CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>George Frideric Handel - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"736e020f-67b7-4e95-826d-9c7c7604ee9e","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"George_Frideric_Handel","wgTitle":"George Frideric Handel","wgCurRevisionId":1257892126,"wgRevisionId":1257892126,"wgArticleId":12775,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the Phonos extension","Webarchive template wayback links","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2019","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from April 2022","Use British English from July 2011","Biography with signature","Articles with hCards","Articles containing German-language text","Pages with German IPA","Pages including recorded pronunciations","Articles with hAudio microformats" ,"Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB","Articles incorporating Cite DNB template","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","Articles with Project Gutenberg links","Articles with Internet Archive links","Articles with LibriVox links","Composers with IMSLP links","Articles with International Music Score Library Project links","Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch","Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","George Frideric Handel","1685 births","1759 deaths","18th-century British composers","18th-century German composers","18th-century German male musicians","18th-century German keyboardists","Classical composers of church music","Composers for harpsichord","Composers for pipe organ","English Baroque composers","English opera composers","British male organists","German male organists","German Baroque composers","German opera composers","Oratorio composers","Organ improvisers","Members of the Royal Society of Musicians", "Burials at Westminster Abbey","Musicians from Halle (Saale)","People from the Duchy of Magdeburg","German emigrants to England","German emigrants to the Kingdom of Great Britain","German duellists","Male classical organists","German expatriates in Italy","Composers from London","Composers from Hamburg"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"George_Frideric_Handel","wgRelevantArticleId":12775,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true}, "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q7302","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints", "ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/George_Frideric_Handel_by_Balthasar_Denner.jpg/1200px-George_Frideric_Handel_by_Balthasar_Denner.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1451"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/George_Frideric_Handel_by_Balthasar_Denner.jpg/800px-George_Frideric_Handel_by_Balthasar_Denner.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="967"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/George_Frideric_Handel_by_Balthasar_Denner.jpg/640px-George_Frideric_Handel_by_Balthasar_Denner.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="774"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="George Frideric Handel - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=George_Frideric_Handel&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-George_Frideric_Handel rootpage-George_Frideric_Handel skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=George+Frideric+Handel" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=George+Frideric+Handel" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=George+Frideric+Handel" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=George+Frideric+Handel" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Early years </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_years-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Early years subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Early education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Musical education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_death_of_Handel's_father" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_death_of_Handel's_father"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 After the death of Handel's father </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_death_of_Handel's_father-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-University" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 University </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Halle_compositions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Halle_compositions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Halle compositions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Halle_compositions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_Hamburg_to_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_Hamburg_to_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 From Hamburg to Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_Hamburg_to_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_London" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_London"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 In London </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_London-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In London subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_London-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arrival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Arrival </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-At_Cannons_(1717–19)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At_Cannons_(1717–19)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 At Cannons (1717–19) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At_Cannons_(1717–19)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_Academy_of_Music_(1719–34)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_Academy_of_Music_(1719–34)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Royal Academy of Music (1719–34) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_Academy_of_Music_(1719–34)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opera_at_Covent_Garden_(1734–41)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opera_at_Covent_Garden_(1734–41)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Opera at Covent Garden (1734–41) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opera_at_Covent_Garden_(1734–41)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oratorio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oratorio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Oratorio </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oratorio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Later years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Works </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Works subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Overview </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catalogues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catalogues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Catalogues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catalogues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Reception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Borrowings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Borrowings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Borrowings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Borrowings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Homages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veneration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veneration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Veneration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veneration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fictional_depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fictional_depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Fictional depictions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fictional_depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes,_references_and_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes,_references_and_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes, references and sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes,_references_and_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notes, references and sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notes,_references_and_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scores_and_recordings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scores_and_recordings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Scores and recordings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scores_and_recordings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">George Frideric Handel</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 130 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-130" aria-hidden="true" > 130 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Георг Фридрих Гендел – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Георг Фридрих Гендел" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%86%E1%88%AD%E1%8C%85_%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%AA%E1%8A%AD_%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%8D" title="ጆርጅ ፍሪድሪክ ሃንደል – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጆርጅ ፍሪድሪክ ሃንደል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84" title="جورج فريدريك هاندل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جورج فريدريك هاندل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Frideric_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Frideric Händel – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Georg Frideric Händel" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georq_Fridrix_Hendel" title="Georq Fridrix Hendel – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Georq Fridrix Hendel" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%82_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84" title="قئورق فردریک هندل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قئورق فردریک هندل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="জর্জ ফ্রিডেরিক হ্যান্ডেল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জর্জ ফ্রিডেরিক হ্যান্ডেল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Георг Фридрих Гендель – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Георг Фридрих Гендель" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Георг Фрыдрых Гендэль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Георг Фрыдрых Гендэль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%93%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Георг Фрыдрых Гэндэль – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Георг Фрыдрых Гэндэль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Frideric_Handel" title="Georg Frideric Handel – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Georg Frideric Handel" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Георг Фридрих Хендел – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Георг Фридрих Хендел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D2%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Георг Фридрих Һендель – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Георг Фридрих Һендель" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%AD%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BA_%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%87_%CE%A7%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BB" title="Γκέοργκ Φρίντριχ Χέντελ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκέοργκ Φρίντριχ Χέντελ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84" title="جرج فردریک هندل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جرج فردریک هندل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="George Frideric Handel" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_Haendel" title="Georg Friedrich Haendel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Georg Friedrich Haendel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="George Frideric Handel" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="George Frideric Handel" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="George Frideric Handel" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%8C%EC%98%A4%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC_%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EB%93%9C%EB%A6%AC%ED%9E%88_%ED%97%A8%EB%8D%B8" title="게오르크 프리드리히 헨델 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="게오르크 프리드리히 헨델" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A3_%D5%96%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AD_%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%AC" title="Գեորգ Ֆրիդրիխ Հենդել – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գեորգ Ֆրիդրիխ Հենդել" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="George Frideric Handel" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_Haendel" title="Georg Friedrich Haendel – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Georg Friedrich Haendel" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9A_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9C" title="גאורג פרידריך הנדל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גאורג פרידריך הנדל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_Haendel" title="Georg Friedrich Haendel – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Georg Friedrich Haendel" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="გეორგ ფრიდრიხ ჰენდელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გეორგ ფრიდრიხ ჰენდელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Георг Фридрих Гендель – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Георг Фридрих Гендель" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="George Frideric Handel" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Георг Фридрих Гендель – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Георг Фридрих Гендель" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgius_Fridericus_Handelius" title="Georgius Fridericus Handelius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Georgius Fridericus Handelius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgs_Fr%C4%ABdrihs_Hendelis" title="Georgs Frīdrihs Hendelis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Georgs Frīdrihs Hendelis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_H%C3%A4ndel" title="George Frideric Händel – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="George Frideric Händel" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BB" title="Георг Фридрих Хендл – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Георг Фридрих Хендл" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="George Frideric Handel" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%BD" title="ജോർജ്ജ് ഫ്രെഡെറിക് ഹാൻഡൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജോർജ്ജ് ഫ്രെഡെറിക് ഹാൻഡൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="जॉर्ज फ्रीडरिक हान्डेल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जॉर्ज फ्रीडरिक हान्डेल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="გეორგ ფრიდრიხ ჰენდელი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გეორგ ფრიდრიხ ჰენდელი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84" title="جورج فريدريك هانديل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جورج فريدريك هانديل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="George Frideric Handel" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Георг Фридрих Хендэл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Георг Фридрих Хендэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7_%E1%80%96%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9F%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="ဂျော့ ဖရီးဒရစ် ဟန်းဒယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျော့ ဖရီးဒရစ် ဟန်းဒယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E3%83%92%E3%83%BB%E3%83%98%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%83%AB" title="ゲオルク・フリードリヒ・ヘンデル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゲオルク・フリードリヒ・ヘンデル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Гендель, Георг Фридрих – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Гендель, Георг Фридрих" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendel_Georg_Fridrix" title="Gendel Georg Fridrix – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gendel Georg Fridrix" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9A_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B2" title="ਗਿਓਰਗ ਫ਼ਰੀਡਰਿਚ ਹੈਂਡਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗਿਓਰਗ ਫ਼ਰੀਡਰਿਚ ਹੈਂਡਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%88%D9%84" title="جارج فریڈریک ہانڈل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جارج فریڈریک ہانڈل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_H%C3%A4ndel" title="George Frideric Händel – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="George Frideric Händel" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%90%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D2%91_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D1%85_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Ґеорґ Фрідріх Гендел – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ґеорґ Фрідріх Гендел" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Гендель, Георг Фридрих – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гендель, Георг Фридрих" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Георг Фридрих Гендель – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Георг Фридрих Гендель" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="George Frideric Handel" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="George Frideric Handel" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="George Frideric Handel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8E%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%B5" title="جۆرج فرێدریک ھاندڵ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جۆرج فرێدریک ھاندڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BB" title="Георг Фридрих Хендл – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Георг Фридрих Хендл" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="ஜார்ஜ் ஃபிரிடெரிக் ஹாண்டெல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜார்ஜ் ஃபிரிடெரிக் ஹாண்டெல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Fridrix_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Fridrix Händel – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Georg Fridrix Händel" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%88_%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5" title="จอร์จ ฟริดริก แฮนเดิล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จอร์จ ฟริดริก แฮนเดิล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D2%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Георг Фридрих Ҳандел – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Георг Фридрих Ҳандел" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="George Frideric Handel" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D1%85_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Георг Фрідріх Гендель – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Георг Фрідріх Гендель" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9_%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84" title="جارج فریدریک ہاندل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جارج فریدریک ہاندل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendel%27_Georg_Fridrih" title="Gendel' Georg Fridrih – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Gendel' Georg Fridrih" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="George Frideric Handel" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Friedrich Händel – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Georg Friedrich Händel" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E5%BE%B7%E7%88%BE" title="韓德爾 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="韓德爾" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="George Frideric Handel" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%9C%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94" title="果奥果·弗里德里希·亨德尔 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="果奥果·弗里德里希·亨德尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%92_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9A_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%9C" title="געארג פרידריך הענדל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="געארג פרידריך הענדל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%A5%A7%E7%88%BE%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E9%9F%93%E5%BE%B7%E7%88%BE" title="格奧爾格·弗里德里希·韓德爾 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="格奧爾格·弗里德里希·韓德爾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgos_Fr%C4%ABdr%C4%97ks_Hendelis" title="Georgos Frīdrėks Hendelis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Georgos Frīdrėks Hendelis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94" title="格奥尔格·弗里德里希·亨德尔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="格奥尔格·弗里德里希·亨德尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%E1%BB%8D%E1%BB%8Dji_Ferederik_Andelu" title="Jọọji Ferederik Andelu – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Jọọji Ferederik Andelu" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Frideric_Handel" title="Georg Frideric Handel – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Georg Frideric Handel" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7302#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:George_Frideric_Handel" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Frideric_Handel&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Frideric_Handel&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Frideric_Handel&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Frideric_Handel&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/George_Frideric_Handel" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/George_Frideric_Handel" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Frideric_Handel&oldid=1257892126" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Frideric_Handel&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=George_Frideric_Handel&id=1257892126&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGeorge_Frideric_Handel">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGeorge_Frideric_Handel">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=George_Frideric_Handel&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Frideric_Handel&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_Frideric_Handel" hreflang="en">Wikisource</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7302" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German-British Baroque composer (1685–1759)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Handel" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Handel_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Handel (disambiguation)">Handel (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">George Frideric Handel</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Frideric_Handel_by_Balthasar_Denner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/George_Frideric_Handel_by_Balthasar_Denner.jpg/220px-George_Frideric_Handel_by_Balthasar_Denner.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/George_Frideric_Handel_by_Balthasar_Denner.jpg/330px-George_Frideric_Handel_by_Balthasar_Denner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/George_Frideric_Handel_by_Balthasar_Denner.jpg/440px-George_Frideric_Handel_by_Balthasar_Denner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2901" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait of Handel, 1726–1728</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Georg Friedrich Händel</div> 5 March [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 23 February] 1685 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Magdeburg" title="Duchy of Magdeburg">Duchy of Magdeburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg-Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg-Prussia">Brandenburg-Prussia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">14 April 1759(1759-04-14) (aged 74) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a>, Middlesex, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Works</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_George_Frideric_Handel" title="List of compositions by George Frideric Handel">List of compositions</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Frideric_Handel_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/George_Frideric_Handel_Signature.svg/150px-George_Frideric_Handel_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/George_Frideric_Handel_Signature.svg/225px-George_Frideric_Handel_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/George_Frideric_Handel_Signature.svg/300px-George_Frideric_Handel_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="56" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> George Frideric (or Frederick) Handel (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈhændəl/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">HAN-dəl</a>;<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> baptised Georg Fried[e]rich Händel,<a href="#cite_note-4">[b]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>German: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈɡeːɔʁk ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈhɛndl̩]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/23\/De-Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel.ogg\/De-Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Georg Friedrich H\u00e4ndel.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/23/De-Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel.ogg/De-Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:De-Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel.ogg" title="File:De-Georg Friedrich Händel.ogg">ⓘ</a>; 23 February 1685 – 14 April 1759)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1998614-5">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[c]</a> was a German-British <a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a> composer well-known for his <a href="/wiki/Opera#Baroque_era" title="Opera">operas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthem" title="Anthem">anthems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concerto_grosso" title="Concerto grosso">concerti grossi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Organ_concerto" title="Organ concerto">organ concertos</a>. Handel received his training in <a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle</a> and worked as a composer in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> and Italy before settling in London in 1712, where he spent the bulk of his career and <a href="/wiki/Handel%27s_Naturalisation_Act_1727" title="Handel's Naturalisation Act 1727">became a naturalised British subject in 1727</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[5]</a> He was strongly influenced both by the middle-German <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphonic</a> choral tradition and by composers of the Italian Baroque. In turn, Handel's music forms one of the peaks of the "high baroque" style, bringing Italian opera to its highest development, creating the genres of English oratorio and organ concerto, and introducing a new style into English church music. He is consistently recognized as one of the greatest composers of his age.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB-9">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[7]</a> Handel started three commercial opera companies to supply the English nobility with Italian opera. In 1737, he had a physical breakdown, changed direction creatively, addressed the middle class and made a transition to English choral works. After his success with <a href="/wiki/Messiah_(Handel)" title="Messiah (Handel)">Messiah</a> (1742), he never composed an Italian opera again. His orchestral <a href="/wiki/Water_Music" title="Water Music">Water Music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_for_the_Royal_Fireworks" title="Music for the Royal Fireworks">Music for the Royal Fireworks</a> remain steadfastly popular.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuelow2004476-11">[8]</a> One of his four <a href="/wiki/Coronation_Anthems_(Handel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronation Anthems (Handel)">coronation anthems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zadok_the_Priest" title="Zadok the Priest">Zadok the Priest</a>, has been performed at every <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_British_monarch" title="Coronation of the British monarch">British coronation</a> since 1727. Almost blind, he died in 1759 a respected and rich man, and was given a state funeral at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>. Handel composed more than forty <a href="/wiki/Opera_seria" title="Opera seria">opere serie</a> over a period of more than thirty years. Since the late 1960s, interest in Handel's music has grown. The musicologist <a href="/wiki/Winton_Dean" title="Winton Dean">Winton Dean</a> wrote that "Handel was not only a great composer; he was a dramatic genius of the first order."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean196919-12">[9]</a> His music was admired by <a href="/wiki/Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">Classical-era</a> composers, especially <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Haydn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Frideric_Handel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family">Family</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Frideric_Handel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Frideric_Handel_baptismal_register.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/George_Frideric_Handel_baptismal_register.jpg/220px-George_Frideric_Handel_baptismal_register.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/George_Frideric_Handel_baptismal_register.jpg/330px-George_Frideric_Handel_baptismal_register.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/George_Frideric_Handel_baptismal_register.jpg/440px-George_Frideric_Handel_baptismal_register.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1804" data-file-height="1238" /></a><figcaption>Handel's baptismal registration (Marienbibliothek in <a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle</a>)</figcaption></figure> Handel was born in 1685 (the same year as <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Scarlatti" title="Domenico Scarlatti">Domenico Scarlatti</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Magdeburg" title="Duchy of Magdeburg">Duchy of Magdeburg</a>, then part of Brandenburg-Prussia. His parents were <a href="/wiki/Georg_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Händel">Georg Händel</a>, aged 63, and Dorothea Taust.<a href="#cite_note-13">[10]</a> His father was an eminent <a href="/wiki/Barber_surgeon" title="Barber surgeon">barber-surgeon</a> who served the court of <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weissenfels" title="Saxe-Weissenfels">Saxe-Weissenfels</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Margraviate of Brandenburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsHofestädt2005144–46-14">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[d]</a> Halle was a relatively prosperous city, home of a salt-mining industry, a centre of trade, and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[13]</a> The Margrave of Brandenburg became the administrator of the archepiscopal territories of <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Magdeburg" title="Archbishopric of Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a> when they converted, and by the early 17th century held his court in Halle, which attracted renowned musicians.<a href="#cite_note-19">[e]</a> Even the smaller churches all had "able organists and fair choirs",<a href="#cite_note-21">[f]</a> and humanities and the letters thrived (Shakespeare was performed in the theatres early in the 17th century).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196620-20">[15]</a> The Thirty Years' War brought extensive destruction to Halle, and by the 1680s it was impoverished.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsHofestädt2005144-15">[12]</a> However, since the middle of the war the city had been under the administration of the <a href="/wiki/Augustus,_Duke_of_Saxe-Weissenfels" title="Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels">Duke of Saxony</a>, and soon after the end of the war he would bring musicians trained in <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> to his court in <a href="/wiki/Wei%C3%9Fenfels" title="Weißenfels">Weissenfels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrows19941–2-22">[16]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halle_H%C3%A4ndelhaus_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Halle_H%C3%A4ndelhaus_2012.jpg/220px-Halle_H%C3%A4ndelhaus_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Halle_H%C3%A4ndelhaus_2012.jpg/330px-Halle_H%C3%A4ndelhaus_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Halle_H%C3%A4ndelhaus_2012.jpg/440px-Halle_H%C3%A4ndelhaus_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3676" data-file-height="2788" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Handel_House" title="Handel House">Handel House</a>, birthplace of Handel</figcaption></figure> The arts and music, however, flourished only among the higher strata (not only in Halle but throughout Germany),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196625–26-23">[17]</a> of which Handel's family was not a part. Georg Händel (senior) was born at the beginning of the war and was apprenticed to a barber in Halle at the age of 14 after his father died.<a href="#cite_note-24">[g]</a> When he was 20, he married the widow of the official barber-surgeon of a suburb of Halle, inheriting his practice. With this, Georg determinedly began the process of becoming self-made; by dint of his "conservative, steady, thrifty, unadventurous" lifestyle,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196610-25">[18]</a> he guided the five children he had with Anna who reached adulthood into the medical profession (except his youngest daughter, who married a government official).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsHofestädt2005144–45-26">[19]</a> Anna died in 1682. Within a year Georg married again, this time to the daughter of a Lutheran minister, Pastor Georg Taust of the Church of St. Bartholomew in Giebichenstein,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandon19849-27">[20]</a> who himself came from a long line of Lutheran pastors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196610-25">[18]</a> George Frideric was the second child of this marriage; the first son was <a href="/wiki/Stillbirth" title="Stillbirth">stillborn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutsch19556-28">[21]</a> Two younger sisters arrived afterwards: Dorthea Sophia, born on 6 October 1687, and Johanna Christiana, born on 10 January 1690.<a href="#cite_note-29">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_education">Early education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Frideric_Handel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HALL_IN_SAXEN_-_Der_getreue_Rei%C3%9F-Gefert..._-_1686.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/HALL_IN_SAXEN_-_Der_getreue_Rei%C3%9F-Gefert..._-_1686.JPG/260px-HALL_IN_SAXEN_-_Der_getreue_Rei%C3%9F-Gefert..._-_1686.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/HALL_IN_SAXEN_-_Der_getreue_Rei%C3%9F-Gefert..._-_1686.JPG/390px-HALL_IN_SAXEN_-_Der_getreue_Rei%C3%9F-Gefert..._-_1686.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/HALL_IN_SAXEN_-_Der_getreue_Rei%C3%9F-Gefert..._-_1686.JPG/520px-HALL_IN_SAXEN_-_Der_getreue_Rei%C3%9F-Gefert..._-_1686.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1436" data-file-height="785" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle</a>, copper engraving, 1686</figcaption></figure> Early in his life Handel is reported to have attended the <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">Gymnasium</a> in Halle,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyhaupt1755625-30">[23]</a> where the headmaster, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Praetorius_(musician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Praetorius (musician) (page does not exist)">Johann Praetorius</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Praetorius_(Musiker)" class="extiw" title="de:Johann Praetorius (Musiker)">de</a>], was reputed to be an ardent musician.