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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Apollo crew</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Apollo_crew-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Apollo crew subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Apollo_crew-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Backup_crew" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Backup_crew"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Backup crew</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Backup_crew-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crew_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crew_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Crew notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crew_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soyuz_crew" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soyuz_crew"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Soyuz crew</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Soyuz_crew-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Soyuz crew subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Soyuz_crew-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Backup_crew_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Backup_crew_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Backup crew</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Backup_crew_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mission_summary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission_summary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mission summary</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mission_summary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mission summary subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mission_summary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Launch_and_mission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch_and_mission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Launch and mission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch_and_mission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Re-entry_and_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Re-entry_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Re-entry and aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Re-entry_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Technical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Technical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Political</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Cultural</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Scientific</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spacecraft_locations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spacecraft_locations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Spacecraft locations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spacecraft_locations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Commemorations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Commemorations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Commemorations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Commemorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monument" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monument"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Monument</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monument-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mission_Control_Center" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission_Control_Center"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Mission Control Center</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mission_Control_Center-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Program_cost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Program_cost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Program cost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Program_cost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Apollo–Soyuz</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B9_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="مشروع أبولو-سايوز التجريبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مشروع أبولو-سايوز التجريبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE_%E2%80%93_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Аполо – Союз – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аполо – Союз" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programa_de_proves_Apollo-Soiuz" title="Programa de proves Apollo-Soiuz – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Programa de proves Apollo-Soiuz" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sojuz-Apollo" title="Sojuz-Apollo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sojuz-Apollo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo-Sojuz-testprogrammet" title="Apollo-Sojuz-testprogrammet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Apollo-Sojuz-testprogrammet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo-Sojus-Test-Projekt" title="Apollo-Sojus-Test-Projekt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Apollo-Sojus-Test-Projekt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo-Sojuzi_testprojekt" title="Apollo-Sojuzi testprojekt – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Apollo-Sojuzi testprojekt" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proyecto_de_pruebas_Apolo-Soyuz" title="Proyecto de pruebas Apolo-Soyuz – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Proyecto de pruebas Apolo-Soyuz" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo-Sojuz-testprojekto" title="Apollo-Sojuz-testprojekto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Apollo-Sojuz-testprojekto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo-Soyuz_bateratzea" title="Apollo-Soyuz bateratzea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Apollo-Soyuz bateratzea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%D9%87_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%E2%80%93%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2" title="پروژه آزمایشی آپولو–سایوز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پروژه آزمایشی آپولو–سایوز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo-Soyouz" title="Apollo-Soyouz – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Apollo-Soyouz" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo-Soyuz" title="Apollo-Soyuz – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Apollo-Soyuz" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxecto_de_probas_Apollo-Soiuz" title="Proxecto de probas Apollo-Soiuz – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Proxecto de probas Apollo-Soiuz" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%8F%B4%EB%A1%9C-%EC%86%8C%EC%9C%A0%EC%8A%A4_%EC%8B%9C%ED%97%98_%EA%B3%84%ED%9A%8D" title="아폴로-소유스 시험 계획 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아폴로-소유스 시험 계획" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proyek_Percobaan_Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Proyek Percobaan Apollo–Soyuz – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Proyek Percobaan Apollo–Soyuz" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programma_test_Apollo-Sojuz" title="Programma test Apollo-Sojuz – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Programma test Apollo-Sojuz" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95-%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%99%D7%95%D7%96" title="אפולו-סויוז – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אפולו-סויוז" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo-Sojoez_Tesprojek" title="Apollo-Sojoez Tesprojek – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Apollo-Sojoez Tesprojek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szojuz%E2%80%93Apollo-program" title="Szojuz–Apollo-program – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szojuz–Apollo-program" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projek_Ujian_Apollo-Soyuz" title="Projek Ujian Apollo-Soyuz – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Projek Ujian Apollo-Soyuz" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo-Sojoez-testproject" title="Apollo-Sojoez-testproject – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Apollo-Sojoez-testproject" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BD%E3%83%A6%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA%E3%83%86%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E8%A8%88%E7%94%BB" title="アポロ・ソユーズテスト計画 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アポロ・ソユーズテスト計画" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo-Sojuz" title="Apollo-Sojuz – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Apollo-Sojuz" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo-Sojuz" title="Apollo-Sojuz – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Apollo-Sojuz" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo-Sojuz" title="Apollo-Sojuz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Apollo-Sojuz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Apollo–Soyuz" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7_%E2%80%94_%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Союз — Аполлон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Союз — Аполлон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo-Sojuz" title="Apollo-Sojuz – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Apollo-Sojuz" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preskusni_projekt_Apollo-Sojuz" title="Preskusni projekt Apollo-Sojuz – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Preskusni projekt Apollo-Sojuz" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolo-Sojuz_test_projekat" title="Apolo-Sojuz test projekat – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Apolo-Sojuz test projekat" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Sojuz" title="Apollo–Sojuz – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Apollo–Sojuz" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo-Sojuz-testprojektet" title="Apollo-Sojuz-testprojektet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Apollo-Sojuz-testprojektet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">First international crewed spaceflight mission</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1089065853">.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight{width:25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight .infobox-header{background:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .ib-edit-wd{float:right}</style><table class="infobox ib-spaceflight"><caption class="infobox-title">Apollo–Soyuz</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo-Soyuz-Test-Program-artist-rendering.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Apollo-Soyuz-Test-Program-artist-rendering.jpg/260px-Apollo-Soyuz-Test-Program-artist-rendering.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Apollo-Soyuz-Test-Program-artist-rendering.jpg/390px-Apollo-Soyuz-Test-Program-artist-rendering.