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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Growth of Christianity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Growth_of_Christianity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Growth of Christianity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Growth_of_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Appeal_in_the_North" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appeal_in_the_North"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Appeal in the North</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appeal_in_the_North-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_sympathy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_sympathy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Academic sympathy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_sympathy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lay_leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lay_leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Lay leadership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lay_leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hangul,_literacy_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hangul,_literacy_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Hangul, literacy and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hangul,_literacy_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity_under_Japanese_occupation,_1910–1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity_under_Japanese_occupation,_1910–1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Christianity under Japanese occupation, 1910–1945</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity_under_Japanese_occupation,_1910–1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean_nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Korean nationalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minjung_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minjung_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Minjung theology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minjung_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Social change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Economic growth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Mission_and_Evangelization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Mission_and_Evangelization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>World Mission and Evangelization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Mission_and_Evangelization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_and_social_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_and_social_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Political and social issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_and_social_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political and social issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_and_social_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Seoul_Free_Lunch_Referendum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seoul_Free_Lunch_Referendum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Seoul Free Lunch Referendum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seoul_Free_Lunch_Referendum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-October_2011_by-election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#October_2011_by-election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>October 2011 by-election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-October_2011_by-election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creationism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creationism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Creationism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creationism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Religious conflict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pope_Francis'_visit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pope_Francis'_visit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pope Francis' visit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pope_Francis'_visit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Korean_politicians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Korean_politicians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable Korean politicians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Korean_politicians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="المسيحية في كوريا الجنوبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المسيحية في كوريا الجنوبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%87" title="مسیحیت در کره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مسیحیت در کره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianisme_en_Cor%C3%A9e_du_Sud" title="Christianisme en Corée du Sud – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Christianisme en Corée du Sud" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EA%B8%B0%EB%8F%85%EA%B5%90" title="한국의 기독교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="한국의 기독교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekristenan_di_Korea" title="Kekristenan di Korea – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kekristenan di Korea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristianesimo_in_Corea" title="Cristianesimo in Corea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cristianesimo in Corea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kereszt%C3%A9nys%C3%A9g_Kore%C3%A1ban" title="Kereszténység Koreában – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kereszténység Koreában" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E6%95%99" title="韓国のキリスト教 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="韓国のキリスト教" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cre%C8%99tinismul_%C3%AEn_Coreea" title="Creștinismul în Coreea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Creștinismul în Coreea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5" title="Христианство в Корее – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Христианство в Корее" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%83_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B8" title="Хришћанство у Кореји – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хришћанство у Кореји" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristinusko_Etel%C3%A4-Koreassa" title="Kristinusko Etelä-Koreassa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kristinusko Etelä-Koreassa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C6%A1_%C4%90%E1%BB%91c_gi%C3%A1o_t%E1%BA%A1i_H%C3%A0n_Qu%E1%BB%91c" title="Cơ Đốc giáo tại Hàn Quốc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cơ Đốc giáo tại Hàn Quốc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="朝鮮半島基督教 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="朝鮮半島基督教" data-language-autonym="中文" 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Continents_colour2.svg/225px-Continents_colour2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Continents_colour2.svg/300px-Continents_colour2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Africa" title="Christianity in Africa">Africa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Algeria" title="Christianity in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Angola" title="Christianity in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Benin" title="Christianity in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Botswana" title="Christianity in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Christianity in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Burundi" title="Christianity in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Cameroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Cape_Verde" title="Christianity in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Central_African_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Chad" title="Christianity in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Comoros" title="Christianity in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Christianity in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Djibouti" title="Christianity in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Egypt" title="Christianity in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Christianity in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Eritrea" title="Christianity in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Eswatini" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ethiopia" title="Christianity in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Gabon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Gambia" title="Christianity in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ghana" title="Christianity in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Christianity in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Christianity in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Liberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Libya" title="Christianity in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Madagascar" title="Christianity in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Malawi" title="Christianity in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mauritania" title="Christianity in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mauritius" title="Christianity in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Morocco" title="Christianity in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mozambique" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Namibia" title="Christianity in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Niger" title="Christianity in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nigeria" title="Christianity in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Seychelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Christianity in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Somalia" title="Christianity in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_South_Africa" title="Christianity in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_South_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sudan" title="Christianity in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tanzania" title="Christianity in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Togo" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Zambia" title="Christianity in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Zimbabwe" title="Christianity in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Asia" title="Christianity in Asia">Asia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Afghanistan" title="Christianity in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bangladesh" title="Christianity in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bhutan" title="Christianity in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Brunei" title="Christianity in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_China" title="Christianity in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Hong_Kong" title="Christianity in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_India" title="Christianity in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Indonesia" title="Christianity in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Japan" title="Christianity in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kazakhstan" title="Christianity in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Christianity in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Laos" title="Christianity in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Malaysia" title="Christianity in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Maldives" title="Christianity in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mongolia" title="Christianity in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Myanmar" title="Christianity in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nepal" title="Christianity in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Pakistan" title="Christianity in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Philippines" title="Christianity in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Singapore" title="Christianity in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Christianity in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Taiwan" title="Christianity in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tajikistan" title="Christianity in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Thailand" title="Christianity in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Turkmenistan" title="Christianity in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Uzbekistan" title="Christianity in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Vietnam" title="Christianity in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"> <ul><li><ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_East" title="Christianity in the Middle East">Middle East</a></small></li></ul></li></ul></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Azerbaijan" title="Christianity in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bahrain" title="Christianity in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Cyprus" title="Christianity in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Christianity in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iran" title="Christianity in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel" title="Christianity in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Jordan" title="Christianity in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kuwait" title="Christianity in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lebanon" title="Christianity in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Oman" title="Christianity in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Qatar" title="Christianity in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Christianity in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Syria" title="Christianity in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Turkey" title="Christianity in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Christianity in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Yemen" title="Christianity in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Europe" title="Christianity in Europe">Europe</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Albania" title="Christianity in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Denmark" title="Christianity in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_France" title="Christianity in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ireland" title="Christianity in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Italy" title="Christianity in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kosovo" title="Christianity in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Liechtenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Malta" title="Christianity in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Norway" title="Christianity in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Russia" title="Christianity