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class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Georg_Elfvengren" title="Special:EditPage/Georg Elfvengren">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Georg+Elfvengren%22">"Georg Elfvengren"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Georg+Elfvengren%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Georg+Elfvengren%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Georg+Elfvengren%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Georg+Elfvengren%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Georg+Elfvengren%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Yrjö Elfvengren</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Elfvengren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Elfvengren.jpg/220px-Elfvengren.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Elfvengren.jpg/330px-Elfvengren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Elfvengren.jpg/440px-Elfvengren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="952" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chairman of the Provisional Committee of Northern Ingria</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />16 November 1919 – May 1920</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juho_Pekka_Kokko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juho Pekka Kokko (page does not exist)">Juho Pekka Kokko</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jukka_Tirranen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jukka Tirranen (page does not exist)">Jukka Tirranen</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">8 September 1889<br /><a href="/wiki/Sortavala" title="Sortavala">Sortavala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy of Finland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">10 June 1927<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend dday deathdate">1927-06-11</span>)</span> (aged 37)<br /><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p><b>Yrjö Elfvengren</b> (8 September 1889 – 10 June 1927) was a Finnish <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> and white officer who was Chairman of the Provisional Committee of the unrecognized state of the <a href="/wiki/North_Ingria" title="North Ingria">Republic of North Ingria</a>. </p><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Elfvengren&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Georg Elfvengren's father was the Finnish Colonel Uno-Eugen Elfvengren of the Russian army, who served as the military commissar of Pori from 1903 to 1905 and as the commander of the Turku and Pori military district from 1905 to 1908. Elfvengren studied at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Naval_Cadet_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naval Cadet School (page does not exist)">Naval Cadet School</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imperial_Alexander_Cadet_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imperial Alexander Cadet Corps (page does not exist)">Imperial Alexander Cadet Corps</a> from 1900 to 1906, where he faced difficulties due to his poor command of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> language. On August 15, 1908, he entered the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolayev_Cavalry_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolayev Cavalry School (page does not exist)">Nikolayev Cavalry School</a>, from which he graduated on August 6, 1911. From 1911 to 1913, Georg Elfvengren served as a cornet in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Life_Guard_Cuirassier_Regiment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Life Guard Cuirassier Regiment (page does not exist)">Life Guard Cuirassier Regiment</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Hatsina" title="Hatsina">Hatsina</a> near St. Petersburg. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, Georg Elfvengren successfully engaged in reconnaissance activities behind enemy lines. He was awarded the fourth class of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._George" title="Order of St. George">Order of St. George</a> for his service. After being wounded, he was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Tsarskoye_Selo" title="Tsarskoye Selo">Tsarskoye Selo</a> military hospital. Following the murder of <a href="/wiki/Grigori_Rasputin" title="Grigori Rasputin">Grigori Rasputin</a>, he was briefly detained for investigation, mainly due to his acquaintance with <a href="/wiki/Felix_Yusupov" title="Felix Yusupov">Felix Yusupov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Purishkevich" title="Vladimir Purishkevich">Vladimir Purishkevich</a>, a representative of the <a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a>, and suspicion of involvement in the planning of the murders of Empress <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandra_Fjodorovna_(Alix)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandra Fjodorovna (Alix) (page does not exist)">Alexandra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anna_Vyrubova" title="Anna Vyrubova">Anna Vyrubova</a>. He was released after the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> in March 1917. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti_Bolshevik_action,_1917–1918"><span id="Anti_Bolshevik_action.2C_1917.E2.80.931918"></span>Anti Bolshevik action, 1917–1918</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Elfvengren&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Anti Bolshevik action, 1917–1918"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the time of the Russian Provisional Government and Kerensky's administration in 1917, Elfvengren became the vice-chairman of the Order of the Cross of St. George. Its purpose was to oppose the Bolsheviks while keeping Russia in the war alongside Britain and France. After the October Revolution in November 1917, on January 14, 1918, Elfvengren participated in a terrorist act against Lenin<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="This was on the finnish version of the wikipedia page and so i am putting it here, however it was lacking sources. (May 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> along with other frontline officers. In late January to early February, he became the leader of the Crimean Tatars fighting against the Soviet government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commander_of_the_North_Ingrian_Regiment">Commander of the North Ingrian