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Apollo-Soyuz-Test-Program-artist-rendering.jpg/520px-Apollo-Soyuz-Test-Program-artist-rendering.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5920" data-file-height="2792" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A 1973 artist's conception of the docking of the two spacecrafts</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cooperative/scientific</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Designator" title="International Designator">COSPAR ID</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Soyuz: <span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1975-065A">1975-065A</a></span></li><li>Apollo: <span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1975-066A">1975-066A</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Catalog_Number" title="Satellite Catalog Number">SATCAT <abbr title="number">no.</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Soyuz: 8030</li><li>Apollo: 8032</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission duration</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Soyuz: 5d 22h 30m</li><li>Apollo: 9d 01h 28m</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Orbits completed</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Soyuz: 96</li><li>Apollo: 148</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Spacecraft properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spacecraft</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-TM" title="Soyuz 7K-TM">Soyuz 7K-TM</a> No. 75</li><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Apollo CSM-111</a></li><li>Docking Module</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Energia_(corporation)" title="Energia (corporation)">NPO Energia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rockwell_International" title="Rockwell International">North American Rockwell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch mass</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Soyuz: 6,790 kg (14,970 lb)</li><li>Apollo: 14,768 kg (32,558 lb)</li><li>Docking Module: 2,012 kg (4,436 lb)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Crew</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Crew size</th><td class="infobox-data">Soyuz: 2<br />Apollo: 3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Members</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><b>Soyuz:</b></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Leonov" title="Alexei Leonov">Alexei Leonov</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Valeri_Kubasov" class="mw-redirect" title="Valeri Kubasov">Valeri Kubasov</a></li><li><b>Apollo:</b></li><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_P._Stafford" title="Thomas P. Stafford">Thomas P. Stafford</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vance_D._Brand" title="Vance D. Brand">Vance D. Brand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Deke_Slayton" title="Deke Slayton">Deke Slayton</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Start of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch date</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Soyuz: 15 July 1975, 12:20:00<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">1975-07-15UTC12:20Z</span>)</span><span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a></li><li>Apollo: 15 July 1975, 19:50:00<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">1975-07-15UTC19:50Z</span>)</span><span class="nowrap"> </span>UTC</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rocket</th><td class="infobox-data">Soyuz: <a href="/wiki/Soyuz-U" title="Soyuz-U">Soyuz-U</a><br />Apollo: <a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">Saturn IB</a> (SA-210)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch site</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Soyuz: <a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gagarin%27s_Start" title="Gagarin's Start">Site 1/5</a></li><li>Apollo: <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39B" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B">LC-39B</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">End of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recovered by</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Soyuz: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a></li><li>Apollo: <a href="/wiki/USS_New_Orleans_(LPH-11)" title="USS New Orleans (LPH-11)">USS <i>New Orleans</i></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing date</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Soyuz: 21 July 1975, 10:50:51<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">1975-07-21UTC10:50:52Z</span>)</span><span class="nowrap"> </span>UTC</li><li>Apollo: 24 July 1975, 21:18:24<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">1975-07-24UTC21:18:25Z</span>)</span><span class="nowrap"> </span>UTC</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing site</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Soyuz: <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Steppe" title="Kazakh Steppe">Kazakh Steppe</a> (<span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz&params=50_47_N_67_7_E_type:landmark&title=Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz+Test+Project+landing"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">50°47′N</span> <span class="longitude">67°7′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">50.783°N 67.117°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.783; 67.117</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Apollo–Soyuz Test Project landing</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>)</li><li>Apollo: <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, near Hawaii (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz&params=22_0_36_N_163_0_45_W_type:landmark&title=Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz+Test+Project+landing"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">22°0′36″N</span> <span class="longitude">163°0′45″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">22.01000°N 163.01250°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">22.01000; -163.01250</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Apollo–Soyuz Test Project landing</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Orbital parameters</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference system</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Geocentric orbit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regime</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">Low Earth orbit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Perigee altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">217.0 km (134.8 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">Apogee altitude</a></th><td class="infobox-data">231.0 km (143.5 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">Inclination</a></th><td class="infobox-data">51.8°<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data">88.91 minutes</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Docking</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Docking date</th><td class="infobox-data">17 July 1975, 16:09:09<span class="nowrap"> </span>UTC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Undocking date</th><td class="infobox-data">19 July 1975, 12:12:00<span class="nowrap"> </span>UTC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time docked</th><td class="infobox-data">44 hours, 2 minutes and 51 seconds</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Docking</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Docking date</th><td class="infobox-data">19 July 1975, 12:33:39<span class="nowrap"> </span>UTC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Undocking date</th><td class="infobox-data">19 July 1975, 15:26:12<span class="nowrap"> </span>UTC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time docked</th><td class="infobox-data">2 hours, 52 minutes and 33 seconds</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_ASTP_crews_-_restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Portrait_of_ASTP_crews_-_restoration.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_ASTP_crews_-_restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Portrait_of_ASTP_crews_-_restoration.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_ASTP_crews_-_restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Portrait_of_ASTP_crews_-_restoration.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_ASTP_crews_-_restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8232" data-file-height="6586" /></a></span><br />Back Row: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_P._Stafford" title="Thomas P. Stafford">Stafford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Leonov" title="Alexei Leonov">Leonov</a><br />Front Row: <a href="/wiki/Deke_Slayton" title="Deke Slayton">Slayton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vance_D._Brand" title="Vance D. Brand">Brand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valery_Kubasov" title="Valery Kubasov">Kubasov</a><div class="" style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-top:1px #aaa solid"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></div><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a></div></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="" style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-top:1px #aaa solid"><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_programme" title="Soyuz programme">Soyuz programme</a></div><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_18" title="Soyuz 18">Soyuz 18</a></div><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_772" title="Kosmos 772">Kosmos 772</a> →</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Apollo–Soyuz</b> was the first crewed international <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">space mission</a>, carried out jointly by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in July 1975. Millions of people around the world watched on television as an American <a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Apollo</a> spacecraft <a href="/wiki/Docking_and_berthing_of_spacecraft" title="Docking and berthing of spacecraft">docked</a> with a Soviet <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz</a> capsule. The project, and its handshake in space, was a symbol of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a> between the two superpowers amid the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. </p><p>The Americans officially called the mission the <b>Apollo–Soyuz Test Project</b> (ASTP) while the Soviets called it <b>Experimental flight "Soyuz"–"Apollo"</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Экспериментальный полёт «Союз»–«Аполлон»</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Eksperimentalniy polyot "Soyuz"–"Apollon"</i></span>) and <b>Soyuz 19</b>. The unnumbered American vehicle was left over from the <a href="/wiki/Canceled_Apollo_missions" title="Canceled Apollo missions">canceled Apollo missions</a>, and was the last Apollo module to fly. </p><p>The three American astronauts, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_P._Stafford" title="Thomas P. Stafford">Thomas P. Stafford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vance_D._Brand" title="Vance D. Brand">Vance D. Brand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deke_Slayton" title="Deke Slayton">Deke Slayton</a>, and two Soviet cosmonauts, <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Leonov" title="Alexei Leonov">Alexei Leonov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valery_Kubasov" title="Valery Kubasov">Valery Kubasov</a>, performed both joint and separate scientific experiments, including an arranged <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">eclipse of the Sun</a> by the Apollo module to allow instruments on the Soyuz to take photographs of the <a href="/wiki/Stellar_corona" title="Stellar corona">solar corona</a>. The pre-flight work provided useful experience for later joint American–Russian space flights, such as the <a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–<i>Mir</i> program</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>. </p><p>Apollo–Soyuz was the last crewed United States spaceflight for nearly six years until <a href="/wiki/STS-1" title="STS-1">the first launch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> on 12 April 1981, and the last crewed United States spaceflight in a <a href="/wiki/Space_capsule" title="Space capsule">space capsule</a> until <a href="/wiki/Crew_Dragon_Demo-2" title="Crew Dragon Demo-2">Crew Dragon Demo-2</a> on 30 May 2020. