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class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_People%E2%80%99s_History_of_the_United_States" title="A People’s History of the United States – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="A People’s History of the United States" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_otra_historia_de_los_Estados_Unidos" title="La otra historia de los Estados Unidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="La otra historia de los Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Une_histoire_populaire_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Une histoire populaire des États-Unis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Une histoire populaire des États-Unis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EB%AF%BC%EC%A4%91%EC%82%AC" title="미국 민중사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 민중사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_del_popolo_americano_dal_1492_a_oggi" title="Storia del popolo americano dal 1492 a oggi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia del popolo americano dal 1492 a oggi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1980 history book by Howard Zinn</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">A People's History of the United States <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+People%27s+History+of+the+United+States&rft.author=%5B%5BHoward+Zinn%5D%5D&rft.date=1980+%281st+edition%29%3B+2009+%28most+recent+edition%29&rft.pub=%5B%5BHarper+%26+Row%5D%5D%3B+%5B%5BHarperCollins%5D%5D&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=729+pp+%282003+edition%29&rft.series=A+People%27s+History&rft_id=info:oclcnum/50622172"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Peopleshistoryzinn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/11/Peopleshistoryzinn.jpg/220px-Peopleshistoryzinn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/11/Peopleshistoryzinn.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="383" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">2003 hardcover edition</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Howard Zinn</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Series</th><td class="infobox-data">A People's History</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">American history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">American politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">American foreign policy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">American economics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Row" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper & Row">Harper & Row</a>; <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1980 (1st edition); 2009 (most recent edition)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data">Print</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pages</th><td class="infobox-data">729 pp (2003 edition)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)"><abbr title="Online Computer Library Center number">OCLC</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50622172">50622172</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/LCC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCC (identifier)"><abbr title="Library of Congress Classification">LC Class</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">E178 .Z75 2003</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #d33; border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism" title="Category:Socialism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#AE1719; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States"><span style="color: #FFF;">Socialism<br />in the United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg/120px-American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg/180px-American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg/240px-American_Socialism_Flags_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="292" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Hill,_Illinois#History" title="Bishop Hill, Illinois">Bishop Hill Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brook_Farm" title="Brook Farm">Brook Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icarians" title="Icarians">Icarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonestown" title="Jonestown">Jonestown</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Looking_Backward" title="Looking Backward">Looking Backward</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Harmony,_Indiana" title="New Harmony, Indiana">New Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_Community" title="Oneida Community">Oneida Community</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1877_St._Louis_general_strike" title="1877 St. Louis general strike">1877 St. Louis general strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Lawrence_textile_strike" title="1912 Lawrence textile strike">1912 Lawrence textile strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Worker_Movement" title="Catholic Worker Movement">Catholic Worker Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Rebellion" title="Green Corn Rebellion">Green Corn Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor unionization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">May Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Repression and persecution</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Defense_Society" title="American Defense Society">American Defense Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Protective_League" title="American Protective League">American Protective League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA_and_African_Americans" title="Communist Party USA and African Americans">Communist Party USA and African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">labor movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA_and_American_labor_movement_(1919%E2%80%931937)" title="Communist Party USA and American labor movement (1919–1937)">1919–1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA_and_American_labor_movement_(1937%E2%80%931950)" title="Communist Party USA and American labor movement (1937–1950)">1937–1957</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage_Act_of_1917" title="Espionage Act of 1917">Espionage Act of 1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">John Birch Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle_General_Strike" title="Seattle General Strike">Seattle General Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Act" title="Smith Act">Smith Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Act_trials_of_Communist_Party_leaders" title="Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders">Smith Act trials</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">Anti-war</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a> movements</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Black power movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COINTELPRO" title="COINTELPRO">COINTELPRO</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">I Have a Dream</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington" title="March on Washington">March on Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign">Poor People's Campaign</a></li></ul> <p><b>Contemporary</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street" title="Occupy Wall Street">Occupy Wall Street</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Abern" title="Martin Abern">Abern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Alston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Avrich" title="Paul Avrich">Avrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwasi_Balagoon" title="Kuwasi Balagoon">Balagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Bellamy (Edward)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bellamy" title="Francis Bellamy">Bellamy (Francis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_L._Berger" title="Victor L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaal_Bowman" title="Jamaal Bowman">Bowman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bruenig" title="Elizabeth Bruenig">Bruenig (Elizabeth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Bruenig" title="Matt Bruenig">Bruenig (Matt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Brisbane" title="Albert Brisbane">Brisbane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Brooks_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Brooks (political commentator)">Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Browder" title="Earl Browder">Browder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cori_Bush" title="Cori Bush">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Cabet" title="Étienne Cabet">Cabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Cannon" title="James P. Cannon">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Cantor" title="Dan Cantor">Cantor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Carmichael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Clark" title="Peter H. Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cockburn" title="Alexander Cockburn">Cockburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Davis (Angela)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Davis_(scholar)" title="Mike Davis (scholar)">Davis (Mike)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodi_Dean" title="Jodi Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_De_la_Cruz" title="Claudia De la Cruz">De la Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_De_Leon" title="Daniel De Leon">De Leon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Dennis" title="Eugene Dennis">Dennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarissa_Dixon" title="Clarissa Dixon">Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Dreiser" title="Theodore Dreiser">Dreiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Ehrenreich" title="Barbara Ehrenreich">Ehrenreich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Kom%27boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Fearing" title="Kenneth Fearing">Fearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Feinberg" title="Leslie Feinberg">Feinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Gurley_Flynn" title="Elizabeth Gurley Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Ford" title="James W. Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Wilson_Gilmore" title="Ruth Wilson Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gitlow" title="Benjamin Gitlow">Gitlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Batchelder_Greene" title="William Batchelder Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_Guthrie" title="Woody Guthrie">Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gus_Hall" title="Gus Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashiell_Hammett" title="Dashiell Hammett">Hammett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yip_Harburg" title="Yip Harburg">Harburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Harrington" title="Michael Harrington">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Harrison" title="Hubert Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hay" title="Harry Hay">Hay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Haywood" title="Bill Haywood">Haywood (Bill)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Haywood" title="Harry Haywood">Haywood (Harry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howie_Hawkins" title="Howie Hawkins">Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Hedges" title="Chris Hedges">Hedges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Heywood" title="Angela Heywood">Heywood (Angela)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Heywood" title="Ezra Heywood">Heywood (Ezra)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Hill_(activist)" title="Joe Hill (activist)">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Hillquit" title="Morris Hillquit">Hillquit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hoan" title="Daniel Hoan">Hoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbie_Hoffman" title="Abbie Hoffman">Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Jameson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Labadie" title="Jo Labadie">Labadie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Fiorello La Guardia">La Guardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_London" title="Jack London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Lovestone" title="Jay Lovestone">Lovestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyer_Lum" title="Dyer Lum">Lum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Marcy" title="Sam Marcy">Marcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McReynolds" title="David McReynolds">McReynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlene_Mitchell" title="Charlene Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Moore" title="Michael Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Morello" title="Tom Morello">Morello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Most" title="Johann Most">Most</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Humphrey_Noyes" title="John Humphrey Noyes">Noyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Ocasio-Cortez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Ochs" title="Phil Ochs">Ochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Panken" title="Jacob Panken">Panken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Parenti" title="Michael Parenti">Parenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Parsons" title="Albert Parsons">Parsons (Albert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Parsons (Lucy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Piker" title="Hasan Piker">Piker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Fox_Piven" title="Frances Fox Piven">Piven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reed_(journalist)" title="John Reed (journalist)">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ripley_(transcendentalist)" title="George Ripley (transcendentalist)">Ripley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Robbins" title="Matilda Robbins">Robbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_J._Robinson" title="Nathan J. Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zack_de_la_Rocha" title="Zack de la Rocha">Rocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Roediger" title="David Roediger">Roediger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Rustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ruthenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Ruthenberg">Ruthenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacco_and_Vanzetti" title="Sacco and Vanzetti">Sacco and Vanzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sandburg" title="Carl Sandburg">Sandburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshama_Sawant" title="Kshama Sawant">Sawant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Seale" title="Bobby Seale">Seale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Seeger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Seidel" title="Emil Seidel">Seidel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Shachtman" title="Max Shachtman">Shachtman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assata_Shakur" title="Assata Shakur">Shakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._F._Stone" title="I. F. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaskar_Sunkara" title="Bhaskar Sunkara">Sunkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sweezy" title="Paul Sweezy">Sweezy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serj_Tankian" title="Serj Tankian">Tankian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashida_Tlaib" title="Rashida Tlaib">Tlaib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nina_Turner" title="Nina Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Wolff" title="Richard D. Wolff">Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Meiksins_Wood" title="Ellen Meiksins Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Olin_Wright" title="Erik Olin Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Zeidler" title="Frank Zeidler">Zeidler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Active organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antifa_(United_States)" title="Antifa (United States)">Antifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Riders_Liberation_Party" title="Black Riders Liberation Party">Black Riders Liberation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Socialists_in_America" title="Black Socialists in America">Black Socialists in America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialists_of_America" title="Democratic Socialists of America">Democratic Socialists of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_New_York_(2010)" title="Freedom Party of New York (2010)">Freedom Party of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Road_Socialist_Organization" title="Freedom Road Socialist Organization">Freedom Road Socialist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Socialist_Party" title="Freedom Socialist Party">Freedom Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Mountain_Peace_and_Justice_Party" title="Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party">Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green Party of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Marijuana_Now" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal Marijuana Now">Legal Marijuana Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_Progressive_Party_(United_States)_state_affiliates" title="Category:National Progressive Party (United States) state affiliates">National Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Afrikan_Black_Panther_Party" title="New Afrikan Black Panther Party">New Afrikan Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation" title="Party for Socialism and Liberation">Party for Socialism and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Freedom_Party" title="Peace and Freedom Party">Peace and Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Dane" title="Progressive Dane">Progressive Dane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Labor_Party_(United_States)" title="Progressive Labor Party (United States)">Progressive Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redneck_Revolt" title="Redneck Revolt">Redneck Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Communist_Party,_USA" title="Revolutionary Communist Party, USA">Revolutionary Communist Party, USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Action_(United_States)" title="Socialist Action (United States)">Socialist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Alternative_(United_States)" title="Socialist Alternative (United States)">Socialist Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Workers_Party" title="South Carolina Workers Party">South Carolina Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democrats,_USA" title="Social Democrats, USA">Social Democrats, USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Rifle_Association" title="Socialist Rifle Association">Socialist Rifle Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(United_States)" title="Solidarity (United States)">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_(U.S._organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spark (U.S. organization)">Spark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartacist_League_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartacist League (US)">Spartacist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Families_Party" title="Working Families Party">Working Families Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Class_Party" title="Working Class Party">Working Class Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Socialist_Party_of_the_United_States" title="World Socialist Party of the United States">World Socialist Party of the United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Inactive or defunct organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Movement" title="American Indian Movement">American Indian Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Labor_Party" title="American Labor Party">American Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Union_of_Associationists" title="American Union of Associationists">American Union of Associationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Workers_Party" title="American Workers Party">American Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_(United_States)" title="Citizens Party (United States)">Citizens Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League_of_America" title="Communist League of America">Communist League of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League_of_Struggle" title="Communist League of Struggle">Communist League of Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers%27_Party_(United_States)" title="Communist Workers' Party (United States)">Communist Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Federation" title="Democratic Socialist Federation">Democratic Socialist Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Socialist_Organizing_Committee" title="Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee">Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Farmer–Labor Party">Farmer–Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Party_(United_States)" title="Human Rights Party (United States)">Human Rights Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Workers Party (United States)">Independent Socialist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialists_(United_States)" title="International Socialists (United States)">International Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_Organization" title="International Socialist Organization">International Socialist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association_in_America" title="International Workingmen's Association in America">International Workingmen's Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Party_(United_States)" title="Justice Party (United States)">Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Labor Party of the United States">Labor Party of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_(United_States,_1996)" title="Labor Party (United States, 1996)">Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoist_Internationalist_Movement" title="Maoist Internationalist Movement">Maoist Internationalist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(United_States)" title="Red Guards (United States)">Red Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guard_Party" title="Red Guard Party">Red Guard Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_American_Movement" title="New American Movement">New American Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(United_States)" title="New Party (United States)">New Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan_League" title="Nonpartisan League">Nonpartisan League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Party_(1970s)" title="Patriot Party (1970s)">Patriot Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_1971)" title="People's Party (United States, 1971)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_Party_of_America" title="Proletarian Party of America">Proletarian Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_League_(U.S.)" title="Revolutionary Socialist League (U.S.)">Revolutionary Socialist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Youth_Movement" title="Revolutionary Youth Movement">Revolutionary Youth Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democracy_of_America" title="Social Democracy of America">Social Democracy of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Federation_(United_States)" title="Social Democratic Federation (United States)">Social Democratic Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_America" title="Social Democratic Party of America">Social Democratic Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Students for a Democratic Society">SDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_Underground" title="Weather Underground">Weather Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Panther_Party" title="White Panther Party">White Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Workers Party of the United States">Workers Party of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Lords" title="Young Lords">Young Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Patriots_Organization" title="Young Patriots Organization">Young Patriots Organization</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_Reason_(newspaper)" title="Appeal to Reason (newspaper)">Appeal to Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_Affairs_(magazine)" title="Current Affairs (magazine)">Current Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Worker" title="Daily Worker">Daily Worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissent_(American_magazine)" title="Dissent (American magazine)">Dissent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Socialist_Review_(1900)" title="International Socialist Review (1900)">International Socialist Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle" title="The Jungle">The Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looking_Backward" title="Looking Backward">Looking Backward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_Capital" title="Monopoly Capital">Monopoly Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Other_America" title="The Other America">The Other America</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">A People's History of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlers:_The_Mythology_of_the_White_Proletariat" title="Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat">Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Socialism" title="Voluntary Socialism">Voluntary Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_Socialism%3F" title="Why Socialism?">Why Socialism?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZNetwork" title="ZNetwork">ZNetwork</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #d33; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">American Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">in the US</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Anarcho-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_socialism" title="Bill of Rights socialism">Bill of Rights socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist anarchism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Individualist anarchism in the United States">in the US</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_labor_law" title="United States labor law">Labor laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage_in_the_United_States" title="Minimum wage in the United States">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left anarchy">Post-left anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #d33; border-bottom:1px solid #d33"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism_US" title="Template:Socialism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialism_US" title="Template talk:Socialism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b> A People's History of the United States</b></i> is a 1980 <a href="/wiki/Nonfiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonfiction">nonfiction</a> book (updated in 2003) by American historian and <a href="/wiki/Political_scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Political scientist">political scientist</a> <a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Howard Zinn</a>. In the book, Zinn presented what he considered to be a different side of history from the more traditional "fundamental nationalist glorification of country".