in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_San_Marino" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Serbia" title="Christianity in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Wales" title="Christianity in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity_in_North_America" title="Category:Christianity in North America">North America</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Belize" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Canada" title="Christianity in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Cuba" title="Christianity in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Dominica" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Haiti" title="Christianity in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Jamaica" title="Christianity in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Panama" title="Christianity in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_States" title="Christianity in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity_in_Oceania" title="Category:Christianity in Oceania">Oceania</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Australia" title="Christianity in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Fiji" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kiribati" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Marshall_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nauru" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_New_Zealand" title="Christianity in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Palau" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Vanuatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity_in_South_America" title="Category:Christianity in South America">South America</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Colombia" title="Christianity in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Guyana" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Suriname" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_by_country" title="Template:Christianity by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_by_country" title="Template talk:Christianity by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The practice of <b>Christianity in Korea</b> is marginal <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">in North Korea</a>, but significant <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">in South Korea</a>, where it revolves around <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>, accounting for 8.6 million<sup id="cite_ref-koreastats_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koreastats-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 5.8 million<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> members, respectively. Christianity in the form of Catholicism was first introduced during the late <a href="/wiki/Joseon_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseon Dynasty">Joseon Dynasty</a> period by Confucian scholars who encountered it in China. In 1603, <a href="/wiki/Yi_Su-gwang" class="mw-redirect" title="Yi Su-gwang">Yi Su-gwang</a>, a Korean politician, returned from Beijing carrying several theological books written by <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a>, an Italian <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> missionary to <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim_Han-sik19835_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim_Han-sik19835-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He began disseminating the information in the books, introducing <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> to Korea. In 1787, King <a href="/wiki/Jeongjo_of_Joseon" title="Jeongjo of Joseon">Jeongjo of Joseon</a> officially outlawed Catholicism as an "evil practice," declaring it heretical and strictly banned.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catholicism was reintroduced<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="1785 was before 1787, so Christianity could have been "reintroduced" as the sentence implies (October 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in 1785 by <a href="/wiki/Yi_Seung-hun" title="Yi Seung-hun">Yi Seung-hun</a> and French and Chinese Catholic priests were soon invited by the Korean Christians. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> royalty saw the new religion as a subversive influence and persecuted its earliest followers in Korea, culminating in the Catholic Persecution of 1866, in which 8,000 Catholics across the country were killed, including nine French missionary priests. Later in the 19th century, the opening of Korea to the outside world gradually brought more religious toleration toward Christians. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sorae_Church" title="Sorae Church">Sorae Church</a>, which was the first Protestant church in Korea, was established by <a href="/wiki/Seo_Sang-ryun" title="Seo Sang-ryun">Seo Sang-ryun</a> on 16 May 1883.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lee Soo-jung, one of the first Protestants in Korea, was baptized in Japan on 29 April 1883, and wrote an English article on the <i>Missionary Review of the World</i> to urge more American missionaries to enter Korea on 13 December 1883.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert Samuel Maclay and <a href="/wiki/Horace_Newton_Allen" title="Horace Newton Allen">Horace Newton Allen</a> entered Korea one year later in 1884. Horace Allen was a <a href="/wiki/Northern_Presbyterian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Presbyterian Church">North Presbyterian</a> missionary who later became an American diplomat. He served in Korea until 1905, by which time he had been joined by many others.<sup id="cite_ref-Kim_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kim-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Korea" title="Anglican Church of Korea">Anglican Church of Korea</a> can be traced back to 1890, when <a href="/wiki/Charles_Corfe" title="Charles Corfe">Charles Corfe</a>, the first bishop of Joseon (Korea) landed in Korea; the first <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> church in Korea <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nae-dong_Anglican_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nae-dong Anglican Church (page does not exist)">Nae-dong Anglican Church</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B1%EA%B3%B5%ED%9A%8C_%EB%82%B4%EB%8F%99%EC%84%B1%EB%8B%B9" class="extiw" title="ko:성공회 내동성당">ko</a>]</span> was established in 1891 at Nae-dong, Jung-gu, Incheon. </p><p>The growth of Christian denominations was gradual before 1945. In that year, approximately 2% of the population was Christian. Rapid growth ensued after the war, when Korea was freed from Japanese occupation by the Allies: by 1991, 18.4% of the population (8.0 million) was Protestant, and 6.7% (2.5 million) was Catholic.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Catholic Church has increased its membership by 70% in the ten years leading up to 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> accounts for about 4,000 adherents in South Korea, or 0.005% of the total population. Numerous unorthodox sects, such as the <a href="/wiki/Unification_Church" title="Unification Church">Unification Church</a> founded in 1954 by <a href="/wiki/Sun_Myung_Moon" title="Sun Myung Moon">Sun Myung Moon</a>, have also developed in Korea. As of 2015, 27.6% of the South Korean population is Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The influence on education has been decisive, as Christian missionaries started 293 schools and 40 universities including three of the top five academic institutions. Christianity was associated with more widespread education and Western modernization.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrayson2002169_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayson2002169-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catholicism and Protestantism are seen as the religion of the middle class, youth, intellectuals, and urbanites, and has been central to South Korea's pursuit of modernity and westernization after the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of Korea">liberation of Korea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 21st century, however, the growth of Protestantism has slowed, perhaps due to scandals involving church leadership, <a href="/wiki/Protestant_fundamentalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant fundamentalism">fundamentalism</a>, and conflict among various sects. Some analysts also attribute this to overly zealous missionary work.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_significance">Cultural significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Korea&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Cultural significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Professor James H. Grayson from the School of East Asian Studies at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sheffield" title="University of Sheffield">University of Sheffield</a> states that Protestantism has been a dynamic force in Korean life, and had a positive influence on other religions. Catholics and Buddhists had to compete for loyalty and attention, and it inspired numerous smaller sects. They adopted many of the methods pioneered by the Protestants. The influence on higher education in Korea has been decisive as the Christians started 293 schools and 40 universities, including 3 of the top 5 academic institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrayson2002169_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayson2002169-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sukman argues that since 1945, Catholicism and Protestantism has been widely seen by Koreans as the religion of the middle class, youth, intellectuals, urbanites, and modernizers. It has been a powerful force supporting South Korea's pursuit of modernity and westernization, and opposition to the old Japanese colonialism and the communism of North Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> (1950–1953), two-thirds of Korean Christians lived in the North, but most later fled to the South.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It is not known exactly how many Christians remain in North Korea today. There is uncertainty about the exact number in South Korea. By the end of the 1960s, there were an estimated half a million Catholics and one million Protestants in South Korea, but during the "Conversion Boom" period ending in the 1980s, the number of Catholics and Protestants increased faster in South Korea than in any other country. The 2005 South Korean census showed 29.2 percent of the population identifying as Christian, up from 26.3 percent ten years previously.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catholics tend to be better educated than most other religious groups in South Korea, in the sense that they have a high number of college graduates (50.4%) and <a href="/wiki/Post-graduate" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-graduate">post-graduate</a> degrees (11.6%) per capita.<sup id="cite_ref-catholictimes_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catholictimes-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Presbyterian Church has the highest number of members of any Protestant denomination in South Korea, with close to 20,000 churches affiliated with the two largest Presbyterian denominations in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (August 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> The Orthodox Christianity under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople</a> is a small minority religion in South Korea with about 4,000 official members in 2013. </p><p>South Korea provides the world's second-largest number of Christian missionaries, surpassed only by the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-christianitytoday_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-christianitytoday-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (June 2020)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> GMS, the missionary body of the "Hapdong" General Assembly of <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Korea" title="Presbyterian Church of Korea">Presbyterian Church of Korea</a>, is the single largest missionary organization in South Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>South Korean missionaries have been serving in <a href="/wiki/10/40_Window" class="mw-redirect" title="10/40 Window">10/40 Window</a> nations, which are more hostile to Westerners.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="According to the linked article, the 10/40 Window includes Portugal, which is a western nation. and it also includes Israel and the Philippines who, although not Western countries, tend to be more friendly to Westerners, the 10/40 window also includes South Korea which, as this article says, also tends to be friendly to westerners. this statement needs further clarification. (June 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 2000, there were 10,646 South Korean Protestant missionaries in 156 countries, along with an undisclosed number of Catholic missionaries. According to a 2004 article, "South Korea dispatched more than 12,000 missionaries to over 160 countries in comparison to about 46,000 American and 6,000 British missionaries, according to missionary organizations in South Korea and the West".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2007 article, "Korea has 16,000 missionaries working overseas, second only to the US".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1980, South Korea sent 93 missionaries and by 2009, some 20,000 Korean missionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-christianitytoday_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-christianitytoday-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aaron Tan, director of the Hong Kong architectural firm called Research Architecture Design, described the night scene of Seoul as "full of glowing Christian crosses".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Growth_of_Christianity">Growth of Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Korea&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Growth of Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christian_share_in_South_Korea.