Regiment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Elfvengren&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Commander of the North Ingrian Regiment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 1919, the interim committee of <a href="/wiki/North_Ingria" title="North Ingria">North Ingria</a> came to request Elfvengren to become the commander of the North Ingrian Regiment, to which he agreed. The committee held control of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kirjasalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Kirjasalo">Kirjasalo area</a>. At that time, the regiment consisted of 580 personnel. In July 1919, the North Ingrian Regiment conquered the border zone but suffered a defeat and had to retreat. </p><p>The next attack occurred on October 21, 1919, with 1,700 soldiers in cooperation with <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yudenich" title="Nikolai Yudenich">Nikolai Yudenich</a>. The attackers succeeded in capturing the Kuivaisi position, Lempaala, and Miikkulainen on the shores of Lake Ladoga. However, a counterattack by the Soviet Russians forced them to retreat, and the North Ingrian Regiment withdrew back to <a href="/wiki/Kirjasalo" title="Kirjasalo">Kirjasalo</a>. The regiment also retained control of the Raasuli position. After this, Elfvengren was elected chairman of the interim committee of North Ingria. </p><p>Upon Elfvengren's assumption of leadership, the relations between the interim committee of North Ingria and the <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Army_(Russia)" title="Northwestern Army (Russia)">Northwestern Army</a> were strengthened. A military hospital and a newspaper named <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kirjasalo_Sanomat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kirjasalo Sanomat (page does not exist)">Kirjasalo Sanomat</a> were established. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opponent_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Government,_1920–1923"><span id="Opponent_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Government.2C_1920.E2.80.931923"></span>Opponent of the Russian Soviet Government, 1920–1923</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Elfvengren&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Opponent of the Russian Soviet Government, 1920–1923"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 1920, under pressure from Finland, Elfvengren resigned from the chairmanship of the interim committee of North Ingria, after which he collaborated with the Commander-in-Chief of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Army_of_South_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="White Army of South Russia (page does not exist)">White Army of South Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Wrangel" title="Pyotr Wrangel">Pyotr Wrangel</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party">Socialist Revolutionary</a> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Savinkov" title="Boris Savinkov">Boris Savinkov</a>. He was in contact with the rebels of the <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a> and the counter-revolutionary group led by Tagantsev. In 1921, Wrangel promoted Elfvengren to the rank of major general in the White Army. In June 1921, together with Boris Savinkov, he established the <i><a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_Defense_of_the_Motherland_and_Freedom" title="Union for the Defense of the Motherland and Freedom">Citizens' Union for the Protection of Fatherland and Freedom</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, aimed at overthrowing the Soviet government. </p><p>Elfvengren was responsible for clandestine activities in Northwestern Russia, Finland, and the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltics</a>. In 1922, the organization attempted to assassinate the Soviet Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Chicherin" title="Georgy Chicherin">Georgy Chicherin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, but the plot failed.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elfvengren has been alleged to have been involved in the assassination of Soviet diplomat <a href="/wiki/Vatslav_Vorovsky" title="Vatslav Vorovsky">Vatslav Vorovsky</a> in 1923 in <a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elfvengren resigned from the union in 1923, and the following year, Boris Savinkov was arrested in Moscow, where he had secretly arrived. </p><p>Elfvengren subsequently worked as a businessman in Helsinki, but there is little information about his activities in his final years. In 1925, Elfvengren secretly traveled to Russia but was discovered and arrested. He was executed by firing squad in June 1927 in Moscow. At the same time, 19 other individuals accused of counter-revolutionary activities were also executed, including several members of Russian noble families.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_Elfvengren&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMainio2015" class="citation book cs1">Mainio, Aleksi (2015). <i>Terroristien pesä: Suomi ja taistelu Venäjästä: 1918 - 1939</i>. Helsinki: Siltala. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-234-288-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-234-288-1"><bdi>978-952-234-288-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terroristien+pes%C3%A4%3A+Suomi+ja+taistelu+Ven%C3%A4j%C3%A4st%C3%A4%3A+1918+-+1939&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=Siltala&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-952-234-288-1&rft.aulast=Mainio&rft.aufirst=Aleksi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorg+Elfvengren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engman 2007, p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digi.kansalliskirjasto.fi/sanomalehti/binding/1533017?page=5">Voikovin murha saa kaameita jälkiseurauksia</a>, Helsingin Sanomat, 11.06.1927, nro 155, s. 5, Kansalliskirjaston digitaaliset aineistot</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://terijoki.spb.ru/history/templ.php?page=pykkenelf&lang=en">Yrjö Elfvengren, the soldier of Russia and Finland</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://terijoki.spb.ru/history/templ.php?page=pykkenelf&lang=ru">Russian</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://terijoki.spb.ru/history/templ.php?page=pykkenelf_fi&lang=en">Finnish</a>)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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