<sup id="cite_ref-nytobit_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytobit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zinn portrays a side of <a href="/wiki/American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="American history">American history</a> that can largely be seen as the exploitation and manipulation of the majority by rigged systems that hugely favor a small aggregate of elite rulers from across the orthodox political parties. </p><p><i>A People's History</i> has been assigned as reading in many high schools and colleges across the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also resulted in a change in the focus of historical work, which now includes stories that previously were ignored.<sup id="cite_ref-nytobit_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytobit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book was a runner-up in 1980 for the <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Award" title="National Book Award">National Book Award</a>. It frequently has been revised, with the most recent edition covering events through 2002. In 2003, Zinn was awarded the <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde_diplomatique" title="Le Monde diplomatique">Prix des Amis du Monde Diplomatique</a></i> for the French version of this book <i>Une histoire populaire des États-Unis.</i><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than two million copies have been sold. </p><p>In a 1998 interview, Zinn said he had set "quiet revolution" as his goal for writing <i>A People's History</i>: "Not a revolution in the classical sense of a seizure of power, but rather from people beginning to take power from within the institutions. In the workplace, the workers would take power to control the conditions of their lives."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, Zinn edited a primary source <a href="/wiki/Companion_volume" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion volume">companion volume</a> with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Arnove&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony Arnove (page does not exist)">Anthony Arnove</a>, entitled <i><a href="/wiki/Voices_of_a_People%27s_History_of_the_United_States" title="Voices of a People's History of the United States">Voices of a People's History of the United States</a></i>. </p><p><i>A People's History of the United States</i> has been criticized by various pundits and fellow historians. Critics, including professor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chris_Beneke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chris Beneke (page does not exist)">Chris Beneke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Randall_J._Stephens" title="Randall J. Stephens">Randall J. Stephens</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> assert blatant omissions of important historical episodes, uncritical reliance on biased sources, and failure to examine opposing views.<sup id="cite_ref-Arawaks_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arawaks-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, others have defended Zinn and the accuracy and intellectual integrity of his work.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_People%27s_History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Summarize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section should include only a <strong>brief</strong> summary of another article.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">Wikipedia:Summary style</a> for information on how to properly incorporate it into this article's main text.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In a letter responding to a 2007 critical review of his <i>A Young People's History of the United States</i> (a release of the title for younger readers) in <i>The New York Times Book Review</i>, Zinn wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>My history ... describes the inspiring struggle of those who have fought slavery and racism (<a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)">Bob Moses</a>), of the labor organizers who have led strikes for the rights of working people (<a href="/wiki/Big_Bill_Haywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Bill Haywood">Big Bill Haywood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Harris_Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Harris Jones">Mother Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Ch%C3%A1vez" class="mw-redirect" title="César Chávez">César Chávez</a>), of the socialists and others who have protested war and militarism (<a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Helen Keller</a>, the Rev. <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Berrigan" title="Daniel Berrigan">Daniel Berrigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cindy_Sheehan" title="Cindy Sheehan">Cindy Sheehan</a>). My hero is not <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, who loved war and congratulated a general after a <a href="/wiki/Moro_Crater_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Moro Crater massacre">massacre of Filipino villagers</a> at the turn of the century, but <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>, who denounced the massacre and satirized <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">imperialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I want young people to understand that ours is a beautiful country, but it has been taken over by men who have no respect for human rights or constitutional liberties. Our people are basically decent and caring, and our highest ideals are expressed in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>, which says that all of us have an equal right to "<a href="/wiki/Life,_liberty,_and_the_pursuit_of_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness">life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness</a>." The history of our country, I point out in my book, is a striving, against corporate <a href="/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist)" title="Robber baron (industrialist)">robber barons</a> and war makers, to make those ideals a reality—and all of us, of whatever age, can find immense satisfaction in becoming part of that.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Columbus_to_independence">Columbus to independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_People%27s_History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Columbus to independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chapter 1, "Columbus, the Indians, and Human Progress" covers early <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> civilization in North America and the Bahamas, the enslavement committed by the crew of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> (whom Zinn accused of <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>), and incidents of violent colonization by early settlers. Instead of restating the same history that has been presented for centuries, Zinn states that he prefers to tell history from the perspective of the <a href="/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak">Arawaks</a>, which many people are not familiar with. He describes the purpose of Columbus' expedition and his brutality towards the natives after his arrival. Not only does he use firsthand account of witnesses to Columbus' presence in the islands, he also provides statistics of native casualties to present this different side of history. Topics include the <a href="/wiki/Arawak_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Arawak peoples">Arawaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas" title="Bartolomé de las Casas">Bartolomé de las Casas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztecs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pizarro" class="mw-redirect" title="Pizarro">Pizarro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Powhatan" title="Powhatan">Powhatan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pequot" class="mw-redirect" title="Pequot">Pequot</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Narragansett_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Narragansett (tribe)">Narragansett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metacom" class="mw-redirect" title="Metacom">Metacom</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War" title="King Philip's War">King Philip's War</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a>. </p><p>Chapter 2, "Drawing the Color Line" addresses the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">slave trade</a> and servitude of poor <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White people</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>. Zinn writes of the methods by which he says racism was created artificially in order to enforce the economic system. He argues that racism is not natural because there are recorded instances of camaraderie and cooperation between enslaved Blacks and White servants in escaping from and in opposing their subjugation. </p><p>Chapter 3, "Persons of Mean and Vile Condition" describes <a href="/wiki/Bacon%27s_Rebellion" title="Bacon's Rebellion">Bacon's Rebellion</a> (1676), the economic conditions of the poor in the colonies, and opposition to their poverty. Zinn uses <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Bacon_(Virginia_colonist_and_rebel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathaniel Bacon (Virginia colonist and rebel)">Nathaniel Bacon</a>'s rebellion to assert that "class lines hardened through the colonial period".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chapter 4, "Tyranny Is Tyranny" covers the movement for "leveling" (economic equality) in the colonies and the causes of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. Zinn argues that the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a> agitated for war to distract the people from their own economic problems and to stop popular movements, a strategy that he claims the country's leaders would continue to use in the future. </p><p>Chapter 5, "A Kind of Revolution" covers the war and resistance to participating in war, the effects on the Native American people, and the continued inequalities in the new United States. When the land of veterans of the Revolutionary War was seized for non-payment of taxes, it led to instances of resistance to the government, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a>. Zinn notes that "<a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Beard" title="Charles A. Beard">Charles Beard</a> warned us that governments—including the government of the United States—are not neutral ... they represent the dominant economic interests, and ... their constitutions are intended to serve these interests."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_to_the_robber_barons">Independence to the robber barons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_People%27s_History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Independence to the robber barons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chapter 6, "The Intimately Oppressed" describes resistance to inequalities in the lives of women in the early years of the U.S. Zinn tells the stories of women who resisted the status quo, including <a href="/wiki/Polly_Baker" class="mw-redirect" title="Polly Baker">Polly Baker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Hutchinson" title="Anne Hutchinson">Anne Hutchinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Dyer" title="Mary Dyer">Mary Dyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amelia_Bloomer" title="Amelia Bloomer">Amelia Bloomer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catharine_Beecher" title="Catharine Beecher">Catharine Beecher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emma_Willard" title="Emma Willard">Emma Willard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harriot_Kezia_Hunt" title="Harriot Kezia Hunt">Harriot Kezia Hunt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackwell_(doctor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Blackwell (doctor)">Elizabeth Blackwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Stone" title="Lucy Stone">Lucy Stone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fuller" title="Margaret Fuller">Margaret Fuller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Grimk%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarah Grimké">Sarah Grimké</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angelina_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Angelina Grimké">Angelina Grimké</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Dix" title="Dorothea Dix">Dorothea Dix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frances_Wright" title="Frances Wright">Frances Wright</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Lucretia Mott</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:35%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>If you look through high school textbooks and elementary school textbooks in American history, you will find Andrew Jackson the frontiersman, soldier, democrat, man of the people—not Jackson the slaveholder, land speculator, executioner of dissident soldiers, exterminator of Indians. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Howard Zinn</a>, <br /><i>A People's History of the United States</i><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>Chapter 7, "As Long As Grass Grows or Water Runs" discusses 19th century conflicts between the U.S. government and Native Americans (such as the <a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars" title="Seminole Wars">Seminole Wars</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a>, especially during the administrations of <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a>. </p><p>Chapter 8, "We Take Nothing by Conquest, Thank God" describes the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>. Zinn writes that President <a href="/wiki/James_Polk" class="mw-redirect" title="James Polk">James Polk</a> agitated for war for the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>. Zinn argues that the war was unpopular, but that some newspapers of that era misrepresented the popular sentiment.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chapter 9, "Slavery Without Submission, Emancipation Without Freedom" addresses <a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">slave rebellions</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolition movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, and the effect of these events on African-Americans. Zinn writes that the large-scale violence of the war was used to end slavery instead of the small-scale violence of the rebellions because the latter may have expanded beyond anti-slavery, resulting in a movement against the <a href="/wiki/Capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist">capitalist</a> system. He writes that the war could limit the freedom granted to African-Americans by allowing the government control over how that freedom was gained. </p><p>Chapter 10, "The Other Civil War", covers the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Rent_War" title="Anti-Rent War">Anti-Rent movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Dorr Rebellion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Flour_Riot_of_1837" class="mw-redirect" title="Flour Riot of 1837">Flour Riot of 1837</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City draft riots</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Molly_Maguires" title="Molly Maguires">Molly Maguires</a>, the rise of <a href="/wiki/Labor_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor union">labor unions</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lowell_girls" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowell girls">Lowell girls</a> movement, and other <a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">class struggles</a> centered around the various <a href="/wiki/Depression_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Depression (economics)">depressions</a> of the 19th century. He describes the abuse of government power by corporations and the efforts by workers to resist those abuses.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chapter 11, "Robber Barons and Rebels" covers the rise of industrial corporations such as the railroads and banks and their transformation into the nation's dominant institutions, with corruption resulting in both industry and government. Also covered are the popular movements and individuals that opposed corruption, such as the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Labor" title="Knights of Labor">Knights of Labor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Edward Bellamy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_martyrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Haymarket martyrs">Haymarket martyrs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Homestead_strike" title="Homestead strike">Homestead strikers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Alexander Berkman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Railway_Union" title="American Railway Union">American Railway Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_Alliance" title="Farmers' Alliance">Farmers' Alliance</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist Party (United States)">Populist Party</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_People%27s_History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chapter 12, "The Empire and the People", covers <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a>, as well as in other lands such as <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Hawaii" title="Republic of Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, Guam, and Puerto Rico. The <a href="/wiki/Teller_Amendment" title="Teller Amendment">Teller Amendment</a> is discussed. Zinn portrays the wars as racist and imperialist and opposed by large segments of the American people. </p><p>Chapter 13, "The Socialist Challenge", covers the rise of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">socialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Anarchism in the United States">anarchism</a> as popular political ideologies in the United States. Covered in the chapter are the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor">American Federation of Labor</a> (which Zinn argues provided too exclusive of a union for non-white, female, and unskilled workers; Zinn argues in Chapter 24 that this changes in the 1990s), <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a> (IWW), <a href="/wiki/Mary_Harris_Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Harris Jones">Mary Harris "Mother" Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Hill_(activist)" title="Joe Hill (activist)">Joe Hill</a>, the Socialist Labor Party, <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1912)">Progressive Party</a> (which Zinn portrays as driven by fear of radicalism). </p><p>Chapter 14, "War Is the Health of the State" covers <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_I_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to World War I in the United States">anti-war movement</a> that happened during it, which was met with the heavily enforced <a href="/wiki/Espionage_Act_of_1917" title="Espionage Act of 1917">Espionage Act of 1917</a>. Zinn argues that the United States entered the war in order to expand its foreign markets and economic influence. </p><p>Chapter 15, "Self-Help in Hard Times" covers the government's campaign to destroy the IWW, and the factors leading to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. Zinn states that, despite popular belief, the 1920s were not a time of prosperity, and the problems of the Depression were simply the chronic problems of the poor extended to the rest of the society. Also covered is the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party</a>'s attempts to help the poor during the Depression. He criticizes some aspects of <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt">Franklin Delano Roosevelt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>: "From the first, the <a href="/wiki/National_Recovery_Administration" title="National Recovery Administration">NRA</a> was dominated by big business and served their interests."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Zinn, the New Deal was aimed mainly at stabilizing the economy and "secondly at giving enough help to the lower classes to keep them from turning a rebellion into a real revolution".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chapter 16, "A People's War?", covers <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, opposition to it, and the effects of the war on the people. Zinn, a veteran of the war himself, notes that "it was the most popular war the US ever fought",<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but states that this support may have been manufactured through the institutions of American society. He cites various instances of opposition to fighting (in some cases greater than those during World War I) as proof. Zinn also argues that the US's true intention was not fighting against systematic racism, since the US had this itself, such as with the <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a> (leading to opposition to the war from African-Americans). In accordance with American <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Cold_War" title="Historiography of the Cold War">revisionist</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a>, another argument made by Zinn is that the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a> were not necessary, as the U.S. government had already known that the Japanese were considering surrender beforehand, and it was "most anxious to get the Japanese affair over with before the Russians got in".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other subjects from WWII covered include <a href="/wiki/Japanese_American_internment" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese American internment">Japanese American internment</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dresden_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Dresden in World War II">bombing of Dresden</a>. The chapter continues into the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, which Zinn writes was used by the U.S. government to increase control over the American people (for instance, eliminating such radical elements as the Communist Party) and at the same time create a state of permanent war, which allowed for the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex" title="Military–industrial complex">military–industrial complex</a>. Zinn believes this was possible because both conservatives and liberals willingly worked together in the name of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Communism">anti-Communism</a>. Also covered is US involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_and_Ethel_Rosenberg" title="Julius and Ethel Rosenberg">Julius and Ethel Rosenberg</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a>. </p><p>Chapter 17, <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'Or Does It Explode?<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" (named after a line from <a href="/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes">Langston Hughes</a>'s poem "Harlem" from "<a href="/wiki/Montage_of_a_Dream_Deferred" title="Montage of a Dream Deferred">Montage of a Dream Deferred</a>", referred to as "Lenox Avenue Mural" by Zinn), covers the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a>. Zinn argues that the government began making reforms against discrimination (although without making fundamental changes) for the sake of changing its international image, but often did not enforce the laws that it passed. Zinn also argues that while nonviolent tactics may have been required for Southern civil rights activists, militant actions (such as those proposed by <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a>) were needed to solve the problems of black <a href="/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto">ghettos</a>. Also covered is the involvement of the Communist Party in the movement, the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Riders</a>, <a href="/wiki/COINTELPRO" title="COINTELPRO">COINTELPRO</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a>. </p><p>Chapter 18, "The Impossible Victory: Vietnam", covers the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to the Vietnam War">resistance to it</a>. Zinn argues that America was fighting a war that it could not win, as the <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese people</a> were in favor of the government of <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a> and opposed the regime of <a href="/wiki/Ngo_Dinh_Diem" title="Ngo Dinh Diem">Ngo Dinh Diem</a>, thus allowing them to keep morale high. Meanwhile, the American military's morale was very low, as many soldiers were put off by the atrocities which they were made to take part in, such as the <a href="/wiki/My_Lai_massacre" title="My Lai massacre">My Lai massacre</a>. Zinn also tries to dispel the popular belief that opposition to the war was mainly among college students and middle-class intellectuals, using statistics from the era to show higher opposition from the working class. Zinn argues that the troops themselves also opposed the war, citing desertions and refusals to go to war, as well as movements such as <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Veterans_Against_the_War" title="Vietnam Veterans Against the War">Vietnam Veterans Against the War</a>. Also covered is the US invasions of Laos and Cambodia, <a href="/wiki/Agent_Orange" title="Agent Orange">Agent Orange</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pentagon_Papers" title="Pentagon Papers">Pentagon Papers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ron_Kovic" title="Ron Kovic">Ron Kovic</a>, and raids on draft boards. </p><p>Chapter 19, "Surprises", covers other movements that happened during the 1960s, such as <a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">second-wave feminism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prison_reform" title="Prison reform">prison reform</a>/<a href="/wiki/Prison_abolition_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Prison abolition movement">prison abolition movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Native_American_rights_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American rights movement">Native American rights movement</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">counterculture</a>. People and events from the feminist movement covered include <a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Betty Friedan</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Feminine_Mystique" title="The Feminine Mystique">The Feminine Mystique</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_Terrorist_Conspiracy_from_Hell" title="Women's