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Christian_share_in_South_Korea.svg/220px-Christian_share_in_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Christian_share_in_South_Korea.svg/330px-Christian_share_in_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Christian_share_in_South_Korea.svg/440px-Christian_share_in_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>Christian share of South Korea's population</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appeal_in_the_North">Appeal in the North</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Korea&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Appeal in the North"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Christianity, especially Catholicism and Protestantism, had a special appeal to Koreans in the North. Between 1440 and 1560, there were migrations to the northern provinces, which were designed to strengthen the border. This created a society of mixed backgrounds without an aristocracy and without long-standing religious institutions. However, it did have a strong and ambitious merchant class, as well as a strong military tradition. Local elites gained administrative positions and adopted Confucian literati lifestyles but were not easy to attain high-level positions. During Japanese colonial rule from 1910 to 1945, the North became the more industrial region of Korea. The area was highly receptive to Catholic and Protestant missionaries in the late 19th century, who brought Western knowledge, and established hospitals and Western-style medical care, schools, and a window to the wider world. The middle-class elites sent their sons to the Catholic or Protestant schools. In turn the sons became strong nationalists who considered the United States a rallying point in opposition to Japanese colonial <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>. In a reversal of previous Southern dominance, the North produced many influential figures in Korean history. After 1945, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>'s Soviet-influenced <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">state policy of atheism</a> as a major facet of <a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a> caused most Christians to flee to South Korea<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in pursuit of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">religious freedom</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_sympathy">Academic sympathy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Korea&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Academic sympathy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a>'s books, which he created to use Chinese ideograms and concepts to introduce Catholicism, provoked academic controversy when Yi Gwang-jeong brought them into Korea. Academics remained critical of the new thought for many years. Early in the 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Yi_Su-gwang" class="mw-redirect" title="Yi Su-gwang">Yi Su-gwang</a>, a court scholar, and Yu Mong-in, a cabinet minister, wrote highly critical <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">commentaries</a> on Ricci's works. During the next two centuries, academic criticism of Catholic beliefs continued, as it overturned Confucian veneration of elders and tradition. Some scholars, however, were more sympathetic to Catholicism. Members of the <a href="/wiki/Silhak" title="Silhak">Silhak</a> (실학; "practical learning") school believed in social structure based on merit rather than birth (see <a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">class discrimination</a>), and were therefore often opposed by the mainstream academic establishment. </p><p>Silhak scholars perceived Catholicism as providing an ideological basis for their beliefs and were therefore attracted to what they saw as the egalitarian values of Catholicism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim_Han-sik19836–7_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim_Han-sik19836–7-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Catholicism was finally established in Korea in the 18th century, there was already a substantial body of educated opinion sympathetic to it, which was crucial to the spread of the Catholic faith in the 1790s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim_Han-sik19836_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim_Han-sik19836-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An 1801 study indicated that 55% of all Catholics had family ties to the Silhak school.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim_Ok-hy198430_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim_Ok-hy198430-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lay_leadership">Lay leadership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Korea&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Lay leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a result of the influence of the Silhak school, Catholicism in Korea began as an indigenous lay movement rather than being largely organized by a foreign missionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (June 2020)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> The first Catholic prayer-house was founded in 1784 at Seoul by Yi Seung-hun, a diplomat who had been baptized in Beijing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoi_Suk-Woo19845–6_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoi_Suk-Woo19845–6-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1786, Yi proceeded to establish a hierarchy of lay-priests.<sup id="cite_ref-lay2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lay2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Vatican ruled in 1789 that the appointment of lay-priests violated <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a>, in Korea indigenous lay-workers rather than foreign prelates carried Catholicism to many. Since Christianity began as largely a <a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">grassroots</a> effort in Korea, it spread more quickly through the population. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hangul,_literacy_and_education"><span id="Hangul.2C_literacy_and_education"></span>Hangul, literacy and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Korea&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hangul, literacy and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Phonemic_orthography" title="Phonemic orthography">phonemic</a> Korean alphabet invented around 1446 by scholars in the court of <a href="/wiki/Sejong_the_Great" title="Sejong the Great">Sejong the Great</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-education1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-education1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhittaker198834_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhittaker198834-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was little used for several centuries because of the perceived cultural superiority of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical Chinese</a> (a position similar to that of Latin in Europe). However, the Catholic Church became the first Korean religious organization to officially adopt Hangul as its primary script. Bishop <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%A9on-Fran%C3%A7ois_Berneux" title="Siméon-François Berneux">Siméon-François Berneux</a> (1814–1866) mandated that all Catholic children be taught to read it.<sup id="cite_ref-education1_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-education1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECho_Kwang198420–21_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECho_Kwang198420–21-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christian literature printed for use in Korea, including that used by the network of schools established by Christian missionaries, mostly used the Korean language and the easily learned Hangul script. This combination of factors resulted in a rise in the overall literacy rate, and enabled Christian teachings to spread beyond the elite, who mostly used Chinese. As early as the 1780s, portions of the Gospels were published in Hangul; <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrinal</a> books such as the "Jugyo Yoji" (주교요지) appeared in the 1790s and a Catholic <a href="/wiki/Hymnal" title="Hymnal">hymnal</a> was printed around 1800. </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(missionary)" title="John Ross (missionary)">John Ross</a>, a Scottish Presbyterian missionary based in <a href="/wiki/Shenyang" title="Shenyang">Shenyang</a>, completed his translation of the New Testament into Korean in 1887,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Protestant leaders began a mass distribution effort. In addition, they established numerous schools, the first modern educational institutions in Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-protestantism2_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-protestantism2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Methodist <a href="/wiki/Pai_Chai_University" title="Pai Chai University">Paichai School</a> for boys was founded in 1885, and the Methodist Ewha School for girls (later to become <a href="/wiki/Ewha_Womans_University" title="Ewha Womans University">Ewha Womans University</a>) followed in 1886. These, and similar schools established soon afterward, helped the expansion of Protestantism among the common people. Protestants surpassed Catholics as the largest Christian group in Korea. Female literacy rose sharply, since women had previously been excluded from the educational system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECho_Kwang198420–21_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECho_Kwang198420–21-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity_under_Japanese_occupation,_1910–1945"><span id="Christianity_under_Japanese_occupation.2C_1910.E2.80.931945"></span>Christianity under Japanese occupation, 1910–1945</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Korea&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Christianity under Japanese occupation, 1910–1945"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Christianity grew steadily, with the Catholic population reaching 147,000, and the Protestants 168,000 by the mid-1930s. The stronghold for both groups was the North. From 1910 to 1945 the Japanese occupied all of the country, taking over its rule under a treaty forced on Korea. The Japanese-controlled police made systematic efforts to minimize the influence of the missionaries; this reduced conversions during the years 1911–1919. The idealistic pronouncements of the U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> about self-determination of nations contributed to the rapid growth of Korean nationalism in the 1920s, but disillusionment set in after the movement failed to achieve meaningful reform. In 1924, Protestants founded the Korean National Christian Council to coordinate activities and divided the country into regions assigned to specific Protestant denominations for oversight. Korean Protestants also founded overseas missions to <a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_China" title="Koreans in China">Koreans in China</a>. </p><p>By 1937, the Presbyterian Church of Korea was largely independent of financial support from the United States; in 1934 the Methodist Church became autonomous and elected a Korean bishop. The most active missionaries among the Catholics were the <a href="/wiki/Maryknoll" title="Maryknoll">Maryknoll</a> order, which opened the Maryknoll School of Nursing in Pusan in 1964; it is now the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Pusan" title="Catholic University of Pusan">Catholic University of Pusan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korean_nationalism">Korean nationalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Korea&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Korean nationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SK_%E5%8D%97%E9%9F%93_South_Korea_tour_%E6%BC%A2%E5%9F%8E_%E9%A6%96%E7%88%BE_Seoul_%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99_%E6%98%8E%E6%B4%9E%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82_Myeong-dong_Cathedral_CCVMIC_interior_July-2013_ceiling_11.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/SK_%E5%8D%97%E9%9F%93_South_Korea_tour_%E6%BC%A2%E5%9F%8E_%E9%A6%96%E7%88%BE_Seoul_%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99_%E6%98%8E%E6%B4%9E%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82_Myeong-dong_Cathedral_CCVMIC_interior_July-2013_ceiling_11.JPG/170px-SK_%E5%8D%97%E9%9F%93_South_Korea_tour_%E6%BC%A2%E5%9F%8E_%E9%A6%96%E7%88%BE_Seoul_%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99_%E6%98%8E%E6%B4%9E%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82_Myeong-dong_Cathedral_CCVMIC_interior_July-2013_ceiling_11.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/SK_%E5%8D%97%E9%9F%93_South_Korea_tour_%E6%BC%A2%E5%9F%8E_%E9%A6%96%E7%88%BE_Seoul_%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99_%E6%98%8E%E6%B4%9E%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82_Myeong-dong_Cathedral_CCVMIC_interior_July-2013_ceiling_11.JPG/255px-SK_%E5%8D%97%E9%9F%93_South_Korea_tour_%E6%BC%A2%E5%9F%8E_%E9%A6%96%E7%88%BE_Seoul_%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99_%E6%98%8E%E6%B4%9E%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82_Myeong-dong_Cathedral_CCVMIC_interior_July-2013_ceiling_11.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/SK_%E5%8D%97%E9%9F%93_South_Korea_tour_%E6%BC%A2%E5%9F%8E_%E9%A6%96%E7%88%BE_Seoul_%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99_%E6%98%8E%E6%B4%9E%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82_Myeong-dong_Cathedral_CCVMIC_interior_July-2013_ceiling_11.JPG/340px-SK_%E5%8D%97%E9%9F%93_South_Korea_tour_%E6%BC%A2%E5%9F%8E_%E9%A6%96%E7%88%BE_Seoul_%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99_%E6%98%8E%E6%B4%9E%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82_Myeong-dong_Cathedral_CCVMIC_interior_July-2013_ceiling_11.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Our Lady of Lourdes">Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Myeongdong_Cathedral" title="Myeongdong Cathedral">Myeongdong Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> <p>One of the most important factors leading to widespread acceptance of Christianity in Korea was the identification that many Christians forged with the cause of <a href="/wiki/Korean_nationalism" title="Korean nationalism">Korean nationalism</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Japanese occupation</a> (1910–1945). During this period, Japan undertook a systematic campaign of cultural assimilation. There was an emphasis on Showa, so the Koreans would revere the Japanese emperor. In 1938, Japan prohibited the use of the Korean language in government, schools and businesses and even at home.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhittaker198865_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhittaker198865-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distinctly Korean nature of the church was reinforced during those years by the allegiance to the nation that was demonstrated by many Christians. While <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Korea" title="Constitution of South Korea">South Korea's constitution</a> guarantees freedom of religion and <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a>, the government has been sympathetic to Christianity. It considers the religion to provide some ideological protection against their Communist neighbor.