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaitlandSquire1890277-31">[24]</a> Whether Handel remained there, and if he did for how long, is unknown, but many biographers suggest that he was withdrawn from school by his father, based on the characterization of him by Handel's first biographer, <a href="/wiki/John_Mainwaring" title="John Mainwaring">John Mainwaring</a>. Mainwaring is the source for almost all information (little as it is) of Handel's childhood, and much of that information came from J. C. Smith Jr., Handel's confidant and copyist.<a href="#cite_note-32">[25]</a> Whether it came from Smith or elsewhere, Mainwaring frequently relates misinformation.<a href="#cite_note-33">[h]</a> It is from Mainwaring that the portrait comes of Handel's father as implacably opposed to any musical education. Mainwaring writes that Georg Händel was "alarmed" at Handel's very early propensity for music,<a href="#cite_note-35">[i]</a> "took every measure to oppose it", including forbidding any musical instrument in the house and preventing Handel from going to any house where they might be found.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMainwaring17604–5-36">[27]</a> This did nothing to dampen young Handel's inclination; in fact, it did the reverse. Mainwaring tells the story of Handel's secret attic <a href="/wiki/Spinet" title="Spinet">spinet</a>: Handel "found means to get a little <a href="/wiki/Clavichord" title="Clavichord">clavichord</a> privately convey'd to a room at the top of the house. To this room he constantly stole when the family was asleep".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMainwaring17605-37">[28]</a> Although both <a href="/wiki/John_Hawkins_(author)" title="John Hawkins (author)">John Hawkins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Burney" title="Charles Burney">Charles Burney</a> credited this tale, Schoelcher found it nearly "incredible" and a feat of "poetic imagination"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoelcher18574-38">[29]</a> and Lang considers it one of the unproven "romantic stories" that surrounded Handel's childhood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196611-39">[30]</a> But Handel had to have had some experience with the keyboard to have made the impression in Weissenfels that resulted in his receiving formal musical training.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDent20043–4-40">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musical_education">Musical education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Frideric_Handel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Musical education">edit</a>]</div> Sometime between the ages of seven and nine, Handel accompanied his father to <a href="/wiki/Weissenfels" class="mw-redirect" title="Weissenfels">Weissenfels</a>, where he came under the notice of one whom Handel thereafter always regarded throughout life as his benefactor,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoelcher18575-41">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Johann_Adolf_I,_Duke_of_Saxe-Weissenfels" title="Johann Adolf I, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels">Duke Johann Adolf I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[j]</a> Somehow Handel made his way to the court organ in the palace chapel of the Holy Trinity, where he surprised everyone with his playing.<a href="#cite_note-45">[35]</a> Overhearing this performance and noting the youth of the performer caused the Duke, whose suggestions were not to be disregarded, to recommend to Georg Händel that Handel be given musical instruction.<a href="#cite_note-46">[36]</a> Handel's father engaged the organist at the Halle parish church, the young <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Zachow" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Zachow">Friedrich Wilhelm Zachow</a>, to instruct Handel. Zachow would be the only teacher that Handel ever had.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196611-39">[30]</a> Because of his church employment, Zachow was an organist "of the old school", revelling in fugues, canons, and counterpoint.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoelcher18575-41">[32]</a> But he was also familiar with developments in music across Europe and his own compositions "embraced the new concerted, dramatic style".<a href="#cite_note-48">[k]</a> When Zachow discovered the talent of Handel, he introduced him "to a vast collection of German and Italian music, which he possessed, sacred and profane, vocal and instrumental compositions of different schools, different styles, and of every master".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoelcher18575-41">[32]</a> Many traits considered "Handelian" can be traced back to Zachow's music.<a href="#cite_note-49">[38]</a> At the same time Handel continued practice on the <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a>, and learned violin and organ, but according to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Burney" title="Charles Burney">Burney</a> his special affection was for the hautbois (oboe).<a href="#cite_note-50">[39]</a> Schoelcher speculates that his youthful devotion to the instrument explains the large number of pieces he composed for the oboe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoelcher18576-51">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marktkirche_halle_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Marktkirche_halle_1.jpg/240px-Marktkirche_halle_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Marktkirche_halle_1.jpg/360px-Marktkirche_halle_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Marktkirche_halle_1.jpg/480px-Marktkirche_halle_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3883" data-file-height="3930" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marktkirche_Unser_Lieben_Frauen" title="Marktkirche Unser Lieben Frauen">Marktkirche</a> in Halle where Handel was baptised, and where <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Zachow" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Zachow">Friedrich Zachow</a> and Handel performed as organists</figcaption></figure> With respect to instruction in composition, in addition to having Handel apply himself to traditional <a href="/wiki/Fugue" title="Fugue">fugue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cantus_firmus" title="Cantus firmus">cantus firmus</a> work, Zachow, recognising Handel's precocious talents, systematically introduced Handel to the variety of styles and masterworks contained in his extensive library. He did this by requiring Handel to copy selected scores. "I used to write like the devil in those days", Handel recalled much later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196612-52">[41]</a> Much of this copying was entered into a notebook that Handel maintained for the rest of his life. Although it has since disappeared, the notebook has been sufficiently described to understand what pieces Zachow wished Handel to study. Among the chief composers represented in this exercise book were <a href="/wiki/Johann_Krieger" title="Johann Krieger">Johann Krieger</a>, an "old master" in the fugue and prominent organ composer, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Caspar_Kerll" title="Johann Caspar Kerll">Johann Caspar Kerll</a>, a representative of the "southern style" after his teacher <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Frescobaldi" title="Girolamo Frescobaldi">Girolamo Frescobaldi</a> and imitated later by Handel,<a href="#cite_note-54">[l]</a> <a href="/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Froberger" title="Johann Jakob Froberger">Johann Jakob Froberger</a>, an "internationalist" also closely studied by <a href="/wiki/Dieterich_Buxtehude" title="Dieterich Buxtehude">Buxtehude</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Bach</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Georg_Muffat" title="Georg Muffat">Georg Muffat</a>, whose amalgam of French and Italian styles and his synthesis of musical forms influenced Handel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196613–16-55">[43]</a> Mainwaring writes that during this time Zachow had begun to have Handel assume some of his church duties. Zachow, Mainwaring asserts, was "often" absent, "from his love of company, and a cheerful glass", and Handel, therefore, performed on organ frequently.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMainwaring176015-56">[44]</a> What is more, according to Mainwaring, Handel began composing, at the age of nine, church services for voice and instruments "and from that time actually did compose a service every week for three years successively".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMainwaring176016-57">[45]</a> Mainwaring ends this chapter of Handel's life by concluding that three or four years had been enough to allow Handel to surpass Zachow, and Handel had become "impatient for another situation"; "Berlin was the place agreed upon."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMainwaring176018-58">[46]</a> Carelessness with dates or sequences (and possibly imaginative interpretation by Mainwaring) makes this period confused.<a href="#cite_note-59">[m]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_death_of_Handel's_father">After the death of Handel's father</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Frideric_Handel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: After the death of Handel's father">edit</a>]</div> Handel's father died on 11 February 1697.<a href="#cite_note-60">[47]</a> It was German custom for friends and family to compose funeral odes for a substantial burgher like Georg,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196619-61">[48]</a> and young Handel discharged his duty with a poem dated 18 February and signed with his name and (in deference to his father's wishes) "dedicated to the liberal arts."<a href="#cite_note-62">[49]</a> At the time Handel was studying either at Halle's Lutheran Gymnasium or the Latin School.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196619-61">[48]</a> Mainwaring has Handel travelling to Berlin the next year, 1698.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMainwaring176018-58">[46]</a> The problem with Mainwaring as an authority for this date, however, is that he tells of how Handel's father communicated with the "king"<a href="#cite_note-64">[n]</a> during Handel's stay, declining the Court's offer to send Handel to Italy on a stipend<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMainwaring176024–25-65">[51]</a> and that his father died "after his return from Berlin."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMainwaring176029-66">[52]</a> But since Georg Händel died in 1697, either the date of the trip or Mainwaring's statements about Handel's father must be in error. Early biographers solved the problem by making the year of the trip 1696, then noting that at the age of 11, Handel would need a guardian, so they have Handel's father or a friend of the family accompany him, all the while puzzling over why the elder Handel, who wanted Handel to become a lawyer, would spend the sum to lead his son further into the temptation of music as a career.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang1966166-67">[53]</a> Schoelcher for example has Handel travelling to Berlin at 11, meeting both <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Bononcini" title="Giovanni Bononcini">Bononcini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Attilio_Ariosti" title="Attilio Ariosti">Attilio Ariosti</a> in Berlin and then returning at the direction of his father.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoelcher18576–7-68">[54]</a> But Ariosti was not in Berlin before the death of Handel's father,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandon198431_n.8-69">[55]</a> and Handel could not have met Bononcini in Berlin before 1702.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandon198431_n.7-70">[56]</a> Modern biographers either accept the year as 1698, since most reliable older authorities agree with it,<a href="#cite_note-71">[o]</a> and discount what Mainwaring says about what took place during the trip or assume that Mainwaring conflated two or more visits to Berlin, as he did with Handel's later trips to Venice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandon198431_n.7_&_53-72">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="University">University</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Frideric_Handel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: University">edit</a>]</div> Perhaps to fulfil a promise to his father or simply because he saw himself as "dedicated to the liberal arts", on 10 February 1702 Handel matriculated at the <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_University_of_Halle-Wittenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg">University of Halle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[58]</a> That university had only recently been founded. In 1694, the <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick I of Prussia">Elector of Brandenburg Frederick III</a> (later Prussian King Frederick I) created the school, largely to provide a lecture forum for the jurist <a href="/wiki/Christian_Thomasius" title="Christian Thomasius">Christian Thomasius</a> who had been expelled from <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_University" title="Leipzig University">Leipzig</a> for his liberal views.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196620-20">[15]</a> Handel did not enrol in the faculty of law, although he almost certainly attended lectures.<a href="#cite_note-74">[59]</a> Thomasius was an intellectual and academic crusader, who was the first German academic to lecture in German and also denounced witch trials. Lang believes that Thomasius instilled in Handel a "respect for the dignity and freedom of man's mind and the solemn majesty of the law", principles that would have drawn him to and kept him in England for half a century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196620–21-75">[60]</a> Handel also there encountered theologian and professor of Oriental languages <a href="/wiki/August_Hermann_Francke" title="August Hermann Francke">August Hermann Francke</a>, who was particularly solicitous of children, especially orphans. The orphanage he founded became a model for Germany, and undoubtedly influenced Handel's own charitable impulse when he assigned the rights of Messiah to London's <a href="/wiki/Foundling_Hospital" title="Foundling Hospital">Foundling Hospital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196621-76">[61]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dom_Halle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Dom_Halle.jpg/240px-Dom_Halle.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Dom_Halle.jpg/360px-Dom_Halle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Dom_Halle.jpg/480px-Dom_Halle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1017" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Halle_Cathedral" title="Halle Cathedral">Halle Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> Shortly after commencing his university education, Handel (though Lutheran<a href="#cite_note-78">[p]</a>) on 13 March 1702 accepted the position of organist at the <a href="/wiki/Halle_Cathedral" title="Halle Cathedral">Calvinist Cathedral in Halle</a>, the Domkirche, replacing J. C. Leporin, for whom he had acted as assistant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDent20042-79">[63]</a> The position, which was a one-year probationary appointment, showed the foundation he had received from Zachow, for a church organist and cantor was a highly prestigious office. From it, he received 5 thalers a year and lodgings in the run-down castle of Moritzburg.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrows199420-80">[64]</a> Around this same time, Handel made the acquaintance of <a href="/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann" title="Georg Philipp Telemann">Telemann</a>. Four years Handel's senior, Telemann was studying law at Leipzig and was assisting cantor <a href="/wiki/Johann_Kuhnau" title="Johann Kuhnau">Johann Kuhnau</a> (<a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Bach</a>'s predecessor at the <a href="/wiki/Thomaskirche" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomaskirche">Thomaskirche</a> there). Telemann recalled forty years later in an autobiography for Mattheson's Grundlage: "The writing of the excellent Johann Kuhnau served as a model for me in fugue and counterpoint; but in fashioning melodic movements and examining them Handel and I were constantly occupied, frequently visiting each other as well as writing letters."<a href="#cite_note-81">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Halle_compositions">Halle compositions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Frideric_Handel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Halle compositions">edit</a>]</div> Although Mainwaring records that Handel wrote weekly when assistant to Zachow and as probationary organist at Domkirche part of his duty was to provide suitable music,<a href="#cite_note-83">[q]</a> no sacred compositions from his Halle period can now be identified.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196622_n.2-84">[67]</a> Mattheson, however, summarised his opinion of Handel's church cantatas written in Halle: "Handel in those days set very, very long arias and sheerly unending cantatas which, while not possessing the proper knack or correct taste, were perfect so far as harmony is concerned."<a href="#cite_note-85">[68]</a> Early chamber works do exist, but it is difficult to date any of them to Handel's time in Halle. Many historians until recently followed Chrysander and designated the six trio sonatas for two oboes and basso continuo as his first known composition, supposedly written in 1696 (when Handel was 11).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutsch19554_n.1-86">[69]</a> Lang doubts the dating based on a handwritten date of a copy (1700) and stylistic considerations. Lang writes that the works "show thorough acquaintance with the distilled sonata style of the <a href="/wiki/Arcangelo_Corelli" title="Arcangelo Corelli">Corelli school</a>" and are notable for "the formal security and the cleanness of the texture."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196623-87">[70]</a> Hogwood considers all of the oboe trio sonatas spurious and even suggests that some parts cannot be performed on oboe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHogwood198421-88">[71]</a> That authentic manuscript sources do not exist and that Handel never recycled any material from these works makes their authenticity doubtful.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest1985486–89-89">[72]</a> Other early chamber works were printed in Amsterdam in 1724 as opus 1, but it is impossible to tell which are early works in their original form, rather than later re-workings by Handel, a frequent practice of his.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196623-87">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="From_Hamburg_to_Italy">From Hamburg to Italy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Frideric_Handel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: From Hamburg to Italy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamburgs_Oper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hamburgs_Oper.jpg/290px-Hamburgs_Oper.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Hamburgs_Oper.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="244" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> <a href="/wiki/Oper_am_G%C3%A4nsemarkt" title="Oper am Gänsemarkt">Oper am Gänsemarkt</a> in 1726, where Handel was a musician</figcaption></figure> Handel's probationary appointment to Domkirche expired in March 1703. By July<a href="#cite_note-92">[r]</a> Handel was in Hamburg. Since he left no explanation for the move<a href="#cite_note-94">[s]</a> biographers have offered their own speculation. <a href="/wiki/Donald_Burrows_(musicologist)" title="Donald Burrows (musicologist)">Donald Burrows</a> believes that the answer can be found by untangling Mainwaring's confused chronology of the trip to Berlin. Burrows dates this trip to 1702 or 1703 (after his father's death) and concludes that since Handel (through a "friend and relation" at the Berlin court) turned down Frederick's offer to subsidise his musical education in Italy (with the implicit understanding that he would become a court musician on his return), Handel was no longer able to expect preferment (whether as a musician, lawyer or otherwise) within Brandenburg-Prussia. Since he was attracted to secular, dramatic music (by meeting the Italians Bononcini and Attilio Ariosti and through the influence of Telemann), Hamburg, a free city with an established opera company, was the logical choice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrows199411–13-95">[76]</a> The question remains, however, why Handel rejected the King's offer, given that Italy was the centre of opera. Lang suggests that influenced by the teachings of Thomasius, Handel's character was such that he was unable to make himself subservient to anyone, even a king. Lang sees Handel as someone who could not accept class distinctions that required him to regard himself as a social inferior. "What Handel craved was personal freedom to raise himself out of his provincial milieu to a life of culture."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196626-96">[77]</a> Burrows notes that, like his father, Handel was able to accept royal (and aristocratic) favours without considering himself a court servant;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrows199412-97">[78]</a> and so, given the embarrassed financial condition of his mother,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMainwaring176029-66">[52]</a> Handel set off for Hamburg to obtain experience while supporting himself. In 1703, he accepted a position as violinist and harpsichordist in the orchestra of the Hamburg <a href="/wiki/Oper_am_G%C3%A4nsemarkt" title="Oper am Gänsemarkt">Oper am Gänsemarkt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[79]</a> There he met the composers <a href="/wiki/Johann_Mattheson" title="Johann Mattheson">Johann Mattheson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Graupner" title="Christoph Graupner">Christoph Graupner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Keiser" title="Reinhard Keiser">Reinhard Keiser</a>. Handel's first two operas, <a href="/wiki/Almira" title="Almira">Almira</a> and Nero, were produced in 1705.<a href="#cite_note-99">[80]</a> He produced two other operas, <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel%27s_lost_Hamburg_operas#Florindo_and_Daphne" class="mw-redirect" title="George Frideric Handel's lost Hamburg operas">Daphne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florindo" title="Florindo">Florindo</a>, performed in 1708. According to Mainwaring, in 1706 Handel travelled to Italy at the invitation of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_(III)_de%27_Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinando (III) de' Medici">Ferdinando de' Medici</a>. (Other sources say Handel was invited by <a href="/wiki/Gian_Gastone_de%27_Medici" title="Gian Gastone de' Medici">Gian Gastone de' Medici</a>, whom Handel had met in 1703–04 in Hamburg.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris200137-100">[81]</a>) Ferdinando, who had a keen interest in opera, was trying to make Florence Italy's musical capital by attracting the leading talents of his day. In Italy, Handel met <a href="/wiki/Librettist" class="mw-redirect" title="Librettist">librettist</a> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Salvi" title="Antonio Salvi">Antonio Salvi</a>, with whom he later collaborated. Handel left for Rome and since opera was (temporarily) banned in the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>, composed sacred music for the Roman clergy. His famous <a href="/wiki/Dixit_Dominus_(Handel)" title="Dixit Dominus (Handel)">Dixit Dominus</a> (1707) is from this era. He also composed <a href="/wiki/Cantata" title="Cantata">cantatas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pastoral" title="Pastoral">pastoral</a> style for musical gatherings in the palaces of duchess <a href="/wiki/Aurora_Sanseverino" title="Aurora Sanseverino">Aurora Sanseverino</a> (whom Mainwaring called "Donna Laura")<a href="#cite_note-101">[82]</a> one of the most influential patrons from the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a>, and cardinals <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Ottoboni_(cardinal)" title="Pietro Ottoboni (cardinal)">Pietro Ottoboni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Pamphili" title="Benedetto Pamphili">Benedetto Pamphili</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colonna_family" title="Colonna family">Carlo Colonna</a>. Two <a href="/wiki/Oratorio" title="Oratorio">oratorios</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_resurrezione" title="La resurrezione">La resurrezione</a> and <a href="/wiki/Il_trionfo_del_tempo_e_del_disinganno" class="mw-redirect" title="Il trionfo del tempo e del disinganno">Il trionfo del tempo</a>, were produced in a private setting for <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Maria_Marescotti_Ruspoli,_1st_Prince_of_Cerveteri" title="Francesco Maria Marescotti Ruspoli, 1st Prince of Cerveteri">Ruspoli</a> and Ottoboni in 1709 and 1710, respectively. <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_(opera)" title="Rodrigo (opera)">Rodrigo</a>, his first all-Italian opera, was produced in the <a href="/wiki/Theatres_in_Florence" title="Theatres in Florence">Cocomero theatre</a> in Florence in 1707.<a href="#cite_note-102">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Agrippina_(opera)" title="Agrippina (opera)">Agrippina</a> was first produced in 1709 at <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Malibran" title="Teatro Malibran">Teatro San Giovanni Grisostomo</a> in Venice, owned by the <a href="/wiki/Grimani_family" title="Grimani family">Grimanis</a>. The opera, with a <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretto</a> by Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Grimani" title="Vincenzo Grimani">Vincenzo Grimani</a>, ran for 27 nights successively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMainwaring176052-103">[84]</a> The audience, thunderstruck with the grandeur and sublimity of his style,<a href="#cite_note-104">[85]</a> applauded for Il caro Sassone ("the dear Saxon" – referring to Handel's German origins). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_London">In London</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Frideric_Handel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In London">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrival">Arrival</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Frideric_Handel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Arrival">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GeorgIvonGro%C3%9FbritannienGeorgFriedrichHaendelHamman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/GeorgIvonGro%C3%9FbritannienGeorgFriedrichHaendelHamman.jpg/260px-GeorgIvonGro%C3%9FbritannienGeorgFriedrichHaendelHamman.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/GeorgIvonGro%C3%9FbritannienGeorgFriedrichHaendelHamman.jpg/390px-GeorgIvonGro%C3%9FbritannienGeorgFriedrichHaendelHamman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/GeorgIvonGro%C3%9FbritannienGeorgFriedrichHaendelHamman.jpg/520px-GeorgIvonGro%C3%9FbritannienGeorgFriedrichHaendelHamman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="2594" /></a><figcaption>Handel (centre) and <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">King George I</a> on the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a>, 17 July 1717, by <a href="/wiki/Edouard_Hamman" title="Edouard Hamman">Edouard Hamman</a> (1819–88)</figcaption></figure> In June 1710, Handel became <a href="/wiki/Kapellmeister" title="Kapellmeister">Kapellmeister</a> to German prince George, the <a href="/wiki/Prince-elector" title="Prince-elector">Elector</a> of <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Hanover</a>, but left at the end of the year.<a href="#cite_note-105">[86]</a> It is likely he was also invited by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Montagu,_1st_Duke_of_Manchester" title="Charles Montagu, 1st Duke of Manchester">Charles Montagu</a> the former ambassador in Venice to visit England. He visited <a href="/wiki/Anna_Maria_Luisa_de%27_Medici" title="Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici">Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici</a> and her husband in <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a> on his way to London. With his opera <a href="/wiki/Rinaldo_(opera)" title="Rinaldo (opera)">Rinaldo</a>, based on <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Delivered" title="Jerusalem Delivered">La Gerusalemme Liberata</a> by the Italian poet <a href="/wiki/Torquato_Tasso" title="Torquato Tasso">Torquato Tasso</a>, Handel enjoyed great success, although it was composed quickly, with many borrowings from his older Italian works.<a href="#cite_note-106">[87]</a> This work contains one of Handel's favourite arias, Cara sposa, amante cara, and the famous <a href="/wiki/Lascia_ch%27io_pianga" title="Lascia ch'io pianga">Lascia ch'io pianga</a>. Handel went back to Halle twice, to attend the wedding of his sister and the baptism of her daughter, but decided to settle permanently in England in 1712. In the summer of 1713, he lived at Mr. Mathew Andrews' estate in <a href="/wiki/Barn_Elms" title="Barn Elms">Barn Elms</a>, Surrey.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaitlandSquire1890277-31">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[88]</a> He received a yearly income of £200 from <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Queen Anne</a> after composing for her the <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_Te_Deum_and_Jubilate" title="Utrecht Te Deum and Jubilate">Utrecht Te Deum and Jubilate</a>, first performed in 1713.<a href="#cite_note-108">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[90]</a> One of his most important patrons was the <a href="/wiki/Richard_Boyle,_3rd_Earl_of_Burlington_and_4th_Earl_of_Cork" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington and 4th Earl of Cork">3rd Earl of Burlington and 4th Earl of Cork</a>, a young and extremely wealthy member of an <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Irish">Anglo-Irish</a> <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">aristocratic</a> family.<a href="#cite_note-110">[91]</a> While living in the mansion of Lord Burlington, Handel wrote <a href="/wiki/Amadigi_di_Gaula" title="Amadigi di Gaula">Amadigi di Gaula</a>, a "<a href="/wiki/Magician_(fantasy)" title="Magician (fantasy)">magic</a>" opera, about a <a href="/wiki/Damsel_in_distress" title="Damsel in distress">damsel in distress</a>, based on the tragedy by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Houdar_de_la_Motte" title="Antoine Houdar de la Motte">Antoine Houdar de la Motte</a>. The conception of an opera as a coherent structure was slow to capture Handel's imagination<a href="#cite_note-111">[92]</a> and he composed no operas for five years. In July 1717, Handel's <a href="/wiki/Water_Music" title="Water Music">Water Music</a> was performed more than three times on the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a> for King George I and his guests. It is said the compositions spurred reconciliation between Handel and the king, supposedly annoyed by the composer's abandonment of his Hanover post.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrows199477-112">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="At_Cannons_(1717–19)">At Cannons (1717–19)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Frideric_Handel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: At Cannons (1717–19)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Handel_at_Cannons" title="Handel at Cannons">Handel at Cannons</a></div> In 1717, Handel became house composer at <a href="/wiki/Cannons_(house)" title="Cannons (house)">Cannons</a> in <a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a>, where he laid the cornerstone for his future choral compositions in the <a href="/wiki/Chandos_Anthems" title="Chandos Anthems">Chandos Anthems</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBukofzer1947333–35-113">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Romain_Rolland" title="Romain Rolland">Romain Rolland</a> wrote that these anthems (or Psalms) stood in relation to Handel's oratorios, much the same way that the Italian cantatas stood to his operas: "splendid sketches of the more monumental works."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERolland191671-114">[95]</a> Another work, which he wrote for <a href="/wiki/James_Brydges,_1st_Duke_of_Chandos" title="James Brydges, 1st Duke of Chandos">The 1st Duke of Chandos</a>, the owner of Cannons, was <a href="/wiki/Acis_and_Galatea_(Handel)" title="Acis and Galatea (Handel)">Acis and Galatea</a>: during Handel's lifetime, it was his most performed work. <a href="/wiki/Winton_Dean" title="Winton Dean">Winton Dean</a> wrote that "the music catches breath and disturbs the memory".<a href="#cite_note-115">[96]</a> In 1719, the Duke of Chandos became one of the composer's important patrons and a primary subscriber to his new opera company, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Music_(company)" title="Royal Academy of Music (company)">Royal Academy of Music</a>, though his patronage declined after Chandos lost large sums of money in the <a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Company" title="South Sea Company">South Sea Bubble</a>, which burst in 1720 in one of history's greatest financial cataclysms. Handel himself invested in the South Sea Company in 1716, when its share prices were low<a href="#cite_note-116">[97]</a> and sold them before the "bubble" burst in 1720.<a href="#cite_note-117">[98]</a> In 1720, Handel invested in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">slave-trading</a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_African_Company" title="Royal African Company">Royal African Company</a> (RAC), following in the steps of his patron (the Duke of Chandos was one of the leading investors in the RAC). As noted by music historian David Hunter, 32 per cent of the subscribers and investors in the Royal Academy of Music, or their close family members, held investments in the RAC as well.<a href="#cite_note-118">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_Academy_of_Music_(1719–34)">Royal Academy of Music (1719–34)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Frideric_Handel&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Royal Academy of Music (1719–34)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Music_(company)" title="Royal Academy of Music (company)">Royal Academy of Music (company)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel_3.jpg/180px-Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel_3.jpg/270px-Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel_3.jpg/360px-Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>The Chandos portrait of Händel by <a href="/wiki/James_Thornhill" title="James Thornhill">James Thornhill</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1720, held in the <a href="/wiki/Fitzwilliam_Museum" title="Fitzwilliam Museum">Fitzwilliam Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a></figcaption></figure> In May 1719, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle-upon-Tyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne">The 1st Duke of Newcastle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain" title="Lord Chamberlain">Lord Chamberlain</a>, ordered Handel to look for new singers.