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nixon_Kosygin_May_1972.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Nixon_Kosygin_May_1972.jpg/240px-Nixon_Kosygin_May_1972.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Nixon_Kosygin_May_1972.jpg/360px-Nixon_Kosygin_May_1972.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Nixon_Kosygin_May_1972.jpg/480px-Nixon_Kosygin_May_1972.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2822" data-file-height="2297" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. President</a> Richard Nixon and <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Soviet Premier</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a> (seated) sign an agreement in Moscow paving the way for the Apollo–Soyuz mission, May 1972.</figcaption></figure></div></div> <p>The purpose and catalyst of Apollo–Soyuz was the policy of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a> between the two <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> superpowers: the United States and the Soviet Union. Tensions ran high between the two world superpowers while the United States was engaged in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. Meanwhile, the Soviet press was highly critical of the Apollo space missions, printing "the armed intrusion of the United States and <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Saigon</a> puppets into <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> is a shameless trampling underfoot of international law" over a photograph of the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">Apollo 14</a> launch in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-Space_Sciences_1976_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space_Sciences_1976-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> made the Soviet Union's policy of détente official in his 1956 doctrine of peaceful coexistence at the <a href="/wiki/20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a>, the two nations seemed to be in perpetual conflict.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a>'s 1962 <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6">orbital flight</a>, an exchange of letters between President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> and Soviet Premier <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> led to a series of discussions led by NASA Deputy Administrator <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Latimer_Dryden" title="Hugh Latimer Dryden">Hugh Dryden</a> and Soviet scientist <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Blagonravov" title="Anatoly Blagonravov">Anatoly Blagonravov</a>. Their 1962 talks led to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dryden-Blagonravov_agreement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dryden-Blagonravov agreement (page does not exist)">Dryden-Blagonravov agreement</a>, which was formalized in October of that year, the same time the two countries were in the midst of the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a>. The agreement was formally announced at the United Nations on 5 December 1962. It called for cooperation on the exchange of data from weather satellites, a study of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Earth's magnetic field</a>, and joint tracking of the NASA <a href="/wiki/Project_Echo" title="Project Echo">Echo II balloon satellite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy interested Khrushchev in a joint crewed <a href="/wiki/Moon_landing" title="Moon landing">Moon landing</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Launius_2019_pp._167–168_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Launius_2019_pp._167–168-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but after the assassination of Kennedy in November 1963 and Khrushchev's removal from office in October 1964, the competition between the two nations' crewed space programs heated up, and talk of cooperation became less common, due to tense relations and military implications. </p><p>On 19 April, 1971, the USSR launched the first piloted orbital space station, <a href="/wiki/Salyut_1" title="Salyut 1">Salyut 1</a>. Meanwhile, the United States had launched the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">Apollo 14</a> mission several months prior, the third mission to land on the Moon. Each side gave the other little coverage of their achievements.<sup id="cite_ref-Space_Sciences_1976_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space_Sciences_1976-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the close of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, relations between the United States and the USSR began to improve, as did the prognosis for a potential cooperative space mission.<sup id="cite_ref-Space_Sciences_1976_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space_Sciences_1976-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apollo–Soyuz was made possible by the thaw in these relations, and the project itself endeavoured to amplify and solidify the improving relations between the United States and the Soviet Union. According to Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a>, "The Soviet and American spacemen will go up into outer space for the first major joint scientific experiment in the history of mankind. They know that from outer space our planet looks even more beautiful. It is big enough for us to live peacefully on it, but it is too small to be threatened by nuclear war".<sup id="cite_ref-Space_Sciences_1976_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space_Sciences_1976-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, both sides recognized ASTP as a political act of peace.<sup id="cite_ref-Battaglia_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Battaglia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1970, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Academy of Sciences">Soviet Academy of Sciences</a> president <a href="/wiki/Mstislav_Keldysh" title="Mstislav Keldysh">Mstislav Keldysh</a> responded to <a href="/wiki/NASA_Administrator" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA Administrator">NASA Administrator</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine" title="Thomas O. Paine">Thomas O. Paine</a>'s letter proposing a cooperative space mission, and there was subsequently a meeting to discuss technical details. At a meeting in January 1971, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>'s Foreign Policy Adviser <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> enthusiastically espoused plans for the mission, and expressed these views to NASA administrator <a href="/wiki/George_Low" title="George Low">George Low</a>: "As long as you stick to space, do anything you want to do. You are free to commit—in fact, I want you to tell your counterparts in Moscow that the President has sent you on this mission".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both sides had severe criticisms of the other side's engineering. Soviet spacecraft were designed with automation in mind; the <a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_1" title="Lunokhod 1">Lunokhod 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luna_16" title="Luna 16">Luna 16</a> were both uncrewed probes, and each <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz spacecraft</a> had been designed to minimize risk due to human error by having fewer manual controls with which human operators would have to contend during flight. By contrast, the Apollo spacecraft was designed to be operated by humans and required highly trained astronauts to operate. The Soviet Union criticized the Apollo spacecraft as being "extremely complex and dangerous".<sup id="cite_ref-Space_Sciences_1976_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space_Sciences_1976-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The Americans also had their own concerns about Soviet spacecraft. <a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr." title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr.">Christopher C. Kraft</a>, director of the <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a>, criticized the design of the Soyuz: </p><blockquote><p>"We in <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> rely on redundant components — if an instrument fails during flight, our crews switch to another in an attempt to continue the mission. Each Soyuz component, however, is designed for a specific function; if one fails, the cosmonauts land as soon as possible. The Apollo vehicle also relied on astronaut piloting to a much greater extent than did the Soyuz machine."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> The American astronauts had a very low opinion for the Soyuz spacecraft as it was a craft that was designed to be controlled from the ground. This was in stark contrast with the Apollo module that was meant to be flown from the capsule. Eventually <a href="/wiki/Glynn_Lunney" title="Glynn Lunney">Glynn Lunney</a>, the Manager of the Apollo–Soyuz Test Program, warned them about talking to the press about their dissatisfaction as they had offended the Soviets.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA was worried that any slight would cause the Soviets to pull out and the mission to be scrapped. </p><p>American and Soviet engineers settled their differences for a possible docking of American and Soviet spacecraft in meetings between June and December 1971 in <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, including Bill Creasy's design of the <a href="/wiki/Androgynous_Peripheral_Attach_System" title="Androgynous Peripheral Attach System">Androgynous Peripheral Attach System</a> (APAS) between the two ships that would allow either to be active or passive during docking.