International Terrorist Conspiracy from Hell">Women's International Terrorist Conspiracy from Hell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Robinson" title="Patricia Robinson">Patricia Robinson</a>, the National Domestic Workers Union, <a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Women" title="National Organization for Women">National Organization for Women</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller" title="Susan Brownmiller">Susan Brownmiller</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Against_Our_Will" title="Against Our Will">Against Our Will</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Our_Bodies,_Ourselves" title="Our Bodies, Ourselves">Our Bodies, Ourselves</a></i>. People and events from the prison movement covered include <a href="/wiki/George_Jackson_(Black_Panther)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Jackson (Black Panther)">George Jackson</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Attica_Prison_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Attica Prison riots">Attica Prison riots</a>, and Jerry Sousa. People and events from the Native American rights movement covered include the <a href="/wiki/National_Indian_Youth_Council" title="National Indian Youth Council">National Indian Youth Council</a>, Sid Mills, <i><a href="/wiki/Akwesasne_Notes" class="mw-redirect" title="Akwesasne Notes">Akwesasne Notes</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Alcatraz" title="Occupation of Alcatraz">Indians of All Tribes</a>, the First Convocation of American Indian Scholars, Frank James, the <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Movement" title="American Indian Movement">American Indian Movement</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Wounded_Knee_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Wounded Knee incident">Wounded Knee incident</a>. People and events from the counterculture covered include <a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joan_Baez" title="Joan Baez">Joan Baez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malvina_Reynolds" title="Malvina Reynolds">Malvina Reynolds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Mitford" title="Jessica Mitford">Jessica Mitford</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Way_of_Death" title="The American Way of Death">The American Way of Death</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Kozol" title="Jonathan Kozol">Jonathan Kozol</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Dennison" title="George Dennison">George Dennison</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Illich" title="Ivan Illich">Ivan Illich</a>. </p><p>Chapter 20, "The Seventies: Under Control?", covers political corruption and American disillusion with the government during the 1970s. Zinn argues that the resignation of President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> and the exposure of crimes committed by the <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> and <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> during the decade were done by the government in order to regain support from the American people without making fundamental changes to the system. According to Zinn, <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>'s presidency continued the same basic policies of the <a href="/wiki/Nixon_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Nixon administration">Nixon administration</a>. Other topics covered include protests against the <a href="/wiki/Honeywell_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Honeywell Corporation">Honeywell Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Committee_to_Re-elect_the_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee to Re-elect the President">Committee to Re-elect the President</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Telephone_and_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="International Telephone and Telegraph">International Telephone and Telegraph</a>'s involvement in the <a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mayag%C3%BCez_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayagüez incident">Mayagüez incident</a>, <a href="/wiki/Project_MKUltra" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MKUltra">Project MKUltra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Church_Committee" title="Church Committee">Church Committee</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pike_Committee" title="Pike Committee">Pike Committee</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Trilateral_Commission" title="Trilateral Commission">Trilateral Commission</a>'s <i>The Governability of Democracies</i>, and the People's Bi-Centennial. </p><p>Chapter 21, "Carter-Reagan-Bush: The Bipartisan Consensus", covers the <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> administrations and their effects on both the American people and foreign countries. Zinn argues that the Democratic and Republican parties keep the government essentially the same, maintaining policies favorable for corporations and a militant foreign policy, no matter which party was in power. Zinn uses similarities among the three administrations' methods to argue for this. Other topics covered include the <a href="/wiki/Fairness_Doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairness Doctrine">Fairness Doctrine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian invasion of East Timor">Indonesian invasion of East Timor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Benavidez" title="Roy Benavidez">Roy Benavidez</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ohio-class_submarine" title="Ohio-class submarine">Trident submarine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars program</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sandinista_National_Liberation_Front" title="Sandinista National Liberation Front">Sandinista National Liberation Front</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a>, the <a href="/wiki/War_Powers_Resolution" title="War Powers Resolution">War Powers Act</a>, U.S. invasion of Lebanon during the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Grenada">Invasion of Grenada</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Romero" title="Óscar Romero">Óscar Romero</a>, the <a href="/wiki/El_Mozote_massacre" title="El Mozote massacre">El Mozote massacre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1986_Bombing_of_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="1986 Bombing of Libya">1986 Bombing of Libya</a>, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1985%E2%80%931991)#Dissolution_of_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)">collapse of the Soviet Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>. </p><p>Chapter 22, "The Unreported Resistance", covers several movements that happened during the Carter-Reagan-Bush years that were ignored by much of the mainstream media. Topics covered include the <a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nuclear">anti-nuclear</a> movement, the <a href="/wiki/Plowshares_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Plowshares Movement">Plowshares Movement</a>, the Council for a Nuclear Weapons Freeze, the <a href="/wiki/Physicians_for_Social_Responsibility" title="Physicians for Social Responsibility">Physicians for Social Responsibility</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Kistiakowsky" title="George Kistiakowsky">George Kistiakowsky</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fate_of_the_Earth" title="The Fate of the Earth">The Fate of the Earth</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Marian_Wright_Edelman" title="Marian Wright Edelman">Marian Wright Edelman</a>, the Citizens' Clearinghouse for Hazardous Wastes, the <a href="/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident" title="Three Mile Island accident">Three Mile Island accident</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Winooski_44" title="Winooski 44">Winooski 44</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbie_Hoffman" title="Abbie Hoffman">Abbie Hoffman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amy_Carter" title="Amy Carter">Amy Carter</a>, the Piedmont Peace Project, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Braden" title="Anne Braden">Anne Braden</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Ch%C3%A1vez" class="mw-redirect" title="César Chávez">César Chávez</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Farm_Workers" title="United Farm Workers">United Farm Workers</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Farm_Labor_Organizing_Committee" title="Farm Labor Organizing Committee">Farm Labor Organizing Committee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Campesino" class="mw-redirect" title="Teatro Campesino">Teatro Campesino</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_social_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT social movements">LGBT social movements</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall riots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_Not_Bombs" title="Food Not Bombs">Food Not Bombs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-war" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-war">anti-war</a> movement during the Gulf War, <a href="/wiki/David_Barsamian" title="David Barsamian">David Barsamian</a>, opposition to <a href="/wiki/Columbus_Day" title="Columbus Day">Columbus Day</a>, <i>Indigenous Thought</i>, <i>Rethinking Schools</i>, and the <a href="/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990" title="Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990">Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990</a>. </p><p><span id="Chapter23">Chapter 23</span>, "The Coming Revolt of the Guards", covers Zinn's theory on a possible future radical movement against inequality in America. Zinn argues that there will eventually be a movement made up not only of groups previously involved in radical change (such as labor organizers, black radicals, Native Americans, feminists), but also members of the middle class who are starting to become discontented with the state of the nation. Zinn expects this movement to use "demonstrations, marches, <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a>; strikes and boycotts and <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strikes</a>; <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a> to redistribute wealth, to reconstruct institutions, to revamp relationships".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chapter 24, "The Clinton Presidency", covers the effects of the <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> administration on the U.S. and the world. Zinn argues that despite Clinton's claims that he would bring change, his presidency kept many things the same. Topics covered include <a href="/wiki/Jocelyn_Elders" class="mw-redirect" title="Jocelyn Elders">Jocelyn Elders</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Waco_siege" title="Waco siege">Waco siege</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma City bombing</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Violent_Crime_Control_and_Law_Enforcement_Act" title="Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act">Crime Bill of 1996</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Antiterrorism_and_Effective_Death_Penalty_Act_of_1996" title="Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996">Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Personal_Responsibility_and_Work_Opportunity_Reconciliation_Act_of_1996" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996">Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile_strikes_on_Iraq_(June_1993)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruise missile strikes on Iraq (June 1993)">1993 bombing of Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Gothic_Serpent" title="Operation Gothic Serpent">Operation Gothic Serpent</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a>, the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Bosnia and Herzegovina">War in Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>, the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Infinite_Reach" title="Operation Infinite Reach">1998 bombing of Afghanistan and Sudan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Impeachment of Bill Clinton">impeachment of Bill Clinton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Ehrenreich" title="Barbara Ehrenreich">Barbara Ehrenreich</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Nickel_and_Dimed" title="Nickel and Dimed">Nickel and Dimed</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Stand_for_Children" title="Stand for Children">Stand for Children</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Million_Man_March" title="Million Man March">Million Man March</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumia_Abu-Jamal" title="Mumia Abu-Jamal">Mumia Abu-Jamal</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Sweeney_(labor_leader)" title="John Sweeney (labor leader)">John Sweeney</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Service_Employees_International_Union" title="Service Employees International Union">Service Employees International Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Needletrades,_Industrial_and_Textile_Employees" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees">Union of Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Worker_Rights_Consortium" title="Worker Rights Consortium">Worker Rights Consortium</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Economic_Human_Rights_Campaign" title="Poor People's Economic Human Rights Campaign">Poor People's Economic Human Rights Campaign</a>, the <a href="/wiki/UN_Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights">UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_Act_of_1996" title="Telecommunications Act of 1996">Telecommunications Act of 1996</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Spare_Change_News" title="Spare Change News">Spare Change News</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Street_Newspaper_Association" title="North American Street Newspaper Association">North American Street Newspaper Association</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Coalition_for_the_Homeless&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Coalition for the Homeless (page does not exist)">National Coalition for the Homeless</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-globalization">anti-globalization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/WTO_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999_protest_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999 protest activity">WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999 protest activity</a>. </p><p>Chapter 25, "The 2000 Election and the 'War On Terrorism<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>", covers the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000 presidential election</a> and the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terrorism">War on Terrorism</a>. Zinn argues that attacks on the U.S. by Arab terrorists (such as the <a href="/wiki/September_11,_2001_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="September 11, 2001 attacks">September 11, 2001 attacks</a>) are not caused by a hatred for our freedom (as claimed by President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>), but by grievances with U.S. foreign policies such as "stationing of U.S. troops in <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> ... <a href="/wiki/Iraq_sanctions" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraq sanctions">sanctions against Iraq</a> which ... had resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of children; [and] the continued U.S. support of Israel's occupation of land claimed by <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestinians</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other topics covered include <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Ralph Nader</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">War in Afghanistan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_reception">Critical reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_People%27s_History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Critical reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When <i>A People's History of the United States</i> was published in 1980, future <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Eric Foner</a> reviewed it in <i>The New York Times</i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Professor Zinn writes with an enthusiasm rarely encountered in the leaden prose of academic history, and his text is studded with telling quotations from labor leaders, war resisters and fugitive slaves. There are vivid descriptions of events that are usually ignored, such as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Railroad_Strike_of_1877" title="Great Railroad Strike of 1877">Great Railroad Strike of 1877</a> and the brutal suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine independence movement</a> at the turn of this century. Professor Zinn's chapter on Vietnam—bringing to life once again the free-fire zones, secret bombings, massacres and cover-ups—should be required reading for a new generation of students now facing conscription. Nonetheless, <i>A People's History</i> reflects a deeply pessimistic vision of the American experience ... Uprisings are either crushed, deflected or co-opted ... Why such movements so often fail to achieve their goals is never adequately explained ... The portrayal of these anonymous Americans, moreover, is strangely circumscribed. Blacks, Indians, women, and laborers appear either as rebels or as victims. Less dramatic but more typical lives—people struggling to survive with dignity in difficult circumstances—receive little attention. Nor does Professor Zinn stop to explore the ideologies that inspired the various uprisings he details.</p></blockquote> <p>Foner continues by remarking that "history from the bottom up, though necessary as a corrective, is as limited in its own way as history from the top down." What is necessary, Foner asserts, is "an integrated account incorporating <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> and his slaves, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> and the Indians, <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wobblies" class="mw-redirect" title="Wobblies">Wobblies</a>, in a continuous historical process, in which each group's experience is shaped in large measure by its relation to others."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writing in <i>The New York Times</i>, columnist <a href="/wiki/Bob_Herbert" title="Bob Herbert">Bob Herbert</a> argued that "Mr. Zinn was often taken to task for peeling back the rosy veneer of much of American history to reveal sordid realities that had remained hidden for too long.<sup id="cite_ref-Herbert2010_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbert2010-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herbert quotes from Zinn's account of the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">presidency of Andrew Jackson</a> as an example of what he means.<sup id="cite_ref-Herbert2010_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herbert2010-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also writing for <i>The New York Times</i>, columnist Michael Powell praised the text's impact on changing the perspective of modern histories: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>To describe it as a revisionist account is to risk understatement. A conventional historical account held no allure; he concentrated on what he saw as the genocidal depredations of Christopher Columbus, the blood lust of Theodore Roosevelt and the racial failings of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>. He also shined an insistent light on the revolutionary struggles of impoverished farmers, feminists, laborers and resisters of slavery and war. Such stories are more often recounted in textbooks today; they were not at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Writing in <i>Dissent</i>, Georgetown University history professor <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kazin" title="Michael Kazin">Michael Kazin</a> argued that Zinn is too focused on <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class conflict</a>, and wrongly attributes sinister motives to the American political elite. He characterized the book as an overly simplistic narrative of elite villains and oppressed people, with no attempt to understand historical actors in the context of the time in which they lived. Kazin wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The ironic effect of such portraits of rulers is to rob 'the people' of cultural richness and variety, characteristics that might gain the respect and not just the sympathy of contemporary readers. For Zinn, ordinary Americans seem to live only to fight the rich and haughty and, inevitably, to be fooled by them.<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_Zinn's_History_Lessons_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard_Zinn's_History_Lessons-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Kazin argued that <i>A People's History</i> fails to explain why the American political-economic model continues to attract millions of minorities, women, workers, and immigrants, or why the socialist and radical political movements Zinn favors have failed to gain widespread support among the American public. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sam_Wineburg" title="Sam Wineburg">Sam Wineburg</a>, a professor of history at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, criticizes Zinn's use of <a href="/wiki/Leading_question" title="Leading question">leading questions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherry-picking" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherry-picking">cherry-picking</a> of sources, and presentation of disputable claims as facts. Wineburg used as an example Zinn's claim that <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African Americans</a> had "widespread indifference, even hostility" to the American war effort in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, which was supported by three quotes. According to Wineburg, Zinn drew the quotes from a book by <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_S._Wittner" title="Lawrence S. Wittner">Lawrence S. Wittner</a>, but omitted evidence from the same pages that African Americans were underrepresented among draft evaders and conscientious objectors. Wineburg argued that the reason for the book's longtime appeal was that it "speaks directly to our inner <a href="/wiki/Holden_Caulfield" title="Holden Caulfield">Holden Caulfield</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writing in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chronicle_of_Higher_Education" title="The Chronicle of Higher Education">The Chronicle of Higher Education</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Phelps" title="Christopher Phelps">Christopher Phelps</a>, associate professor of American studies in the School of American and Canadian Studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a> wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Professional historians have often viewed Zinn's work with exasperation or condescension, and Zinn was no innocent in the dynamic. I stood against the wall for a Zinn talk at the University of Oregon around the time of the 1992 Columbus Quincentenary. Listening to Zinn, one would have thought historians still considered <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison" title="Samuel Eliot Morison">Samuel Eliot Morison</a>'s 1955 book on Columbus to be definitive. The crowd lapped it up, but Zinn knew better. He missed a chance to explain how the social movements of the 1960s and 1970s have transformed the writing and teaching of history, how his <i>People's History</i> did not spring out of thin air but was an effort to synthesize a widely shared shift in historical sensibilities. Zinn's historical theorizing, conflating objectivity with neutrality and position with bias, was no better. The critics would be churlish, however, not to acknowledge the moving example Zinn set in the civil-rights and Vietnam movements, and they would be remiss not to note the value of <i>A People's History</i>, along with its limitations. Zinn told tales well, stories that, while familiar to historians, often remained unknown to wider publics. He challenged national pieties and encouraged critical reflection about received wisdom. He understood that America's various radicalisms, far from being "un-American," have propelled the nation toward more humane and democratic arrangements. And he sold two-million copies of a work of history in a culture that is increasingly unwilling to read and, consequently, unable to imagine its past very well.<sup id="cite_ref-chronicle.com_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chronicle.com-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In <i>The New York Times Book Review</i> in a review of <i>A Young People's History of the United States</i>, volumes 1 and 2, novelist <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kirn" title="Walter Kirn">Walter Kirn</a> wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>That America is not a better place—that it finds itself almost globally despised, mired in war, self-doubt and random violence—is also a fact, of course, but not one that Zinn's brand of history seems equal to. His stick-figure pageant of capitalist cupidity can account, in its fashion, for terrorism—as when, in the second volume, subtitled "Class Struggle to the War on Terror," he notes that Sept. 11 was an assault on "symbols of American wealth and power"—but it doesn't address the themes of religious zealotry, technological change and cultural confusion that animate what I was taught in high school to label "current events" but that contemporary students may as well just call "the weirdness." The line from Columbus to <a href="/wiki/Columbine_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbine shooting">Columbine</a>, from the first <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day</a> to the Internet, and from the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a> to <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> is a wandering line, not a party line. As for the "new possibilities" it points to, I can't see them clearly.