<a href="#cite_note-121">[102]</a> Handel travelled to <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a> to attend the newly built opera. He saw Teofane by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Lotti" title="Antonio Lotti">Antonio Lotti</a>, and engaged members of the cast for the Royal Academy of Music, founded by a group of aristocrats to assure themselves a constant supply of baroque opera or <a href="/wiki/Opera_seria" title="Opera seria">opera seria</a>. Handel may have invited John Smith, his fellow student in Halle, and his son <a href="/wiki/John_Christopher_Smith" title="John Christopher Smith">Johann Christoph Schmidt</a>, to become his secretary and <a href="/wiki/Amanuensis" title="Amanuensis">amanuensis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[103]</a> By 1723 he had moved into a <a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian</a> house at 25 <a href="/wiki/Brook_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Brook Street">Brook Street</a>, which he rented for the rest of his life.<a href="#cite_note-123">[104]</a> This house, where he rehearsed, copied music, and sold tickets, is now the <a href="/wiki/Handel_House_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Handel House Museum">Handel House Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[t]</a> During twelve months between 1724 and 1725, Handel wrote three successful operas, <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Cesare" title="Giulio Cesare">Giulio Cesare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamerlano" title="Tamerlano">Tamerlano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rodelinda_(opera)" title="Rodelinda (opera)">Rodelinda</a>. Handel's operas are filled with <a href="/wiki/Da_capo_aria" title="Da capo aria">da capo arias</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Svegliatevi_nel_core" title="Svegliatevi nel core">Svegliatevi nel core</a>. After composing Silete venti, he concentrated on opera and stopped writing cantatas. <a href="/wiki/Scipio_(opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scipio (opera)">Scipio</a>, from which the regimental slow march of the British <a href="/wiki/Grenadier_Guards" title="Grenadier Guards">Grenadier Guards</a> is derived,<a href="#cite_note-125">[105]</a> was performed as a stopgap, waiting for the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Faustina_Bordoni" title="Faustina Bordoni">Faustina Bordoni</a>. In 1727, Handel was commissioned to write four anthems for the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_British_monarch" title="Coronation of the British monarch">Coronation</a> ceremony of <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">King George II</a>. One of these, <a href="/wiki/Zadok_the_Priest" title="Zadok the Priest">Zadok the Priest</a>, has been played at every British coronation ceremony since.<a href="#cite_note-126">[106]</a> The words to Zadok the Priest are taken from the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="King James Bible">King James Bible</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[107]</a> In 1728, John Gay's <a href="/wiki/The_Beggar%27s_Opera" title="The Beggar's Opera">The Beggar's Opera</a>, which made fun of the type of Italian opera Handel had popularised in London, premiered at <a href="/wiki/Lisle%27s_Tennis_Court" title="Lisle's Tennis Court">Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre</a> and ran for 62 consecutive performances, the longest run in theatre history up to that time.<a href="#cite_note-128">[108]</a> After nine years the Royal Academy of Music ceased to function but Handel soon started a new company. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:304px;max-width:304px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:London_Handel_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/London_Handel_House.jpg/135px-London_Handel_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/London_Handel_House.jpg/203px-London_Handel_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/London_Handel_House.jpg/270px-London_Handel_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="993" data-file-height="1584" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:163px;max-width:163px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:GEORGE_FRIDERIC_HANDEL_1685-1759_Composer_lived_in_this_house_from_1723_and_died_here.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/GEORGE_FRIDERIC_HANDEL_1685-1759_Composer_lived_in_this_house_from_1723_and_died_here.jpg/161px-GEORGE_FRIDERIC_HANDEL_1685-1759_Composer_lived_in_this_house_from_1723_and_died_here.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/GEORGE_FRIDERIC_HANDEL_1685-1759_Composer_lived_in_this_house_from_1723_and_died_here.jpg/242px-GEORGE_FRIDERIC_HANDEL_1685-1759_Composer_lived_in_this_house_from_1723_and_died_here.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/GEORGE_FRIDERIC_HANDEL_1685-1759_Composer_lived_in_this_house_from_1723_and_died_here.jpg/322px-GEORGE_FRIDERIC_HANDEL_1685-1759_Composer_lived_in_this_house_from_1723_and_died_here.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Handel_House_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Handel House Museum">Handel House Museum</a> at 25 <a href="/wiki/Brook_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Brook Street">Brook Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayfair" title="Mayfair">Mayfair</a>, London, with a close up of the <a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a> <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a> on the wall</div></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Theatre">Queen's Theatre</a> at the Haymarket (now His Majesty's Theatre), established in 1705 by architect and playwright <a href="/wiki/John_Vanbrugh" title="John Vanbrugh">John Vanbrugh</a>, quickly became an opera house.<a href="#cite_note-129">[109]</a> Between 1711 and 1739, more than 25 of Handel's operas premièred there.<a href="#cite_note-130">[110]</a> In 1729, Handel became joint manager of the theatre with <a href="/wiki/John_James_Heidegger" title="John James Heidegger">John James Heidegger</a>. Handel travelled to Italy to engage new singers and also composed seven more operas, among them the comic masterpiece <a href="/wiki/Partenope" title="Partenope">Partenope</a> and the "magic" opera <a href="/wiki/Orlando_(opera)" title="Orlando (opera)">Orlando</a>.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2019)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDent2004[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2019]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2019)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-131">[111]</a> After two commercially successful English oratorios <a href="/wiki/Esther_(Handel)" title="Esther (Handel)">Esther</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deborah_(Handel)" title="Deborah (Handel)">Deborah</a>, he was able to invest again in the <a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Company" title="South Sea Company">South Sea Company</a>. Handel reworked his Acis and Galatea which then became his most successful work ever. Handel failed to compete with the <a href="/wiki/Opera_of_the_Nobility" title="Opera of the Nobility">Opera of the Nobility</a>, who engaged musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Johann_Adolph_Hasse" title="Johann Adolph Hasse">Johann Adolph Hasse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolo_Porpora" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolo Porpora">Nicolo Porpora</a> and the famous castrato <a href="/wiki/Farinelli" title="Farinelli">Farinelli</a>. The strong support by <a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Frederick, Prince of Wales">Frederick, Prince of Wales</a> caused conflicts in the royal family. In March 1734 Handel composed a wedding anthem <a href="/wiki/Wedding_anthem_for_Princess_Anne" title="Wedding anthem for Princess Anne">This is the day which the Lord hath made</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Serenata" class="mw-redirect" title="Serenata">serenata</a> <a href="/wiki/Parnasso_in_Festa" class="mw-redirect" title="Parnasso in Festa">Parnasso in Festa</a> for <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal_and_Princess_of_Orange" title="Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange">Anne, Princess Royal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[112]</a> Despite the problems the Opera of the Nobility was causing him at the time, Handel's neighbour in Brook Street, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Delany" title="Mary Delany">Mary Delany</a>, reported on a party she invited Handel to at her house on 12 April 1734 where he was in good spirits:<blockquote>I had Lady Rich and her daughter, Lady Cath. Hanmer and her husband, Mr. and Mrs. Percival, <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Stanley,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Stanley, 1st Baronet">Sir John Stanley</a> and my brother, Mrs. Donellan, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Maria_Strada" title="Anna Maria Strada">Strada</a> [star soprano of Handel's operas] and Mr. Coot. <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_4th_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 4th Earl of Shaftesbury">Lord Shaftesbury</a> begged of Mr. Percival to bring him, and being a profess'd friend of Mr. Handel (who was here also) was admitted; I never was so well entertained at an opera! Mr. Handel was in the best humour in the world, and played lessons and accompanied Strada and all the ladies that sang from seven o'clock till eleven. I gave them tea and coffee, and about half an hour after nine had a salver brought in of chocolate, mulled white wine, and biscuits. Everybody was easy and seemed pleased.<a href="#cite_note-133">[113]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opera_at_Covent_Garden_(1734–41)">Opera at Covent Garden (1734–41)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Frideric_Handel&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Opera at Covent Garden (1734–41)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Microcosm_of_London_Plate_027_-_Covent_Garden_Theatre_edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_027_-_Covent_Garden_Theatre_edited.jpg/240px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_027_-_Covent_Garden_Theatre_edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_027_-_Covent_Garden_Theatre_edited.jpg/360px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_027_-_Covent_Garden_Theatre_edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Microcosm_of_London_Plate_027_-_Covent_Garden_Theatre_edited.jpg/480px-Microcosm_of_London_Plate_027_-_Covent_Garden_Theatre_edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="837" data-file-height="617" /></a><figcaption>Engraving of the interior of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Opera House">Covent Garden Theatre</a> in London in 1808</figcaption></figure> In 1733, the <a href="/wiki/William_Capell,_3rd_Earl_of_Essex" title="William Capell, 3rd Earl of Essex">Earl of Essex</a> received a letter with the following sentence: "Handel became so arbitrary a prince, that the Town murmurs." The board of chief investors expected Handel to retire when his contract ended, but Handel immediately looked for another theatre. In cooperation with <a href="/wiki/John_Rich_(producer)" title="John Rich (producer)">John Rich</a> he started his third company at <a href="/wiki/Covent_Garden_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Covent Garden Theatre">Covent Garden Theatre</a>. Rich was renowned for his spectacular productions. He suggested Handel use his small chorus and introduce the dancing of <a href="/wiki/Marie_Sall%C3%A9" title="Marie Sallé">Marie Sallé</a>, for whom Handel composed <a href="/wiki/Terpsicore" title="Terpsicore">Terpsicore</a>. In 1735, he introduced organ concertos between the acts. For the first time, Handel allowed <a href="/wiki/Gioacchino_Conti" title="Gioacchino Conti">Gioacchino Conti</a>, who had no time to learn his part, to substitute arias.<a href="#cite_note-134">[114]</a> Financially, <a href="/wiki/Ariodante" title="Ariodante">Ariodante</a> was a failure, although he introduced ballet suites at the end of each act.<a href="#cite_note-135">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alcina" title="Alcina">Alcina</a>, his last opera with a magic content, and <a href="/wiki/Alexander%27s_Feast_(Handel)" title="Alexander's Feast (Handel)">Alexander's Feast</a> or the Power of Music based on John Dryden's <a href="/wiki/Alexander%27s_Feast_(Dryden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander's Feast (Dryden)">Alexander's Feast</a> starred <a href="/wiki/Anna_Maria_Strada_del_P%C3%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna Maria Strada del Pò">Anna Maria Strada del Pò</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Beard_(tenor)" title="John Beard (tenor)">John Beard</a>. Early 1737 he produced Arminio and Giustino, completed Berenice, revived Partenope, and continued with Il Parnasso in Festa, Alexander's Feast, and the revised <a href="/wiki/The_Triumph_of_Time_and_Truth" title="The Triumph of Time and Truth">The Triumph of Time and Truth</a> which premiered on 23 March.<a href="#cite_note-CHRISSOCHOIDIS,_I._2008-136">[116]</a> In April Handel suffered a mild stroke, or rheumatic palsy, resulting in temporary paralysis in his right hand and arm. After brief signs of a recovery, he had a relapse in May, with an accompanying deterioration in his mental capacities. He had strong competition from <a href="/wiki/John_Frederick_Lampe" title="John Frederick Lampe">John Frederick Lampe</a>; <a href="/wiki/The_Dragon_of_Wantley_(opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dragon of Wantley (opera)">The Dragon of Wantley</a> was first performed at the Little Theatre in the Haymarket in London on 16 May 1737. It was a parody of the Italian <a href="/wiki/Opera_seria" title="Opera seria">opera seria</a>. In Autumn 1737 the fatigued Handel reluctantly followed the advice of his physicians and went to take the cure in the <a href="/wiki/Spa_town" title="Spa town">spa towns</a> of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Tunbridge_Wells" title="Royal Tunbridge Wells">Royal Tunbridge Wells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aix-la-Chapelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Aix-la-Chapelle">Aix-la-Chapelle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Burtscheid" title="Burtscheid">Burtscheid</a>) in September.<a href="#cite_note-CHRISSOCHOIDIS,_I._2008-136">[116]</a> All the symptoms of his "disorder" vanished by November. On Christmas Eve Handel finished the score of <a href="/wiki/Faramondo" title="Faramondo">Faramondo</a>, but its composition was interrupted by that of the <a href="/wiki/The_Ways_of_Zion_Do_Mourn_/_Funeral_Anthem_for_Queen_Caroline" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ways of Zion Do Mourn / Funeral Anthem for Queen Caroline">Funeral Anthem for Queen Caroline</a>. On Boxing Day he began the composition of <a href="/wiki/Serse" title="Serse">Serse</a>, the only comic opera that Handel ever wrote and worked with <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Duparc" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeth Duparc">Elisabeth Duparc</a>. A harp and organ concerto (HWV 294) and Alexander's Feast were published in 1738 by <a href="/wiki/John_Walsh_(printer)" title="John Walsh (printer)">John Walsh</a>. He composed music for a <a href="/wiki/Musical_clock" title="Musical clock">musical clock</a> with a pipe organ built by Charles Clay; it was bought by <a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Braamcamp" title="Gerrit Braamcamp">Gerrit Braamcamp</a> and was in 2016 acquired by the <a href="/wiki/Museum_Speelklok" title="Museum Speelklok">Museum Speelklok</a> in Utrecht.<a href="#cite_note-137">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/Deidamia_(opera)" title="Deidamia (opera)">Deidamia</a>, his last opera, a co-production with the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Darcy,_4th_Earl_of_Holderness" title="Robert Darcy, 4th Earl of Holderness">Earl of Holderness</a>,<a href="#cite_note-139">[119]</a> was performed three times in 1741. Handel gave up the opera business, while he enjoyed more success with his English oratorios.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2013-140">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oratorio">Oratorio</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Frideric_Handel&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Oratorio">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_George_Frideric_Handel#Oratorios" title="List of compositions by George Frideric Handel">List of compositions by George Frideric Handel § Oratorios</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:379px;max-width:379px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:183px;max-width:183px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Retrato_de_HandelFXD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Retrato_de_HandelFXD.jpg/181px-Retrato_de_HandelFXD.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Retrato_de_HandelFXD.jpg/272px-Retrato_de_HandelFXD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Retrato_de_HandelFXD.jpg/362px-Retrato_de_HandelFXD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1503" data-file-height="2105" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Portrait of Handel next to his harpsichord, painted by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Mercier" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Mercier">Philip Mercier</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1730)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Handel_harpsichord_(first_quarter_of_the_18th_century,_London)_by_William_Smith,_with_an_inscription_Gulielmus_Smith_Londini_fecit_-_Bate_Collection,_University_of_Oxford_(2007-01-17_@pxhere_1344710).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Handel_harpsichord_%28first_quarter_of_the_18th_century%2C_London%29_by_William_Smith%2C_with_an_inscription_Gulielmus_Smith_Londini_fecit_-_Bate_Collection%2C_University_of_Oxford_%282007-01-17_%40pxhere_1344710%29.jpg/190px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Handel_harpsichord_%28first_quarter_of_the_18th_century%2C_London%29_by_William_Smith%2C_with_an_inscription_Gulielmus_Smith_Londini_fecit_-_Bate_Collection%2C_University_of_Oxford_%282007-01-17_%40pxhere_1344710%29.jpg/285px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Handel_harpsichord_%28first_quarter_of_the_18th_century%2C_London%29_by_William_Smith%2C_with_an_inscription_Gulielmus_Smith_Londini_fecit_-_Bate_Collection%2C_University_of_Oxford_%282007-01-17_%40pxhere_1344710%29.jpg/380px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Handel's harpsichord made by William Smith (18th c.)<a href="#cite_note-Cole1993-141">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bate_Collection_of_Musical_Instruments" title="Bate Collection of Musical Instruments">Bate Collection</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Music,_University_of_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Faculty of Music, University of Oxford">Faculty of Music</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a></div></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Il_trionfo_del_tempo_e_del_disinganno" class="mw-redirect" title="Il trionfo del tempo e del disinganno">Il trionfo del tempo e del disinganno</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegory</a>, Handel's first oratorio<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarx1998243-142">[122]</a> was composed in Italy in 1707, followed by <a href="/wiki/La_resurrezione" title="La resurrezione">La resurrezione</a> in 1708 which uses material from the Bible. The circumstances of <a href="/wiki/Esther_(Handel)" title="Esther (Handel)">Esther</a> and its first performance, possibly in 1718, are obscure.<a href="#cite_note-143">[123]</a> Another 12 years had passed when an act of piracy caused him to take up Esther once again.<a href="#cite_note-144">[124]</a> Three earlier performances aroused such interest that they naturally prompted the idea of introducing it to a larger public. Next came <a href="/wiki/Deborah_(Handel)" title="Deborah (Handel)">Deborah</a>, strongly coloured by the coronation anthems<a href="#cite_note-145">[125]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Athalia_(Handel)" title="Athalia (Handel)">Athaliah</a>, his third English Oratorio.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarx199848-146">[126]</a> In these three oratorios Handel laid the foundation for the traditional use of the chorus which marks his later oratorios.<a href="#cite_note-147">[127]</a> Handel became sure of himself, broader in his presentation, and more diverse in his composition.<a href="#cite_note-148">[128]</a> It is evident how much he learned from <a href="/wiki/Arcangelo_Corelli" title="Arcangelo Corelli">Arcangelo Corelli</a> about writing for instruments, and from <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Scarlatti" title="Alessandro Scarlatti">Alessandro Scarlatti</a> about writing for the solo voice; but there is no single composer who taught him how to write for chorus.<a href="#cite_note-149">[129]</a> Handel tended more and more to replace Italian soloists with English ones. The most significant reason for this change was the dwindling financial returns from his operas.<a href="#cite_note-150">[130]</a> Thus a tradition was created for oratorios which was to govern their future performance. The performances were given without costumes and action; the singers appeared in their own clothes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrows1994217-151">[131]</a> In 1736, Handel produced <a href="/wiki/Alexander%27s_Feast_(Handel)" title="Alexander's Feast (Handel)">Alexander's Feast</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Beard_(tenor)" title="John Beard (tenor)">John Beard</a> appeared for the first time as one of Handel's principal singers and became Handel's permanent tenor soloist for the rest of Handel's life.<a href="#cite_note-152">[132]</a> The piece was a great success and it encouraged Handel to make the transition from writing Italian operas to English choral works. In <a href="/wiki/Saul_(Handel)" title="Saul (Handel)">Saul</a>, Handel was collaborating with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Jennens" title="Charles Jennens">Charles Jennens</a> and experimenting with three trombones, a carillon and extra-large military kettledrums (from the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>), to be sure "...it will be most excessive noisy".<a href="#cite_note-153">[133]</a> Saul and <a href="/wiki/Israel_in_Egypt" title="Israel in Egypt">Israel in Egypt</a>, both from 1739, head the list of great, mature oratorios, in which the da capo aria became the exception and not the rule.<a href="#cite_note-154">[134]</a> Israel in Egypt consists of little else but choruses, borrowing from the <a href="/wiki/The_Ways_of_Zion_Do_Mourn_/_Funeral_Anthem_for_Queen_Caroline" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ways of Zion Do Mourn / Funeral Anthem for Queen Caroline">Funeral Anthem for Queen Caroline</a>. In his next works, Handel changed his course. In these works he laid greater stress on the effects of orchestra and soloists; the chorus retired into the background.<a href="#cite_note-155">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/L%27Allegro,_il_Penseroso_ed_il_Moderato" title="L'Allegro, il Penseroso ed il Moderato">L'Allegro, il Penseroso ed il Moderato</a> has a rather diverting character; the work is light and fresh. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Handel_-_messiah_-_44_hallelujah.ogg" title="File:Handel - messiah - 44 hallelujah.ogg">Hallelujah Chorus, from Messiah (1741)</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="228" data-mwtitle="Handel_-_messiah_-_44_hallelujah.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Handel_-_messiah_-_44_hallelujah.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ce/Handel_-_messiah_-_44_hallelujah.ogg/Handel_-_messiah_-_44_hallelujah.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHandel_-_messiah_-_44_hallelujah.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div> <div class="description">The text from <a href="/wiki/Messiah_(Handel)" title="Messiah (Handel)">Messiah</a> was compiled by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Jennens" title="Charles Jennens">Charles Jennens</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Authorized_King_James_Version" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorized King James Version">King James Bible</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Handel_-_Arrival_of_the_Queen_of_Sheba.ogg" title="File:Handel - Arrival of the Queen of Sheba.ogg">Arrival of the Queen of Sheba, from Solomon (1748)</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="201" data-mwtitle="Handel_-_Arrival_of_the_Queen_of_Sheba.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2d/Handel_-_Arrival_of_the_Queen_of_Sheba.ogg/Handel_-_Arrival_of_the_Queen_of_Sheba.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Handel_-_Arrival_of_the_Queen_of_Sheba.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_(Handel)" title="Solomon (Handel)">Solomon</a> was first performed at London's Covent Garden Theatre on 17 March 1749, with Act 3, "The Arrival of the Queen of Sheba", now its most played piece.<a href="#cite_note-156">[136]</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> During the summer of 1741, the <a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_3rd_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 3rd Duke of Devonshire">3rd Duke of Devonshire</a> invited Handel to <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a>, to give concerts for the benefit of local hospitals.<a href="#cite_note-157">[137]</a> Composed in London between 22 August and 14 September 1741, Handel's <a href="/wiki/Messiah_(Handel)" title="Messiah (Handel)">Messiah</a> was first performed at the <a href="/wiki/Neale%27s_Musick_Hall,_Dublin" title="Neale's Musick Hall, Dublin">New Music Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fishamble_Street" title="Fishamble Street">Fishamble Street</a>, Dublin on 13 April 1742, with 26 boys and five men from the combined choirs of <a href="/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Dublin" title="St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin">St Patrick's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral,_Dublin" title="Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin">Christ Church</a> cathedrals participating.<a href="#cite_note-158">[138]</a> Handel secured a balance between soloists and chorus which he never surpassed. In 1747, Handel wrote his oratorio Alexander Balus. This work was produced at Covent Garden Theatre in London, on 23 March 1748, and to the aria Hark! hark! He strikes the golden lyre, Handel wrote the accompaniment for <a href="/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin">mandolin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harp</a>, violin, viola, and <a href="/wiki/Violoncello" class="mw-redirect" title="Violoncello">violoncello</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBone1914142–44-159">[139]</a> Another of his English oratorios, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_(Handel)" title="Solomon (Handel)">Solomon</a>, was first performed on 17 March 1749 at the Covent Garden Theatre.<a href="#cite_note-Handel_Institute-160">[140]</a> The text for Solomon is thought to have been penned by the English Jewish poet and playwright <a href="/wiki/Moses_Mendes" class="mw-redirect" title="Moses Mendes">Moses Mendes</a>, based on the biblical stories of the wise <a href="/wiki/King_Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="King Solomon">king Solomon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[141]</a> Solomon contains a short and lively instrumental passage for two oboes and strings in act 3, known as "The Arrival of the Queen of Sheba".<a href="#cite_note-162">[142]</a> The use of English soloists reached its height at the first performance of <a href="/wiki/Samson_(Handel)" title="Samson (Handel)">Samson</a>. The work is highly theatrical. The role of the chorus became increasingly important in his later oratorios. <a href="/wiki/Jephtha_(Handel)" title="Jephtha (Handel)">Jephtha</a> was first performed on 26 February 1752; even though it was his last oratorio, it was no less a masterpiece than his earlier works.<a href="#cite_note-163">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years">Later years</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Frideric_Handel&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Later years">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Will_of_George_Frideric_Handel" title="Will of George Frideric Handel">Will of George Frideric Handel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Foundling_Hospital_with_an_admission_ticket_(BM_1858,0417.578).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Arms_of_the_Foundling_Hospital_with_an_admission_ticket_%28BM_1858%2C0417.578%29.jpg/220px-Arms_of_the_Foundling_Hospital_with_an_admission_ticket_%28BM_1858%2C0417.578%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Arms_of_the_Foundling_Hospital_with_an_admission_ticket_%28BM_1858%2C0417.578%29.jpg/330px-Arms_of_the_Foundling_Hospital_with_an_admission_ticket_%28BM_1858%2C0417.578%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Arms_of_the_Foundling_Hospital_with_an_admission_ticket_%28BM_1858%2C0417.578%29.jpg/440px-Arms_of_the_Foundling_Hospital_with_an_admission_ticket_%28BM_1858%2C0417.578%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="1168" /></a><figcaption>Uncompleted admission ticket for the May 1750 performance of Messiah, including the arms of the venue, the <a href="/wiki/Foundling_Hospital" title="Foundling Hospital">Foundling Hospital</a> in London</figcaption></figure> In 1749, Handel composed <a href="/wiki/Music_for_the_Royal_Fireworks" title="Music for the Royal Fireworks">Music for the Royal Fireworks</a>; 12,000 people attended the first performance.<a href="#cite_note-164">[144]</a> In 1750, he arranged a performance of Messiah to benefit the <a href="/wiki/Foundling_Hospital" title="Foundling Hospital">Foundling Hospital</a>, a children's home in London. The performance was considered a great success and was followed by annual concerts that continued throughout his life. In recognition of his patronage, Handel was made a governor of the Hospital the day after his initial concert. He bequeathed a copy of Messiah to the institution upon his death.<a href="#cite_note-165">[145]</a> His involvement with the Foundling Hospital is today commemorated with a permanent exhibition in London's <a href="/wiki/Foundling_Museum" title="Foundling Museum">Foundling Museum</a>, which also holds the Gerald Coke Handel Collection. In addition to the Foundling Hospital, Handel also gave to a charity that assisted impoverished musicians and their families. In August 1750, on a journey back from Germany to London, Handel was seriously injured in a carriage accident between <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haarlem" title="Haarlem">Haarlem</a> in the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-166">[146]</a> In 1751, one eye started to fail. The cause was a <a href="/wiki/Cataract" title="Cataract">cataract</a> which was operated on by the great charlatan <a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_(oculist)" title="John Taylor (oculist)">Chevalier Taylor</a>. This did not improve his eyesight and possibly made it worse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2013-140">[120]</a> He was completely blind by 1752. He died in 1759 at home in Brook Street, at the age of 74. The last performance he attended was of Messiah. Handel was buried in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[147]</a> More than three thousand mourners attended his funeral, which was given full state honours. Handel never married and kept his personal life private. His initial <a href="/wiki/Will_of_George_Frideric_Handel" title="Will of George Frideric Handel">will</a> bequeathed the bulk of his estate to his niece Johanna, but four <a href="/wiki/Codicil_(will)" title="Codicil (will)">codicils</a> distributed much of his estate to other relations, servants, friends and charities.<a href="#cite_note-Muller-168">[148]</a> Handel owned an <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel%27s_art_collection" title="George Frideric Handel's art collection">art collection</a> that was auctioned posthumously in 1760.<a href="#cite_note-em.oxfordjournals.com_–_McGeary-169">[149]</a> The auction catalogue listed approximately seventy paintings and ten prints, his other paintings having been bequeathed.<a href="#cite_note-em.oxfordjournals.com_–_McGeary-169">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Frideric_Handel&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Works">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_George_Frideric_Handel" title="List of compositions by George Frideric Handel">List of compositions by George Frideric Handel</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_operas_by_George_Frideric_Handel" title="List of operas by George Frideric Handel">List of operas by George Frideric Handel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senesino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Senesino.jpg/170px-Senesino.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Senesino.jpg/255px-Senesino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Senesino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Senesino" title="Senesino">Senesino</a>, the famous <a href="/wiki/Castrato" title="Castrato">castrato</a> from <a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Siena</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Frideric_Handel&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> Handel's compositions include 42 operas, 24 oratorios, more than 120 cantatas, trios and duets, numerous arias, odes and serenatas, solo and trio sonatas, 18 concerti grossi, and 12 organ concertos. His most famous work, the oratorio <a href="/wiki/Messiah_(Handel)" title="Messiah (Handel)">Messiah</a> with its "Hallelujah" chorus, is among the most popular works in choral music. The <a href="/wiki/Lobkowicz_Palace" title="Lobkowicz Palace">Lobkowicz Palace</a> in Prague holds <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart's</a> copy of Messiah, complete with handwritten annotations. Among the works with opus numbers published and popularised in his lifetime are the <a href="/wiki/Organ_concertos,_Op._4_(Handel)" title="Organ concertos, Op. 4 (Handel)">Organ concertos Op. 4</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organ_concertos,_Op._7_(Handel)" title="Organ concertos, Op. 7 (Handel)">Op. 7</a>, together with the <a href="/wiki/Concerti_Grossi,_Op._3_(Handel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Concerti Grossi, Op. 3 (Handel)">Opus 3</a> and <a href="/wiki/Concerti_grossi,_Op._6_(Handel)" title="Concerti grossi, Op. 6 (Handel)">Opus 6 Concerti grossi</a>; the latter incorporates an earlier organ concerto, <a href="/wiki/The_Cuckoo_and_the_Nightingale_(concerto)" title="The Cuckoo and the Nightingale (concerto)">The Cuckoo and the Nightingale</a>, in which birdsong is imitated in the upper registers of the organ. Also notable are his 16 keyboard suites, especially <a href="/wiki/The_Harmonious_Blacksmith" title="The Harmonious Blacksmith">The Harmonious Blacksmith</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catalogues">Catalogues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Frideric_Handel&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Catalogues">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haendel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Haendel.jpg/200px-Haendel.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Haendel.jpg/300px-Haendel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Haendel.jpg/400px-Haendel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="714" /></a><figcaption>Handel in 1733, by <a href="/wiki/Balthasar_Denner" title="Balthasar Denner">Balthasar Denner</a> (1685–1749)</figcaption></figure> The first published catalogue of Handel's works appeared as an appendix to Mainwaring's Memoirs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMainwaring1760145–55-170">[150]</a> Between 1787 and 1797 <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Arnold_(composer)" title="Samuel Arnold (composer)">Samuel Arnold</a> compiled a 180-volume collection of Handel's works—however, it was far from complete.