<sup id="cite_ref-Battaglia_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Battaglia-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By April 1972, both the United States and the USSR signed an <a href="/wiki/Agreement_Concerning_Cooperation_in_the_Exploration_and_Use_of_Outer_Space_for_Peaceful_Purposes" title="Agreement Concerning Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes">Agreement Concerning Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Jennifer_Ross-Nazzal_2010,_pp._29–34_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jennifer_Ross-Nazzal_2010,_pp._29–34-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> committing both the USSR and the United States to the launch of the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ASTP was particularly significant for the USSR's policy of keeping the details of their space program secret from the Soviet people and the world at large, especially Americans. The ASTP was the first Soviet space mission to be televised in a live fashion during the launch, while in space, and during the landing.<sup id="cite_ref-Space_Sciences_1976_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space_Sciences_1976-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soyuz 19 was also the first Soviet spacecraft to which a foreign flight crew had access before flight; the Apollo crew were permitted to inspect it and the launch and crew training site, which was an unprecedented sharing of information with Americans about any Soviet space program.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not all reactions to ASTP were positive. Many Americans feared<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that ASTP was giving the USSR too much credit in their space program, putting them on equal footing with the sophisticated space exploration efforts of NASA. More feared that the apparent peaceful cooperation between the USSR and the United States would lull people into believing there was no conflict at all between the two superpowers.<sup id="cite_ref-Space_Sciences_1976_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space_Sciences_1976-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Soviet publicists called American critics of the mission "demagogues who stand against scientific cooperation with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Space_Sciences_1976_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space_Sciences_1976-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, tensions between the United States and the USSR had softened, and the project set a precedent for future cooperative projects in space.<sup id="cite_ref-Jennifer_Ross-Nazzal_2010,_pp._29–34_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jennifer_Ross-Nazzal_2010,_pp._29–34-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Apollo_crew">Apollo crew</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Apollo crew"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_the_American_ASTP_prime_crewmen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Portrait_of_the_American_ASTP_prime_crewmen.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_the_American_ASTP_prime_crewmen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Portrait_of_the_American_ASTP_prime_crewmen.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_the_American_ASTP_prime_crewmen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Portrait_of_the_American_ASTP_prime_crewmen.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_the_American_ASTP_prime_crewmen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3800" data-file-height="3040" /></a><figcaption>Left to right: Slayton, Brand, Stafford</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ASTP_patch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/ASTP_patch.png/220px-ASTP_patch.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/ASTP_patch.png/330px-ASTP_patch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/ASTP_patch.png/440px-ASTP_patch.png 2x" data-file-width="4580" data-file-height="4580" /></a><figcaption>American crew insignia for the Apollo/Soyuz mission</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:150px;"><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Position</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width:200px;">Astronaut </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Commander </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_P._Stafford" title="Thomas P. Stafford">Thomas P. Stafford</a><br />Fourth and last spaceflight </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Command Module Pilot </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vance_D._Brand" title="Vance D. Brand">Vance D. Brand</a><br />First spaceflight </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Docking Module Pilot </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Deke_Slayton" title="Deke Slayton">Donald K. "Deke" Slayton</a><br />Only spaceflight </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Backup_crew">Backup crew</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Backup crew"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:150px;"><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Position</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width:200px;">Astronaut </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Commander </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Bean" title="Alan Bean">Alan Bean</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Command Module Pilot </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Evans_(astronaut)" title="Ronald Evans (astronaut)">Ronald Evans</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Docking Module Pilot </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jack_Lousma" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Lousma">Jack Lousma</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crew_notes">Crew notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Crew notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was American astronaut <a href="/wiki/Deke_Slayton" title="Deke Slayton">Deke Slayton</a>'s only space flight. He was chosen as one of the original <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Seven" title="Mercury Seven">Mercury Seven</a> astronauts in April 1959, but had been grounded until 1972 for medical reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jack_Swigert" title="Jack Swigert">Jack Swigert</a> had originally been assigned as the command module pilot for the ASTP prime crew, but he was removed before the official announcement as punishment for his involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_15_postal_covers_incident" title="Apollo 15 postal covers incident">Apollo 15 postal covers incident</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Support crew</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Karol_J._Bobko" title="Karol J. Bobko">Karol J. Bobko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Crippen" title="Robert Crippen">Robert Crippen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Overmyer" title="Robert F. Overmyer">Robert F. Overmyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Truly" title="Richard H. Truly">Richard H. Truly</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Flight directors</dt> <dd>Pete Frank (Orange team), Neil Hutchinson (Silver team), <a href="/wiki/Don_Puddy" title="Don Puddy">Don Puddy</a> (Crimson team), Frank Littleton (Amber team)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soyuz_crew">Soyuz crew</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Soyuz crew"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexey_Leonov_and_Valeriy_Kubasov_1974.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Alexey_Leonov_and_Valeriy_Kubasov_1974.jpg/220px-Alexey_Leonov_and_Valeriy_Kubasov_1974.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Alexey_Leonov_and_Valeriy_Kubasov_1974.jpg/330px-Alexey_Leonov_and_Valeriy_Kubasov_1974.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Alexey_Leonov_and_Valeriy_Kubasov_1974.jpg/440px-Alexey_Leonov_and_Valeriy_Kubasov_1974.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7821" data-file-height="6257" /></a><figcaption>Leonov (left) and Kubasov</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:150px;"><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Position</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width:200px;">Cosmonaut </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Commander </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Leonov" title="Alexei Leonov">Alexei Leonov</a><br />Second and last spaceflight </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Flight Engineer </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Valery_Kubasov" title="Valery Kubasov">Valery Kubasov</a><br />Second spaceflight </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>It was the last space mission for Soviet cosmonaut <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Leonov" title="Alexei Leonov">Alexei Leonov</a>, who had become the first person to <a href="/wiki/Spacewalk" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacewalk">walk in space</a> during the March 1965 <a href="/wiki/Voskhod_2" title="Voskhod 2">Voskhod 2</a> mission. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Backup_crew_2">Backup crew</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Backup crew"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:150px;"><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Position</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width:200px;">Cosmonaut </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Commander </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Filipchenko" title="Anatoly Filipchenko">Anatoly Filipchenko</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Flight Engineer </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rukavishnikov" title="Nikolai Rukavishnikov">Nikolai Rukavishnikov</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_summary">Mission summary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mission summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo-Soyuz_Test_Project_Saturn_IB_launch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Apollo-Soyuz_Test_Project_Saturn_IB_launch.jpg/220px-Apollo-Soyuz_Test_Project_Saturn_IB_launch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Apollo-Soyuz_Test_Project_Saturn_IB_launch.jpg/330px-Apollo-Soyuz_Test_Project_Saturn_IB_launch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Apollo-Soyuz_Test_Project_Saturn_IB_launch.jpg/440px-Apollo-Soyuz_Test_Project_Saturn_IB_launch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2309" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">Saturn IB</a> launch launches from the "milkstool" platform on LC-39B and lifts the American ASTP crew into orbit.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soyuz_Spacecraft_in_Orbit_-_GPN-2002-000155.