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 1 March 1919, an assembly of 33 religious and professional leaders, known as the "<a href="/wiki/March_1_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="March 1 Movement">March 1 Movement</a>", passed a <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_independence" title="Declaration of independence">Declaration of independence</a>. Although organized by leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Chondogyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Chondogyo">Chondogyo</a> religion, 15 of the 33 signatories were Protestants,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhittaker198863_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhittaker198863-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including figures such as <a href="/wiki/Gil_Seon-ju" class="mw-redirect" title="Gil Seon-ju">Gil Seon-ju</a>. The Japanese imprisoned many in the movement. Also in 1919, the predominantly Catholic pro-independence movement called "Ulmindan" was founded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoi_Suk-Woo198410_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoi_Suk-Woo198410-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea">China-based Korean government-in-exile</a> was at one time led by <a href="/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee">Syngman Rhee</a>, a Methodist.<sup id="cite_ref-identification5_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-identification5-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christianity was linked even more with the patriotic cause when some Christians refused to participate in <a href="/wiki/Emperor_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor worship">worship</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Japanese Emperor</a>, which was required by law in the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhittaker198865_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhittaker198865-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECho_Kwang198411_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECho_Kwang198411-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although this refusal was motivated by theological rather than political convictions, the consequent imprisonment of many Christians strongly identified their faith, in the eyes of many Koreans, with the cause of Korean nationalism and resistance to the Japanese occupation. Especially the independence of Korea and the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> periods featured a further increase in Marian devotion among many Catholics that because Catholics thought the Blessed Virgin Mary who is patron saint of Korea helped Koreans against Japanese imperialism and communism. Both the date of Liberation Day in 1945 and the date of the establishment of the South Korean government in 1948 also overlap with the feast day of the <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption of Mary</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minjung_theology">Minjung theology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Korea&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Minjung theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Minjung_theology" title="Minjung theology">Minjung theology</a></div> <p>The Christian concept of individual worth has found expression in a lengthy struggle for human rights and democracy in Korea. In recent years, this struggle has taken the form of <a href="/wiki/Minjung_theology" title="Minjung theology">Minjung theology</a>. Minjung theology is based on the "image of God" concept expressed in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=gen%201:26-27&version=31">Genesis 1:26–27</a>, but also incorporates the traditional Korean feeling of <i><a href="/wiki/Han_(cultural)" title="Han (cultural)">han</a></i>, a word that has no exact English translation, but that denotes a sense of inconsolable pain and utter helplessness. Minjung theology depicts commoners in Korean history as the rightful masters of their own destiny. Two of the country's best known political leaders, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Young-sam" title="Kim Young-sam">Kim Young-sam</a>, a Presbyterian, and <a href="/wiki/Kim_Dae-jung" title="Kim Dae-jung">Kim Dae-jung</a>, a Roman Catholic, subscribe to Minjung theology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee198119–20_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee198119–20-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both men spent decades opposing military governments in South Korea and were frequently imprisoned as a result, and both also served terms as President of the Republic after democracy was restored in 1988. </p><p>One manifestation of Minjung theology in the final years of the <a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park Chung Hee</a> regime (1961–1979) was the rise of several Christian social missions, such as the Catholic Farmers Movement and the Protestant Urban Industrial Mission, which campaigned for better wages and working conditions for laborers. The military government imprisoned many of their leaders because it considered the movement a threat to social stability, and their struggle coincided with a period of unrest which culminated in the assassination of President Park on 26 October 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_change">Social change</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Korea&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Social change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many Korean Christians believe that their values have had a positive effect on various social relationships. Traditional Korean society was hierarchically arranged according to Confucian principles. This structure was challenged by the Christian teaching that all human beings are created in the image of God and thus that every one of them is equal and has essential worth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim_Han-sik198311–12_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim_Han-sik198311–12-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Kim Han-sik, this concept also supported the idea of property being owned by individuals rather than by families. </p><p>Christians regarded the emperor as a mere man who was as much under God's authority as were his subjects,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChoi_Suk-Woo19847_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChoi_Suk-Woo19847-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Christian values favored the social emancipation of women and children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECho_Kwang198416–19_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECho_Kwang198416–19-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christian parents were taught to regard their children as gifts from God, and were required to educate them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECho_Kwang198416–19_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECho_Kwang198416–19-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Youn_Chul-ho" title="Youn Chul-ho">Youn Chul-ho</a> insisted that Korean churches could transform the world through the serving and sacrifice of the church.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most Korean Christians from <a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">philosophers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preacher" title="Preacher">preachers</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">laity</a> incorporate the values of <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> into their lives, including "<a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">filial piety</a> and loyalty" to family members.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_growth">Economic growth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Korea&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economic growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>South Korea's rapid economic growth in the 1960s and 1970s is usually credited to the policy of <a href="/wiki/Export-oriented_industrialization" title="Export-oriented industrialization">export-oriented industrialization</a> led by Park Chung Hee to indigenous cultural values and <a href="/wiki/Work_ethic" title="Work ethic">work ethic</a>, a strong alliance with the United States, and the infusion of foreign capital. Many South Korean Christians view their religion as a factor in the country's dramatic economic growth over the past three decades, believing that its success and prosperity are indications of God's blessing.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2003 study by economists Robert J. Barro and Rachel McCleary suggests that societies with high levels of belief in heaven and high levels of church attendance exhibit high rates of economic growth.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barro and McCleary's model has been influential in subsequent scholarship and, to some observers, it supports the belief that Christianity has played a major role in South Korea's economic success.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study has been criticised by scholars such as Durlauf, Kortellos and Tan (2006).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a tendency to build <a href="/wiki/Megachurch" title="Megachurch">megachurches</a> since 2000, that leads some churches to financial debt.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Mission_and_Evangelization">World Mission and Evangelization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Korea&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: World Mission and Evangelization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"In the 1960s the church reached out to people who were oppressed, such as prostitutes and new industrial laborers. As the Korean economy was burgeoning, the issue of the industrial labor force came to the fore as one of the most important areas of evangelization work. Churches established industrial chaplaincies among the workers within factories. In addition, with military service mandatory for men in South Korea, the part the chaplain's corps in the armed forces became equally important. Many soldiers converted to Christianity during their military service."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Korean is now second only to the United States in terms of commissioned missionaries (30,000). The denomination with the highest number of missionaries is Presbyterian Church in Korea (Hapdong) with about 3,000 missionaries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_and_social_issues">Political and social issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Korea&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Political and social issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have been various political and social criticisms in the Korean Christian scene since President <a href="/wiki/Lee_Myung-bak" title="Lee Myung-bak">Lee Myung-bak</a> came into power. The South Korean government proposed to restrict South Korean citizens working for missionary works in the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professor Son Bong-ho of Goshin University criticized the president for partaking in a national-level Christian prayers' gathering in March 2011 that signaled a potential danger of the strong Protestant influence in the secular South Korean politics.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increasing acts of hostility by Protestant Christians against Buddhism, have drawn strong criticism and backlash against Protestant churches by the South Korean public and has contributed in Protestantism's growing decline in Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-Korea_Focus_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korea_Focus-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seoul_Free_Lunch_Referendum">Seoul Free Lunch Referendum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Korea&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Seoul Free Lunch Referendum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Former Mayor of Seoul, <a href="/wiki/Oh_Se-hoon" title="Oh Se-hoon">Oh Se-hoon</a>, proposed a <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Free_Lunch_Referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="Seoul Free Lunch Referendum">referendum</a> in Seoul on 24 August 2011. Pastors of multiple churches in Seoul were found to involve unlawfully with the lay people about the referendum and later being penalized by the Seoul Metropolitan election Commission (서울시선거관리위원회).<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="October_2011_by-election">October 2011 by-election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Korea&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: October 2011 by-election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Christian group in Seoul had been indicted by the Seoul Metropolitan election Commission for sending politically motivated emails to the laypeople in order to vote for the conservative candidate, <a href="/wiki/Na_Kyung-won" title="Na Kyung-won">Na Kyung-won</a>, before the <a href="/wiki/2011_South_Korean_by-elections" title="2011 South Korean by-elections">2011 South Korean by-elections</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creationism">Creationism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Korea&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Creationism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In South Korea, Christian groups have been involved in the promotion of <a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">creationism</a>, especially the Korea Association for Creation Research (KACR) which advocates creation following the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a>, and the Society for Textbook Revise (STR), an alternative translation Committee to Revise Evolution in Textbook (CREIT).<sup id="cite_ref-seoulnews_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seoulnews-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (June 2015)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> It's an independent offshoot of the KACR, and has distanced itself from the KACR doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-nature2012_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature2012-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 2008, <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Land" title="Seoul Land">Seoul Land</a>, a leading amusement park, hosted a "<a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">creation science</a>" exhibit, organized by KACR, which was visited by over 116,000 visitors in three months, and as of 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Korea&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the park is in talks to create a year-long exhibition.<sup id="cite_ref-nature2012_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature2012-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, following pressure from STR, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(South_Korea)" title="Ministry of Education (South Korea)">Ministry of Education</a> announced that many high-school textbooks would be revised to remove certain examples of evolution, such as of the horse and the dinosaur <i><a href="/wiki/Archaeopteryx" title="Archaeopteryx">Archaeopteryx</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-seoulnews_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seoulnews-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nature2012_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature2012-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-time2012_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time2012-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The changes were limited to removal or revision of certain examples<sup id="cite_ref-nature2012_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature2012-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which were the subject of some debate;<sup id="cite_ref-seoulnews_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seoulnews-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also, STR plans to submit further petitions to remove evolution of humans and the adaptation of finch beaks, with the end goal of diminishing the role of Darwinian evolution in teaching.