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean1982116-171">[151]</a> Also incomplete was the collection produced between 1843 and 1858 by the English Handel Society (founded by <a href="/wiki/George_Alexander_Macfarren" title="George Alexander Macfarren">Sir George Macfarren</a>).<a href="#cite_note-172">[152]</a> The 105-volume <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4ndel-Gesellschaft" title="Händel-Gesellschaft">Händel-Gesellschaft</a> ("Handel Society") edition was published between 1858 and 1902 – mainly due to the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Chrysander" title="Friedrich Chrysander">Friedrich Chrysander</a>. For modern performance, the realisation of the basso continuo reflects 19th-century practice. Vocal scores drawn from the edition were published by <a href="/wiki/Novello_%26_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="Novello & Co">Novello</a> in London, but some scores, such as the vocal score to Samson, are incomplete. The continuing <a href="/wiki/Hallische_H%C3%A4ndel-Ausgabe" title="Hallische Händel-Ausgabe">Hallische Händel-Ausgabe</a> edition was first inaugurated in 1955 in the <a href="/wiki/Halle_(region)" title="Halle (region)">Halle</a> region in <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a>, East Germany. It did not start as a critical edition, but after heavy criticism of the first volumes, which were performing editions without a critical apparatus (for example, the opera Serse was published with the title character recast as a tenor, reflecting pre-war German practice), it repositioned itself as a critical edition. Influenced in part by cold-war realities, editorial work was inconsistent: misprints were found in abundance and editors failed to consult important sources. In 1985, a committee was formed to establish better standards for the edition. The reunification of Germany in 1990 removed communication problems, and the volumes issued have since shown a significant improvement in standards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2013-140">[120]</a> Between 1978 and 1986 the German academic <a href="/wiki/Bernd_Baselt" title="Bernd Baselt">Bernd Baselt</a> catalogued Handel's works in his <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4ndel-Werke-Verzeichnis" title="Händel-Werke-Verzeichnis">Händel-Werke-Verzeichnis</a> publication. The catalogue has achieved wide acceptance and is used as the modern numbering system, with each of Handel's works designated an "HWV" number – for example, Messiah is catalogued as "HWV 56".<a href="#cite_note-173">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Frideric_Handel&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Masquerade_at_the_King%27s_Theatre_Haymarket_c1724.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Masquerade_at_the_King%27s_Theatre_Haymarket_c1724.jpg/240px-Masquerade_at_the_King%27s_Theatre_Haymarket_c1724.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Masquerade_at_the_King%27s_Theatre_Haymarket_c1724.jpg/360px-Masquerade_at_the_King%27s_Theatre_Haymarket_c1724.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Masquerade_at_the_King%27s_Theatre_Haymarket_c1724.jpg/480px-Masquerade_at_the_King%27s_Theatre_Haymarket_c1724.jpg 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>A Masquerade at the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Theatre,_Haymarket" class="mw-redirect" title="King's Theatre, Haymarket">King's Theatre, Haymarket</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1724), attributed to <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Grisoni" title="Giuseppe Grisoni">Giuseppe Grisoni</a></figcaption></figure> Handel's works were collected and preserved by two men: <a href="/wiki/Sir_Samuel_Hellier" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Samuel Hellier">Sir Samuel Hellier</a>, a country squire whose musical acquisitions form the nucleus of the Shaw–Hellier Collection,<a href="#cite_note-174">[154]</a> and the abolitionist <a href="/wiki/Granville_Sharp" title="Granville Sharp">Granville Sharp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[155]</a> The catalogue accompanying the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery</a> exhibition marking the tercentenary of the composer's birth calls them two men of the late eighteenth century "who have left us solid evidence of the means by which they indulged their enthusiasm".<a href="#cite_note-176">[156]</a> With his English oratorios, such as <a href="/wiki/Messiah_(Handel)" title="Messiah (Handel)">Messiah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solomon_(Handel)" title="Solomon (Handel)">Solomon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_anthem#Handel's_coronation_anthems" title="Coronation anthem">coronation anthems</a>, and other works including <a href="/wiki/Water_Music" title="Water Music">Water Music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_for_the_Royal_Fireworks" title="Music for the Royal Fireworks">Music for the Royal Fireworks</a>, Handel became a national icon in Britain, and featured in the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> series The Birth of British Music: Handel – The Conquering Hero.<a href="#cite_note-177">[157]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HandelVA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/HandelVA.jpg/200px-HandelVA.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/HandelVA.jpg/300px-HandelVA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/HandelVA.jpg/400px-HandelVA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="631" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A carved <a href="/wiki/George_Frederick_Handel_(Roubiliac)" title="George Frederick Handel (Roubiliac)">marble statue of Handel</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a>, London, created in 1738 by <a href="/wiki/Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Roubiliac" title="Louis-François Roubiliac">Louis-François Roubiliac</a></figcaption></figure> After his death, Handel's Italian operas fell into obscurity, except for selections such as the aria from <a href="/wiki/Serse" title="Serse">Serse</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Ombra_mai_fu" title="Ombra mai fu">Ombra mai fu</a>". The oratorios continued to be performed but not long after Handel's death they were thought to need some modernisation, and Mozart orchestrated German versions of Messiah and other works. Throughout the 19th century and first half of the 20th century, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">Anglophone</a> countries, his reputation rested primarily on his English oratorios, which were customarily performed by choruses of amateur singers on solemn occasions. The centenary of his death, in 1859, was celebrated by a performance of Messiah at <a href="/wiki/The_Crystal_Palace" title="The Crystal Palace">The Crystal Palace</a>, involving 2,765 singers and 460 instrumentalists, who played for an audience of about 10,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-178">[158]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Handel_-_Zadok_the_Priest,_HWV_258_(St_Matthew%27s_Concert_Choir,_Giromella).oga" title="File:Handel - Zadok the Priest, HWV 258 (St Matthew's Concert Choir, Giromella).oga">Zadok the Priest (1727)</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="363" data-mwtitle="Handel_-_Zadok_the_Priest,_HWV_258_(St_Matthew's_Concert_Choir,_Giromella).oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Handel_-_Zadok_the_Priest%2C_HWV_258_%28St_Matthew%27s_Concert_Choir%2C_Giromella%29.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/32/Handel_-_Zadok_the_Priest%2C_HWV_258_%28St_Matthew%27s_Concert_Choir%2C_Giromella%29.oga/Handel_-_Zadok_the_Priest%2C_HWV_258_%28St_Matthew%27s_Concert_Choir%2C_Giromella%29.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHandel_-_Zadok_the_Priest%2C_HWV_258_%28St_Matthew%27s_Concert_Choir%2C_Giromella%29.oga&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Composed for the coronation of <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">King George II</a> in 1727, <a href="/wiki/Zadok_the_Priest" title="Zadok the Priest">Zadok the Priest</a> has been performed at every subsequent <a href="/wiki/British_coronation" class="mw-redirect" title="British coronation">British coronation</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> Recent decades have revived his secular cantatas and what one might call 'secular oratorios' or 'concert operas'. Of the former, <a href="/wiki/Ode_for_St._Cecilia%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Ode for St. Cecilia's Day">Ode for St. Cecilia's Day</a> (1739) (set to texts by <a href="/wiki/John_Dryden" title="John Dryden">John Dryden</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Ode_for_the_Birthday_of_Queen_Anne" title="Ode for the Birthday of Queen Anne">Ode for the Birthday of Queen Anne</a> (1713) are noteworthy. For his secular oratorios, Handel turned to classical mythology for subjects, producing such works as <a href="/wiki/Acis_and_Galatea_(Handel)" title="Acis and Galatea (Handel)">Acis and Galatea</a> (1719), <a href="/wiki/Hercules_(Handel)" title="Hercules (Handel)">Hercules</a> (1745) and <a href="/wiki/Semele_(Handel)" title="Semele (Handel)">Semele</a> (1744). These works have a close kinship with the sacred oratorios, particularly in the vocal writing for the English-language texts. They also share the lyrical and dramatic qualities of Handel's Italian operas. As such, they are sometimes fully staged as operas. With the rediscovery of his theatrical works, Handel, in addition to his renown as instrumentalist, orchestral writer, and melodist, is now perceived as being one of opera's great musical dramatists. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reception">Reception</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Frideric_Handel&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a>]</div> Handel has generally been accorded high esteem by fellow composers, both in his own time and since.<a href="#cite_note-179">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Johann Sebastian Bach</a> attempted, unsuccessfully, to meet Handel while he was visiting <a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[160]</a> (Handel was born in the same year as Bach and <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Scarlatti" title="Domenico Scarlatti">Domenico Scarlatti</a>.) <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a> is reputed to have said of him, "Handel understands <a href="/wiki/Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">affect</a> better than any of us. When he chooses, he strikes like a thunder bolt."<a href="#cite_note-YoungMM-181">[161]</a> To <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a> he was "the master of us all... the greatest composer that ever lived. I would uncover my head and kneel before his tomb."<a href="#cite_note-YoungMM-181">[161]</a> Beethoven emphasised above all the simplicity and popular appeal of Handel's music when he said, "Go to him to learn how to achieve great effects, by such simple means." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Borrowings">Borrowings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Frideric_Handel&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Borrowings">edit</a>]</div> Since 1831, when <a href="/wiki/William_Crotch" title="William Crotch">William Crotch</a> raised the issue in his Substance of Several Lectures on Music, scholars have extensively studied Handel's "borrowing" of music from other composers. Summarising the field in 2005, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Taruskin" title="Richard Taruskin">Richard Taruskin</a> wrote that Handel "seems to have been the champion of all <a href="/wiki/Parody_music" title="Parody music">parodists</a>, adapting both his own works and those of other composers in unparalleled numbers and with unparalleled exactitude."<a href="#cite_note-182">[162]</a> Among the composers whose music Handel apparently reused are <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Stradella" title="Alessandro Stradella">Alessandro Stradella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Muffat" title="Gottlieb Muffat">Gottlieb Muffat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Scarlatti" title="Alessandro Scarlatti">Alessandro Scarlatti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Scarlatti" title="Domenico Scarlatti">Domenico Scarlatti</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Carissimi" title="Giacomo Carissimi">Giacomo Carissimi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann" title="Georg Philipp Telemann">Georg Philipp Telemann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Heinrich_Graun" title="Carl Heinrich Graun">Carl Heinrich Graun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Vinci" title="Leonardo Vinci">Leonardo Vinci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Gallus" title="Jacobus Gallus">Jacobus Gallus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Antonio_Urio" title="Francesco Antonio Urio">Francesco Antonio Urio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Keiser" title="Reinhard Keiser">Reinhard Keiser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Gasparini" title="Francesco Gasparini">Francesco Gasparini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Bononcini" title="Giovanni Bononcini">Giovanni Bononcini</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Boyce_(composer)" title="William Boyce (composer)">William Boyce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Lawes" title="Henry Lawes">Henry Lawes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Wise_(musician)" title="Michael Wise (musician)">Michael Wise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agostino_Steffani" title="Agostino Steffani">Agostino Steffani</a>, Franz Johann Habermann, and numerous others.<a href="#cite_note-184">[164]</a> In an essay published in 1985, John H. Roberts demonstrated that Handel's borrowings were unusually frequent even for his own era, enough to have been criticised by contemporaries (notably <a href="/wiki/Johann_Mattheson" title="Johann Mattheson">Johann Mattheson</a>); Roberts suggested several reasons for Handel's practice, including Handel's attempts to make certain works sound more up-to-date and, more radically, his "basic lack of facility in inventing original ideas" – though Roberts took care to argue that this does not "diminish Handel's stature", which should be "judged not by his methods, still less by his motives in employing them, but solely by the effects he achieves."<a href="#cite_note-185">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homages">Homages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Frideric_Handel&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Homages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:397px;max-width:397px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:216px;max-width:216px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Westminster-Handel-Commemoration-1784.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Westminster-Handel-Commemoration-1784.png/214px-Westminster-Handel-Commemoration-1784.png" decoding="async" width="214" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Westminster-Handel-Commemoration-1784.png/321px-Westminster-Handel-Commemoration-1784.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Westminster-Handel-Commemoration-1784.png/428px-Westminster-Handel-Commemoration-1784.png 2x" data-file-width="2123" data-file-height="2731" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The chorus, orchestra and organ in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>, London during the <a href="/wiki/Handel_Commemoration" title="Handel Commemoration">Handel Commemoration</a> in 1784</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Handel-Westminster.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Handel-Westminster.png/175px-Handel-Westminster.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Handel-Westminster.png/263px-Handel-Westminster.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Handel-Westminster.png/350px-Handel-Westminster.png 2x" data-file-width="1754" data-file-height="2754" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Handel's monument in the Abbey with the plaque recording his commemoration</div></div></div></div></div> After Handel's death, many composers wrote works based on or inspired by his music. The first movement from <a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Louis Spohr</a>'s Symphony No. 6, Op. 116, "The Age of Bach and Handel", resembles two melodies from Handel's Messiah. In 1797, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a> published the 12 Variations in G major on "See the conqu’ring hero comes" from Judas Maccabaeus by Handel, for cello and piano. In 1822, Beethoven composed the overture <a href="/wiki/The_Consecration_of_the_House_(overture)" title="The Consecration of the House (overture)">The Consecration of the House</a>, which also bears the influence of Handel. Guitar virtuoso <a href="/wiki/Mauro_Giuliani" title="Mauro Giuliani">Mauro Giuliani</a> composed his Variations on a Theme by Handel, Op. 107 for guitar, based on Handel's Suite No. 5 in E major, HWV 430, for harpsichord. In 1861, using a theme from the second of Handel's harpsichord suites, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a> wrote the <a href="/wiki/Variations_and_Fugue_on_a_Theme_by_Handel" title="Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Handel">Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Handel</a>, Op. 24, one of his most successful works (praised by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>). Several works by the French composer <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix-Alexandre_Guilmant" class="mw-redirect" title="Félix-Alexandre Guilmant">Félix-Alexandre Guilmant</a> use Handel's themes; for example, his March on a Theme by Handel uses a theme from Messiah. French composer and flautist <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Gaubert" title="Philippe Gaubert">Philippe Gaubert</a> wrote his Petite marche for flute and piano based on the fourth movement of Handel's Trio Sonata, Op. 5, No. 2, HWV 397. <a href="/wiki/Argentine_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine people">Argentine</a> composer <a href="/wiki/Luis_Gianneo" title="Luis Gianneo">Luis Gianneo</a> composed his Variations on a Theme by Handel for piano. In 1911, Australian-born composer and pianist <a href="/wiki/Percy_Grainger" title="Percy Grainger">Percy Grainger</a> based one of his most famous works on the final movement of Handel's Suite No. 5 in E major (just like Giuliani). He first wrote some variations on the theme, which he titled Variations on Handel's 'The Harmonious Blacksmith' . Then he used the first sixteen bars of his set of variations to create Handel in the Strand, one of his most beloved pieces, of which he made several versions (for example, the piano solo version from 1930). <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a>'s Concerto for String Quartet and Orchestra in B-flat major (1933) was composed after Handel's Concerto Grosso, Op. 6/7.<a href="#cite_note-186">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Veneration">Veneration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Frideric_Handel&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Veneration">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Lutheran)" title="Calendar of saints (Lutheran)">Lutheran Calendar of Saints</a> Handel and Bach share the date 28 July with <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Heinrich Schütz</a>, and Handel and Bach are commemorated in the calendar of saints prepared by the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Luke" title="Order of Saint Luke">Order of Saint Luke</a> for the use of the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[167]</a> The Book of Common Worship of the Presbyterian Church (USA) (Westminster John Knox Press, 2018) commemorates him on 20 April. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fictional_depictions">Fictional depictions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Frideric_Handel&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Fictional depictions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Category:George_Frideric_Handel_in_fiction" title="Category:George Frideric Handel in fiction">Category:George Frideric Handel in fiction</a></div> In 1942, Handel was the subject of the British biographical film <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Mr._Handel" title="The Great Mr. Handel">The Great Mr. Handel</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Walker_(director)" title="Norman Walker (director)">Norman Walker</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Lawson_(actor)" title="Wilfrid Lawson (actor)">Wilfrid Lawson</a>. It was made at <a href="/wiki/Denham_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Denham Studios">Denham Studios</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Rank_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Rank Organisation">Rank Organisation</a>, and shot in <a href="/wiki/Technicolor" title="Technicolor">Technicolor</a>. He is also the central character in the television films <a href="/wiki/God_Rot_Tunbridge_Wells!" title="God Rot Tunbridge Wells!">God Rot Tunbridge Wells!</a> (1985) and <a href="/wiki/Handel%27s_Last_Chance" title="Handel's Last Chance">Handel's Last Chance</a> (1996) and the stage play <a href="/wiki/All_the_Angels" title="All the Angels">All the Angels</a> (2015). Handel was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Jeroen_Krabb%C3%A9" title="Jeroen Krabbé">Jeroen Krabbé</a> as the antagonist in the film <a href="/wiki/Farinelli_(film)" title="Farinelli (film)">Farinelli</a> (1994). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Frideric_Handel&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Muffat" title="Gottlieb Muffat">Gottlieb Muffat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handel_Reference_Database" title="Handel Reference Database">Handel Reference Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letters_and_writings_of_George_Frideric_Handel" title="Letters and writings of George Frideric Handel">Letters and writings of George Frideric Handel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publications_by_Friedrich_Chrysander" title="Publications by Friedrich Chrysander">Publications by Friedrich Chrysander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentine_Snow" title="Valentine Snow">Valentine Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drexel_5856" title="Drexel 5856">Drexel 5856</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes,_references_and_sources">Notes, references and sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Frideric_Handel&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes, references and sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Frideric_Handel&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/handel">"Handel"</a> entry in <a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a> gives the common variant "George Frederick" (used in his will and on his funeral monument) alongside the pronunciation of his last name. The spelling "Frideric" is used on his 1727 application for British citizenship. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> According to baptismal records in Halle's parish church,<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a> the Lutheran <a href="/wiki/Marktkirche_Unser_Lieben_Frauen" title="Marktkirche Unser Lieben Frauen">Marktkirche Unser Lieben Frauen</a>, he used the form Friedrich, which is universally used in German. The records of that church also show that the family name was spelt on various occasions at least four other ways: Hendel, Händeler, Hendeler and Hendtler, but most commonly Händel. In Italy, he spelt it Hendel, as it is pronounced in German. From the time he arrived in England, however, he consistently signed his name as George Frideric Handel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHogwood19841-3">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Handel's tomb in Westminster has the Old Style birth date of February XXIIII, MDCLXXXIV, giving the day of his baptism and using its <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a> style of counting the new year from 25 March.<a href="#cite_note-6">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Georg Händel (senior) was the son of a <a href="/wiki/Coppersmith" title="Coppersmith">coppersmith</a>, Valentin Händel (1582–1636), who had emigrated from <a href="/wiki/Eisleben" title="Eisleben">Eisleben</a> in 1608 with his first wife Anna Belching, the daughter of a master coppersmith. They were Protestants and chose reliably Protestant Saxony over <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg</a> possession, as religious tensions mounted in the years before the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsHofestädt2005144-15">[12]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Among the court musicians of Halle were <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Scheidt" title="Samuel Scheidt">Samuel Scheidt</a> (who also was organist at the Moritzkirche), <a href="/wiki/William_Brade" title="William Brade">William Brade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Praetorius" title="Michael Praetorius">Michael Praetorius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrows19941-18">[14]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Halle also was noted for the quality of its organ-builders. In 1712, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Bach</a> was intrigued by the organ at Marktkirche, and applied for the position that Zachow, Handel's teacher, vacated. He decided on <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a>, however.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196620-20">[15]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> This barber, Andreas Berger, happened to be the son-in-law of English émigré William Brade, court musician to Augustus in Weissenfels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsHofestädt2005144-15">[12]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Both Landon and Hogwood point out and to the extent possible correct the more obvious misstatements of facts and dates and inconsistencies of Mainwaring. See <a href="#CITEREFLandon1984">Landon 1984</a>, pp. 9–19; <a href="#CITEREFHogwood1984">Hogwood 1984</a>, pp. 11–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Victor_Sch%C5%93lcher" title="Victor Schœlcher">Schoelcher</a> suggests that Handel's "doctor" father observed Handel making musical sounds even before he could talk and this in the eyes of the son of a coppersmith "discovered instincts of so low an order …"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoelcher18573-34">[26]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> The year and purpose of the visit and why the meeting occurred are variously given. Schoelcher and Bone have it that Handel was seven and they were visiting a son by Georg's first marriage, who was in service to the Duke.<a href="#cite_note-42">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Chrysander" title="Friedrich Chrysander">Friedrich Chrysander</a> states that they were visiting the younger Handel's nephew, Carl (ten years his senior) who was the Duke's valet.<a href="#cite_note-43">[34]</a> Lang writes that Handel was nine and Handel's father, holding a court position, must have frequently travelled to Weissenfels, where the Duke had established a residence after <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> had annexed the city of Halle. Young Handel was taken along because he could be cared for by relatives of his late wife.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196611-39">[30]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> "His cantatas, often highly dramatic, are distinguished by very imaginative choral writing, colourful orchestration, and skilful handling of the concerted element."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196611–12-47">[37]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Handel not only applied Kerll's techniques and phrases in later compositions, he imported an entire movement composed by Kerll into <a href="/wiki/Israel_in_Egypt" title="Israel in Egypt">Israel in Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196614-53">[42]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Both Landon and Hogwood point out and to the extent possible correct the more obvious misstatements of facts and dates and inconsistencies of Mainwaring. See <a href="#CITEREFLandon1984">Landon 1984</a>, pp. 9–19; <a href="#CITEREFHogwood1984">Hogwood 1984</a>, pp. 11–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> There was no "king" in Berlin until 18 January 1701 when Frederick III, the Elector of Brandenburg, became <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick I of Prussia">Frederick I</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/King_in_Prussia" title="King in Prussia">King in Prussia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELandon198430_n.5-63">[50]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Among the careful authorities who accepted the trip taking place in 1698 were Handel's friend <a href="/wiki/Johann_Mattheson" title="Johann Mattheson">Johann Mattheson</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang1966166-67">[53]</a> and Burney.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoelcher18576-51">[40]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Records of the Marktkirche show that he took communion there in April of the years 1701–03.<a href="#cite_note-77">[62]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Handel was required by the terms of his appointment, among other things, "to play the organ fittingly at Divine Service, and for this purpose to pre-intone the prescribed Psalms and Spiritual Songs, and to have due care to whatever might be needful to the support of beautiful harmony …"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutsch19559-82">[66]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> The first mention of Handel from the time he took his last communion at the Marktkirche on 23 April<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutsch19559-82">[66]</a> is in Mattheson's annotated translation of Mainwaring (published in 1761) where he writes that he met Handel in the Organ loft of the Church of St. Mary Magdalena in Hamburg.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutsch195510-90">[73]</a> In his earlier Grunlage (published in 1740), he fixes the date as 9 July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattheson174029,_191-91">[74]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Mainwaring gives the cryptic explanation that since he had to earn a living from his profession, he had to find a place less distant than Berlin. Given that Hamburg's opera house was second only to Berlin's in repute, "it was resolved to send him thither on his own bottom, and chiefly with a view to improvement".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMainwaring176027–28-93">[75]</a> The passage suggests that Handel had already determined on secular dramatic music as a career, but who it was "to send him thither" is not explained. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> In 2000, the upper stories of 25 <a href="/wiki/Brook_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Brook Street">Brook Street</a> were leased to the Handel House Trust, and after extensive restoration, the <a href="/wiki/Handel_House_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Handel House Museum">Handel House Museum</a> opened to the public, with events including concerts of baroque music. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Frideric_Handel&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130519130520/http://www.haendelhaus.de/de/Haendel/Ausgestellte_Dokumente/#8">"Händel-Haus in Halle an der Saale – Handschriftliche Dokumente"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haendelhaus.de/de/Haendel/Ausgestellte_Dokumente/#8">the original</a> on 19 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=H%C3%A4ndel-Haus+in+Halle+an+der+Saale+%E2%80%93+Handschriftliche+Dokumente&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haendelhaus.de%2Fde%2FHaendel%2FAusgestellte_Dokumente%2F%238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHogwood19841-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHogwood19841_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHogwood1984">Hogwood 1984</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks1998614-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks1998614_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHicks1998">Hicks 1998</a>, p. 614. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-commemorations/commemorations/george-frederic-handel">George Frederic Handel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190529061513/https://www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-commemorations/commemorations/george-frederic-handel">Archived</a> 29 May 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Westminster Abbey. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/parliamentary-archives/archives-highlights/handel-and-naturalisation/">"British Citizen by Act of Parliament: George Frideric Handel"</a>. Parliament.uk. 14 April 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120504101508/http://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/parliamentary-archives/archives-highlights/handel-and-naturalisation/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2012. Retrieved 13 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Citizen+by+Act+of+Parliament%3A+George+Frideric+Handel&rft.pub=Parliament.uk&rft.date=2009-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fbusiness%2Fpublications%2Fparliamentary-archives%2Farchives-highlights%2Fhandel-and-naturalisation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODNB-9"><a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurrows2007">Burrows 2007</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHicks2013">Hicks 2013</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuelow2004476-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuelow2004476_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuelow2004">Buelow 2004</a>, p. 476. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean196919-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean196919_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDean1969">Dean 1969</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutsch1955">Deutsch 1955</a>, p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsHofestädt2005144–46-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsHofestädt2005144–46_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdamsHofestädt2005">Adams & Hofestädt 2005</a>, pp. 144–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsHofestädt2005144-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsHofestädt2005144_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsHofestädt2005144_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsHofestädt2005144_15-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdamsHofestädt2005">Adams & Hofestädt 2005</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdamsHofestädt2005">Adams & Hofestädt 2005</a>, p. 144; <a href="#CITEREFBurrows1994">Burrows 1994</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrows19941-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurrows19941_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurrows1994">Burrows 1994</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196620-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang196620_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang196620_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang196620_20-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLang1966">Lang 1966</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrows19941–2-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurrows19941–2_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurrows1994">Burrows 1994</a>, pp. 