="Beechcraft Bonanza">Beechcraft Bonanza</a> Model 35, often known as the <i>V-tail Bonanza</i> or simply <i>V-Tail</i>. Other examples include the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_F-117_Nighthawk" title="Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk">Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk</a> stealth attack aircraft and the <a href="/wiki/Fouga_CM.170_Magister" title="Fouga CM.170 Magister">Fouga CM.170 Magister</a> trainer. The <a href="/wiki/Cirrus_Vision_SF50" title="Cirrus Vision SF50">Cirrus Vision SF50</a> jet is a recent example of a civilian aircraft adopting the V-tail. Some gliders, like the <a href="/wiki/Lehtovaara_PIK-16_Vasama" title="Lehtovaara PIK-16 Vasama">Lehtovaara PIK-16 Vasama</a>, were designed with a V-tail, but the production Vasamas had a <a href="/wiki/Cruciform_tail" title="Cruciform tail">cruciform tail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Flightpg212_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flightpg212-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inverted">Inverted</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V-tail&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Inverted"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Blohm_%26_Voss_P_213" title="Blohm & Voss P 213">Blohm & Voss P 213</a> <i>Miniaturjäger</i> was one of the first aircraft to have an inverted V-tail. <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">Unmanned aerial vehicles</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/History_of_unmanned_aerial_vehicles#Amber" title="History of unmanned aerial vehicles">LSI Amber</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Atomics_Gnat" title="General Atomics Gnat">General Atomics Gnat</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_Atomics_MQ-1_Predator" title="General Atomics MQ-1 Predator">General Atomics MQ-1 Predator</a> would later feature this type of tail. The <a href="/wiki/Ultraflight_Lazair" title="Ultraflight Lazair">Ultraflight Lazair</a> ultralights, of which over 2,000 were produced, featured an inverted V-tail, which also carried the rear landing gear.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunt1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunt1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages">Advantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V-tail&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ideally, with fewer surfaces than a conventional three-aerofoil tail or a <a href="/wiki/T-tail" title="T-tail">T-tail</a>, the V-tail is lighter and has less <a href="/wiki/Wetted_area" title="Wetted area">wetted surface area</a>, so thus produces less <a href="/wiki/Lift-induced_drag" title="Lift-induced drag">induced</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_drag" title="Parasitic drag">parasitic drag</a>. However, <a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">NACA</a> studies indicated that the V-tail surfaces must be larger than simple projection into the vertical and horizontal planes would suggest, such that total wetted area is roughly constant; reduction of intersection surfaces from three to two does, however, produce a net reduction in drag through elimination of some <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_drag#Interference_drag" title="Parasitic drag">interference drag</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-raymer_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raymer-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Light jet aircraft such as the <a href="/wiki/Cirrus_Vision_SF50" title="Cirrus Vision SF50">Cirrus Vision SF50</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eclipse_400" title="Eclipse 400">Eclipse 400</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sonex_SubSonex" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonex SubSonex">Sonex SubSonex</a> or larger jet aircraft, such as the <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_RQ-4_Global_Hawk" title="Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk">Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk</a> unmanned aerial drone often have the power plant placed outside the aircraft. In such cases V-tails are used to avoid placing the vertical stabilizer in the exhaust of the engine, which would disrupt the flow of the exhaust, reducing thrust and increasing wear on the stabilizer, possibly leading to damage over time.<sup id="cite_ref-Cirrus_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cirrus-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In military aircraft, V-tails reduce the number of right angles on an aircraft, improving its <a href="/wiki/Stealth_aircraft" title="Stealth aircraft">stealth</a> characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V-tail&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the mid-1980s, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> re-assessed the Beechcraft Bonanza due to safety concerns. While the Bonanza met the initial certification requirements, it had a history of fatal mid-air breakups during extreme stress, at a rate exceeding the accepted norm. The type was deemed airworthy and restrictions removed after Beechcraft issued a structural modification as an <a href="/wiki/Airworthiness_Directive" class="mw-redirect" title="Airworthiness Directive">Airworthiness Directive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FAA_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>V-tailed aircraft require longer rear fuselages than aircraft with conventional empennages to prevent <a href="/wiki/Yaw_(rotation)" title="Yaw (rotation)">yawing</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This tendency, called "snaking", was apparent on taking off and landing on the <a href="/wiki/Fouga_CM.170_Magister" title="Fouga CM.170 Magister">Fouga CM.170 Magister</a>, which has a relatively short fuselage.