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Soyuz_Spacecraft_in_Orbit_-_GPN-2002-000155.jpg/220px-Soyuz_Spacecraft_in_Orbit_-_GPN-2002-000155.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Soyuz_Spacecraft_in_Orbit_-_GPN-2002-000155.jpg/330px-Soyuz_Spacecraft_in_Orbit_-_GPN-2002-000155.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Soyuz_Spacecraft_in_Orbit_-_GPN-2002-000155.jpg/440px-Soyuz_Spacecraft_in_Orbit_-_GPN-2002-000155.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4084" data-file-height="4164" /></a><figcaption>Soyuz as seen from Apollo CM</figcaption></figure> <p>The ASTP entailed the docking of an American <a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Apollo command and service module</a> (CSM) with a Soviet <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-TM" title="Soyuz 7K-TM">Soyuz 7K-TM</a> spacecraft. Although the Soyuz was given a mission designation number (Soyuz 19) as part of the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_programme" title="Soyuz programme">Soyuz programme</a>, its radio call sign was simply "Soyuz" for the duration of the joint mission. The Apollo mission was not a numbered mission of the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a>, and similarly bore the call sign "Apollo." Despite this, the press and NASA have referred to the mission as "Apollo 18," but this should not be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Canceled_Apollo_missions" title="Canceled Apollo missions">canceled lunar mission</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kennedy19850429_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kennedy19850429-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Apollo spacecraft was launched with a docking module specially designed to enable the two spacecraft to dock with each other, used only once for this mission. The <a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">Saturn IB</a> launch vehicle and <a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">CSM</a> were surplus material. Like the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a>, the docking module <a href="/wiki/Transposition,_docking,_and_extraction" title="Transposition, docking, and extraction">had to be retrieved</a> from the <a href="/wiki/S-IVB" title="S-IVB">S-IVB</a> upper-stage of the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">Saturn IB</a> rocket after launch. The docking module was designed as both an airlock — as the Apollo was pressurized at about 5 psi (34 kPa) using <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">pure oxygen</a>, while the Soyuz used a <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> atmosphere at <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">sea level pressure</a> (about 15 psi (100 kPa)) — and an adapter, since the surplus Apollo hardware used for the ASTP mission was not equipped with the <a href="/wiki/Androgynous_Peripheral_Attach_System" title="Androgynous Peripheral Attach System">APAS</a> docking collar jointly developed by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union">Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union</a> for the mission. One end of the docking module was attached to the Apollo using the same "probe-and-<a href="/wiki/Drogue" title="Drogue">drogue</a>" docking mechanism used on the Lunar Module and the <a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a> space station, while its other end had the APAS docking collar, which Soyuz 19 carried in place of the standard Soyuz/Salyut system of the time. The APAS collar fitted onto Soyuz 19 was releasable, allowing the two spacecraft to separate in case of malfunction. </p><p>The Apollo flew with a three-man crew on board: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_P._Stafford" title="Thomas P. Stafford">Tom Stafford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vance_D._Brand" title="Vance D. Brand">Vance Brand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deke_Slayton" title="Deke Slayton">Deke Slayton</a>. Stafford had already flown into space three times, including within eight <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nautical miles</a> of the lunar surface as Commander of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_10" title="Apollo 10">Apollo 10</a>, and was the first <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">general officer</a> to fly into space. He was a <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">brigadier general</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> at the time of the flight; he would retire with three stars in 1979. Slayton was one of the original <a href="/wiki/Mercury_Seven" title="Mercury Seven">Mercury Seven</a> astronauts selected in 1959, but an irregular heartbeat grounded him until 1972. He became head of NASA's astronaut office and, after a lengthy medical program, selected himself for this mission. At the time, Slayton was the oldest person to fly in space and the one with the longest gap between selection as an astronaut and first flight into space. Brand, meanwhile, had trained with the Apollo spacecraft during his time as a backup <a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a> command module pilot, and had served two stints as a backup Skylab commander. The closest he had come to flying prior to ASTP was as commander for the <a href="/wiki/Skylab_Rescue" title="Skylab Rescue">Skylab Rescue</a> mission mustered to potentially retrieve the crew of <a href="/wiki/Skylab_3" title="Skylab 3">Skylab 3</a> due to a fuel leak on that mission's Apollo CSM. </p><p>The Soyuz flew with two men: <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Leonov" title="Alexei Leonov">Alexei Leonov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valery_Kubasov" title="Valery Kubasov">Valery Kubasov</a>. Leonov became the first man to <a href="/wiki/Spacewalk" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacewalk">walk in space</a> on <a href="/wiki/Voskhod_2" title="Voskhod 2">Voskhod 2</a> in March 1965. Kubasov, who flew on <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_6" title="Soyuz 6">Soyuz 6</a> in 1969, ran some of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Space_manufacturing" title="Space manufacturing">space manufacturing</a> experiments. Both were to have flown on the ill-fated <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_11" title="Soyuz 11">Soyuz 11</a> in 1971 (Leonov as commander, Kubasov as the flight engineer), but were grounded because Kubasov was suspected of having <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>. The two-man crew on the Soyuz was a result of the modifications needed to allow the cosmonauts to wear the <a href="/wiki/Sokol_space_suit" title="Sokol space suit">Sokol space suit</a> during launch, docking, and reentry. </p><p>The ASTP-class <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-TM" title="Soyuz 7K-TM">Soyuz 7K-TM</a> spacecraft used was a variation of the post-Soyuz 11 two-man design, with the batteries replaced by <a href="/wiki/Solar_panel" title="Solar panel">solar panels</a> enabling "solo" flights (missions not docking to one of the <a href="/wiki/Salyut" class="mw-redirect" title="Salyut">Salyut</a> space stations). It was designed to operate, during the docking phase, at a reduced nitrogen/oxygen pressure of 10.2 psi (70 kPa), allowing easier transfers between the Apollo and Soyuz. Six ASTP-class Soyuz spacecraft were built in total, including the one used. Before the actual mission, two craft were launched uncrewed as Kosmos satellites. The third was launched as the crewed <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_16" title="Soyuz 16">Soyuz 16</a> flight as a rehearsal in order to test the APAS docking mechanism. Another craft was used fully fueled as a "hot backup" at the launch site – later it was disassembled. And the sixth craft was available as a "cold" backup; it was later used on the <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_22" title="Soyuz 22">last "solo" Soyuz flight</a> in 1976, but with the APAS docking adapter replaced by the <a href="/wiki/MKF-6_(multispectral_camera)" title="MKF-6 (multispectral camera)">MKF-6</a> multispectral camera. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launch_and_mission">Launch and mission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Launch and mission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Soyuz and Apollo flights launched within seven-and-a-half hours of each other on 15 July 1975, and docked on 17 July 1975. Three hours later, the two mission commanders, Stafford and Leonov, exchanged the first international handshake in space through the open hatch of the Soyuz. NASA had calculated that the historic handshake would have taken place over the British seaside resort of <a href="/wiki/Bognor_Regis" title="Bognor Regis">Bognor Regis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but a delay resulted in its occurrence being over the city of <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a> in France.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the first crew exchange, the crews were read a statement from Soviet <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a>, and received a phone call from <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. President</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>. </p><p>While the two ships were docked, the three Americans and two Soviets conducted joint scientific experiments, exchanged flags and gifts (including tree seeds which were later planted in the two countries), listened to each other's music (examples include "<a href="/wiki/Nezhnost%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Nezhnost'">Tenderness</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Maya_Kristalinskaya" title="Maya Kristalinskaya">Maya Kristalinskaya</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "<a href="/wiki/Why_Can%27t_We_Be_Friends%3F_(song)" title="Why Can't We Be Friends? (song)">Why Can't We Be Friends?</a>" by <a href="/wiki/War_(American_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="War (American band)">War</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), signed certificates, visited each other's ships, ate together, and conversed in each other's languages. (Because of Stafford's pronounced drawl when speaking Russian, Leonov later joked that there were three languages spoken on the mission: Russian, English, and "Oklahomski".) There were also docking and redocking maneuvers, during which the two spacecraft reversed roles and the Soyuz became the "active" ship. </p><p>American scientists developed four of the experiments performed during the mission. Embryologist <a href="/wiki/Jane_M._Oppenheimer" title="Jane M. Oppenheimer">Jane Oppenheimer</a> analyzed the effects of weightlessness on fish eggs at various stages of development.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 44 hours together, the two ships separated, and maneuvered to use the Apollo to create an artificial <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">solar eclipse</a> to allow the crew of the Soyuz to take photographs of the <a href="/wiki/Stellar_corona" title="Stellar corona">solar corona</a>. Another brief docking was made before the ships went their separate ways. The Soviets remained in space for two more days, and the Americans for five, during which the Apollo crew also conducted <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> observation experiments. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Soyuz_19_(Apollo_Soyuz_Test_Project)_spacecraft.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Soyuz 19 as seen from the Apollo"><img alt="Soyuz 19 as seen from the Apollo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Soyuz_19_%28Apollo_Soyuz_Test_Project%29_spacecraft.jpg/181px-Soyuz_19_%28Apollo_Soyuz_Test_Project%29_spacecraft.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Soyuz_19_%28Apollo_Soyuz_Test_Project%29_spacecraft.jpg/272px-Soyuz_19_%28Apollo_Soyuz_Test_Project%29_spacecraft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Soyuz_19_%28Apollo_Soyuz_Test_Project%29_spacecraft.jpg/363px-Soyuz_19_%28Apollo_Soyuz_Test_Project%29_spacecraft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="4096" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Soyuz 19 as seen from the Apollo</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_Soyuz_Test_Project_Mission_Control.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mission control center in Houston during ASTP"><img alt="Mission control center in Houston during ASTP" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Apollo_Soyuz_Test_Project_Mission_Control.jpg/269px-Apollo_Soyuz_Test_Project_Mission_Control.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Apollo_Soyuz_Test_Project_Mission_Control.jpg/403px-Apollo_Soyuz_Test_Project_Mission_Control.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Apollo_Soyuz_Test_Project_Mission_Control.jpg/537px-Apollo_Soyuz_Test_Project_Mission_Control.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4648" data-file-height="3117" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mission control center in Houston during ASTP</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 158px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 156px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ASTP_handshake_-_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The historic handshake between Stafford and Leonov"><img alt="The historic handshake between Stafford and Leonov" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/ASTP_handshake_-_cropped.jpg/234px-ASTP_handshake_-_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/ASTP_handshake_-_cropped.jpg/350px-ASTP_handshake_-_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/ASTP_handshake_-_cropped.jpg/467px-ASTP_handshake_-_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2519" data-file-height="1942" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The historic handshake between Stafford and Leonov</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 182.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ford_talks_to_ASTP_crew.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="U.S. President Gerald Ford speaks to the Soviet and American crews on 18 July 1975."><img alt="U.S. President Gerald Ford speaks to the Soviet and American crews on 18 July 1975." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/President_Ford_talks_to_ASTP_crew.jpg/274px-President_Ford_talks_to_ASTP_crew.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/President_Ford_talks_to_ASTP_crew.jpg/410px-President_Ford_talks_to_ASTP_crew.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/President_Ford_talks_to_ASTP_crew.jpg/547px-President_Ford_talks_to_ASTP_crew.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2475" data-file-height="1629" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> speaks to the Soviet and American crews on 18 July 1975.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Astronaut_Donald_K._Slayton_and_cosmonaut_Aleksey_A._Leonov_in_the_Soyuz_Orbital_Module.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Deke Slayton (right) with Leonov in the Soyuz spacecraft"><img alt="Deke Slayton (right) with Leonov in the Soyuz spacecraft" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Astronaut_Donald_K._Slayton_and_cosmonaut_Aleksey_A._Leonov_in_the_Soyuz_Orbital_Module.jpg/270px-Astronaut_Donald_K._Slayton_and_cosmonaut_Aleksey_A._Leonov_in_the_Soyuz_Orbital_Module.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Astronaut_Donald_K._Slayton_and_cosmonaut_Aleksey_A._Leonov_in_the_Soyuz_Orbital_Module.jpg/405px-Astronaut_Donald_K._Slayton_and_cosmonaut_Aleksey_A._Leonov_in_the_Soyuz_Orbital_Module.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Astronaut_Donald_K._Slayton_and_cosmonaut_Aleksey_A._Leonov_in_the_Soyuz_Orbital_Module.jpg/540px-Astronaut_Donald_K._Slayton_and_cosmonaut_Aleksey_A._Leonov_in_the_Soyuz_Orbital_Module.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4095" data-file-height="2729" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Deke Slayton (right) with Leonov in the Soyuz spacecraft</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 180px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 178px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo-Soyuz_Test_Project_Commemorative_Plaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The astronauts and cosmonauts assembled this commemorative plaque in orbit as a symbol of the international cooperation."><img alt="The astronauts and cosmonauts assembled this commemorative plaque in orbit as a symbol of the international cooperation." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Apollo-Soyuz_Test_Project_Commemorative_Plaque.jpg/267px-Apollo-Soyuz_Test_Project_Commemorative_Plaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Apollo-Soyuz_Test_Project_Commemorative_Plaque.jpg/401px-Apollo-Soyuz_Test_Project_Commemorative_Plaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Apollo-Soyuz_Test_Project_Commemorative_Plaque.jpg/534px-Apollo-Soyuz_Test_Project_Commemorative_Plaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2762" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The astronauts and cosmonauts assembled this commemorative plaque in orbit as a symbol of the international cooperation.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Re-entry_and_aftermath">Re-entry and aftermath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Re-entry and aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mission was considered a great success, both technically and as a public-relations exercise for both nations. The only serious problem was during <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_entry" title="Atmospheric entry">reentry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Splashdown" title="Splashdown">splashdown</a> of the Apollo craft, during which the crew were accidentally exposed to toxic <a href="/wiki/Monomethylhydrazine" title="Monomethylhydrazine">monomethylhydrazine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_tetroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen tetroxide">nitrogen tetroxide</a> fumes, caused by unignited <a href="/wiki/Reaction_control_system" title="Reaction control system">reaction control system</a> (RCS) <a href="/wiki/Hypergolic_propellant" title="Hypergolic propellant">hypergolic propellants</a> venting from the spacecraft and reentering a cabin air intake. The RCS was inadvertently left on during descent, and the toxic fumes were sucked into the spacecraft as it drew in outside air. Brand briefly lost consciousness, while Stafford retrieved emergency oxygen masks, put one on Brand, and gave one to Slayton. The three astronauts were hospitalized for two weeks in <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brand took responsibility for the mishap; because of high noise levels in the cabin during reentry, he believed he was unable to hear Stafford call off one item of the reentry checklist, the closure of two switches which would have automatically shut off the RCS and begun drogue parachute deployment. These procedures were manually performed later than usual, allowing the ingestion of the propellant fumes through the ventilation system.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ASTP was the final flight of an Apollo spacecraft. Immediately after the launch of the Apollo spacecraft, preparations began to convert <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39B" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B">LC-39B</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> for use by the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>, the United States' next crewed spacecraft program. <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A">LC-39A</a> had already been closed after the launch of <a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technical">Technical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Technical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S74-24913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/S74-24913.jpg/220px-S74-24913.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/S74-24913.jpg/330px-S74-24913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/S74-24913.jpg/440px-S74-24913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3923" data-file-height="3011" /></a><figcaption>Apollo–Soyuz painting</figcaption></figure> <p>A derivative (but mechanically incompatible) docking collar, <a href="/wiki/Androgynous_Peripheral_Attach_System" title="Androgynous Peripheral Attach System">APAS-89</a>, was launched as part of the <a href="/wiki/Kristall" title="Kristall">Kristall</a> module of the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a> space station. Originally intended as the docking port for the (defunct) <a href="/wiki/Buran_(spacecraft)" title="Buran (spacecraft)">Buran</a> Soviet space shuttle, the APAS-89 unit was used for the next Russian-American docking mission, <a href="/wiki/STS-71" title="STS-71">STS-71</a>, twenty years later as part of the <a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–Mir program</a> (though not before the docking port was tested by the last APAS-equipped Soyuz, <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-16" title="Soyuz TM-16">Soyuz TM-16</a>, in 1993). </p><p>The American <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> continued to use the same APAS-89 docking hardware through the end of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle program</a> to dock to Mir and then the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>, the latter through the <a href="/wiki/Pressurized_Mating_Adapter" title="Pressurized Mating Adapter">Pressurized Mating Adapters</a> (PMAs). </p><p>The PMAs are equipped with the later <a href="/wiki/Androgynous_Peripheral_Attach_System" title="Androgynous Peripheral Attach System">APAS-95</a> adapters, which differ from the APAS-89 adapters in that they are no longer androgynous; while compatible with the APAS-89 docking collars, they are not capable of acting as the "active" partner in docking. </p><p>The first PMA, PMA-1, remains in use as the interface connecting the Russian-built, NASA-owned <a href="/wiki/Zarya_(ISS_module)" title="Zarya (ISS module)">Zarya</a> module to the <a href="/wiki/US_Orbital_Segment" title="US Orbital Segment">US segment of the ISS</a> (USOS), and so the APAS continues in use to this day (2024).