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196625–26-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang196625–26_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLang1966">Lang 1966</a>, pp. 25–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196610-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang196610_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang196610_25-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLang1966">Lang 1966</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdamsHofestädt2005144–45-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdamsHofestädt2005144–45_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdamsHofestädt2005">Adams & Hofestädt 2005</a>, pp. 144–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELandon19849-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandon19849_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLandon1984">Landon 1984</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutsch19556-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutsch19556_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutsch1955">Deutsch 1955</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutsch1955">Deutsch 1955</a>, p. 2; <a href="#CITEREFLandon1984">Landon 1984</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyhaupt1755625-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDreyhaupt1755625_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDreyhaupt1755">Dreyhaupt 1755</a>, p. 625. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaitlandSquire1890277-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaitlandSquire1890277_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaitlandSquire1890277_31-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaitlandSquire1890">Maitland & Squire 1890</a>, p. 277. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLandon1984">Landon 1984</a>, p. 10; <a href="#CITEREFSchoelcher1857">Schoelcher 1857</a>, p. 7 n.1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoelcher18573-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchoelcher18573_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchoelcher1857">Schoelcher 1857</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMainwaring17604–5-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMainwaring17604–5_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMainwaring1760">Mainwaring 1760</a>, pp. 4–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMainwaring17605-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMainwaring17605_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMainwaring1760">Mainwaring 1760</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoelcher18574-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchoelcher18574_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchoelcher1857">Schoelcher 1857</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196611-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang196611_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang196611_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang196611_39-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLang1966">Lang 1966</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDent20043–4-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDent20043–4_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDent2004">Dent 2004</a>, pp. 3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoelcher18575-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchoelcher18575_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchoelcher18575_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchoelcher18575_41-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchoelcher1857">Schoelcher 1857</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchoelcher1857">Schoelcher 1857</a>, p. 4; <a href="#CITEREFBone1914">Bone 1914</a>, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChrysander1858">Chrysander 1858</a>: Buch 1: 2. Kindheit. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchoelcher1857">Schoelcher 1857</a>, pp. 4–5; <a href="#CITEREFBone1914">Bone 1914</a>, p. 141; <a href="#CITEREFLang1966">Lang 1966</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLang1966">Lang 1966</a>, p. 11; <a href="#CITEREFBone1914">Bone 1914</a>, p. 141; <a href="#CITEREFSchoelcher1857">Schoelcher 1857</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196611–12-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang196611–12_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLang1966">Lang 1966</a>, pp. 11–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLang1966">Lang 1966</a>, p. 12; <a href="#CITEREFLandon1984">Landon 1984</a>, p. 15. See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeiffert1905" class="citation book cs1">Seiffert, Max (1905). "Preface to Volumes 21, 21 (Zachow)". <a href="/wiki/Denkm%C3%A4ler_deutscher_Tonkunst" title="Denkmäler deutscher Tonkunst">Denkmäler deutscher Tonkunst</a>. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härte.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface+to+Volumes+21%2C+21+%28Zachow%29&rft.btitle=Denkm%C3%A4ler+deutscher+Tonkunst&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Breitkopf+%26+H%C3%A4rte&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Seiffert&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchoelcher1857">Schoelcher 1857</a>, pp. 5–6. See also <a href="#CITEREFBone1914">Bone 1914</a>, pp. 141–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoelcher18576-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchoelcher18576_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchoelcher18576_51-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchoelcher1857">Schoelcher 1857</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196612-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang196612_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLang1966">Lang 1966</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196614-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang196614_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLang1966">Lang 1966</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196613–16-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang196613–16_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLang1966">Lang 1966</a>, pp. 13–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMainwaring176015-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMainwaring176015_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMainwaring1760">Mainwaring 1760</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMainwaring176016-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMainwaring176016_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMainwaring1760">Mainwaring 1760</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMainwaring176018-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMainwaring176018_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMainwaring176018_58-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMainwaring1760">Mainwaring 1760</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchoelcher1857">Schoelcher 1857</a>, p. 6; <a href="#CITEREFDeutsch1955">Deutsch 1955</a>, pp. 5–6 (inscription on Georg Händel's tombstone). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196619-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang196619_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang196619_61-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLang1966">Lang 1966</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutsch1955">Deutsch 1955</a>, pp. 6–8 (containing the poem and English translation). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELandon198430_n.5-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandon198430_n.5_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLandon1984">Landon 1984</a>, p. 30 n.5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMainwaring176024–25-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMainwaring176024–25_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMainwaring1760">Mainwaring 1760</a>, pp. 24–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMainwaring176029-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMainwaring176029_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMainwaring176029_66-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMainwaring1760">Mainwaring 1760</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELang1966166-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang1966166_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang1966166_67-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLang1966">Lang 1966</a>, p. 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoelcher18576–7-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchoelcher18576–7_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchoelcher1857">Schoelcher 1857</a>, pp. 6–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELandon198431_n.8-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandon198431_n.8_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLandon1984">Landon 1984</a>, p. 31 n.8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELandon198431_n.7-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandon198431_n.7_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLandon1984">Landon 1984</a>, p. 31 n.7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELandon198431_n.7_&_53-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELandon198431_n.7_&_53_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLandon1984">Landon 1984</a>, pp. 31 n.7 & 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDean1982">Dean 1982</a>, p. 2; <a href="#CITEREFDeutsch1955">Deutsch 1955</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLang1966">Lang 1966</a>, p. 20; <a href="#CITEREFDent2004">Dent 2004</a>, p. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196620–21-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang196620–21_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLang1966">Lang 1966</a>, pp. 20–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196621-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang196621_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLang1966">Lang 1966</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurrows1994">Burrows 1994</a>, p. 10; <a href="#CITEREFDeutsch1955">Deutsch 1955</a>, pp. 8, 9, 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDent20042-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDent20042_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDent2004">Dent 2004</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrows199420-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurrows199420_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurrows1994">Burrows 1994</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurrows1994">Burrows 1994</a>, pp. 10–11 translating <a href="#CITEREFMattheson1740">Mattheson 1740</a>, p. 359. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutsch19559-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutsch19559_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutsch19559_82-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutsch1955">Deutsch 1955</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196622_n.2-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang196622_n.2_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLang1966">Lang 1966</a>, p. 22 n.2. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLang1966">Lang 1966</a>, p. 22 translating <a href="#CITEREFMattheson1740">Mattheson 1740</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutsch19554_n.1-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutsch19554_n.1_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutsch1955">Deutsch 1955</a>, p. 4 n.1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196623-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang196623_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang196623_87-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLang1966">Lang 1966</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHogwood198421-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHogwood198421_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHogwood1984">Hogwood 1984</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest1985486–89-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBest1985486–89_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBest1985">Best 1985</a>, pp. 486–89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutsch195510-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutsch195510_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutsch1955">Deutsch 1955</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattheson174029,_191-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMattheson174029,_191_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMattheson1740">Mattheson 1740</a>, pp. 29, 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMainwaring176027–28-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMainwaring176027–28_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMainwaring1760">Mainwaring 1760</a>, pp. 27–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrows199411–13-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurrows199411–13_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurrows1994">Burrows 1994</a>, pp. 11–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELang196626-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang196626_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLang1966">Lang 1966</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrows199412-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurrows199412_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurrows1994">Burrows 1994</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurrows1994">Burrows 1994</a>, p. 18 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurrows1994">Burrows 1994</a>, p. 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris200137-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris200137_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris2001">Harris 2001</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Annette Landgraf, David Vickers, The Cambridge Handel Encyclopedia, Cambridge University Press, 2009, p. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurrows1994">Burrows 1994</a>, pp. 29–30 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMainwaring176052-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMainwaring176052_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMainwaring1760">Mainwaring 1760</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeanKnapp1987">Dean & Knapp 1987</a>, p. 129 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurrows1994">Burrows 1994</a>, p. 38 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeanKnapp1987">Dean & Knapp 1987</a>, pp. 173, 180 </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrowsCoffeyGreenacombeHicks2014" class="citation book cs1">Burrows, Donald; Coffey, Helen; Greenacombe, John; Hicks, Anthony (20 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180222094024/https://books.google.com/books?id=D-ycAwAAQBAJ&lpg=PT678&ots=e6uQ1ZEY4n&dq=Barn%20Elms%20Matthew%20Andrews&hl=nl&pg=PT678">George Frideric Handel: Volume 1, 1609–1725: Collected Documents</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107470118" title="Special:BookSources/9781107470118"><bdi>9781107470118</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D-ycAwAAQBAJ&dq=Barn+Elms+Matthew+Andrews&pg=PT678">the original</a> on 22 February 2018 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Frideric+Handel%3A+Volume+1%2C+1609%E2%80%931725%3A+Collected+Documents&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014-02-20&rft.isbn=9781107470118&rft.aulast=Burrows&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.au=Coffey%2C+Helen&rft.au=Greenacombe%2C+John&rft.au=Hicks%2C+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD-ycAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DBarn%2BElms%2BMatthew%2BAndrews%26pg%3DPT678&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNational_Portrait_Gallery">National Portrait Gallery</a>, p. 88 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> There is a tantalising suggestion by Handel's biographer, Jonathan Keates, that he may have come to London in 1710 and settled in 1712 as a spy for the eventual Hanoverian successor to Queen Anne, <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay2009" class="citation web cs1">Day, Peter (12 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7992395.stm">"How Handel played the markets"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305145810/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7992395.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=How+Handel+played+the+markets&rft.date=2009-04-12&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F7992395.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNational_Portrait_Gallery">National Portrait Gallery</a>, p. 92 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeanKnapp1987">Dean & Knapp 1987</a>, p. 286 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrows199477-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurrows199477_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurrows1994">Burrows 1994</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBukofzer1947333–35-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBukofzer1947333–35_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBukofzer1947">Bukofzer 1947</a>, pp. 333–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERolland191671-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERolland191671_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRolland1916">Rolland 1916</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeanKnapp1987">Dean & Knapp 1987</a>, p. 209 </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutsch1955">Deutsch 1955</a>, pp. 70–71 </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00jkt2z">"Handel's Finances"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140419082235/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00jkt2z">Archived</a> 19 April 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, on bbc.co.uk </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter2015" class="citation journal cs1">Hunter, David (14 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicologynow.org/handel-and-the-royal-african-company/">"Handel and the Royal African Company"</a>. Musicology Now. <a href="/wiki/American_Musicological_Society" title="American Musicological Society">American Musicological Society</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211126225840/https://musicologynow.org/handel-and-the-royal-african-company/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Musicology+Now&rft.atitle=Handel+and+the+Royal+African+Company&rft.date=2015-06-14&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmusicologynow.org%2Fhandel-and-the-royal-african-company%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.classicfm.com/composers/handel/royal-academy-of-music-decolonise-collection-slave-trade/">"Royal Academy of Music to 'decolonise' collection as composer linked to slave trade"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Classic_FM_(UK)" title="Classic FM (UK)">Classic FM</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211126225840/https://www.classicfm.com/composers/handel/royal-academy-of-music-decolonise-collection-slave-trade/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Classic+FM&rft.atitle=Royal+Academy+of+Music+to+%27decolonise%27+collection+as+composer+linked+to+slave+trade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.classicfm.com%2Fcomposers%2Fhandel%2Froyal-academy-of-music-decolonise-collection-slave-trade%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Antonia_Quirke" title="Antonia Quirke">Antonia Quirke</a>, “In Search of the Black Mozart: A Revealing Look at Handel’s Investment in the Slave Trade,” New Statesman (4 June 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/2015/06/search-black-mozart-new-radio-programme-reveals-handels-investment-slave-trade">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211201013013/https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/2015/06/search-black-mozart-new-radio-programme-reveals-handels-investment-slave-trade">Archived</a> 1 December 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; David Hunter, "Handel Manuscripts and the Profits of Slavery: The 'Granville' Collection at the British Library and the First Performing Score of Messiah Reconsidered," in Notes 76, no. 1 (Sept 2019): 27ff <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A601219355/AONE?u=nysl_oweb&sid=googleScholarFullText&xid=c81ddd20">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230321044355/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&u=nysl_oweb&id=GALE%7CA601219355&v=2.1&it=r&sid=googleScholarFullText&asid=c81ddd20">Archived</a> 21 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; "Artists respond to Handel’s investment in the transatlantic slave trade," St Paul Chamber Orchestra Blog (11 December 2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.thespco.org/blog/artists-respond-to-handels-investment-in-the-transatlantic-slave-trade/">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211201013014/https://www.thespco.org/blog/artists-respond-to-handels-investment-in-the-transatlantic-slave-trade/">Archived</a> 1 December 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutsch1955">Deutsch 1955</a>, p. 89 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDean2006">Dean 2006</a>, p. 226 According to Dean they could not have reached London before 1716. In 1743, Smith wrote in a letter that he had been in Handel's service for 24 years. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurrows1994">Burrows 1994</a>, p. 387 </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeutsch1955">Deutsch 1955</a>, p. 194 </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImogen_Levy1953" class="citation web cs1">Imogen Levy (2 June 1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/royals/coronations/guide-to-the-coronation-service">"Guide to the Coronation Service"</a>. Westminster Abbey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101205061127/http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/royals/coronations/guide-to-the-coronation-service">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2010. Retrieved 28 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guide+to+the+Coronation+Service&rft.pub=Westminster+Abbey&rft.date=1953-06-02&rft.au=Imogen+Levy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.westminster-abbey.org%2Four-history%2Froyals%2Fcoronations%2Fguide-to-the-coronation-service&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/teach/ten-pieces/KS2-george-frideric-handel-zadok-the-priest/znvrkmn">"George Frideric Handel – Zadok the Priest"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416212526/https://www.bbc.co.uk/teach/ten-pieces/KS2-george-frideric-handel-zadok-the-priest/znvrkmn">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=George+Frideric+Handel+%E2%80%93+Zadok+the+Priest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fteach%2Ften-pieces%2FKS2-george-frideric-handel-zadok-the-priest%2Fznvrkmn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stagebeauty.net/th-frames.html?http&&&www.stagebeauty.net%2Fth-longr.html">"Stage Beauty"</a>. www.stagebeauty.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200613222559/http://www.stagebeauty.net/th-frames.html?http&&&www.stagebeauty.net%2Fth-longr.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.stagebeauty.net&rft.atitle=Stage+Beauty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stagebeauty.net%2Fth-frames.html%3Fhttp%26%26%26www.stagebeauty.net%252Fth-longr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> theatrical monopoly in Banham, Martin The Cambridge guide to theatre p. 1105 (Cambridge University Press, 1995) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43437-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43437-8">0-521-43437-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gfhandel.org/composition.htm">Handel's Compositions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090130044046/http://gfhandel.org/composition.htm">Archived</a> 30 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> GFHandel.org, Retrieved 21 December 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDent2004[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2019]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2019)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDent2004[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2019]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2019)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDent2004">Dent 2004</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDent2004">Dent 2004</a>, p. 33 </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140726104139/http://www.handelhouse.org/discover/george-frideric-handel/opera-synopses/arianna-in-creta">"Synopsis of Arianna in Creta"</a>. Handelhouse.org. Handel House Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.handelhouse.org/discover/george-frideric-handel/opera-synopses/arianna-in-creta">the original</a> on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 23 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Handelhouse.org&rft.atitle=Synopsis+of+Arianna+in+Creta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.handelhouse.org%2Fdiscover%2Fgeorge-frideric-handel%2Fopera-synopses%2Farianna-in-creta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDean2006">Dean 2006</a>, pp. 274–84 </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDean2006">Dean 2006</a>, p. 288 </li> <li id="cite_note-CHRISSOCHOIDIS,_I._2008-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CHRISSOCHOIDIS,_I._2008_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CHRISSOCHOIDIS,_I._2008_136-1">b</a> Chrissochoidis, I. (2008). Handel Recovering: Fresh Light on His Affairs in 1737. Eighteenth Century Music, 5(2), 237–44. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1478570608001504">10.1017/S1478570608001504</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.museumspeelklok.nl/zien-doen/agenda-nieuws/koninklijke-speelklok-wereldklasse-aangekocht/">"Koninklijke speelklok van wereldklasse aangekocht"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801052233/https://www.museumspeelklok.nl/zien-doen/agenda-nieuws/koninklijke-speelklok-wereldklasse-aangekocht/">Archived</a> 1 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Museum_Speelklok" title="Museum Speelklok">Museum Speelklok</a>, 14 November 2016 (in Dutch); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lookingthroughartblog.wordpress.com/2018/11/22/georg-friedrich-handel-and-the-braamcamp-clock/">"Georg Friedrich Händel and the Braamcamp clock"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801005208/https://lookingthroughartblog.wordpress.com/2018/11/22/georg-friedrich-handel-and-the-braamcamp-clock/">Archived</a> 1 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Erma Hermens, 22 November 2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDitto1997" class="citation journal cs1">Ditto, Charles (July–September 1997). "Handel's Musical Clock Music". <a href="/wiki/Fontes_Artis_Musicae" class="mw-redirect" title="Fontes Artis Musicae">Fontes Artis Musicae</a> [<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q19196478#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q19196478">Wikidata</a>]. 44 (3): 266–280. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23508494">23508494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fontes+Artis+Musicae%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3B%3Cspan+title%3D%22%26quot%3BFontes+Artis+Musicae%26quot%3B+in+other+languages%22%3EWikidata%3C%2Fspan%3E%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.atitle=Handel%27s+Musical+Clock+Music&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=266-280&rft.date=1997-07%2F1997-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23508494%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ditto&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> A New Chronology of Venetian Opera and Related Genres, 1660–1760 by Eleanor Selfridge-Field, p. 492 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHicks2013-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks2013_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks2013_140-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHicks2013_140-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHicks2013">Hicks 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cole1993-141"><a href="#cite_ref-Cole1993_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Cole1993" class="citation journal cs1">Michael Cole (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/em/article-abstract/XXI/1/99/476060?redirectedFrom=PDF">"A Handel harpsichord"</a> (PDF). Early Music. XXI (February 1993): 99–110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fem%2FXXI.1.99">10.1093/em/XXI.1.99</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221212010601/https://academic.oup.com/em/article-abstract/XXI/1/99/476060?redirectedFrom=PDF">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2022. Retrieved 29 April 2022. <q>illus.1 Single-manual harpsichord by William Smith (Bate Collection, University of Oxford)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Early+Music&rft.atitle=A+Handel+harpsichord&rft.volume=XXI&rft.issue=February+1993&rft.pages=99-110&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fem%2FXXI.1.99&rft.au=Michael+Cole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fem%2Farticle-abstract%2FXXI%2F1%2F99%2F476060%3FredirectedFrom%3DPDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarx1998243-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarx1998243_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarx1998">Marx 1998</a>, p. 243. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNational_Portrait_Gallery">National Portrait Gallery</a>, p. 157 </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLarsen1972">Larsen 1972</a>, p. 15 Handels Messiah. A distinguished authority on Handel discusses the origins, composition, and sources of one of the great choral works of western civilization. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLarsen1972">Larsen 1972</a>, p. 26 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarx199848-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarx199848_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarx1998">Marx 1998</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLarsen1972">Larsen 1972</a>, p. 66 </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLarsen1972">Larsen 1972</a>, p. 49 </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLarsen1972">Larsen 1972</a>, p. 40 </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLarsen1972">Larsen 1972</a>, p. 33 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrows1994217-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurrows1994217_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurrows1994">Burrows 1994</a>, p. 217. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLarsen1972">Larsen 1972</a>, p. 37 </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNational_Portrait_Gallery">National Portrait Gallery</a>, p. 165 </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLarsen1972">Larsen 1972</a>, pp. 16, 39–41 </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLarsen1972">Larsen 1972</a>, p. 78 </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarm" class="citation web cs1">Schwarm, Betsy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1936046/The-Arrival-of-the-Queen-of-Sheba">"The Arrival of the Queen of Sheba"</a>. Britannica.com. Retrieved 14 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Arrival+of+the+Queen+of+Sheba&rft.pub=Britannica.com&rft.aulast=Schwarm&rft.aufirst=Betsy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F1936046%2FThe-Arrival-of-the-Queen-of-Sheba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDent2004">Dent 2004</a>, pp. 40–41 </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYoung1966">Young 1966</a>, p. 48 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBone1914142–44-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBone1914142–44_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBone1914">Bone 1914</a>, pp. 142–44. </li> <li id="cite_note-Handel_Institute-160"><a href="#cite_ref-Handel_Institute_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130924012912/http://gfhandel.org/43to100.html">"G. F. Handel's Compositions"</a>. The Handel Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gfhandel.org/43to100.html">the original</a> on 24 September 2013. Retrieved 28 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=G.+F.+Handel%27s+Compositions&rft.pub=The+Handel+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gfhandel.org%2F43to100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Andrew Pink. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=9913583&fileId=S1478570615000317">‘Solomon, Susanna and Moses : locating Handel's anonymous librettist’. Eighteenth Century Music. Volume 12 / Issue 02 (September 2015) pp. 211-222.</a>; accessed 14 October 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Arrival-of-the-Queen-of-Sheba">"The Arrival of the Queen of Sheba"</a>. Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210801203445/https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Arrival-of-the-Queen-of-Sheba">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2021. Retrieved 1 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=The+Arrival+of+the+Queen+of+Sheba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FThe-Arrival-of-the-Queen-of-Sheba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurrows1994">Burrows 1994</a>, pp. 354–55 </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurrows1994">Burrows 1994</a>, pp. 297–98 </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYoung1966">Young 1966</a>, p. 56 </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDent2004">Dent 2004</a>, p. 63 </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYoung1966">Young 1966</a>, p. 60 </li> <li id="cite_note-Muller-168"><a href="#cite_ref-Muller_168-0">^</a> The Letters and Writings of George Frideric Handel by Erich H. Müller, 1935 </li> <li id="cite_note-em.oxfordjournals.com_–_McGeary-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-em.oxfordjournals.com_–_McGeary_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-em.oxfordjournals.com_–_McGeary_169-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGeary2009" class="citation journal cs1">McGeary, Thomas (November 2009). "Handel as art collector: art, connoisseurship and taste in Hanoverian Britain". <a href="/wiki/Early_Music_(journal)" title="Early Music (journal)">Early Music</a>. 37 (4). Oxford University Press: 533–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fem%2Fcap107">10.1093/em/cap107</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Early+Music&rft.atitle=Handel+as+art+collector%3A+art%2C+connoisseurship+and+taste+in+Hanoverian+Britain&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=533-76&rft.date=2009-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fem%2Fcap107&rft.aulast=McGeary&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMainwaring1760145–55-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMainwaring1760145–55_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMainwaring1760">Mainwaring 1760</a>, pp. 145–55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean1982116-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean1982116_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDean1982">Dean 1982</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Halle_Handel_Edition" class="citation web cs1">The Halle Handel Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120303114021/http://www.handel-edition.com/history.htm">"A short history of editing Handel"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.handel-edition.com/history.htm">the original</a> on 3 March 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+short+history+of+editing+Handel&rft.au=The+Halle+Handel+Edition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.handel-edition.com%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHandel" class="citation book cs1">Handel, George Freidrich. Schering, Arnold; Soldan, Kurt (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Messiah,_HWV_56_(Handel,_George_Frideric)">Messiah: Oratorio in Three Parts, HWV 56</a>. Leipzig: C.F. Peters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220614101851/https://imslp.org/wiki/Messiah,_HWV_56_(Handel,_George_Frideric)">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Messiah%3A+Oratorio+in+Three+Parts%2C+HWV+56&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=C.F.