<sup id="cite_ref-nature2012_66-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature2012-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This attempt was eventually denied by South Korean government in September of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_conflict">Religious conflict</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Korea&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Religious conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fundamentalist Protestant antagonism against Buddhism has been a major issue for religious cooperation in South Korea, especially during the 1990s to late 2000s. Acts of vandalism against Buddhist amenities and "regular praying for the destruction of all Buddhist temples"<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have drawn criticism. Buddhist statues have been considered as idols, attacked and decapitated. Arrests are hard to enforce, as the perpetrators work by stealth at night.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such acts, which are supported by some Protestant leaders,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have led to South Koreans having an increasingly negative outlook on Protestantism and being critical of church groups involved, with many Protestants leaving their churches in recent years.<sup id="cite_ref-Korea_Focus_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korea_Focus-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-antichristian_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-antichristian-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast, relations between South Korean Catholics and Buddhists and other faiths has remained largely cooperative, partly due to the syncretism of many Buddhist and Confucian customs and philosophies into South Korean Catholicism, most notably the practice of <i><a href="/wiki/Jesa" title="Jesa">jesa</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-suh_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suh-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pope_Francis'_visit"><span id="Pope_Francis.27_visit"></span>Pope Francis' visit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Korea&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Pope Francis' visit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dioceses_of_Korea-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Dioceses_of_Korea-en.svg/170px-Dioceses_of_Korea-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Dioceses_of_Korea-en.svg/255px-Dioceses_of_Korea-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Dioceses_of_Korea-en.svg/340px-Dioceses_of_Korea-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="1340" /></a><figcaption>Roman Catholic dioceses of Korea</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> accepted an invitation to visit South Korea in August 2014. The four-day visit (14–18 August) culminated with a Papal Mass at <a href="/wiki/Myeongdong_Cathedral" title="Myeongdong Cathedral">Myeongdong Cathedral</a>, the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Seoul" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seoul">Archdiocese of Seoul</a> on 18 August. During a Mass on 16 August, the Pope <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">beatified</a> 124 Korean Catholic <a href="/wiki/Martyrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrs">martyrs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An invitation for <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>'s Catholics to attend was declined, due to South Korea's refusal to withdraw from military exercises which it had planned with the United States.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Korean_politicians">Notable Korean politicians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Korea&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notable Korean politicians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee">Syngman Rhee</a> – Methodist; ROK President, 1948–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang_Myon" title="Chang Myon">Chang Myon</a> – Catholic; ROK Prime Minister, 1950–1952, 1960–1961; ROK Vice President, 1956–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yun_Posun" class="mw-redirect" title="Yun Posun">Yun Posun</a> – Presbyterian; Mayor of Seoul, 1948–1949; ROK President, 1960–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Young-Sam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Young-Sam">Kim Young-Sam</a> Presbyterian; ROK President, 1993–1998</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Dae-Jung" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Dae-Jung">Kim Dae-Jung</a> Catholic; Member of the ROK National Assembly, 1961, 1963–1972, 1988–1992; ROK President, 1998–2003</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roh_Moo-hyun" title="Roh Moo-hyun">Roh Moo-hyun</a> nominally Catholic;<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Member of the ROK National Assembly, 1988–1992, 1998–2000; ROK Minister of Oceans and Fisheries, 2000–2001; ROK President, 2003–2008</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Myung-bak" title="Lee Myung-bak">Lee Myung-bak</a> Presbyterian; Member of the ROK National Assembly, 1992–1998; Mayor of Seoul, 2002–2006; ROK President, 2008–2013</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Jae-in" title="Moon Jae-in">Moon Jae-in</a> Catholic; Member of the ROK National Assembly, 2012–2016; ROK President, 2017–2022</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoon_Suk-yeol" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoon Suk-yeol">Yoon Suk-yeol</a> Catholic; ROK President, 2022–present</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Korea&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Korea" title="Anglican Church of Korea">Anglican Church of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Korea" title="Catholic Church in Korea">Catholic Church in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_South_Korea" title="Catholic Church in South Korea">Catholic Church in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism#South_Korea" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism#South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Americans#Religion" title="Korean Americans">Korean Americans#Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church_in_Korea" title="Lutheran Church in Korea">Lutheran Church in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Churches_in_Korea" title="National Council of Churches in Korea">National Council of Churches in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Orthodox Church">Korean Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism_in_South_Korea" title="Presbyterianism in South Korea">Presbyterianism in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Religion in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">Religion in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">Religion in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Korea_(TongHap)" title="Presbyterian Church of Korea (TongHap)">Presbyterian Church in Korea (Tonghap)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(HapDong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (HapDong)">Presbyterian Church in Korea (HapDong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(Koshin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (Koshin)">Presbyterian Church in Korea (Koshin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="Presbyterian Church in the Republic of Korea">Presbyterian Church in the Republic of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_South_Korea" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in South Korea">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in South Korea</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Korea&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-koreastats-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-koreastats_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to figures compiled by the South Korean <a href="/wiki/National_Statistical_Office_(South_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Statistical Office (South Korea)">National Statistical Office</a>.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060908233718/http://kosis.nso.go.kr:7001/ups/chapterRetrieve.jsp?pubcode=MA&seq=292&pub=3">"인구,가구/시도별 종교인구/시도별 종교인구 (2005년 인구총조사)"</a>. <i>NSO online KOSIS database</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kosis.nso.go.kr:7001/ups/chapterRetrieve.jsp?pubcode=MA&seq=292&pub=3">the original</a> on 8 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NSO+online+KOSIS+database&rft.atitle=%EC%9D%B8%EA%B5%AC%2C%EA%B0%80%EA%B5%AC%2F%EC%8B%9C%EB%8F%84%EB%B3%84+%EC%A2%85%EA%B5%90%EC%9D%B8%EA%B5%AC%2F%EC%8B%9C%EB%8F%84%EB%B3%84+%EC%A2%85%EA%B5%90%EC%9D%B8%EA%B5%AC+%282005%EB%85%84+%EC%9D%B8%EA%B5%AC%EC%B4%9D%EC%A1%B0%EC%82%AC%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkosis.nso.go.kr%3A7001%2Fups%2FchapterRetrieve.jsp%3Fpubcode%3DMA%26seq%3D292%26pub%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108411.htm">"International Religious Freedom Report 2008 – Korea, Republic of"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=m.dangdangnews.com&rft.atitle=%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%B8+%EC%B2%AB+%EA%B8%B0%EB%8F%85%EA%B5%90+%EC%8B%A0%EC%95%99%EA%B3%A0%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC+%EA%B0%95%EC%97%B0%EC%9E%90%281883%EB%85%84%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm.dangdangnews.com%2Fnews%2FarticleView.html%3Fidxno%3D30693&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kim-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kim_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kim, Sang-Hwan (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholars.wlu.ca/etd/811/">"The impact of early Presbyterian missionary preaching (1884–1920) on the preaching of the Korean church"</a> (M.A. thesis), <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier_University" title="Wilfrid Laurier University">Wilfrid Laurier University</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Korean Overseas Information Service, <i>A Handbook of Korea</i> (1993) p, 132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=102&oid=262&aid=0000000521"><bdi lang="ko">한국 가톨릭 태두 정진석 추기경</bdi></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Naver_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Naver News">Naver News</a></i> (in Korean). 25 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Simon and Schuster. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-6124-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-6124-8"><bdi>978-1-4165-6124-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Clash+of+Civilizations+and+the+Remaking+of+World+Order&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4165-6124-8&rft.aulast=Huntington&rft.aufirst=Samuel+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLO4xG-bH1CQC%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoon2008" class="citation journal cs1">Moon, S. S. (2008). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://e-gms.gms.kr/about/history.php">the original</a> on 27 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About+GMS&rft.atitle=History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fe-gms.gms.kr%2Fabout%2Fhistory.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLillian_Kwon2004" class="citation web cs1">Lillian Kwon (5 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708151737/http://eng.christianitydaily.com/news/wor_1945.htm">"South Korea Becomes Second Largest Missionary Source"</a>. <i>ChristianityDaily</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suitablehelperministry.com/Ministry.html">the original</a> on 20 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ministry&rft.pub=Suitable+Helper+Ministry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.suitablehelperministry.com%2FMinistry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2011" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kim, Su-han (25 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biz.heraldm.com/common/Detail.jsp?newsMLId=20110325000318"><bdi lang="ko">세계적인 건축가 아론 탄 "서울 야경은 십자가예요"</bdi></a>. <i>Herald Biz</i> (in Korean)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Herald+Biz&rft.atitle=%EC%84%B8%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%81%EC%9D%B8+%EA%B1%B4%EC%B6%95%EA%B0%80+%EC%95%84%EB%A1%A0+%ED%83%84+%22%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8+%EC%95%BC%EA%B2%BD%EC%9D%80+%EC%8B%AD%EC%9E%90%EA%B0%80%EC%98%88%EC%9A%94%22&rft.date=2011-03-25&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Su-han&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiz.heraldm.com%2Fcommon%2FDetail.jsp%3FnewsMLId%3D20110325000318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoon_Hwang2002" class="citation journal cs1">Moon Hwang, Kyung (2002). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gordsellar.com/2007/07/27/on-the-apparent-surge-of-anti-christian-sentiment-among-korean-netizens/">the original</a> on 1 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+the+Apparent+Surge+of+Anti-Christian+Sentiment+Among+Korean+Netizens&rft.date=2007-07-27&rft.aulast=Sellar&rft.aufirst=Gord&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gordsellar.com%2F2007%2F07%2F27%2Fon-the-apparent-surge-of-anti-christian-sentiment-among-korean-netizens%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-suh-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-suh_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuh2004" class="citation book cs1">Suh, Sharon A. (2004). <i>Being Buddhist in a Christian World: Gender and Community in a Korean American Temple</i>. University of Washington Press. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-98378-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-295-98378-7"><bdi>0-295-98378-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Being+Buddhist+in+a+Christian+World%3A+Gender+and+Community+in+a+Korean+American+Temple&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-295-98378-7&rft.aulast=Suh&rft.aufirst=Sharon+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRupert_Wingfield-Hayes2014" class="citation news cs1">Rupert Wingfield-Hayes (16 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-28814553">"Pope Francis beatifies 124 South Korean Catholic martyrs"</a>. BBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pope+Francis+beatifies+124+South+Korean+Catholic+martyrs&rft.date=2014-08-16&rft.au=Rupert+Wingfield-Hayes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-28814553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=100&oid=020&aid=0000136518"><bdi lang="ko">노무현후보 김추기경의 방문</bdi></a> (in Korean). Naver News <a href="/wiki/Dong-a_Ilbo" class="mw-redirect" title="Dong-a Ilbo">Dong-a Ilbo</a>. 