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Professors <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kazin" title="Michael Kazin">Michael Kazin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kammen" title="Michael Kammen">Michael Kammen</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Grabar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Grabar (page does not exist)">Mary Grabar</a> condemn the book as a black-and-white story of elite villains and oppressed victims, a story that robs American history of its depth and intricacy and leaves nothing but an empty text simplified to the level of propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-Howard_Zinn's_History_Lessons_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard_Zinn's_History_Lessons-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_editions_and_related_works">Other editions and related works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_People%27s_History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other editions and related works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A version of the book titled <i>The Twentieth Century</i> contains only chapters 12–25 ("The Empire and the People" to "The 2000 Election and the 'War on Terrorism<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"). Although it was originally meant to be an expansion of the original book, recent editions of <i>A People's History</i> now contain all of the later chapters from it. In 2004, Zinn and Anthony Arnove published a collection of more than 200 primary source documents titled <i>Voices of a People's History of the United States</i>, available both as a book and as a CD of dramatic readings. Writer Aaron Sarver notes that although Kazin "savaged" Zinn's <i>A People's History of the United States</i>, "one of the few concessions Kazin made was his approval of Zinn punctuating 'his narrative with hundreds of quotes from slaves and <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populists</a>, anonymous wage-earners and ... articulate radicals<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>".<sup id="cite_ref-sarver_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sarver-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sarver argued that, whether Zinn intended it or not, <i>Voices</i> served as a useful response to Kazin's critique. "<i>Voices</i> is a vast anthology that tells heartbreaking and uplifting stories of American history. Kazin will be hard-pressed to charge Zinn with politicizing the intelligence here; the volume offers only Zinn's sparse introductions to each piece, letting the actors and their words speak for themselves."<sup id="cite_ref-sarver_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sarver-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, Zinn worked with <a href="/wiki/Mike_Konopacki" title="Mike Konopacki">Mike Konopacki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Buhle" title="Paul Buhle">Paul Buhle</a> on creating <i><a href="/wiki/A_People%27s_History_of_American_Empire" title="A People's History of American Empire">A People's History of American Empire</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Graphic_novel" title="Graphic novel">graphic novel</a> that covers various historic subjects drawn from <i>A People's History of the United States</i> as well as Zinn's own history of his involvement in activism and historic events as covered in his autobiography <i>You Can't Be Neutral on a Moving Train</i>. Zinn worked as the editor for a series of books under the <i>A People's History</i> label. This series expands upon the issues and historic events covered in <i>A People's History of the United States</i> by giving them in-depth coverage, and also covers the history of parts of the world outside the United States. These books include:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="did zinn have worked on all of these? (January 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><i>A People's History of the Supreme Court</i> by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Irons" title="Peter Irons">Peter Irons</a> with foreword by Zinn <sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>A People's History of Sports in the United States</i> by <a href="/wiki/Dave_Zirin" title="Dave Zirin">Dave Zirin</a> with an introduction by Howard Zinn</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_People%27s_History_of_American_Empire" title="A People's History of American Empire">A People's History of American Empire</a></i> by Howard Zinn, Mike Konopacki, and Paul Buhle</li> <li><i>The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World</i> by <a href="/wiki/Vijay_Prashad" title="Vijay Prashad">Vijay Prashad</a></li> <li><i>A People's History of the American Revolution</i> by <a href="/wiki/Ray_Raphael" title="Ray Raphael">Ray Raphael</a></li> <li><i>A People's History of the Civil War</i> by <a href="/wiki/David_Williams_(historian)" title="David Williams (historian)">David Williams</a></li> <li><i>A People's History of the Vietnam War</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Neale" title="Jonathan Neale">Jonathan Neale</a></li> <li><i>The Mexican Revolution: A People's History</i> by <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Gilly" title="Adolfo Gilly">Adolfo Gilly</a></li></ul> <p>Likewise, other books were inspired by the series: </p> <ul><li><i>A People's History of Australia from 1788 to the Present</i> edited by <a href="/wiki/Verity_Burgmann" title="Verity Burgmann">Verity Burgmann</a>. A four-volume series that looks at Australian history thematically, not chronologically.</li> <li><i>A People's History of Science: Miners, Midwives, and Low Mechanicks</i> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_D_Connor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clifford D Connor (page does not exist)">Clifford D Connor</a>.</li> <li><i>A People's History of the World</i> by <a href="/wiki/Chris_Harman" title="Chris Harman">Chris Harman</a>. It is endorsed by Zinn.</li> <li><i>A People's History of Christianity</i> by <a href="/wiki/Diana_Butler_Bass" title="Diana Butler Bass">Diana Butler Bass</a>.</li> <li><i>The Assassination of Julius Caesar: A People's History of Ancient Rome</i> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Parenti" title="Michael Parenti">Michael Parenti</a>. It is endorsed by Zinn.</li> <li><i>A People's History of Modern Europe</i> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_A._Pelz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William A. Pelz (page does not exist)">William A. Pelz</a></li> <li><i>Ludowa historia Polski (A People's History of Poland)</i> by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Leszczy%C5%84ski" title="Adam Leszczyński">Adam Leszczyński</a> (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Indigenous_Peoples%27_History_of_the_United_States" title="An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States">An Indigenous Peoples' History of the United States</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Roxanne_Dunbar-Ortiz" title="Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz">Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz</a>. The third of a series of five books which reconstruct U.S. history from marginalized peoples' perspectives.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Younger_readers'_version"><span id="Younger_readers.27_version"></span>Younger readers' version</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_People%27s_History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Younger readers' version"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 2007 Seven Stories Press released <i>A Young People's History of the United States</i>, an illustrated, two-volume adaptation of <i>A People's History</i> for young adult readers (ages 10–14). The new version, adapted from the original text by Rebecca Stefoff, is updated through the end of 2006, and includes a new introduction and afterword by Zinn. In his introduction, Zinn writes, "It seems to me it is wrong to treat young readers as if they are not mature enough to look at their nation's policies honestly. I am not worried about disillusioning young people by pointing to the flaws in the traditional heroes." In the afterword, "Rise like lions", he asks young readers to "Imagine the American people united for the first time in a movement for fundamental change." In addition, the New Press released an updated (2007) version of <i>The Wall Charts</i> for <i>A People's History</i>—a 2-piece fold-out poster featuring an illustrated timeline of U.S. history, with an explanatory booklet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lessons_for_the_classroom">Lessons for the classroom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_People%27s_History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Lessons for the classroom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2008, the Zinn Education Project was launched to promote and support the use of <i>A People's History of the United States</i> (and other materials) for teaching in middle and high school classrooms across the U.S. The goal of the project is to give American students Zinn's version of U.S. history.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With funds from an anonymous donor who had been a student of Zinn's, the project began by distributing 4,000 packets to teachers in all states and territories. The project now offers teaching guides and bibliographies that can be freely downloaded.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_editions">Current editions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_People%27s_History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Current editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZinn,_Howard2005" class="citation book cs1">Zinn, Howard (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peopleshistoryof00zinn_0"><i>A People's History of the United States: 1492–present</i></a>. Harper Perennial Modern Classics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-083865-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-083865-5"><bdi>0-06-083865-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+People%27s+History+of+the+United+States%3A+1492%E2%80%93present&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial+Modern+Classics&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-06-083865-5&rft.au=Zinn%2C+Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeopleshistoryof00zinn_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+People%27s+History+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZinn,_Howard2003" class="citation book cs1">Zinn, Howard (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peopleshistoryof00zinn_2"><i>A People's History of the United States: 1492–present</i></a> (3rd ed.). HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-052842-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-052842-7"><bdi>0-06-052842-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+People%27s+History+of+the+United+States%3A+1492%E2%80%93present&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-06-052842-7&rft.au=Zinn%2C+Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeopleshistoryof00zinn_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+People%27s+History+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZinn,_Howard1999" class="citation book cs1">Zinn, Howard (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peopleshistoryof00zinn_1"><i>A People's History of the United States: 1492–present</i></a>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-019448-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-019448-0"><bdi>0-06-019448-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+People%27s+History+of+the+United+States%3A+1492%E2%80%93present&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-06-019448-0&rft.au=Zinn%2C+Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeopleshistoryof00zinn_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+People%27s+History+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZinn,_Howard1995" class="citation book cs1">Zinn, Howard (1995). <i>A People's History of the United States: 1492–present</i> (2nd ed.). HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-092643-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-092643-0"><bdi>0-06-092643-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+People%27s+History+of+the+United+States%3A+1492%E2%80%93present&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-06-092643-0&rft.au=Zinn%2C+Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+People%27s+History+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZinn,_Howard1980" class="citation book cs1">Zinn, Howard (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peopleshistoryof00zinn"><i>A People's History of the United States</i></a></span> (1st ed.). Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-014803-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-014803-9"><bdi>0-06-014803-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+People%27s+History+of+the+United+States&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-06-014803-9&rft.au=Zinn%2C+Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeopleshistoryof00zinn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+People%27s+History+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Zinn, Howard (2003). <i>The Twentieth Century</i>. Harper Perennial. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-053034-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-053034-0">0-06-053034-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZinn,_Howard2005" class="citation book cs1">Zinn, Howard (2005). Arnove, Anthony (ed.). <i>Voices of a People's History of the United States</i>. Seven Stories Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58322-628-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-58322-628-1"><bdi>1-58322-628-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voices+of+a+People%27s+History+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=Seven+Stories+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-58322-628-1&rft.au=Zinn%2C+Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+People%27s+History+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>A Young People's History of the United States,</i> adapted from the original text by Rebecca Stefoff; illustrated, in two volumes; <a href="/wiki/Seven_Stories_Press" title="Seven Stories Press">Seven Stories Press</a>, New York, 2007 <ul><li><i>Vol. 1: Columbus to the Spanish–American War</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58322-759-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58322-759-6">978-1-58322-759-6</a></li> <li><i>Vol. 2: Class Struggle to the War on Terror</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58322-760-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58322-760-2">978-1-58322-760-2</a></li></ul></li> <li>Teaching Editions <ul><li><i>A People's History of the United States: Teaching Edition</i></li> <li><i>A People's History of the United States, Abridged Teaching Edition, Updated Edition</i></li> <li><i>A People's History of the United States: Volume 1: American Beginnings to Reconstruction, Teaching Edition</i></li> <li><i>A People's History of the United States, Vol. 2: The Civil War to the Present, Teaching Edition</i></li></ul></li> <li><i>A People's History of the United States: The Wall Charts</i>; designed by Howard Zinn and George Kirschner; New Press (2007). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56584-171-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56584-171-0">978-1-56584-171-0</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_People%27s_History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lies_My_Teacher_Told_Me" title="Lies My Teacher Told Me">Lies My Teacher Told Me</a></i> a 1995 book by sociologist <a href="/wiki/James_Loewen" class="mw-redirect" title="James Loewen">James Loewen</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Open_Veins_of_Latin_America" title="Open Veins of Latin America">Open Veins of Latin America</a></i>, a critical history of Latin America by <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Galeano" title="Eduardo Galeano">Eduardo Galeano</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_People_Speak_(film)" title="The People Speak (film)">The People Speak</a></i>, the 2009 film produced and narrated by Howard Zinn and inspired by <i>A People's History of the United States</i> and <i>Voices of a People's History of the United States</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Patriot%27s_History_of_the_United_States" title="A Patriot's History of the United States">A Patriot's History of the United States</a>: From Columbus's Great Discovery to the War on Terror</i>, written as a conservative response to <i>A People's History of the United States</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Untold_History_of_the_United_States" title="The Untold History of the United States">The Untold History of the United States</a></i>, a 2012 documentary series directed, produced, and narrated by Oliver Stone</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_Smith" title="Page Smith">Page Smith</a> wrote an eight-volume history with the same title, whose first volume appeared in 1976, four years before Zinn's book was published</li> <li><i>We, the People the Drama of America</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Marxist_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist history">Marxist history</a> of the United States by <a href="/wiki/Leo_Huberman" title="Leo Huberman">Leo Huberman</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_history" title="People's history">People's history</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_People%27s_History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_People%27s_History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nytobit-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytobit_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytobit_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward_Powell2010" class="citation news cs1">Howard Powell (January 27, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/28/us/28zinn.html">"Howard Zinn, Historian, Dies at 87"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <q>Mr. Zinn, delighted in ... lancing what he considered platitudes, not the least that American history was a heroic march toward democracy ... 'Our nation had gone through an awful lot—the Vietnam War, civil rights, Watergate—yet the textbooks offered the same fundamental nationalist glorification of country,' Mr. Zinn recalled in an interview with <i>The New York Times</i>. 'I got the sense that people were hungry for a different, more honest take.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Howard+Zinn%2C+Historian%2C+Dies+at+87&rft.date=2010-01-27&rft.au=Howard+Powell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F01%2F28%2Fus%2F28zinn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+People%27s+History+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdele_Ferguson2005" class="citation news cs1">Adele Ferguson (October 5, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.ca/newspapers?id=1fVkAAAAIBAJ&pg=3753,654088">"Controversy brews over school textbook"</a>. <i>The Arlington Times</i>. p. A7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Arlington+Times&rft.atitle=Controversy+brews+over+school+textbook&rft.pages=A7&rft.date=2005-10-05&rft.au=Adele+Ferguson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.ca%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D1fVkAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3753%2C654088&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+People%27s+History+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amis.monde-diplomatique.fr/article.php3?id_article=252">Prix des Amis du Monde diplomatique 2003</a> announcement, December 1, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParayre1998" class="citation magazine cs1">Parayre, Catherine (February 18, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010525003828/http://www.flagpole.com/Issues/02.18.98/lit.html">"The Conscience of the Past: An interview with historian Howard Zinn"</a>. <i>Flagpole Magazine</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flagpole.com/Issues/02.18.98/lit.html">the original</a> on May 25, 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flagpole+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Conscience+of+the+Past%3A+An+interview+with+historian+Howard+Zinn&rft.date=1998-02-18&rft.aulast=Parayre&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flagpole.com%2FIssues%2F02.18.98%2Flit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+People%27s+History+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chris Beneke and Randall Stephens, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2012/07/lies-the-debunkers-told-me-how-bad-history-books-win-us-over/260251/">"Lies the Debunkers Told Me: How Bad History Books Win Us Over"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>, 24 July 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arawaks-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arawaks_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHandlin1980" class="citation journal cs1">Handlin, Oscar (Autumn 1980). 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New York: Perennial Classics, 2003. p. 47 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-052837-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-052837-0">0-06-052837-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zinn, Howard. <i>A People's History of the United States</i>. 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Regnery. p. 352. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1621577737" title="Special:BookSources/978-1621577737"><bdi>978-1621577737</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debunking+Howard+Zinn%3A+Exposing+the+Fake+History+That+Turned+a+Generation+against+America&rft.pages=352&rft.pub=Regnery&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1621577737&rft.aulast=Grabar&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.regnery.com%2F9781684511525%2Fdebunking-howard-zinn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+People%27s+History+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sarver-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sarver_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sarver_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aaron Sarver, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inthesetimes.com/site/main/article/2305/">The Secret History</a>", <i>In These Times</i>, 16 September 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isbn.nu/toc/9780670870066">"Tables of Contents for A People's History of the Supreme Court"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tables+of+Contents+for+A+People%27s+History+of+the+Supreme+Court&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisbn.nu%2Ftoc%2F9780670870066&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+People%27s+History+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://polishhistory.pl/ludowa-historia-polski-a-peoples-history-of-poland/">"Ludowa historia Polski [A People's History of Poland]"</a>. <i>Polish History</i>. February 25, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Polish+History&rft.atitle=Ludowa+historia+Polski+%5BA+People%27s+History+of+Poland%5D&rft.date=2021-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpolishhistory.pl%2Fludowa-historia-polski-a-peoples-history-of-poland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+People%27s+History+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revisioningamericanhistory.com/books/">"Books"</a>. <i>ReVisioning History</i>. July 20, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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IAP. pp. <span class="nowrap">125–</span>126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60752-454-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60752-454-0"><bdi>978-1-60752-454-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marginalized+Literacies%3A+Critical+Literacy+in+the+Language+Arts+Classroom&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E125-%3C%2Fspan%3E126&rft.pub=IAP&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60752-454-0&rft.aulast=Mulcahy&rft.aufirst=Cara+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJeMDpU4odgoC%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+People%27s+History+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><i>The Social Studies Professional</i> (<span class="nowrap">204–</span>208). National Council for the Social Studies: <span class="nowrap">19–</span>22. 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Social+Studies+Professional&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E204%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E208&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AA+People%27s+History+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_untitled_periodical" title="Category:CS1 maint: untitled periodical">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_People%27s_History_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Webpage for publisher HarperCollins:  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203072818/http://www.harpercollins.com/books/Peoples-History-United-States-Unabridged/?isbn=9780061968358"><i>A People's History of the United States</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120911172836/http://www.history.com/shows/the-people-speak%20"><i>The People Speak: Democracy is not a spectator sport</i></a> produced for the <a href="/wiki/History_Channel" title="History Channel">History Channel</a> by Zinn and <a href="/wiki/Matt_Damon" title="Matt Damon">Matt Damon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zinnedproject.org">Zinn Education Project: Teaching a People's History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peopleshistory.us/">Bringing History to Life | <i>Voices of a People's History in the US</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070713003813/http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04%2F07%2F05%2F1542202&mode=thread&tid=25">Readings From <i>A People's History of the United States</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/shows/2007/5/28">Readings</a> from <i>Voices of a People's History of the United States</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyisaweapon.com/zinnapeopleshistory.html">Online edition</a> of <i>A People's History of the United States</i> at History Is A Weapon</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL50283W">A People's History of the United States</a> at <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q300515#P648" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2013/7/22/censoring_howard_zinn_former_indiana_gov">Censoring Howard Zinn: Former Indiana Gov. Tried to Remove <i>A People's History</i> from State Schools</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a></i> 22 July 2013</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?66310-1/a-peoples-history-united-states">Presentation by Zinn on <i>A People's History of the United States</i>, July 24, 1995</a>, C-SPAN</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?115082-1/a-peoples-history-united-states">Presentation by Zinn on <i>A People's History of the United States</i>, November 10, 1998</a>, C-SPAN</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?153111-1/a-peoples-history-united-states">Presentation by Zinn on <i>A People's History of the United States</i>, October 16, 1999</a>, C-SPAN</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?155006-1/a-peoples-history-united-states"><i>Booknotes</i> interview with Zinn on <i>A People's History of the United States</i>, March 12, 2000</a>, C-SPAN</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox423" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q300515#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/work/5f855128-dc49-4241-b53e-16b6226c98a4">MusicBrainz work</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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