+Peters&rft.aulast=Handel&rft.aufirst=George+Freidrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimslp.org%2Fwiki%2FMessiah%2C_HWV_56_%28Handel%2C_George_Frideric%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Best, Terence, ed. Handel collections and their history, a collection of conference papers given by the international panel of distinguished Handel scholars. Clarendon Press, 1993 </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrince_Hoare1820" class="citation book cs1">Prince Hoare, ed. (1820). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoirsofgranvil00hoar">Memoirs of Granville Sharp</a>. Colburn. p. xii. <q>...he had a voluminous collection of Handel's scores...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+Granville+Sharp&rft.pages=xii&rft.pub=Colburn&rft.date=1820&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmemoirsofgranvil00hoar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Jacob Simon (1985). Handel, a celebration of his life and times, 1685–1759. p. 239. National Portrait Gallery (Great Britain) </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00kntl1">"The Birth of British Music: Handel – The Conquering Hero"</a>. BBC. 24 September 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170514114225/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00kntl1">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Birth+of+British+Music%3A+Handel+%E2%80%93+The+Conquering+Hero&rft.date=2017-09-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb00kntl1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlyth2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Blyth" title="Alan Blyth">Blyth, Alan</a> (2007). Choral Music on Record. Cambridge University Press. p. 82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Choral+Music+on+Record&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Blyth&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2009/01_january/13/composer6.shtml">"BBC Press Release"</a>. Bbc.co.uk. 13 January 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131127140028/http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2009/01_january/13/composer6.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2013. Retrieved 13 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+Press+Release&rft.pub=Bbc.co.uk&rft.date=2009-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fpressoffice%2Fpressreleases%2Fstories%2F2009%2F01_january%2F13%2Fcomposer6.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDent2004">Dent 2004</a>, p. 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-YoungMM-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-YoungMM_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-YoungMM_181-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Percy_Young" class="mw-redirect" title="Percy Young">Young, Percy Marshall</a> (1975) [1947]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handel00youn_0">Handel (Master Musician series)</a>. J.M. Dent & Sons. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handel00youn_0/page/176">177</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-460-03161-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-460-03161-9"><bdi>0-460-03161-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handel+%28Master+Musician+series%29&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=J.M.+Dent+%26+Sons&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-460-03161-9&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Percy+Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandel00youn_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Taruskin" title="Richard Taruskin">Richard Taruskin</a>, The Oxford History of Western Music, Oxford University Press, 2005, vol. 2, ch. 26, p. 329, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-522271-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-522271-7">0-19-522271-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> Alexander Silbiger, "Scarlatti Borrowings in Handel's Grand Concertos", <a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Times" title="The Musical Times">The Musical Times</a>, v. 125, 1984, pp. 93–94 </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> A comprehensive bibliography through 2005 can be found in Mary Anne Parker, G. F. Handel: A Guide to Research, Routledge, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-136-78359-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-136-78359-8">1-136-78359-8</a>, pp. 114–135 </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> John H. Roberts, "Why Did Handel Borrow?", in Handel: Tercentary Collection, edited by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Hicks" title="Anthony Hicks">Anthony Hicks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Musical_Association" title="Royal Musical Association">Royal Musical Association</a>, 1985, pp. 83–92, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8357-1833-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8357-1833-6">0-8357-1833-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> Auner Joseph H. (1996), "Schoenberg's Handel Concerto and the Ruins of Tradition", <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Musicological_Society" title="Journal of the American Musicological Society">Journal of the American Musicological Society</a>, and also <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Robert Schumann</a> tried to compose an additional piece for a theme of Handel in his <a href="/wiki/Album_for_the_Young" title="Album for the Young">Album for the Young</a>. 49: 264–313 </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> For All the Saints: A Calendar of Commemorations for United Methodists, ed. by Clifton F. Guthrie (Order of Saint Luke Publications, 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-878009-25-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-878009-25-7">1-878009-25-7</a>) p. 161. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Frideric_Handel&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamsHofestädt2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aileen_Adams" title="Aileen Adams">Adams, Aileen K.</a>; Hofestädt, B. (August 2005). "Georg Händel (1622–97): The Barber-Surgeon Father of George Frideric Handel (1685–1759)". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Medical_Biography" title="Journal of Medical Biography">Journal of Medical Biography</a>. 13 (3): 142–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F096777200501300308">10.1177/096777200501300308</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16059526">16059526</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208323027">208323027</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medical+Biography&rft.atitle=Georg+H%C3%A4ndel+%281622%E2%80%9397%29%3A+The+Barber-Surgeon+Father+of+George+Frideric+Handel+%281685%E2%80%931759%29&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=142-49&rft.date=2005-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A208323027%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16059526&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F096777200501300308&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Aileen+K.&rft.au=Hofest%C3%A4dt%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBest1985" class="citation journal cs1">Best, Terence (November 1985). "Handel's Chamber Music: Sources, Chronology and Authenticity". <a href="/wiki/Early_Music_(journal)" title="Early Music (journal)">Early Music</a>. 13 (4): 476–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fem%2F13.4.476">10.1093/em/13.4.476</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3127226">3127226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Early+Music&rft.atitle=Handel%27s+Chamber+Music%3A+Sources%2C+Chronology+and+Authenticity&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=476-99&rft.date=1985-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fem%2F13.4.476&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3127226%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Best&rft.aufirst=Terence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBone1914" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Bone" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Bone">Bone, Philip J.</a> (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guitarmandolinbi00bone">The Guitar and Mandolin: Biographies of Celebrated Players and Composers for these Instruments</a>. London: Schott & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Guitar+and+Mandolin%3A+Biographies+of+Celebrated+Players+and+Composers+for+these+Instruments&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Schott+%26+Co.&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Bone&rft.aufirst=Philip+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fguitarmandolinbi00bone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuelow2004" class="citation book cs1">Buelow, George J. (2004). A History of Baroque Music. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-34365-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-34365-8"><bdi>0-253-34365-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Baroque+Music&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-253-34365-8&rft.aulast=Buelow&rft.aufirst=George+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBukofzer1947" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Bukofzer" title="Manfred Bukofzer">Bukofzer, Manfred F.</a> (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/musicinbaroqueer00buko">'Music in the Baroque Era – From Monteverdi To Bach</a>. New York: W.W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-09745-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-09745-5"><bdi>0-393-09745-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Music+in+the+Baroque+Era+%E2%80%93+From+Monteverdi+To+Bach&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=1947&rft.isbn=0-393-09745-5&rft.aulast=Bukofzer&rft.aufirst=Manfred+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmusicinbaroqueer00buko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrows1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Burrows_(musicologist)" title="Donald Burrows (musicologist)">Burrows, Donald</a> (1994). Handel. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-816470-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-816470-X"><bdi>0-19-816470-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handel&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-19-816470-X&rft.aulast=Burrows&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrows2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Burrows, Donald (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/12192">"Handel, George Frideric (1685–1759)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12192">10.1093/ref:odnb/12192</a>. Retrieved 10 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Handel%2C+George+Frideric+%281685%E2%80%931759%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12192&rft.aulast=Burrows&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChrysander1858" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Chrysander" title="Friedrich Chrysander">Chrysander, Friedrich</a> (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeno.org/Musik/M/Chrysander,+Friedrich/G.F.+H%C3%A4ndel/1.+Band">G.F. Händel</a>. Vol. 1. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091004082244/http://www.zeno.org/Musik/M/Chrysander,+Friedrich/G.F.+H%C3%A4ndel/1.+Band">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2009. Retrieved 24 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=G.F.+H%C3%A4ndel&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Breitkopf+%26+H%C3%A4rtel&rft.date=1858&rft.aulast=Chrysander&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeno.org%2FMusik%2FM%2FChrysander%2C%2BFriedrich%2FG.F.%2BH%25C3%25A4ndel%2F1.%2BBand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"> Consisting of three volumes (separately hosted online by zeno.org): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeno.org/Musik/M/Chrysander,+Friedrich/G.F.+H%C3%A4ndel/1.+Band/1.+Buch+Jugendzeit+und+Lehrjahre+in+Deutschland">Buch 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091215093416/http://www.zeno.org/Musik/M/Chrysander,+Friedrich/G.F.+H%C3%A4ndel/1.+Band/1.+Buch+Jugendzeit+und+Lehrjahre+in+Deutschland">Archived</a> 15 December 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: Jugendzeit und Lehrjahre in Deutschland (1685–1706); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeno.org/Musik/M/Chrysander,+Friedrich/G.F.+H%C3%A4ndel/1.+Band/2.+Buch.+Die+gro%C3%9Fe+Wanderung">Buch 2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306202131/http://www.zeno.org/Musik/M/Chrysander,+Friedrich/G.F.+H%C3%A4ndel/1.+Band/2.+Buch.+Die+gro%C3%9Fe+Wanderung">Archived</a> 6 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: Die große Wanderung (1707–1720).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Winton_Dean" title="Winton Dean">Dean, Winton</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handeloperaseria00wint">Handel and the Opera Seria</a>. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01438-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01438-1"><bdi>978-0-520-01438-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handel+and+the+Opera+Seria&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-520-01438-1&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Winton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandeloperaseria00wint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean1982" class="citation book cs1">Dean, Winton (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newgrovehandel00wint">The New Grove Handel</a>. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-30086-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-30086-2"><bdi>0-393-30086-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Handel&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-393-30086-2&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Winton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewgrovehandel00wint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeanKnapp1987" class="citation book cs1">Dean, Winton; <a href="/wiki/J._Merrill_Knapp" title="J. Merrill Knapp">Knapp, John Merrill</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handelsoperas1700000dean">Handel's Operas, 1704–1726</a>. Vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-816441-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-816441-6"><bdi>0-19-816441-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handel%27s+Operas%2C+1704%E2%80%931726&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-19-816441-6&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Winton&rft.au=Knapp%2C+John+Merrill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandelsoperas1700000dean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean2006" class="citation book cs1">Dean, Winton (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090926214736/http://www.boydell.co.uk/43832682.HTM">Handel's Operas, 1726–1741</a>. The Boydell Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boydell.co.uk/43832682.HTM">the original</a> on 26 September 2009. Retrieved 13 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handel%27s+Operas%2C+1726%E2%80%931741&rft.pub=The+Boydell+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Winton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boydell.co.uk%2F43832682.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDent2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Joseph_Dent" title="Edward Joseph Dent">Dent, Edward Joseph</a> (2004). Handel. R A Kessinger Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4191-2275-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-4191-2275-4"><bdi>1-4191-2275-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handel&rft.pub=R+A+Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-4191-2275-4&rft.aulast=Dent&rft.aufirst=Edward+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutsch1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Deutsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto Deutsch">Deutsch, Otto Erich</a> (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handeldocumentar00deut">Handel: A Documentary Biography</a>. London: Adam and Charles Black.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handel%3A+A+Documentary+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Adam+and+Charles+Black&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Deutsch&rft.aufirst=Otto+Erich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandeldocumentar00deut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDreyhaupt1755" class="citation book cs1">Dreyhaupt, Johann Christoph von (1755). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=XdhXAAAAcAAJ&rdid=book-XdhXAAAAcAAJ&rdot=1">Pagus neletici et nudzici oder ausführliche diplomatisch-historische Beschreibun des … Saal-Creises</a>. Vol. 2. Halle: Verlag des Waysenhauses. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170103170917/https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=XdhXAAAAcAAJ&rdid=book-XdhXAAAAcAAJ&rdot=1">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2017. Retrieved 3 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pagus+neletici+et+nudzici+oder+ausf%C3%BChrliche+diplomatisch-historische+Beschreibun+des+%E2%80%A6+Saal-Creises&rft.place=Halle&rft.pub=Verlag+des+Waysenhauses&rft.date=1755&rft.aulast=Dreyhaupt&rft.aufirst=Johann+Christoph+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fstore%2Fbooks%2Fdetails%3Fid%3DXdhXAAAAcAAJ%26rdid%3Dbook-XdhXAAAAcAAJ%26rdot%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2001" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Ellen T. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handelasorpheusv0000harr">Handel as Orpheus. Voice and Desire in the Chamber Cantatas</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-00617-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-00617-8"><bdi>0-674-00617-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handel+as+Orpheus.+Voice+and+Desire+in+the+Chamber+Cantatas&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-674-00617-8&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Ellen+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandelasorpheusv0000harr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHicks2013" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Hicks" title="Anthony Hicks">Hicks, Anthony</a> (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000040060">"Handel, George Frideric"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.40060">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40060</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220110164104/https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000040060">archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022, retrieved 10 January 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.atitle=Handel%2C+George+Frideric&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.40060&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000040060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHicks1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Hicks" title="Anthony Hicks">Hicks, Anthony</a> (1998). "Handel, George Frederick". In <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Sadie, Stanley</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Opera" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Opera">The New Grove Dictionary of Opera</a>. Vol. 2. London: Macmillan Publishers. pp. 614–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56159-228-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-56159-228-5"><bdi>1-56159-228-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Handel%2C+George+Frederick&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Opera&rft.place=London&rft.pages=614-26&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-56159-228-5&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogwood1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hogwood" title="Christopher Hogwood">Hogwood, Christopher</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handel0000hogw_p5s6">Handel</a>. London: Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-01355-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-01355-1"><bdi>0-500-01355-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handel&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-500-01355-1&rft.aulast=Hogwood&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandel0000hogw_p5s6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandon1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._C._Robbins_Landon" title="H. C. Robbins Landon">Landon, H.C. Robbins</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handelhisworld0000land">Handel and his World</a>. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-78498-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-78498-6"><bdi>0-297-78498-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handel+and+his+World&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-297-78498-6&rft.aulast=Landon&rft.aufirst=H.C.+Robbins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandelhisworld0000land&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLang1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Henry_Lang" title="Paul Henry Lang">Lang, Paul Henry</a> (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/georgefridericha00lang">George Frideric Handel</a>. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/66011793/MN/r842">66011793/MN/r842</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Frideric+Handel&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F66011793%2FMN%2Fr842&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=Paul+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeorgefridericha00lang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarsen1972" class="citation book cs1">Larsen, J.P. (1972). Handel's Messiah. London: Adams and Charles Black Limited.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handel%27s+Messiah&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Adams+and+Charles+Black+Limited&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Larsen&rft.aufirst=J.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silke_Leopold" title="Silke Leopold">Leopold, Silke</a>. Händel, Die Opern <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A4renreiter" title="Bärenreiter">Bärenreiter</a> 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7618-1991-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7618-1991-3">978-3-7618-1991-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMainwaring1760" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Mainwaring" title="John Mainwaring">Mainwaring, John</a> (1760). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/memoirslifeofge00maingoog">Memoirs of the Life of the Late George Frederic Handel</a>. London: Printed for R. and J. Dodsley.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+the+Life+of+the+Late+George+Frederic+Handel&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Printed+for+R.+and+J.+Dodsley&rft.date=1760&rft.aulast=Mainwaring&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmemoirslifeofge00maingoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaitlandSquire1890" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Alexander_Fuller_Maitland" title="John Alexander Fuller Maitland">Maitland, John Alexander Fuller</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Barclay_Squire" title="William Barclay Squire">Squire, William Barclay</a> (1890). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Handel,_George_Frederick">"Handel, George Frederick" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a>. Vol. 24. pp. 277–291.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Handel%2C+George+Frederick&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pages=277-291&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Maitland&rft.aufirst=John+Alexander+Fuller&rft.au=Squire%2C+William+Barclay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Joachim_Marx" title="Hans Joachim Marx">Marx, Hans Joachim</a> (1998). Händels Oratorien, Oden und Serenaten: Ein Kompendium. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-525-27815-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-525-27815-2"><bdi>3-525-27815-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=H%C3%A4ndels+Oratorien%2C+Oden+und+Serenaten%3A+Ein+Kompendium&rft.place=G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=3-525-27815-2&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Hans+Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattheson1740" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Mattheson" title="Johann Mattheson">Mattheson, Johann</a> (1740). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imslp.org/wiki/Grundlage_einer_Ehren-Pforte_(Mattheson,_Johann)">Grundlage einer Ehren-pforte, woran der tüchtigsten Capellmeister, Componisten, Musikgelehrten, Tonkünstler &c. Leben, Wercke, Verdienste &c. erscheinen sollen</a>. Hamburg: For the author. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170420213546/http://imslp.org/wiki/Grundlage_einer_Ehren-Pforte_(Mattheson,_Johann)">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grundlage+einer+Ehren-pforte%2C+woran+der+t%C3%BCchtigsten+Capellmeister%2C+Componisten%2C+Musikgelehrten%2C+Tonk%C3%BCnstler+%26c.+Leben%2C+Wercke%2C+Verdienste+%26c.+erscheinen+sollen&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pub=For+the+author&rft.date=1740&rft.aulast=Mattheson&rft.aufirst=Johann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimslp.org%2Fwiki%2FGrundlage_einer_Ehren-Pforte_%28Mattheson%2C_Johann%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Anthony_Meynell" title="Hugo Anthony Meynell">Meynell, Hugo</a>. The Art of Handel's Operas, <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a> (1986) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88946-425-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-88946-425-1">0-88946-425-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Portrait_Gallery" class="citation book cs1">National Portrait Gallery. Handel. A Celebration of his Life and Times 1685–1759.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handel.+A+Celebration+of+his+Life+and+Times+1685%E2%80%931759&rft.au=National+Portrait+Gallery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRolland1916" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Romain_Rolland" title="Romain Rolland">Rolland, Romain</a> (1916) [1910]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4324812">Handel</a>. Translated by Hull, A. Eaglefield. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191203041926/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4324812">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handel&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Kegan+Paul%2C+Trench%2C+Trubner+%26+Co.&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Rolland&rft.aufirst=Romain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duc1.b4324812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoelcher1857" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Sch%C5%93lcher" title="Victor Schœlcher">Schoelcher, Victor</a> (1857). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifehandelvolum00lowegoog">The Life of Handel</a>. Translated by Lowe, James. London: Robert Cocks & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Handel&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Robert+Cocks+%26+Co.&rft.date=1857&rft.aulast=Schoelcher&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifehandelvolum00lowegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Percy_M._Young" title="Percy M. Young">Young, Percy Marshall</a> (1966). Handel. New York: David White Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handel&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=David+White+Company&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Percy+Marshall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Frideric_Handel&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Burrows, Donald (1997). The Cambridge Companion to Handel. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Companions_to_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Companions to Music">Cambridge Companions to Music</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-45613-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-45613-4"><bdi>0-521-45613-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Handel&rft.series=Cambridge+Companions+to+Music&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-521-45613-4&rft.aulast=Burrows&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Chrysander" title="Friedrich Chrysander">Chrysander, Friedrich</a> (1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeno.org/Musik/M/Chrysander,+Friedrich/G.F.+H%C3%A4ndel/2.+Band">G. F. Händel</a>. Vol. 2. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307025231/http://www.zeno.org/Musik/M/Chrysander,+Friedrich/G.F.+H%C3%A4ndel/2.+Band">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=G.+F.+H%C3%A4ndel&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Breitkopf+%26+H%C3%A4rtel&rft.date=1860&rft.aulast=Chrysander&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeno.org%2FMusik%2FM%2FChrysander%2C%2BFriedrich%2FG.F.%2BH%25C3%25A4ndel%2F2.%2BBand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"> Buch 3: Zwanzig Jahre bei der italienischen Oper in London.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Chrysander" title="Friedrich Chrysander">Chrysander, Friedrich</a> (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeno.org/Musik/M/Chrysander,+Friedrich/G.F.+H%C3%A4ndel/3.+Band">G. F. Händel</a>. Vol. 3. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170930131026/http://www.zeno.org/Musik/M/Chrysander,+Friedrich/G.F.+H%C3%A4ndel/3.+Band">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=G.+F.+H%C3%A4ndel&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Breitkopf+%26+H%C3%A4rtel&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Chrysander&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeno.org%2FMusik%2FM%2FChrysander%2C%2BFriedrich%2FG.F.%2BH%25C3%25A4ndel%2F3.%2BBand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"> Buch 4: Übergang zum Oratorium.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCudworth1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cudworth" title="Charles Cudworth">Cudworth, C.</a> (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-vAYAQAAIAAJ">Handel</a>. London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780208010681" title="Special:BookSources/9780208010681"><bdi>9780208010681</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230321044335/https://books.google.com/books?id=-vAYAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handel&rft.place=London&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780208010681&rft.aulast=Cudworth&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-vAYAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Frosch, William A. (14 September 1989). "The Case of George Frideric Handel". <a href="/wiki/The_New_England_Journal_of_Medicine" title="The New England Journal of Medicine">The New England Journal of Medicine</a>. 321 (11): 765–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM198909143211120">10.1056/NEJM198909143211120</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2671732">2671732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+Case+of+George+Frideric+Handel&rft.volume=321&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=765-69&rft.date=1989-09-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJM198909143211120&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2671732&rft.aulast=Frosch&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Frosch, William A. (1990). "Moods, Madness, and Music. II. Was Handel Insane?". <a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Quarterly" title="The Musical Quarterly">The Musical Quarterly</a>. 74 (1): 31–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmq%2F74.1.31">10.1093/mq/74.1.31</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/741903">741903</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Musical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Moods%2C+Madness%2C+and+Music.+II.+Was+Handel+Insane%3F&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31-56&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmq%2F74.1.31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F741903%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Frosch&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Hicks" title="Anthony Hicks">Hicks, Anthony</a> (1976–1977). "Handel's Early Musical Development". <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Musical_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association">Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association</a>. 103: 80–89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjrma%2F103.1.80">10.1093/jrma/103.1.80</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/765887">765887</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Musical+Association&rft.atitle=Handel%27s+Early+Musical+Development&rft.volume=103&rft.pages=80-89&rft.date=1976%2F1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjrma%2F103.1.80&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F765887%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Hogg, Katharine (July–September 2008). "Handel and the Fundling Hospital: The Gerald Coke Handel Collection at the Foundling Museum". Fontes Artis Musicae. 55 (3): 435–47. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23512496">23512496</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fontes+Artis+Musicae&rft.atitle=Handel+and+the+Fundling+Hospital%3A+The+Gerald+Coke+Handel+Collection+at+the+Foundling+Museum&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=435-47&rft.date=2008-07%2F2008-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23512496%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hogg&rft.aufirst=Katharine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Hume, Robert D. (October 1986). "Handel and Opera Management in London in the 1730s". <a href="/wiki/Music_%26_Letters" title="Music & Letters">Music & Letters</a>. 67 (4): 347–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fml%2F67.4.347">10.1093/ml/67.4.347</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/735134">735134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Music+%26+Letters&rft.atitle=Handel+and+Opera+Management+in+London+in+the+1730s&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=347-62&rft.date=1986-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fml%2F67.4.347&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F735134%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hume&rft.aufirst=Robert+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Hunter, David (November 2001). "Handel among the Jacobites". <a href="/wiki/Music_%26_Letters" title="Music & Letters">Music & Letters</a>. 82 (4): 543–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fml%2F82.4.543">10.1093/ml/82.4.543</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3526275">3526275</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Music+%26+Letters&rft.atitle=Handel+among+the+Jacobites&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=543-56&rft.date=2001-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fml%2F82.4.543&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3526275%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Joncus, Berta (2006). "Handel at Drury Lane: Ballad Opera and the Production of Kitty Clive". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Musical_Association" title="Journal of the Royal Musical Association">Journal of the Royal Musical Association</a>. 131 (2): 179–226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjrma%2Ffkl013">10.1093/jrma/fkl013</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30161399">30161399</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154560136">154560136</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Musical+Association&rft.atitle=Handel+at+Drury+Lane%3A+Ballad+Opera+and+the+Production+of+Kitty+Clive&rft.volume=131&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=179-226&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154560136%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30161399%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjrma%2Ffkl013&rft.aulast=Joncus&rft.aufirst=Berta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Keates" title="Jonathan Keates">Keates, Jonathan</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handelmanhismusi0000keat_o6l4">Handel: The Man and His Music</a>. New York: St Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-35846-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-35846-6"><bdi>0-312-35846-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handel%3A+The+Man+and+His+Music&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-312-35846-6&rft.aulast=Keates&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandelmanhismusi0000keat_o6l4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Keynes, Milo (September 1982). "Handel and His Illnesses". <a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Times" title="The Musical Times">The Musical Times</a>. 123 (1675): 613–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F963285">10.2307/963285</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/963285">963285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Musical+Times&rft.atitle=Handel+and+His+Illnesses&rft.volume=123&rft.issue=1675&rft.pages=613-14&rft.date=1982-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F963285&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F963285%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=Milo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">King, Richard G. (August 1991). "Handel's Travels in the Netherlands in 1750". <a href="/wiki/Music_%26_Letters" title="Music & Letters">Music & Letters</a>. 72 (3): 372–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fml%2F72.3.372">10.1093/ml/72.3.372</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/736214">736214</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Music+%26+Letters&rft.atitle=Handel%27s+Travels+in+the+Netherlands+in+1750&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=372-86&rft.date=1991-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fml%2F72.3.372&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F736214%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">MacArdle, Donald (January 1960). "Beethoven and Handel". <a href="/wiki/Music_%26_Letters" title="Music & Letters">Music & Letters</a>. 41 (1): 33–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fml%2F41.1.33">10.1093/ml/41.1.33</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/729686">729686</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Music+%26+Letters&rft.atitle=Beethoven+and+Handel&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33-37&rft.date=1960-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fml%2F41.1.33&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F729686%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=MacArdle&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">McGeary, Thomas (2011). "Handel and Homosexuality: Burlington House and Cannons Revisited". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Royal_Musical_Association" title="Journal of the Royal Musical Association">Journal of the Royal Musical Association</a>. 136 (1): 33–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02690403.2011.562718">10.1080/02690403.2011.562718</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41300166">41300166</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161457448">161457448</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Musical+Association&rft.atitle=Handel+and+Homosexuality%3A+Burlington+House+and+Cannons+Revisited&rft.volume=136&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33-71&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161457448%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41300166%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02690403.2011.562718&rft.aulast=McGeary&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">McGeary, Thomas (2013). The Politics of Opera in Handel's Britain. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00988-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00988-2"><bdi>978-1-107-00988-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Opera+in+Handel%27s+Britain&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-00988-2&rft.aulast=McGeary&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R_A_Streatfeild" class="mw-redirect" title="R A Streatfeild">Streatfeild, R. A.</a> (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handel00stre">Handel</a> (Second ed.). London: Methuen & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handel&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Methuen+%26+Co.&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Streatfeild&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandel00stre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Winemiller, John T. (Autumn 1997). "Recontextualizing Handel's Borrowing". <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Musicology" title="The Journal of Musicology">The Journal of Musicology</a>. 15 (4): 444–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F764003">10.2307/764003</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/764003">764003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Musicology&rft.atitle=Recontextualizing+Handel%27s+Borrowing&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=444-70&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F764003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F764003%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Winemiller&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">White, Harry (1987). "Handel in Dublin: A Note". <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth-Century_Ireland_(journal)" title="Eighteenth-Century Ireland (journal)">Eighteenth-Century Ireland / Iris an Dá Chultúr</a>. 2: 182–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3828%2Feci.1987.14">10.3828/eci.1987.14</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30070846">30070846</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256131717">256131717</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eighteenth-Century+Ireland+%2F+Iris+an+D%C3%A1+Chult%C3%BAr&rft.atitle=Handel+in+Dublin%3A+A+Note&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=182-86&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A256131717%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30070846%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3828%2Feci.1987.14&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Frideric_Handel&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about George Frideric Handel <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=George+Frideric+Handel">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=George+Frideric+Handel&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ichriss.ccarh.org/HRD/">Handel Reference Database</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bbc.co.uk/handel">"Discovering Handel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_3" title="BBC Radio 3">BBC Radio 3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discovering+Handel&rft.pub=BBC+Radio+3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbbc.co.uk%2Fhandel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Frideric+Handel" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/33739">Works by George Frideric Handel</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28+%28Georg+OR+George%29+AND+%28Frideric+OR+Frederick+OR+Friedrich%29+AND+%28Handel+OR+Händel%29++%29">Works by or about George Frideric Handel</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/2630">Works by George Frideric Handel</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li>Handel Houses: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081205130722/http://www.haendelhaus.de/en/">Händel-Haus in Halle, Saxony-Anhalt</a>, Handel's birthplace (archived 5 December 2008)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://handelhendrix.org/">The Handel House Museum</a>, Handel's home in London</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scores_and_recordings">Scores and recordings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Frideric_Handel&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Scores and recordings">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Handel,_George_Frideric" class="extiw" title="scores:Category:Handel, George Frideric">Free scores by George Frideric Handel</a> at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a> (IMSLP): includes Complete Works Edition (Ausgabe der Deutschen Händelgesellschaft)</li> <li><a href="https://www.cpdl.org/wiki/index.php/George_Frideric_Handel" class="extiw" title="choralwiki:George Frideric Handel">Free scores by George Frideric Handel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Choral_Public_Domain_Library" title="Choral Public Domain Library">Choral Public Domain Library</a> (ChoralWiki)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mutopiaproject.org/cgibin/make-table.cgi?Composer=HandelGF&preview=1">The Mutopia Project</a> provides free downloading of sheet music and MIDI files for some of Handel's works.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exploreuk.uky.edu/catalog/xt702v2c9n72_1">Digitized images of Old English Songs</a>, containing works by Handel, housed at the University of Kentucky Libraries Special Collections</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cylinders.library.ucsb.edu/search.php?query_type=author&query=George+Frideric+Handel&nq=1">George Frideric Handel cylinder recordings</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/UCSB_Cylinder_Audio_Archive" class="mw-redirect" title="UCSB Cylinder Audio Archive">UCSB Cylinder Audio Archive</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">University of California, Santa Barbara</a> Library.</li> <li>KunstDerFuge .mid files: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kunstderfuge.com/handel.htm">George Frideric Handel – MIDI files</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="George_Frideric_Handel" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:George_Frideric_Handel" title="Template:George Frideric Handel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:George_Frideric_Handel" title="Template talk:George Frideric Handel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:George_Frideric_Handel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:George Frideric Handel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="George_Frideric_Handel" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Frideric Handel</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_operas_by_George_Frideric_Handel" title="List of operas by George Frideric Handel">List of operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_George_Frideric_Handel" title="List of compositions by George Frideric Handel">List of compositions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handel%27s_lost_Hamburg_operas" title="Handel's lost Hamburg operas">Handel's lost Hamburg operas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Florindo" title="Florindo">Florindo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daphne_(Handel)" title="Daphne (Handel)">Daphne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almira" title="Almira">Almira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_(opera)" title="Rodrigo (opera)">Rodrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrippina_(opera)" title="Agrippina (opera)">Agrippina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldo_(opera)" title="Rinaldo (opera)">Rinaldo</a> <a href="/wiki/Rinaldo_discography" title="Rinaldo discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_pastor_fido_(Handel)" title="Il pastor fido (Handel)">Il pastor fido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teseo" title="Teseo">Teseo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silla_(opera)" class="mw-redirect" title="Silla (opera)">Silla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadigi_di_Gaula" title="Amadigi di Gaula">Amadigi di Gaula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acis_and_Galatea_(Handel)" title="Acis and Galatea (Handel)">Acis and Galatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radamisto_(Handel)" title="Radamisto (Handel)">Radamisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzio_Scevola" title="Muzio Scevola">Muzio Scevola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floridante" title="Floridante">Floridante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottone" title="Ottone">Ottone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavio" title="Flavio">Flavio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Cesare" title="Giulio Cesare">Giulio Cesare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamerlano" title="Tamerlano">Tamerlano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodelinda_(opera)" title="Rodelinda (opera)">Rodelinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scipione" title="Scipione">Scipione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_(opera)" title="Alessandro (opera)">Alessandro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admeto" title="Admeto">Admeto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Primo" title="Riccardo Primo">Riccardo Primo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siroe" title="Siroe">Siroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolomeo" title="Tolomeo">Tolomeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotario_(Handel)" title="Lotario (Handel)">Lotario (Handel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partenope" title="Partenope">Partenope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poro_(opera)" title="Poro (opera)">Poro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezio_(Handel)" title="Ezio (Handel)">Ezio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosarme" title="Sosarme">Sosarme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catone_(Handel)" title="Catone (Handel)">Catone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_(opera)" title="Orlando (opera)">Orlando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianna_in_Creta" title="Arianna in Creta">Arianna in Creta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parnasso_in_festa" title="Parnasso in festa">Parnasso in festa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oreste" title="Oreste">Oreste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariodante" title="Ariodante">Ariodante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcina" title="Alcina">Alcina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atalanta_(opera)" title="Atalanta (opera)">Atalanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminio" title="Arminio">Arminio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giustino_(Handel)" title="Giustino (Handel)">Giustino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_(opera)" title="Berenice (opera)">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faramondo" title="Faramondo">Faramondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Severo" title="Alessandro Severo">Alessandro Severo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serse" title="Serse">Serse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giove_in_Argo" title="Giove in Argo">Giove in Argo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imeneo" title="Imeneo">Imeneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deidamia_(opera)" title="Deidamia (opera)">Deidamia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Opera excerpts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Lascia_ch%27io_pianga" title="Lascia ch'io pianga">Lascia ch'io pianga</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ombra_mai_fu" title="Ombra mai fu">Ombra mai fu</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Svegliatevi_nel_core" title="Svegliatevi nel core">Svegliatevi nel core</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Va_tacito_e_nascosto" title="Va tacito e nascosto">Va tacito e nascosto</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Incidental music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Alchemist_(Handel)" title="The Alchemist (Handel)">The Alchemist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comus_(Handel)" title="Comus (Handel)">Comus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alceste_(Handel)" title="Alceste (Handel)">Alceste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Oratorios</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Triumph_of_Time_and_Truth" title="The Triumph of Time and Truth">Il trionfo del Tempo e del Disinganno / Il trionfo del Tempo e della Verità / The Triumph of Time and Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_resurrezione" title="La resurrezione">La resurrezione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brockes_Passion_(Handel)" title="Brockes Passion (Handel)">Brockes Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_(Handel)" title="Esther (Handel)">Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_(Handel)" title="Deborah (Handel)">Deborah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athalia_(Handel)" title="Athalia (Handel)">Athalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_(Handel)" title="Saul (Handel)">Saul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_in_Egypt" title="Israel in Egypt">Israel in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Allegro,_il_Penseroso_ed_il_Moderato" title="L'Allegro, il Penseroso ed il Moderato">L'Allegro, il Penseroso ed il Moderato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_(Handel)" title="Messiah (Handel)">Messiah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structure_of_Handel%27s_Messiah" title="Structure of Handel's Messiah">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_Part_I" title="Messiah Part I">Part I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_Part_II" title="Messiah Part II">Part II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_Part_III" title="Messiah Part III">Part III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Messias" title="Der Messias">Der Messias</a> (Mozart arr.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratch_Messiah" title="Scratch Messiah">Scratch Messiah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samson_(Handel)" title="Samson (Handel)">Samson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semele_(Handel)" title="Semele (Handel)">Semele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_and_his_Brethren" title="Joseph and his Brethren">Joseph and his Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hercules_(Handel)" title="Hercules (Handel)">Hercules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belshazzar_(Handel)" title="Belshazzar (Handel)">Belshazzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occasional_Oratorio" title="Occasional Oratorio">Occasional Oratorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Maccabaeus_(Handel)" title="Judas Maccabaeus (Handel)">Judas Maccabaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_(Handel)" title="Joshua (Handel)">Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Balus" title="Alexander Balus">Alexander Balus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(Handel)" title="Susanna (Handel)">Susanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_(Handel)" title="Solomon (Handel)">Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(Handel)" title="Theodora (Handel)">Theodora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Choice_of_Hercules_(Handel)" title="The Choice of Hercules (Handel)">The Choice of Hercules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jephtha_(Handel)" title="Jephtha (Handel)">Jephtha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Odes and masques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aci,_Galatea_e_Polifemo" title="Aci, Galatea e Polifemo">Aci, Galatea e Polifemo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ode_for_the_Birthday_of_Queen_Anne" title="Ode for the Birthday of Queen Anne">Ode for the Birthday of Queen Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander%27s_Feast_(Handel)" title="Alexander's Feast (Handel)">Alexander's Feast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ode_for_St._Cecilia%27s_Day_(Handel)" title="Ode for St. Cecilia's Day (Handel)">Ode For St. Cecilia's Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Cantatas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrippina_condotta_a_morire_or_Dunque_sar%C3%A0_pur_vero" title="Agrippina condotta a morire or Dunque sarà pur vero">Agrippina condotta a morire or Dunque sarà pur vero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allor_ch%27io_dissi_addio" title="Allor ch'io dissi addio">Allor ch'io dissi addio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aure_soavi_e_lieti_(Handel)" title="Aure soavi e lieti (Handel)">Aure soavi e lieti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clori,_Tirsi_e_Fileno" title="Clori, Tirsi e Fileno">Clori, Tirsi e Fileno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalla_guerra_amorosa" title="Dalla guerra amorosa">Dalla guerra amorosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del_bell%27idolo_mio" title="Del bell'idolo mio">Del bell'idolo mio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_e_Dafne_(Handel)" title="Apollo e Dafne (Handel)">Apollo e Dafne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_lucenti,_o_sereni_occhi" title="O lucenti, o sereni occhi">O lucenti, o sereni occhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ero_e_Leandro" title="Ero e Leandro">Ero e Leandro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tra_le_fiamme_(Il_consiglio)" title="Tra le fiamme (Il consiglio)">Tra le fiamme (Il consiglio)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Un%27alma_innamorata" title="Un'alma innamorata">Un'alma innamorata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Latin church music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dixit_Dominus_(Handel)" title="Dixit Dominus (Handel)">Dixit Dominus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_(Handel)" title="Gloria (Handel)">Gloria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisi_Dominus_(Handel)" title="Nisi Dominus (Handel)">Nisi Dominus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salve_Regina_(Handel)" title="Salve Regina (Handel)">Salve Regina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Anthems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/As_Pants_the_Hart_(Handel)" title="As Pants the Hart (Handel)">As Pants the Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zadok_the_Priest" title="Zadok the Priest">Zadok the Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_Anthem_for_Queen_Caroline" title="Funeral Anthem for Queen Caroline">Funeral Anthem for Queen Caroline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sing_Unto_God_(Handel)" title="Sing Unto God (Handel)">Sing Unto God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandos_Anthems" title="Chandos Anthems">Chandos Anthems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_anthem_for_Princess_Anne" title="Wedding anthem for Princess Anne">Wedding anthem for Princess Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundling_Hospital_Anthem" title="Foundling Hospital Anthem">Foundling Hospital Anthem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Canticles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utrecht_Te_Deum_and_Jubilate" title="Utrecht Te Deum and Jubilate">Utrecht Te Deum and Jubilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dettingen_Te_Deum" title="Dettingen Te Deum">Dettingen Te Deum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Caroline_Te_Deum" title="Queen Caroline Te Deum">Queen Caroline Te Deum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandos_Jubilate" title="Chandos Jubilate">Chandos Jubilate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Oboe concertos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oboe_Concerto_No._3_(Handel)" title="Oboe Concerto No. 3 (Handel)">Oboe Concerto No. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oboe_Concerto_No._1_(Handel)" title="Oboe Concerto No. 1 (Handel)">Oboe Concerto No. 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oboe_Concerto_No._2_(Handel)" title="Oboe Concerto No. 2 (Handel)">Oboe Concerto No. 2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Orchestral suites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_Music" title="Water Music">Water Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_for_the_Royal_Fireworks" title="Music for the Royal Fireworks">Music for the Royal Fireworks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Handel_flute_sonatas" title="Handel flute sonatas">Flute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Handel_solo_sonatas_(Walsh)" title="Handel solo sonatas (Walsh)">solo</a> and <a href="/wiki/XV_Handel_solo_sonatas_(Chrysander)" title="XV Handel solo sonatas (Chrysander)">XV solo</a> sonatas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonata_in_G_major_(HWV_358)" title="Sonata in G major (HWV 358)">358</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Fitzwilliam_Sonatas" title="Fitzwilliam Sonatas">Fitzwilliam</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_sonata_in_D_minor_(HWV_359a)" title="Violin sonata in D minor (HWV 359a)">359a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flute_sonata_in_E_minor_(HWV_359b)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flute sonata in E minor (HWV 359b)">359b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recorder_sonata_in_G_minor_(HWV_360)" title="Recorder sonata in G minor (HWV 360)">360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_sonata_in_A_major_(HWV_361)" title="Violin sonata in A major (HWV 361)">361</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recorder_sonata_in_A_minor_(HWV_362)" title="Recorder sonata in A minor (HWV 362)">362</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oboe_sonata_in_F_major_(HWV_363a)" title="Oboe sonata in F major (HWV 363a)">363a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flute_sonata_in_G_major_(HWV_363b)" title="Flute sonata in G major (HWV 363b)">363b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_sonata_in_G_minor_(HWV_364a)" title="Violin sonata in G minor (HWV 364a)">364a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_sonata_in_G_minor_(HWV_364a)" title="Violin sonata in G minor (HWV 364a)">364b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recorder_Sonata_in_C_major,_HWV_365_(Handel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Recorder Sonata in C major, HWV 365 (Handel)">365</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oboe_sonata_in_C_minor_(HWV_366)" title="Oboe sonata in C minor (HWV 366)">366</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recorder_sonata_in_D_minor_(HWV_367a)" title="Recorder sonata in D minor (HWV 367a)">367a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flute_sonata_in_B_minor_(HWV_367b)" title="Flute sonata in B minor (HWV 367b)">367b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_sonata_in_G_minor_(HWV_368)" title="Violin sonata in G minor (HWV 368)">368</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recorder_sonata_in_F_major_(HWV_369)" title="Recorder sonata in F major (HWV 369)">369</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_sonata_in_F_major_(HWV_370)" title="Violin sonata in F major (HWV 370)">370</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_sonata_in_D_major_(HWV_371)" title="Violin sonata in D major (HWV 371)">371</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_sonata_in_A_major_(HWV_372)" title="Violin sonata in A major (HWV 372)">372</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_sonata_in_E_major_(HWV_373)" title="Violin sonata in E major (HWV 373)">373</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flute_sonata_in_A_minor_(HWV_374)" title="Flute sonata in A minor (HWV 374)">374</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flute_sonata_in_E_minor_(HWV_375)" title="Flute sonata in E minor (HWV 375)">375</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flute_sonata_in_B_minor_(HWV_376)" title="Flute sonata in B minor (HWV 376)">376</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flute_sonata_in_D_major_(HWV_378)" title="Flute sonata in D major (HWV 378)">378</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flute_sonata_in_E_minor_(HWV_379)" title="Flute sonata in E minor (HWV 379)">379</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Opus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organ_concertos,_Op._4_(Handel)" title="Organ concertos, Op. 4 (Handel)">Organ concertos, Op. 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_concertos,_Op._7_(Handel)" title="Organ concertos, Op. 7 (Handel)">Organ concertos, Op. 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerti_grossi,_Op._3_(Handel)" title="Concerti grossi, Op. 3 (Handel)">Concerti grossi, Op. 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerti_grossi,_Op._6_(Handel)" title="Concerti grossi, Op. 6 (Handel)">Concerti grossi, Op. 6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanico_(Handel)" title="Germanico (Handel)">Germanico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabal_(Handel)" title="Nabal (Handel)">Nabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_(Handel)" title="Gideon (Handel)">Gideon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Harmonious_Blacksmith" title="The Harmonious Blacksmith">The Harmonious Blacksmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_suite_in_D_minor_(HWV_437)" title="Keyboard suite in D minor (HWV 437)">Keyboard suite in D minor (HWV 437)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Catalogs and collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handel_Reference_Database" title="Handel Reference Database">Handel Reference Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4ndel-Werke-Verzeichnis" title="Händel-Werke-Verzeichnis">Händel-Werke-Verzeichnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4ndel-Gesellschaft" title="Händel-Gesellschaft">Händel-Gesellschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallische_H%C3%A4ndel-Ausgabe" title="Hallische Händel-Ausgabe">Hallische Händel-Ausgabe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_International_Handel_Festival" title="Göttingen International Handel Festival">Göttingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handel_Festival,_Halle" title="Handel Festival, Halle">Halle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Handel_Festival" title="London Handel Festival">London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handel%27s_Naturalisation_Act_1727" title="Handel's Naturalisation Act 1727">British citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letters_and_writings_of_George_Frideric_Handel" title="Letters and writings of George Frideric Handel">Letters and writings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_of_George_Frideric_Handel" title="Will of George Frideric Handel">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handel_at_Cannons" title="Handel at Cannons">Handel at Cannons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handel_House" title="Handel House">Handel House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handel_%26_Hendrix_in_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Handel & Hendrix in London">Handel & Hendrix in London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_H%C3%A4ndel" title="Georg Händel">Georg Händel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4ndel-Jahrbuch" title="Händel-Jahrbuch">Händel-Jahrbuch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:George_Frideric_Handel" title="Category:George Frideric Handel">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Georg Friedrich Händel">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Loudspeaker.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="sound icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/16px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/24px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/32px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Audio_files_of_music_by_Georg_Frideric_H%C3%A4ndel" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Audio files of music by Georg Frideric Händel">Audio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="George_Frideric_Handel&#039;s_Messiah_(1741)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Messiah_(Handel)" title="Template:Messiah (Handel)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Messiah_(Handel)" title="Template talk:Messiah (Handel)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Messiah_(Handel)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Messiah (Handel)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="George_Frideric_Handel&#039;s_Messiah_(1741)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Frideric Handel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Messiah_(Handel)" title="Messiah (Handel)">Messiah</a> (1741)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structure_of_Handel%27s_Messiah" title="Structure of Handel's Messiah">Structure of Handel's Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_Part_I" title="Messiah Part I">Part I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_Part_II" title="Messiah Part II">Part II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_Part_III" title="Messiah Part III">Part III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Versions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Der_Messias" title="Der Messias">Der Messias</a> (Mozart, 1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Messiah" title="Rock Messiah">Rock Messiah</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handel%27s_Messiah:_A_Soulful_Celebration" title="Handel's Messiah: A Soulful Celebration">Handel's Messiah: A Soulful Celebration</a> (1992) <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Hallelujah!_(gospel_song)" title="Hallelujah! (gospel song)">Hallelujah!</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scratch_Messiah" title="Scratch Messiah">Scratch Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_(Mormon_Tabernacle_Choir_album)" title="Messiah (Mormon Tabernacle Choir album)">Messiah</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Young_Messiah_(musical)" title="The Young Messiah (musical)">The Young Messiah</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_(1999_film)" title="Messiah (1999 film)">Messiah</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scheissmessiah!" title="Scheissmessiah!">Scheissmessiah!