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ruddervators">Ruddervators</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V-tail&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ruddervators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YF-23_top_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/YF-23_top_view.jpg/220px-YF-23_top_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/YF-23_top_view.jpg/330px-YF-23_top_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/YF-23_top_view.jpg/440px-YF-23_top_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1435" /></a><figcaption>A top-down view of the <a href="/wiki/Northrop_YF-23" title="Northrop YF-23">Northrop YF-23</a> <i>Gray Ghost</i> prototype fighter jet, showing its distinctive wide V-tail and ruddervators</figcaption></figure> <p>Ruddervators are the control surfaces on an airplane with a V-tail configuration. They are located at the trailing edge of each of the two <a href="/wiki/Airfoil" title="Airfoil">airfoils</a> making up the tail of the plane. The first use of ruddervators may have been on the <a href="/wiki/Coand%C4%83-1910" title="Coandă-1910">Coandă-1910</a>'s X-tail, although there is no proof that the aircraft ever flew.<sup id="cite_ref-L'Aéronautique_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L'Aéronautique-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The later <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coand%C4%83-1911&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coandă-1911 (page does not exist)">Coandă-1911</a> flew with ruddervators on its X-tail.<sup id="cite_ref-Flight28Oct1911_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flight28Oct1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> engineer <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Rudlicki" title="Jerzy Rudlicki">Jerzy Rudlicki</a> designed the first practical ruddervators in 1930, tested on a modified <a href="/wiki/Hanriot_HD.28" title="Hanriot HD.28">Hanriot HD.28</a> trainer in 1931. </p><p>The name is a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of "rudder" and "elevator." In a conventional aircraft tail configuration, the rudder provides <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_principal_axes" title="Aircraft principal axes">yaw</a> (horizontal) control and the elevator provides <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_principal_axes" title="Aircraft principal axes">pitch</a> (vertical) control. </p><p>Ruddervators provide the same control effect as conventional control surfaces, but through a more complex control system that actuates the control surfaces in unison. Yaw moving the nose to the left is produced on an upright V tail by moving the pedals left which deflects the left-hand ruddervator down and left and the right-hand ruddervator up and left. The opposite produces yaw to the right. Pitch nose up is produced by moving the control column or stick back which deflects the left-hand ruddervator up and right and the right-hand ruddervator up and left. Pitch nose down is produced by moving the control column or stick forward which induces the opposite ruddervator movements.<sup id="cite_ref-Eckalbar_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eckalbar-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V-tail&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cruciform_tail" title="Cruciform tail">Cruciform tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelikan_tail" title="Pelikan tail">Pelikan tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-tail" title="T-tail">T-tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_tail" title="Twin tail">Twin tail</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V-tail&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarnardPhilpott2010" class="citation book cs1">Barnard, R.H.; Philpott, D.R. (2010). "10. Aircraft control". <i>Aircraft Flight</i> (4th ed.). Harlow, England: Prentice Hall. p. 275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-273-73098-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-273-73098-9"><bdi>978-0-273-73098-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=10.+Aircraft+control&rft.btitle=Aircraft+Flight&rft.place=Harlow%2C+England&rft.pages=275&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-273-73098-9&rft.aulast=Barnard&rft.aufirst=R.H.&rft.au=Philpott%2C+D.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV-tail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gudmundsson S. (2013). "General Aviation Aircraft Design: Applied Methods and Procedures" (Reprint). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 489. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0123973295" title="Special:BookSources/0123973295">0123973295</a>, 9780123973290</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flightpg212-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Flightpg212_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1961/1961%20-%201110.html">"Sport and Business"</a>. <i>Flight International</i>. 17 August 1961. p. 212<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flight+International&rft.atitle=Sport+and+Business&rft.pages=212&rft.date=1961-08-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fpdfarchive%2Fview%2F1961%2F1961%2520-%25201110.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV-tail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hunt1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hunt1_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hunt, Adam & Ruth Merkis-Hunt: <i>Skeletal Remains</i>, pages 64-70. Kitplanes Magazine, September 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-raymer-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-raymer_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymer1999" class="citation book cs1">Raymer, Daniel P. (1999). <i>Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach</i> (3rd ed.). Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56347-281-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-56347-281-3"><bdi>1-56347-281-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aircraft+Design%3A+A+Conceptual+Approach&rft.place=Reston%2C+Virginia&rft.pages=78&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Aeronautics+and+Astronautics&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-56347-281-3&rft.aulast=Raymer&rft.aufirst=Daniel+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV-tail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cirrus-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cirrus_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061209140504/http://www.the-jet.com/infobase.html">"Cirrus SJ50 Design Notes"</a>. <i>www.the-jet.com</i>. Cirrus Design Corporation. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-jet.com/infobase.html">the original</a> on 2006-12-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.the-jet.com&rft.atitle=Cirrus+SJ50+Design+Notes&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-jet.com%2Finfobase.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV-tail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxe" class="citation web cs1">Axe, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2021/07/19/look-closely-at-russias-checkmate-fighter-its-tail-is-one-key-to-its-stealth/">"Look Closely At Russia's Checkmate Fighter—Its Tail Is One Key To Its Stealth"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Look+Closely+At+Russia%27s+Checkmate+Fighter%E2%80%94Its+Tail+Is+One+Key+To+Its+Stealth&rft.aulast=Axe&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fdavidaxe%2F2021%2F07%2F19%2Flook-closely-at-russias-checkmate-fighter-its-tail-is-one-key-to-its-stealth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV-tail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAA-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FAA_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgAD.nsf/0/21b1b224dff2889286256d2600546895!OpenDocument&ExpandSection=1&Click=">"FAA Airworthiness Directive 93-CE-37-AD as Amended"</a>. <i>Federal Register:(Volume 68, Number 93)Docket No. 93-CE-37-AD; Amendment 39-13147; AD 94-20-04 R2</i>. Federal Register. May 14, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Register%3A%28Volume+68%2C+Number+93%29Docket+No.+93-CE-37-AD%3B+Amendment+39-13147%3B+AD+94-20-04+R2&rft.atitle=FAA+Airworthiness+Directive+93-CE-37-AD+as+Amended&rft.date=2003-05-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frgl.faa.gov%2FRegulatory_and_Guidance_Library%2FrgAD.nsf%2F0%2F21b1b224dff2889286256d2600546895%21OpenDocument%26ExpandSection%3D1%26Click%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV-tail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-L'Aéronautique-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-L'Aéronautique_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFfmAAAAMAAJ&q=Rudlicki++Coanda">"L'Aéronautique, Volume 17"</a>. <i>L'Aéronautique</i> (in French). <b>17</b>: 333. 1935.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27A%C3%A9ronautique&rft.atitle=L%27A%C3%A9ronautique%2C+Volume+17&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=333&rft.date=1935&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZFfmAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DRudlicki%2B%2BCoanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV-tail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flight28Oct1911-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Flight28Oct1911_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlight1911" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Flight_International" title="Flight International">Flight</a> (October 1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1911/1911%20-%200942.html">"Flight 28 October 1911"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Flight+28+October+1911&rft.date=1911-10&rft.au=Flight&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fpdfarchive%2Fview%2F1911%2F1911%2520-%25200942.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV-tail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eckalbar-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eckalbar_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckalbar1986" class="citation web cs1">Eckalbar, John C. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beechcraft.org/vtail/eckalbar/rudder.html">"Simple Aerodynamics Of The V-Tail"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Simple+Aerodynamics+Of+The+V-Tail&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Eckalbar&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beechcraft.org%2Fvtail%2Feckalbar%2Frudder.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AV-tail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=V-tail&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/V-shaped_tail_aircraft" class="extiw" title="commons:V-shaped tail aircraft"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">examples of V-shaped tail aircraft</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beechcraft.org/vtail/eckalbar/rudder.html">Simple Aerodynamics Of The V-Tail, from "Flying the Beech Bonanza" by Eckalbar, John C</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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title="Trailing edge">Trailing edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_tail#Variations" title="Twin tail">Triple tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_tail" title="Twin tail">Twin tail</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">V-tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_stabilizer" title="Vertical stabilizer">Vertical stabilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_root" title="Wing root">Wing root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_tip" title="Wing tip">Wing tip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingbox" title="Wingbox">Wingbox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system" title="Aircraft flight control system">Flight controls</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aileron" title="Aileron">Aileron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_brake_(aeronautics)" title="Air brake (aeronautics)">Airbrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system#Artificial_feel_devices" title="Aircraft flight control system">Artificial