20 June 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%EB%85%B8%EB%AC%B4%ED%98%84%ED%9B%84%EB%B3%B4+%EA%B9%80%EC%B6%94%EA%B8%B0%EA%B2%BD%EC%9D%98+%EB%B0%A9%EB%AC%B8&rft.pub=Naver+News+Dong-a+Ilbo&rft.date=2002-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.naver.com%2Fmain%2Fread.nhn%3Fmode%3DLSD%26mid%3Dsec%26sid1%3D100%26oid%3D020%26aid%3D0000136518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHwang_Jun-beom2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hwang Jun-beom (3 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/politics/bluehouse/308324.html">"Past Presidents: Religious Issues"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hankyoreh" title="The Hankyoreh">The Hankyoreh</a></i> (in Korean)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hankyoreh&rft.atitle=Past+Presidents%3A+Religious+Issues&rft.date=2008-09-03&rft.au=Hwang+Jun-beom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hani.co.kr%2Farti%2Fpolitics%2Fbluehouse%2F308324.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Korea&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em"> <ul><li>Baker, Don. "From Pottery to Politics: The Transformation of Korean Catholicism." Pp. 127–68 in <i>Religion and Society in Contemporary Korea,</i> edited by Lewis R. Lancaster and Richard K. Payne. (University of California Press, 1997)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaysGrayson2001" class="citation book cs1">Bays, Daniel H.; Grayson, James H. (2001). "Christianity in East Asia: China, Korea and Japan". <i>The Cambridge History of Christianity</i>. pp. 493–512. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521814560.031">10.1017/CHOL9780521814560.031</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05395-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05395-2"><bdi>978-1-139-05395-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christianity+in+East+Asia%3A+China%2C+Korea+and+Japan&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Christianity&rft.pages=493-512&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCHOL9780521814560.031&rft.isbn=978-1-139-05395-2&rft.aulast=Bays&rft.aufirst=Daniel+H.&rft.au=Grayson%2C+James+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Buswell, Robert E., Jr., and Timothy S. Lee, eds. <i>Christianity in Korea</i> (University of Hawai'i Press, 2005)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCho_Kwang1984" class="citation journal cs1">Cho Kwang (August 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070919011834/http://www.ekoreajournal.net/archive/detail.jsp?BACKFLAG=Y&VOLUMENO=24&BOOKNUM=8&PAPERNUM=2&SEASON=Aug.&YEAR=1984">"The Meaning of Catholicism in Korean History"</a>. <i>Korea Journal</i>. <b>24</b> (8): 14–27. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0023-3900">0023-3900</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ekoreajournal.net/archive/detail.jsp?BACKFLAG=Y&VOLUMENO=24&BOOKNUM=8&PAPERNUM=2&SEASON=Aug.&YEAR=1984">the original</a> on 19 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Korea+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Meaning+of+Catholicism+in+Korean+History&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=14-27&rft.date=1984-08&rft.issn=0023-3900&rft.au=Cho+Kwang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ekoreajournal.net%2Farchive%2Fdetail.jsp%3FBACKFLAG%3DY%26VOLUMENO%3D24%26BOOKNUM%3D8%26PAPERNUM%3D2%26SEASON%3DAug.%26YEAR%3D1984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoi_Suk-Woo1984" class="citation journal cs1">Choi Suk-Woo (August 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927212623/http://www.ekoreajournal.net/archive/detail.jsp?BACKFLAG=Y&VOLUMENO=24&BOOKNUM=8&PAPERNUM=1&SEASON=Aug.&YEAR=1984">"Korean Catholicism Yesterday and Today"</a>. <i>Korea Journal</i>. <b>24</b> (8): 4–13. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0023-3900">0023-3900</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ekoreajournal.net/archive/detail.jsp?BACKFLAG=Y&VOLUMENO=24&BOOKNUM=8&PAPERNUM=1&SEASON=Aug.&YEAR=1984">the original</a> on 27 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Korea+Journal&rft.atitle=Korean+Catholicism+Yesterday+and+Today&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=4-13&rft.date=1984-08&rft.issn=0023-3900&rft.au=Choi+Suk-Woo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ekoreajournal.net%2Farchive%2Fdetail.jsp%3FBACKFLAG%3DY%26VOLUMENO%3D24%26BOOKNUM%3D8%26PAPERNUM%3D1%26SEASON%3DAug.%26YEAR%3D1984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Clark, Donald N. <i>Christianity in Modern Korea</i> (1986)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1994" class="citation journal cs1">Davies, D. M. (1 September 1994). 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"The Puzzle of Korean Christianity: Geopolitical Networks and Religious Conversion in Early Twentieth-Century East Asia". <i>American Journal of Sociology</i>. <b>115</b> (2): 365–404. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F599246">10.1086/599246</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/599246">10.1086/599246</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143736997">143736997</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=The+Puzzle+of+Korean+Christianity%3A+Geopolitical+Networks+and+Religious+Conversion+in+Early+Twentieth-Century+East+Asia&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=365-404&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143736997%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F599246%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F599246&rft.aulast=Kane&rft.aufirst=Danielle&rft.au=Mee+Park%2C+Jung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKang1997" class="citation book cs1">Kang, Wi Jo (1997). <i>Christ and Caesar in Modern Korea: A History of Christianity and Politics</i>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3247-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3247-1"><bdi>978-0-7914-3247-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christ+and+Caesar+in+Modern+Korea%3A+A+History+of+Christianity+and+Politics&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-3247-1&rft.aulast=Kang&rft.aufirst=Wi+Jo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2000" class="citation journal cs1">Kim, Andrew E. (2000). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ekoreajournal.net/archive/detail.jsp?BACKFLAG=Y&VOLUMENO=23&BOOKNUM=12&PAPERNUM=1&SEASON=Aug.&YEAR=1984">the original</a> on 27 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Korea+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Influence+of+Christianity+on+Modern+Korean+Political+Thought&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=4-17&rft.date=1983-12&rft.issn=0023-3900&rft.aulast=Han-sik&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ekoreajournal.net%2Farchive%2Fdetail.jsp%3FBACKFLAG%3DY%26VOLUMENO%3D23%26BOOKNUM%3D12%26PAPERNUM%3D1%26SEASON%3DAug.%26YEAR%3D1984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim1996" class="citation thesis cs1">Kim, Sang-Hwan (1996). <i><span></span></i>The impact of early Presbyterian missionary preaching (1884–1920) on the preaching of the Korean church<i><span></span></i> (M.A. thesis). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ekoreajournal.net/archive/detail.jsp?BACKFLAG=Y&VOLUMENO=24&BOOKNUM=8&PAPERNUM=3&SEASON=Aug.&YEAR=1984">the original</a> on 22 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Korea+Journal&rft.atitle=Women+in+the+History+of+Catholicism+in+Korea&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=28-40&rft.date=1984-08&rft.issn=0023-3900&rft.aulast=Ok-hy&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ekoreajournal.net%2Farchive%2Fdetail.jsp%3FBACKFLAG%3DY%26VOLUMENO%3D24%26BOOKNUM%3D8%26PAPERNUM%3D3%26SEASON%3DAug.%26YEAR%3D1984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1981" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Michael (May 1981). "Korean Churches Pursue Social and Political Justice". <i>Accent</i>. <b>3</b> (3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Accent&rft.atitle=Korean+Churches+Pursue+Social+and+Political+Justice&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1981-05&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Korea" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Also cited with "in Brian Heavy (Ed.), ''Accent'' III, 3 Auckland, May 1988" (August 2024)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2000" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Timothy S. (2000). "A Political Factor in the Rise of Protestantism in Korea: Protestantism and the 1919 March First Movement". <i>Church History</i>. <b>69</b> (1): 116–142. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3170582">10.2307/3170582</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3170582">3170582</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154979691">154979691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+History&rft.atitle=A+Political+Factor+in+the+Rise+of+Protestantism+in+Korea%3A+Protestantism+and+the+1919+March+First+Movement&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=116-142&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154979691%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3170582%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3170582&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Timothy+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPark2008" class="citation book cs1">Park, Sangyil (2008). <i>Korean Preaching, Han, and Narrative</i>. 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"The Origin and Characteristics of Evangelical Protestantism in Korea at the Turn of the Twentieth Century". <i>Church History</i>. <b>77</b> (2): 371–398. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0009640708000589">10.1017/S0009640708000589</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162153162">162153162</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+History&rft.atitle=The+Origin+and+Characteristics+of+Evangelical+Protestantism+in+Korea+at+the+Turn+of+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=371-398&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0009640708000589&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162153162%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ryu&rft.aufirst=Dae+Young&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSik_Shim2008" class="citation book cs1">Sik Shim, Koon (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oVS05I9zJLcC&pg=PA1"><i>Rev. 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The Hermit Kingdom Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59689-073-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59689-073-2"><bdi>978-1-59689-073-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rev.+Sang-Dong+Han%2C+The+Founder+of+the+Presbyterian+Church+in+Korea+%28Koshin%29%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=The+Hermit+Kingdom+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59689-073-2&rft.aulast=Sik+Shim&rft.aufirst=Koon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoVS05I9zJLcC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMullinsFox_Young1995" class="citation book cs1">Mullins, Mark; Fox Young, Richard, eds. 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Seoul: National Unification Board.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Identity+of+the+Korean+People%3A+A+History+of+Legitimacy+on+the+Korean+Peninsula&rft.place=Seoul&rft.pub=National+Unification+Board&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Kuk-sung&rft.aufirst=Suh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhittaker1988" class="citation book cs1">Whittaker, Colin (1988). <i>Korea Miracle</i>. Eastbourne, Sussex: Kingsway. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86065-522-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-86065-522-9"><bdi>0-86065-522-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea+Miracle&rft.place=Eastbourne%2C+Sussex&rft.pub=Kingsway&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-86065-522-9&rft.aulast=Whittaker&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristianity+in+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Korea&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090903062930/http://geocities.com/volodyatikhonov/darwinism">Pressure of Buddhism from Christianity in Korea</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091026084809/http://geocities.com/~iarf/tedesco1.html">Questions for Buddhist and Christian Cooperation in Korea</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/korea-south/">CIA The World Factbook – Korea, South</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lifechurch.co.kr/">Life Church International Community</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090123224232/http://lifechurch.co.kr/">Archived</a> 23 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koreasociety.org/dmdocuments/2009-05-15-baker.mp3">The Religious Revolution in Modern Korean History: Podcast of Professor Don Baker at The Korea Society</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150723215811/http://www.koreasociety.org/dmdocuments/2009-05-15-baker.mp3">Archived</a> 23 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pca-mna.org/korean/GreatRevival.pdf">The Great Revival Movement of 1907 and its Historical Impact on Korean Church</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2021">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Korean)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://h21.hani.co.kr/arti/cover/cover_general/29172.html">대통령보다 세고 헌법보다 무서운 목사님</a>, Criticizing Fundamental Protestantism in South Korean politics</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Korean)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sisapress.