</a> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Story_within_a_story" title="Story within a story">Story within a story</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/It%27s_Christmastime_Again,_Charlie_Brown" title="It's Christmastime Again, Charlie Brown">It's Christmastime Again, Charlie Brown</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handel%27s_Last_Chance" title="Handel's Last Chance">Handel's Last Chance</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coram_Boy_(play)" title="Coram Boy (play)">Coram Boy</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_the_Angels" title="All the Angels">All the Angels</a> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Messiah_(Handel)" title="Category:Messiah (Handel)">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Baroque_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Baroque_music" title="Template:Baroque music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Baroque_music" title="Template talk:Baroque music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Baroque_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Baroque music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Baroque_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Baroque_composers" title="List of Baroque composers">List of Baroque composers</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Renaissance_to_Baroque_in_instrumental_music" title="Transition from Renaissance to Baroque in instrumental music">Transitional</a> and early (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1600)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Allegri" title="Gregorio Allegri">Allegri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Caccini" title="Giulio Caccini">G. Caccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Rodrigues_Coelho" title="Manuel Rodrigues Coelho">Coelho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dowland" title="John Dowland">J. Dowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchior_Franck" title="Melchior Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Frescobaldi" title="Girolamo Frescobaldi">Frescobaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gabrieli" title="Giovanni Gabrieli">Gabrieli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Galilei" title="Vincenzo Galilei">V. Galilei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Gibbons" title="Christopher Gibbons">C. Gibbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Gibbons" title="Orlando Gibbons">O. Gibbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismondo_d%27India" title="Sigismondo d'India">d'India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Girolamo_Kapsperger" title="Giovanni Girolamo Kapsperger">Kapsberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefano_Landi" title="Stefano Landi">Landi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lawes" title="William Lawes">Lawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_V%C3%A1clav_Michna_z_Otradovic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam Václav Michna z Otradovic">Michna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarquinio_Merula" title="Tarquinio Merula">Merula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Monteverdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Peri" title="Jacopo Peri">Peri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Praetorius" title="Michael Praetorius">M. Praetorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Rossi" title="Luigi Rossi">Rossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Scheidt" title="Samuel Scheidt">Scheidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Hermann_Schein" title="Johann Hermann Schein">Schein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Heinrich Schütz">Schütz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Pieterszoon_Sweelinck" title="Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck">Sweelinck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1650)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cataldo_Amodei" title="Cataldo Amodei">Amodei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_d%27Anglebert" title="Jean-Henri d'Anglebert">d'Anglebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Bassani" title="Giovanni Battista Bassani">Bassani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Ignaz_Franz_Biber" title="Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber">H. I. F. Biber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Blow" title="John Blow">Blow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieterich_Buxtehude" title="Dieterich Buxtehude">Buxtehude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Cabanilles" title="Juan Bautista Cabanilles">Cabanilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Carissimi" title="Giacomo Carissimi">Carissimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Cavalli" title="Francesco Cavalli">Cavalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Cesti" title="Antonio Cesti">Cesti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc-Antoine_Charpentier" title="Marc-Antoine Charpentier">Charpentier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Clarke" title="Jeremiah Clarke">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcangelo_Corelli" title="Arcangelo Corelli">Corelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Diletsky" title="Nikolay Diletsky">Diletsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Froberger" title="Johann Jakob Froberger">Froberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Caspar_Kerll" title="Johann Caspar Kerll">Kerll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Legrenzi" title="Giovanni Legrenzi">Legrenzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lully" title="Jean-Baptiste Lully">J.-B. Lully</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marin_Marais" title="Marin Marais">M. Marais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Muffat" title="Georg Muffat">Muffat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Pachelbel" title="Johann Pachelbel">J. Pachelbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Playford" title="John Playford">J. Playford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Purcell" title="Henry Purcell">H. Purcell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Adam_Reincken" title="Johann Adam Reincken">Reincken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Sabini" title="Nicola Sabini">Sabini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Sanz" title="Gaspar Sanz">Sanz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Scarlatti" title="Alessandro Scarlatti">A. Scarlatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Stradella" title="Alessandro Stradella">Stradella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Strozzi" title="Barbara Strozzi">Strozzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Torelli" title="Giuseppe Torelli">Torelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Torrej%C3%B3n_y_Velasco" title="Tomás de Torrejón y Velasco">Torrejón y Velasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Josef_Vejvanovsk%C3%BD" title="Pavel Josef Vejvanovský">Vejvanovský</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Late_Baroque_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Baroque (music)">Late</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1700)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomaso_Albinoni" title="Tomaso Albinoni">Albinoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">J. S. Bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bodin_de_Boismortier" title="Joseph Bodin de Boismortier">Bodin de Boismortier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Bononcini" title="Giovanni Bononcini">G. B. Bononcini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Caldara" title="Antonio Caldara">Caldara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Campra" title="André Campra">Campra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Couperin" title="François Couperin">F. Couperin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Richard_Delalande" title="Michel Richard Delalande">Delalande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Fasch" title="Johann Friedrich Fasch">Fasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Caspar_Ferdinand_Fischer" title="Johann Caspar Ferdinand Fischer">Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joseph_Fux" title="Johann Joseph Fux">Fux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Geminiani" title="Francesco Geminiani">Geminiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grzegorz_Gerwazy_Gorczycki" title="Grzegorz Gerwazy Gorczycki">Gorczycki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Graupner" title="Christoph Graupner">Graupner</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Handel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_David_Heinichen" title="Johann David Heinichen">Heinichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Jacquet_de_La_Guerre" title="Élisabeth Jacquet de La Guerre">Jacquet de La Guerre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Leclair" title="Jean-Marie Leclair">Leclair l'aîné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Locatelli" title="Pietro Locatelli">Locatelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Lotti" title="Antonio Lotti">Lotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Marcello" title="Alessandro Marcello">A. Marcello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Pepusch" title="Johann Christoph Pepusch">Pepusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Pergolesi" title="Giovanni Battista Pergolesi">Pergolesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Pisendel" title="Johann Georg Pisendel">Pisendel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Porpora" title="Nicola Porpora">Porpora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Quantz" title="Johann Joachim Quantz">Quantz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Rameau" title="Jean-Philippe Rameau">Rameau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Scarlatti" title="Domenico Scarlatti">D. Scarlatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Seixas" title="Carlos Seixas">Seixas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Tartini" title="Giuseppe Tartini">Tartini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann" title="Georg Philipp Telemann">Telemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Vinci" title="Leonardo Vinci">Vinci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Vivaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvius_Leopold_Weiss" title="Sylvius Leopold Weiss">Weiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Dismas_Zelenka" title="Jan Dismas Zelenka">Zelenka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Zumaya" title="Manuel de Zumaya">de Zumaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Galant_music" title="Galant music">Galant</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1720)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Arne" title="Thomas Arne">Arne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Philipp_Emanuel_Bach" title="Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach">C. P. E. Bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christian_Bach" title="Johann Christian Bach">J. C. Bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Friedemann_Bach" title="Wilhelm Friedemann Bach">W. F. Bach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Benda" title="Franz Benda">F. Benda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Boccherini" title="Luigi Boccherini">Boccherini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Boyce_(composer)" title="William Boyce (composer)">Boyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franti%C5%A1ek_Brixi" title="František Brixi">F. Brixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Corrette" title="Michel Corrette">Corrette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldassare_Galuppi" title="Baldassare Galuppi">Galuppi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Adolph_Hasse" title="Johann Adolph Hasse">Hasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Martini" title="Giovanni Battista Martini">Padre Martini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Myslive%C4%8Dek" title="Josef Mysliveček">Mysliveček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Joseph_de_Mondonville" title="Jean-Joseph de Mondonville">Mondonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Mozart" title="Leopold Mozart">L. Mozart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Quantz" title="Johann Joachim Quantz">Quantz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Sammartini" title="Giovanni Battista Sammartini">Sammartini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Soler" title="Antonio Soler">Soler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann" title="Georg Philipp Telemann">Telemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Zach" title="Jan Zach">Zach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baroque_instruments" title="Baroque instruments">Musical Instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bassoon" title="Bassoon">bassoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carillon" title="Carillon">carillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavichord" title="Clavichord">clavichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornett" title="Cornett">cornett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">double bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum" title="Drum">drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_flute" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroque flute">flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortepiano" title="Fortepiano">fortepiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_guitar" title="Baroque guitar">guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lautenwerck" title="Lautenwerck">lautenwerck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">oboe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)" title="Recorder (musical instrument)">recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sackbut" title="Sackbut">sackbut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theorbo" title="Theorbo">theorbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_trumpet" title="Baroque trumpet">trumpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viol" title="Viol">viol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola" title="Viola">viola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_violin" title="Baroque violin">violin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violone" title="Violone">violone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ensembles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_orchestra" title="Baroque orchestra">Baroque orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basso_continuo" title="Basso continuo">Basso continuo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musical forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aria" title="Aria">aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_ballet" title="French ballet">ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantata" title="Cantata">cantata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_(music)" title="Canon (music)">canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canzona" title="Canzona">canzona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canzonetta" title="Canzonetta">canzonetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capriccio_(music)" title="Capriccio (music)">capriccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaconne" title="Chaconne">chaconne</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_17th-century_chaconnes" title="List of 17th-century chaconnes">17th-century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_18th-century_chaconnes" title="List of 18th-century chaconnes">18th-century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorale" title="Chorale">chorale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concertato" title="Concertato">concertato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerto" title="Concerto">concerto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerto_grosso" title="Concerto grosso">concerto grosso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_dance" title="Baroque dance">dance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Courante" title="Courante">courante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavotte" title="Gavotte">gavotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigue" title="Gigue">gigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minuet" title="Minuet">minuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passacaglia" title="Passacaglia">passacaglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarabande" title="Sarabande">sarabande</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasia_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasia (music)">fantasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folia" title="Folia">folia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugue" title="Fugue">fugue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grands_motets" class="mw-redirect" title="Grands motets">grand motet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrigal" title="Madrigal">madrigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_(music)" title="Mass (music)">mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera#The_Baroque_era" title="Opera">opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prelude_(music)" title="Prelude (music)">prelude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recitative" title="Recitative">recitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricercar" title="Ricercar">ricercar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonata_da_chiesa" title="Sonata da chiesa">sonata da chiesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suite_(music)" title="Suite (music)">suite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_pop" title="Baroque pop">Baroque pop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_pop" title="Chamber pop">Chamber pop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_music_of_the_British_Isles" title="Baroque music of the British Isles">British Baroque music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">counterpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_music_revival" title="Early music revival">early music revival</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_music_festivals" title="Early music festivals">festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_music_ensembles" title="List of early music ensembles">ensembles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historically_informed_performance" title="Historically informed performance">historically informed performance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figured_bass" title="Figured bass">Figured bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_baroque" title="Folk baroque">Folk baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monody" title="Monody">monody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_in%C3%A9gales" title="Notes inégales">notes inégales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_polychoral_style" title="Venetian polychoral style">polychoral style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_bris%C3%A9" title="Style brisé">Style brisé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galant_Schemata" title="Galant Schemata">Galant Schemata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">Common practice period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_dance" title="Baroque dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_painting" title="Baroque painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_sculpture" title="Baroque sculpture">Sculpture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="float: left;"> ← <a href="/wiki/Template:Renaissance_music" title="Template:Renaissance music">Renaissance music</a></div><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Classical_period_(music)" title="Template:Classical period (music)">Classical music</a> → </div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Baroque_music" title="Category:Baroque music">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7302#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7302#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7302#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122759702">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/5126950">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/8931159248059304870007">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/3719159248224904870006">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/45463/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvhkhfdVHMRYf73dMHt8C">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118544489">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79129204">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139873218">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139873218">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00442362">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV041049">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35167864">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990003280&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1108806">Spain</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4681923">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/99656">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068387032">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90051292">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000034911&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000037446&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000064328">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=71409">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000021545">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199611188">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/31fhj8wm55gk2h8">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810705909305606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/8474">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007282703205171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000045048">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511124006706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14641660">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03739376?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500449411">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/27870d47-bb98-42d1-bf2b-c7e972e6befc">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/483683">RKD Artists</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102593">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bmlo.de/h1734">BMLO</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/849486">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3318/dib.003777.v1">Ireland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118544489.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118544489">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027271706">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6668khj">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/36552">RISM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/21px-Audio_a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/32px-Audio_a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/42px-Audio_a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="460" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Classical music</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/7px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/10px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/14px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Music</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Operalogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/21px-Operalogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/32px-Operalogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/42px-Operalogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Opera" title="Portal:Opera">Opera</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">George Frideric Handel at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Georg_Friedrich_H%C3%A4ndel" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Georg Friedrich Händel">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" class="extiw" title="q:George Frideric Handel">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_Frideric_Handel" class="extiw" title="s:Author:George Frideric Handel">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7302" class="extiw" title="d:Q7302">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Frideric_Handel&oldid=1257892126">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Frideric_Handel&oldid=1257892126</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:George_Frideric_Handel" title="Category:George Frideric Handel">George Frideric Handel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1685_births" title="Category:1685 births">1685 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1759_deaths" title="Category:1759 deaths">1759 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_British_composers" title="Category:18th-century British composers">18th-century British composers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_German_composers" title="Category:18th-century German composers">18th-century German composers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_German_male_musicians" title="Category:18th-century German male musicians">18th-century German male musicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_German_keyboardists" title="Category:18th-century German keyboardists">18th-century German keyboardists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Classical_composers_of_church_music" title="Category:Classical composers of church music">Classical composers of church music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Composers_for_harpsichord" title="Category:Composers for harpsichord">Composers for harpsichord</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Composers_for_pipe_organ" title="Category:Composers for pipe organ">Composers for pipe organ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_Baroque_composers" title="Category:English Baroque composers">English Baroque composers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_opera_composers" title="Category:English opera composers">English opera composers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_male_organists" title="Category:British male organists">British male organists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_male_organists" title="Category:German male organists">German male organists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_Baroque_composers" title="Category:German Baroque composers">German Baroque composers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_opera_composers" title="Category:German opera composers">German opera composers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oratorio_composers" title="Category:Oratorio composers">Oratorio composers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Organ_improvisers" title="Category:Organ improvisers">Organ improvisers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Musicians" title="Category:Members of the Royal Society of Musicians">Members of the Royal Society of Musicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_Westminster_Abbey" title="Category:Burials at Westminster Abbey">Burials at Westminster Abbey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Musicians_from_Halle_(Saale)" title="Category:Musicians from Halle (Saale)">Musicians from Halle (Saale)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_the_Duchy_of_Magdeburg" title="Category:People from the Duchy of Magdeburg">People from the Duchy of Magdeburg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_emigrants_to_England" title="Category:German emigrants to England">German emigrants to England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_emigrants_to_the_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Category:German emigrants to the Kingdom of Great Britain">German emigrants to the Kingdom of Great Britain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_duellists" title="Category:German duellists">German duellists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Male_classical_organists" title="Category:Male classical organists">Male classical organists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_expatriates_in_Italy" title="Category:German expatriates in Italy">German expatriates in Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Composers_from_London" title="Category:Composers from London">Composers from London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Composers_from_Hamburg" title="Category:Composers from Hamburg">Composers from Hamburg</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2019" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2019">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2022">Use dmy dates from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_July_2011" title="Category:Use British English from July 2011">Use British English from July 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biography_with_signature" title="Category:Biography with signature">Biography with signature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_German_IPA" title="Category:Pages with German IPA">Pages with German IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats" title="Category:Articles with hAudio microformats">Articles with hAudio microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_ODNB" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_incorporating_Cite_DNB_template" title="Category:Articles incorporating Cite DNB template">Articles incorporating Cite DNB template</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Project_Gutenberg_links" title="Category:Articles with Project Gutenberg links">Articles with Project Gutenberg links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Internet_Archive_links" title="Category:Articles with Internet Archive links">Articles with Internet Archive links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LibriVox_links" title="Category:Articles with LibriVox links">Articles with LibriVox links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Composers_with_IMSLP_links" title="Category:Composers with IMSLP links">Composers with IMSLP links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_International_Music_Score_Library_Project_links" title="Category:Articles with International Music Score Library Project links">Articles with International Music Score Library Project links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_wikidata_namespace_mismatch" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch">Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 November 2024, at 03:45 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Frideric_Handel&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-gfg4b","wgBackendResponseTime":231,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.803","walltime":"2.222","ppvisitednodes":{"value":16789,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":307825,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":19622,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":24,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":352063,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1832.569 1 -total"," 24.32% 445.720 2 Template:Reflist"," 14.96% 274.173 88 Template:Sfn"," 8.65% 158.466 38 Template:Cite_book"," 7.62% 139.608 1 Template:Infobox_person"," 6.67% 122.146 12 Template:Cite_web"," 6.19% 113.515 20 Template:Efn"," 5.35% 97.955 3 Template:Navbox"," 5.11% 93.562 19 Template:Cite_journal"," 5.03% 92.256 3 Template:Lang"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.011","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19812534,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdamsHofestädt2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBest1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlyth2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBone1914\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuelow2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBukofzer1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurrows1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurrows2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurrowsCoffeyGreenacombeHicks2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChrysander1858\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCudworth1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDay2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDean1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDean1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDean2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeanKnapp1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDent2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeutsch1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDitto1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDreyhaupt1755\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHandel\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHicks1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHicks2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHogwood1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunter2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFImogen_Levy1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLandon1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLang1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarsen1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMainwaring1760\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaitlandSquire1890\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarx1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMattheson1740\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGeary2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Cole1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Portrait_Gallery\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrince_Hoare1820\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRolland1916\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchoelcher1857\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwarm\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeiffert1905\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Halle_Handel_Edition\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung1975\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"BBC composer page\"] = 1,\n [\"Baroque music\"] = 1,\n [\"ChoralWiki\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite DNB\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite ODNB\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 38,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 11,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Handel, George Frideric\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 20,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"George Frideric Handel\"] = 1,\n [\"Gutenberg author\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 76,\n [\"IMSLP\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 7,\n [\"Ill\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox person\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Librivox author\"] = 1,\n [\"Listen\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Messiah (Handel)\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 3,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"OldStyleDate\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 88,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 10,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","22.6"],["?","160","15.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","100","9.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","80","7.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","5.7"],["format","40","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","40","3.8"],["match","40","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate","40","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","40","3.8"],["[others]","220","20.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-lt4nx","timestamp":"20241124053237","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"George Frideric Handel","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/George_Frideric_Handel","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7302","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7302","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-14T10:33:24Z","dateModified":"2024-11-17T03:45:21Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/fa\/George_Frideric_Handel_by_Balthasar_Denner.jpg","headline":"German-British Baroque composer (1685\u20131759)"}</script> </body> </html>