feel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopilot" title="Autopilot">Autopilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canard_(aeronautics)" title="Canard (aeronautics)">Canard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_stick" title="Centre stick">Centre stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deceleron" title="Deceleron">Deceleron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_brake" title="Dive brake">Dive brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_control_(aviation)" title="Dual control (aviation)">Dual control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro-hydraulic_actuator" title="Electro-hydraulic actuator">Electro-hydraulic actuator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator_(aeronautics)" title="Elevator (aeronautics)">Elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevon" title="Elevon">Elevon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaperon" title="Flaperon">Flaperon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_control_modes" title="Flight control modes">Flight control modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly-by-wire" title="Fly-by-wire">Fly-by-wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gust_lock" title="Gust lock">Gust lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOTAS" title="HOTAS">HOTAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder#Aircraft_rudders" title="Rudder">Rudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder_pedal" title="Rudder pedal">Rudder pedals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servo_tab" title="Servo tab">Servo tab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side-stick" title="Side-stick">Side-stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoiler_(aeronautics)" title="Spoiler (aeronautics)">Spoiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoileron" title="Spoileron">Spoileron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilator" title="Stabilator">Stabilator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_pusher" title="Stick pusher">Stick pusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_shaker" title="Stick shaker">Stick shaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trim_tab" title="Trim tab">Trim tab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_warping" title="Wing warping">Wing warping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_damper" title="Yaw damper">Yaw damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoke_(aeronautics)" title="Yoke (aeronautics)">Yoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">Aerodynamic</a> and <a href="/wiki/High-lift_device" title="High-lift device">high-lift</a><br />devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-53_Active_Aeroelastic_Wing" title="Boeing X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing">Active Aeroelastic Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_compliant_wing" title="Adaptive compliant wing">Adaptive compliant wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-shock_body" title="Anti-shock body">Anti-shock body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blown_flap" title="Blown flap">Blown flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_wing" title="Channel wing">Channel wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_extension#Dogtooth_extension" title="Leading-edge extension">Dog-tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag-reducing_aerospike" title="Drag-reducing aerospike">Drag-reducing aerospike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flap_(aeronautics)" title="Flap (aeronautics)">Flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouge_flap" title="Gouge flap">Gouge flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurney_flap" title="Gurney flap">Gurney flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krueger_flap" title="Krueger flap">Krueger flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_cuff" title="Leading-edge cuff">Leading-edge cuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_droop_flap" title="Leading-edge droop flap">Leading-edge droop flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_extension" title="Leading-edge extension">LEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_slat" title="Leading-edge slat">Slats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_slot" title="Leading-edge slot">Slot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stall_strips" title="Stall strips">Stall strips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strake_(aeronautics)" title="Strake (aeronautics)">Strake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable-sweep_wing" title="Variable-sweep wing">Variable-sweep wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortex_generator" title="Vortex generator">Vortex generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortilon" title="Vortilon">Vortilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_fence" title="Wing fence">Wing fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingtip_device" title="Wingtip device">Winglet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">Avionic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flight_instruments" title="Flight instruments">flight<br />instrument</a> systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_collision_avoidance_system" title="Airborne collision avoidance system">ACAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_boom" title="Air data boom">Air data boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_computer" title="Air data computer">Air data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_periscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft periscope">Aircraft periscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airspeed_indicator" title="Airspeed indicator">Airspeed indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altimeter" title="Altimeter">Altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciator_panel" title="Annunciator panel">Annunciator panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrodome_(aeronautics)" title="Astrodome (aeronautics)">Astrodome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_indicator" title="Attitude indicator">Attitude indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Course_deviation_indicator" title="Course deviation indicator">Course deviation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_flight_instrument_system" title="Electronic flight instrument system">EFIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine-indicating_and_crew-alerting_system" title="Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system">EICAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_management_system" title="Flight management system">Flight management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_cockpit" title="Glass cockpit">Glass cockpit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head-up_display" title="Head-up display">Head-up display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heading_indicator" title="Heading indicator">Heading indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_situation_indicator" title="Horizontal situation indicator">Horizontal situation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">INS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_standby_instrument_system" title="Integrated standby instrument system">ISIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-function_display" title="Multi-function display">Multi-function display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitot%E2%80%93static_system" title="Pitot–static system">Pitot–static system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar_altimeter" title="Radar altimeter">Radar altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision_avoidance_system" title="Traffic collision avoidance system">TCAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transponder_(aeronautics)" title="Transponder (aeronautics)">Transponder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn_and_slip_indicator" title="Turn and slip indicator">Turn and slip indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variometer" title="Variometer">Variometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_string" title="Yaw string">Yaw string</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">Propulsion</a> controls,<br /> devices and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fuel_system" title="Aircraft fuel system">fuel systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autothrottle" title="Autothrottle">Autothrottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_tank" title="Drop tank">Drop tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FADEC" title="FADEC">FADEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_tank#Aircraft" title="Fuel tank">Fuel tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascolator" title="Gascolator">Gascolator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet_cone" title="Inlet cone">Inlet cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intake_ramp" title="Intake ramp">Intake ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACA_cowling" title="NACA cowling">NACA cowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACA_duct" title="NACA duct">NACA duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sealing_fuel_tank" title="Self-sealing fuel tank">Self-sealing fuel tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splitter_plate_(aeronautics)" title="Splitter plate (aeronautics)">Splitter plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throttle" title="Throttle">Throttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_lever" title="Thrust lever">Thrust lever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_reversal" title="Thrust reversal">Thrust reversal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townend_ring" title="Townend ring">Townend ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_emergency_power" title="War emergency power">War emergency power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_wing" title="Wet wing">Wet wing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">Landing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arresting_gear" title="Arresting gear">arresting gear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_tire" title="Aircraft tire">Aircraft tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailhook" title="Tailhook">Arrestor hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobrake" title="Autobrake">Autobrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_landing_gear" title="Conventional landing gear">Conventional landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drogue_parachute" title="Drogue parachute">Drogue parachute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">Landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear_extender" title="Landing gear extender">Landing gear extender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleo_strut" title="Oleo strut">Oleo strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricycle_landing_gear" title="Tricycle landing gear">Tricycle landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra_tire" title="Tundra tire">Tundra tire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Escape systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ejection_seat" title="Ejection seat">Ejection seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_crew_capsule" title="Escape crew capsule">Escape crew capsule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_lavatory" title="Aircraft lavatory">Aircraft lavatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_power_unit" title="Auxiliary power unit">Auxiliary power unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleed_air" title="Bleed air">Bleed air system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deicing_boot" title="Deicing boot">Deicing boot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_oxygen_system" title="Emergency oxygen system">Emergency oxygen system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_control_system" title="Environmental control system">Environmental control 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