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=55619">"한국만큼 '종교 장사'하기 좋은 나라 없다"</a>, Korean Christianity as a profit made by boom of big church constructions</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Korean)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/bulletin/2011/10/24/0200000000AKR20111024179500005.HTML">"결혼 때문에 개종하는 한국인 이해안돼"</a>, Korean religion scenes explained by non-Korean religious figures</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity_in_Korea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_in_Korea" title="Template:Christianity in Korea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_in_Korea" title="Template talk:Christianity in Korea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_in_Korea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity in Korea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity_in_Korea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christianity in Korea</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_South_Korea" title="Catholic Church in South Korea">Catholic Church in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_North_Korea" title="Catholic Church in North Korea">Catholic Church in North Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protestantism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Korea" title="Anglican Church of Korea">Anglican Church of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Baptist_Convention" title="Korea Baptist Convention">Korea Baptist Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea" title="Conservative Presbyterian Church in Korea">Conservative Presbyterian Church in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Reformed_Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea" title="Conservative Reformed Presbyterian Church in Korea">Conservative Reformed Presbyterian Church in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Christian_Fundamentalist_Assembly" title="Korean Christian Fundamentalist Assembly">Korean Christian Fundamentalist Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Methodist_Church" title="Korean Methodist Church">Korean Methodist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="Presbyterian Church in the Republic of Korea">Presbyterian Church in the Republic of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Churches_in_Korea" title="National Council of Churches in Korea">National Council of Churches in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea" title="Pure Presbyterian Church in Korea">Pure Presbyterian Church in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea" title="United Presbyterian Church in Korea">United Presbyterian Church in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea" title="Union Presbyterian Church in Korea">Union Presbyterian Church in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_Pastors_Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea" title="Women Pastors Presbyterian Church in Korea">Women Pastors Presbyterian Church in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Campus_Crusade_for_Christ" title="Korea Campus Crusade for Christ">Korea Campus Crusade for Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Reformed_Church_in_Korea" title="Independent Reformed Church in Korea">Independent Reformed Church in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Reformed_Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea" title="Independent Reformed Presbyterian Church in Korea">Independent Reformed Presbyterian Church in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Altar" title="Victory Altar">Victory Altar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lightning" title="Eastern Lightning">The Church of Almighty God</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branches of <br /><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Korea" title="Presbyterian Church of Korea">Presbyterian<br />Church of<br />Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(HapDong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (HapDong)">HapDong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Korea_(TongHap)" title="Presbyterian Church of Korea (TongHap)">TongHap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="Presbyterian Church in the Republic of Korea">Presbyterian Church in the Republic of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist_Presbyterian_General_Assembly_in_Korea" title="Fundamentalist Presbyterian General Assembly in Korea">Fundamentalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Presbyterian_Church_(GaeHyuk_I.)" title="Korean Presbyterian Church (GaeHyuk I.)">GaeHyuk I.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Jesus_Presbyterian_Church" title="Korea Jesus Presbyterian Church">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(Koshin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (Koshin)">KoShin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(KoRyuPa)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (KoRyuPa)">KoRyuPa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(JungAng)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (JungAng)">JungAng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(Daeshin)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (Daeshin)">Daeshin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(HapDongChongShin)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (HapDongChongShin)">HapDongChongShin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(BaekSeok)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (BaekSeok)">HapDongChunTong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(HapDongBokUm)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (HapDongBokUm)">HapDongBokUm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(ChanYang)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (ChanYang)">ChanYang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(BoSuHapDong)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (BoSuHapDong)">BoSuHapDong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(BokUm)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (BokUm)">BokUm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(YeJong)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (YeJong)">YeJong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(JeongRip)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (JeongRip)">JeongRip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(Logos)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (Logos)">Logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(HwanWon)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (HwanWon)">HwanWon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(DokNoHoe)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (DokNoHoe)">DokNoHoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(JapDongJungAng)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (JapDongJungAng)">JapDongJungAng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(YeJangHapBo)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (YeJangHapBo)">YeJangHapBo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(DaeShin_II)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (DaeShin II)">DaeShin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(BupTong)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (BupTong)">BupTong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(NamBuk)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (NamBuk)">NamBuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(HapDongBoSu)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (HapDongBoSu)">HapDongBoSu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(SungHapChuk)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (SungHapChuk)">SungHapChuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(BoSuTongHap)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (BoSuTongHap)">BoSuTongHap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(JeongTongChongHap)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (JeongTongChongHap)">JeongTongChongHap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(HapDongChungYun)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (HapDongChungYun)">HapDongChungYun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(HapDongJeongShin)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (HapDongJeongShin)">HapDongJeongShin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(HanGukBoSu)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (HanGukBoSu)">HanGukBoSu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(HapDongEunChong)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (HapDongEunChong)">HapDongEunChong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(DongShin)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (DongShin)">DongShin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(HapDongJinRi)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (HapDongJinRi)">HapDongJinRi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(HapDongYunHap)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (HapDongYunHap)">HapDongYunHap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(YunShin)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (YunShin)">YunShin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(JangShin)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (JangShin)">JangShin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(SunGyo)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (SunGyo)">SunGyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(HapDongYeChong)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (HapDongYeChong)">HapDongYeChong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(ChanYang)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (ChanYang)">ChanYang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(Ko-Ryu-Anti-Accusation)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (Ko-Ryu-Anti-Accusation)">Ko-Ryu-Anti-Accusation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(HapDongChongShin_I.)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (HapDongChongShin I.)">HapDongChongShin I.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(HapDongChinShin_II.)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (HapDongChinShin II.)">HapDongChongShin II.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(HapDongSeungHoe)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (HapDongSeungHoe)">HapDongSeungHoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(JungRip)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (JungRip)">JungRip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(PyungAhn)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (PyungAhn)">PyungAhn</a></li> <li>HapDongChongHoe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(JeongTongGyeSeung)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (JeongTongGyeSeung)">JeongTongGyeSeung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(HapDongTongHap)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (HapDongTongHap)">HapDongTongHap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(HapDongBoSu_I.)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (HapDongBoSu I.)">HapDongBoSu I.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(BoSuHapDong_II.)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (BoSuHapDong II.)">HapDongBoSu II.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(DaeShin_II.)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (DaeShin II.)">DaeShin II.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(HapDongHwanWon)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (HapDongHwanWon)">HapDongHwanWon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(HapDongBoSu_IV.)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (HapDongBoSu IV.)">HapDongBoSu IV.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(HapDongBoSu_III.)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (HapDongBoSu III.)">HapDongBoSu III.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(HapDongBoSu_II.)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (HapDongBoSu II.)">HapDongBoSu II.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(ChongHoe_II.)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (ChongHoe II.)">ChongHoe II.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(TongHapBoSu)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (TongHapBoSu)">TongHapBoSu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(DaeHanShinChuk)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (DaeHanShinChuk)">DaeHanShinChuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(HapDongYeChong_I)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (HapDongYeChong I)">HapDongYeChong I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(HapDongSeongHoe)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (HapDongSeongHoe)">HapDongSeongHoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(GaeHyukHapDong_I)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (GaeHyukHapDong I)">GaeHyukHapDong I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(GaeHyukHapDong_II)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (GaeHyukHapDong II)">GaeHyukHapDong II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(HapDongGaeHyuk)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (HapDongGaeHyuk)">HapDongGaeHyuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(HapDongJangShin)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (HapDongJangShin)">HapDongJangShin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(HoHun_III)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (HoHun III)">HoHun III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(ChongHoe_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (ChongHoe II)">ChongHoe II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(ChongHoe_I)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (ChongHoe I)">ChongHoe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(HyukShin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (HyukShin)">HyukShin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(GaeHyukHapDong_III)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (GaeHyukHapDong III)">GaeHyukHapDong III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(DokNoHoe_II)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (DokNoHoe II)">DokNoHoe II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(BoSuJeongTong)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (BoSuJeongTong)">BoSuJeongTong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(HapDongYeSun)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (HapDongYeSun)">HapDongYeSun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(JaeGun)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (JaeGun)">JaeGun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(GaeHyuk)" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (GaeHyuk)">Presbyterian Church in Korea (GaeHyuk)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Christian_Federation" title="Korean Christian Federation">Korean Christian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_Theological_Seminary" title="Pyongyang Theological Seminary">Pyongyang Theological Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongsu_Church" title="Bongsu Church">Bongsu Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilgol_Church" title="Chilgol Church">Chilgol Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Korea" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Korea">Eastern<br />Orthodoxy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Orthodox Church">Korean Orthodox Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Life-Giving_Trinity_(Pyongyang)" title="Church of the Life-Giving Trinity (Pyongyang)">Church of the Life-Giving Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchal_Exarchate_in_South-East_Asia#Structure" title="Patriarchal Exarchate in South-East Asia">Russian Orthodox diocese of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Ecclesiastical_Mission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korean Ecclesiastical Mission (page does not exist)">Korean Ecclesiastical Mission</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Корейская духовная миссия">ru</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia">ROCOR</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interdenominational<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Council_of_Korea" title="Christian Council of Korea">The Communion of Churches