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political">Political</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Political"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Apollo–Soyuz was the first joint US–Soviet space mission. At the time it was thought that space would become either more international or competitive as a result, but it became both. The mission became symbolic of each country's goals of scientific cooperation, while their news reports downplayed the technical prowess of the other. Soviet press implied that it was leading the United States in space flight, tying it to the <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist</a> ideology, while the United States reported that the Soyuz was technically primitive.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High-profile space cooperation declined after the successful mission and became entangled in <a href="/wiki/Linkage_(policy)" title="Linkage (policy)">linkage politics</a>, but it set a precedent of cooperation that continued in the <a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle–Mir Program">Shuttle–Mir Program</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural">Cultural</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cultural"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The American and Soviet commanders, Stafford and Leonov, became lasting friends. Leonov was the godfather of Stafford's younger children.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ns_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ns-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stafford gave a eulogy at Leonov's funeral in October 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a>, <a href="/wiki/2228_Soyuz-Apollo" title="2228 Soyuz-Apollo">2228 Soyuz-Apollo</a>, discovered in 1977 by Soviet astronomer <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Chernykh" title="Nikolai Chernykh">Nikolai Chernykh</a>, is named after the mission.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To commemorate Apollo–Soyuz, renowned British/Irish bartender <a href="/wiki/Joe_Gilmore" title="Joe Gilmore">Joe Gilmore</a> of <a href="/wiki/Savoy_Hotel" title="Savoy Hotel">The Savoy Hotel</a>'s American Bar created the '<a href="/wiki/Link_Up" class="mw-redirect" title="Link Up">Link-Up</a>' cocktail. When the astronauts were told the cocktail was being flown out from London to be enjoyed on their return, they said, "Tell Joe we want it up here".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific">Scientific</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Scientific"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Apollo craft carried the SAG telescope designed to observe in the <a href="/wiki/Extreme_ultraviolet" title="Extreme ultraviolet">extreme ultraviolet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvey168_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvey168-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Across several orbits of observing the instrument discovered two ultraviolet sources; HZ 43 and FEIGE 24, both of which were <a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarfs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvey168_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvey168-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bowyer_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowyer-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other stars observed included, <a href="/wiki/Proxima_Centauri" title="Proxima Centauri">Proxima Centauri</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">Red Dwarf</a>), <a href="/wiki/SS_Cygni" title="SS Cygni">SS Cygni</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Binary_star" title="Binary star">Binary star</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Sirius" title="Sirius">Sirius</a> (also a Binary star). A third possible discovery was an unknown object in the <a href="/wiki/Pavo_(constellation)" title="Pavo (constellation)">Pavo constellation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowyer_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowyer-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The star HD 192273 was later suggested as a candidate for the Pavo observation but further study concluded that the star’s distance and spectral class made this unlikely.<sup id="cite_ref-Walborn_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walborn-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spacecraft_locations">Spacecraft locations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Spacecraft locations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo-Soyuz_display_at_the_RKK_Energia_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Apollo-Soyuz_display_at_the_RKK_Energia_Museum.jpg/240px-Apollo-Soyuz_display_at_the_RKK_Energia_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Apollo-Soyuz_display_at_the_RKK_Energia_Museum.jpg/360px-Apollo-Soyuz_display_at_the_RKK_Energia_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Apollo-Soyuz_display_at_the_RKK_Energia_Museum.jpg/480px-Apollo-Soyuz_display_at_the_RKK_Energia_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6308" data-file-height="1994" /></a><figcaption>Apollo–Soyuz display at the RKK Energia Museum in Korolyov, Moscow Oblast, Russia</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Apollo Command Module</a> from the mission is on display at the <a href="/wiki/California_Science_Center" title="California Science Center">California Science Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>. The descent module of Soyuz 19 is on display at the <a href="/wiki/RKK_Energiya_museum" title="RKK Energiya museum">RKK Energiya museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Korolyov,_Moscow_Oblast" title="Korolyov, Moscow Oblast">Korolyov, Moscow Oblast</a>, Russia. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo-soyuz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Apollo-soyuz.jpg/310px-Apollo-soyuz.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Apollo-soyuz.jpg/465px-Apollo-soyuz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Apollo-soyuz.jpg/620px-Apollo-soyuz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10214" data-file-height="2457" /></a><figcaption>The Apollo–Soyuz display in the National Air and Space Museum</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo-Soyuz_Command_Module.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Apollo-Soyuz_Command_Module.jpg/220px-Apollo-Soyuz_Command_Module.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Apollo-Soyuz_Command_Module.jpg/330px-Apollo-Soyuz_Command_Module.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Apollo-Soyuz_Command_Module.jpg/440px-Apollo-Soyuz_Command_Module.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The Apollo-Soyuz Command Module on display at the <a href="/wiki/California_Science_Center" title="California Science Center">California Science Center</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A display at the <a href="/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">National Air and Space Museum</a> in Washington, D.C. shows the docked Apollo/Soyuz configuration. The display is made up of Apollo Command and Service Module 105 (used for vibration testing for the <a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a> program), the back-up Docking Module, and a model of the Soyuz spacecraft. An identical Soyuz model is exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Visitor_Complex" title="Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex">Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex</a>. A full-size mockup of the two docked spacecraft is at the <a href="/wiki/Cosmosphere" title="Cosmosphere">Cosmosphere</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hutchinson,_Kansas" title="Hutchinson, Kansas">Hutchinson, Kansas</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Soviet_Union_1975_CPA_4478_souvenir_sheet_(Apollo_Soyuz_space_test_project_(Russo-American_cooperation)._Mission_Control_Center,_Korolyov._Two_crews,_zodiac._Soyuz-Apollo_flight_scheme._Emblem)_1200dpi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/The_Soviet_Union_1975_CPA_4478_souvenir_sheet_%28Apollo_Soyuz_space_test_project_%28Russo-American_cooperation%29._Mission_Control_Center%2C_Korolyov._Two_crews%2C_zodiac._Soyuz-Apollo_flight_scheme._Emblem%29_1200dpi.jpg/170px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/The_Soviet_Union_1975_CPA_4478_souvenir_sheet_%28Apollo_Soyuz_space_test_project_%28Russo-American_cooperation%29._Mission_Control_Center%2C_Korolyov._Two_crews%2C_zodiac._Soyuz-Apollo_flight_scheme._Emblem%29_1200dpi.jpg/255px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/The_Soviet_Union_1975_CPA_4478_souvenir_sheet_%28Apollo_Soyuz_space_test_project_%28Russo-American_cooperation%29._Mission_Control_Center%2C_Korolyov._Two_crews%2C_zodiac._Soyuz-Apollo_flight_scheme._Emblem%29_1200dpi.jpg/340px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="5693" /></a><figcaption>Soyuz–Apollo, Issue of 1975, USSR</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commemorations">Commemorations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Commemorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a> issued the <a href="/wiki/U.S._space_exploration_history_on_U.S._stamps" title="U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps">Apollo–Soyuz commemorative stamps</a>, honoring the United States–Soviet link up in space, on 15 July 1975, the day of the launch. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_United_States_1975_Sn_1569-1570_horizontal_se-tenant_pair_(Apollo_Soyuz_space_test_project_(Russo-American_cooperation)).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/The_United_States_1975_Sn_1569-1570_horizontal_se-tenant_pair_%28Apollo_Soyuz_space_test_project_%28Russo-American_cooperation%29%29.jpg/220px-The_United_States_1975_Sn_1569-1570_horizontal_se-tenant_pair_%28Apollo_Soyuz_space_test_project_%28Russo-American_cooperation%29%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/The_United_States_1975_Sn_1569-1570_horizontal_se-tenant_pair_%28Apollo_Soyuz_space_test_project_%28Russo-American_cooperation%29%29.jpg/330px-The_United_States_1975_Sn_1569-1570_horizontal_se-tenant_pair_%28Apollo_Soyuz_space_test_project_%28Russo-American_cooperation%29%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/The_United_States_1975_Sn_1569-1570_horizontal_se-tenant_pair_%28Apollo_Soyuz_space_test_project_%28Russo-American_cooperation%29%29.jpg/440px-The_United_States_1975_Sn_1569-1570_horizontal_se-tenant_pair_%28Apollo_Soyuz_space_test_project_%28Russo-American_cooperation%29%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1968" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/U.S._space_exploration_history_on_U.S._stamps" title="U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps">Apollo–Soyuz, Issue of 1975, USA</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The remaining crew's most recent reunion was on 16 July 2010, when Leonov, Kubasov, Stafford, and Brand met at an <a href="/wiki/Omega_SA" title="Omega SA">Omega</a> timepiece store in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. All except Leonov participated in a public roundtable that evening. Omega had produced several watches to be used on the mission.