in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Churches_in_Korea" title="National Council of Churches in Korea">National Council of Churches in Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Missionaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_Brugui%C3%A8re" title="Barthélemy Bruguière">Barthélemy Bruguière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent-Joseph-Marius_Imbert" title="Laurent-Joseph-Marius Imbert">Laurent-Joseph-Marius Imbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%A9on-Fran%C3%A7ois_Berneux" title="Siméon-François Berneux">Siméon-François Berneux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Nicolas-Antoine_Daveluy" title="Marie-Nicolas-Antoine Daveluy">Marie-Nicolas-Antoine Daveluy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Corfe" title="Charles Corfe">Charles Corfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Newton_Allen" title="Horace Newton Allen">Horace Newton Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Appenzeller" title="Henry Appenzeller">Henry Appenzeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_F._Scranton" title="Mary F. Scranton">Mary F. Scranton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_G%C3%BCtzlaff" title="Karl Gützlaff">Karl Gützlaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotirios_Trambas" title="Sotirios Trambas">Sotirios Trambas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosios_Zografos" title="Ambrosios Zografos">Ambrosios Zografos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Asia" title="Christianity in Asia">Christianity in Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Afghanistan" title="Christianity in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Azerbaijan" title="Christianity in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bahrain" title="Christianity in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bangladesh" title="Christianity in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bhutan" title="Christianity in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Brunei" title="Christianity in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_China" title="Christianity in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Cyprus" title="Christianity in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Egypt" title="Christianity in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Christianity in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_India" title="Christianity in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Indonesia" title="Christianity in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iran" title="Christianity in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel" title="Christianity in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Japan" title="Christianity in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Jordan" title="Christianity in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kazakhstan" title="Christianity in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kuwait" title="Christianity in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Christianity in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Laos" title="Christianity in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lebanon" title="Christianity in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Malaysia" title="Christianity in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Maldives" title="Christianity in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Mongolia" title="Christianity in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Myanmar" title="Christianity in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nepal" title="Christianity in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Oman" title="Christianity in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Pakistan" title="Christianity in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Philippines" title="Christianity in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Qatar" title="Christianity in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Russia" title="Christianity in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Christianity in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Singapore" title="Christianity in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Christianity in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Syria" title="Christianity in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tajikistan" title="Christianity in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Thailand" title="Christianity in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Turkey" title="Christianity in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Turkmenistan" title="Christianity in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Christianity in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Uzbekistan" title="Christianity in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Vietnam" title="Christianity in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Yemen" title="Christianity in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Abkhazia" title="Christianity in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Taiwan" title="Christianity in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christianity_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christianity in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Hong_Kong" title="Christianity in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christianity" title="Template talk:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">2nd and 3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_6th_century" title="Christianity in the 6th century">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_7th_century" title="Christianity in the 7th century">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_8th_century" title="Christianity in the 8th century">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_9th_century" title="Christianity in the 9th century">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_10th_century" title="Christianity in the 10th century">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th_century" title="Christianity in the 11th century">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_12th_century" title="Christianity in the 12th century">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_13th_century" title="Christianity in the 13th century">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_14th_century" title="Christianity in the 14th century">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_15th_century" title="Christianity in the 15th century">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_18th_century" title="Christianity in the 18th century">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_21st_century" title="Christianity in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins and<br />Apostolic Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene<br />period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Christianity in the Roman Africa province">Early African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">Roman state religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">Non-Chalcedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Development of primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Eastern Orthodox opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Lateran IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Xavier</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Monastery dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_rock" title="Mass rock">Mass rocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priest_hole" title="Priest hole">priest holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Neo-Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Neo-Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesial_community" title="Ecclesial community">Ecclesial community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">Eastern<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#History" title="Icon">Icons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iconodulism" title="Iconodulism">Iconodulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Greece" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Slavs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Brethren" title="Apostolic Brethren">Apostolic Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulcinian">Dulcinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Early_Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Early Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Five Ways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Papal Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Hus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synods</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_theory_in_the_Early_Modern_period#Christian_resistance_theories_of_the_early_modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance theory in the Early Modern period">Resistance theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Reformation" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_and_material_principles_of_theology" title="Formal and material principles of theology">Formal and material principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Reformed_Christianity" title="History of Reformed Christianity">Calvinism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Dort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_orthodoxy" title="Reformed orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Anglicanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_English_Reformation" title="Timeline of the English Reformation">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">39 Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Church music</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Synod" title="Martyrs' Synod">Martyrs' Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(English_theologian)" title="John Smyth (English theologian)">Smyth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1640–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_toleration#Early_modern_period" title="Edict of toleration">Edicts of toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Fostering of early experimental science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1789–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="History of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist%E2%80%93Modernist_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy">Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five <i>solae</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Movement">Charismatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" title="Reformed epistemology">Reformed epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Great_Awakening" title="Fourth Great Awakening">Fourth Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline</a> Protestants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_martyrs" title="List of Christian martyrs">Martyrs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q703007#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" 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[\"CITEREFHwang_Jun-beom2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIl-yeon1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffreys2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeong_(정)Kim_Tae-hun_(김태훈)2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnsonMandryk2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJustin,_C.2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaneMee_Park2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKang1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimKo2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuk-sung1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLillian_Kwon2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoon2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoon_Hwang2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMullinsFox_Young1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOk-hy1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPark2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPark_(박)2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPark_Soo_Bin2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRupert_Wingfield-Hayes2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyu2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSang-Hun2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSellar2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSik_Shim2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteven_N._DurlaufAndros_KourtellosChih_Ming_Tan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuh2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSukman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTraywick2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWells2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhittaker1988\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Asia in topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Christian History\"] = 1,\n [\"Christianity by country\"] = 1,\n [\"Christianity in Korea\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 17,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 22,\n [\"Clarification needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Culture of Korea\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Fact\"] = 1,\n [\"Gale\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Project MUSE\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Request quotation\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 20,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreliable source?\"] = 2,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Verification failed\"] = 1,\n [\"Vn\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 7,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","300","24.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","140","11.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","140","11.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","80","6.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","4.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","4.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::unstripNoWiki","60","4.8"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","40","3.2"],["select_one \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Utilities:426\u003E","40","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","40","3.2"],["[others]","280","22.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-l2lmx","timestamp":"20241124161244","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Christianity in Korea","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Christianity_in_Korea","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q703007","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q703007","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-01-14T01:26:25Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T00:34:59Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/eb\/Continents_colour2.svg","headline":"Christianity community in Korea"}</script> </body> </html>