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo-Soyuz_Test_Project_Flown_Silver_Robbins_Medallion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Apollo-Soyuz_Test_Project_Flown_Silver_Robbins_Medallion.jpg/220px-Apollo-Soyuz_Test_Project_Flown_Silver_Robbins_Medallion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Apollo-Soyuz_Test_Project_Flown_Silver_Robbins_Medallion.jpg/330px-Apollo-Soyuz_Test_Project_Flown_Silver_Robbins_Medallion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Apollo-Soyuz_Test_Project_Flown_Silver_Robbins_Medallion.jpg/440px-Apollo-Soyuz_Test_Project_Flown_Silver_Robbins_Medallion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4214" data-file-height="2099" /></a><figcaption>Apollo–Soyuz medallion</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monument">Monument</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Monument"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A large Soyuz–Apollo monument was constructed outside <a href="/wiki/RKA_Mission_Control_Center" title="RKA Mission Control Center">TsUP</a> (the Soviet, later Russian space control center) in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>. It consisted of a metal scale model of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> overarched by an arc terminating in the joined Soyuz–Apollo spacecraft. It was damaged when a vehicle collided with it in the late 1990s,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and was removed for repairs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mission_Control_Center">Mission Control Center</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Mission Control Center"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mission control room that hosted the Americans in <a href="/wiki/Korolyov,_Moscow_Oblast" title="Korolyov, Moscow Oblast">Korolyov, Russia</a>, was preserved as a memorial to the Soyuz–Apollo mission.<sup id="cite_ref-ns_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ns-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Program_cost">Program cost</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Program cost"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United States spent US$245 million ($1,390,000,000 today<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-US_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) on the Apollo–Soyuz project and spacecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-lafleur20100308_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lafleur20100308-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The amount of money the Soviet Union spent on the ASTP is unknown but likely considerable.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (July 2024)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/28px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/42px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/56px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interkosmos" title="Interkosmos">Interkosmos</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> space program from 1967 to 1994, designed to give foreign nations access to space missions.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mannedspaceops.org/missions/apollo-soyuz/">"Apollo Soyuz Program Summary"</a>. <i>mannedspaceops.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mannedspaceops.org&rft.atitle=Apollo+Soyuz+Program+Summary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mannedspaceops.org%2Fmissions%2Fapollo-soyuz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Space_Sciences_1976-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Space_Sciences_1976_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Space_Sciences_1976_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Space_Sciences_1976_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Space_Sciences_1976_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Space_Sciences_1976_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Space_Sciences_1976_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Space_Sciences_1976_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Space_Sciences_1976_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, Soviet Space Programs, 1971–75. Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1976. <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801185734/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4209/ch2-3.htm">"The First Dryden-Blagonravov Agreement – 1962"</a>. <i>NASA History Series</i>. NASA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4209/ch2-3.htm">the original</a> on 1 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA+History+Series&rft.atitle=The+First+Dryden-Blagonravov+Agreement+%E2%80%93+1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hq.nasa.gov%2Foffice%2Fpao%2FHistory%2FSP-4209%2Fch2-3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Launius_2019_pp._167–168-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Launius_2019_pp._167–168_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaunius2019" class="citation journal cs1">Launius, Roger D. (10 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-019-02088-4">"First Moon landing was nearly a US–Soviet mission"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>571</b> (7764): 167–168. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Natur.571..167L">2019Natur.571..167L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-019-02088-4">10.1038/d41586-019-02088-4</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31292553">31292553</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195873630">195873630</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=First+Moon+landing+was+nearly+a+US%E2%80%93Soviet+mission&rft.volume=571&rft.issue=7764&rft.pages=167-168&rft.date=2019-07-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fd41586-019-02088-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A195873630%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31292553&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Natur.571..167L&rft.aulast=Launius&rft.aufirst=Roger+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fd41586-019-02088-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Battaglia-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Battaglia_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Battaglia_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Debbora Battaglia, "Arresting Hospitality: the Case of the 'Handshake in Space'," Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute vol. 18 issue 1 June 2012. pp. S76-S89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEzellEzell1978" class="citation book cs1">Ezell, Edward; Ezell, Linda (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP-4209/ch5-1.htm">"Chapter 5. 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J.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf"><i>How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States%3A+Addenda+et+Corrigenda&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44525121.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" class="Z3988"></span> 1700–1799: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf"><i>How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44517778.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" class="Z3988"></span> 1800–present: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" class="citation web cs1">Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-">"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consumer+Price+Index+%28estimate%29+1800%E2%80%93&rft.au=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Minneapolis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minneapolisfed.org%2Fabout-us%2Fmonetary-policy%2Finflation-calculator%2Fconsumer-price-index-1800-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lafleur20100308-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lafleur20100308_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLafleur,_Claude2010" class="citation news cs1">Lafleur, Claude (8 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thespacereview.com/article/1579/1">"Costs of US piloted programs"</a>. The Space Review<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Costs+of+US+piloted+programs&rft.date=2010-03-08&rft.au=Lafleur%2C+Claude&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thespacereview.com%2Farticle%2F1579%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz_Test_Project" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Apollo–Soyuz Test Project">Apollo–Soyuz Test Project</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/Soyuz/ASTP/ASTPMission.php">ASTP Chronology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130616010952/http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/Soyuz/ASTP/ASTPMission.php">Archived</a> 16 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/apollo-soyuz/overview">Apollo-Soyuz Test Project Overview</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090725172011/http://www-pao.ksc.nasa.gov/kscpao/history/astp/astp.html">ASTP NASA site archived</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/apollo/soyuz.html">Apollo–Soyuz</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225184511/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/apollo/soyuz.html">Archived</a> 25 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4209/toc.htm">The Partnership: A History of the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110123000956/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4209/toc.htm">Archived</a> 23 January 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – official NASA history of the mission</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19750067869_1975067869.pdf">International rendezvous and docking mission (Apollo–Soyuz/Salyut) 1971</a> – NASA report (PDF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19730025080_1973025080.pdf">Apollo/Soyuz test project operational data book. Volume 2: ASTP mass properties data book</a> – NASA report (PDF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19750065564_1975065564.pdf">Apollo–Soyuz test project operation handbook command service docking modules systems operating procedures</a> – NASA flight operations manual (PDF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/series95.html">NASA History Series Publications</a> (many of which are on-line)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epizodsspace.airbase.ru/bibl/soyuz-i-apollon/05.html">«Apollo–Soyuz»</a> – tell Soviet scientists, engineers and astronauts – participants of the joint work of American specialists, Politizdat 1976, with a circulation of 100,000 copies.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libarchstor.uah.edu:8081/repositories/2/resources/111">Apollo Soyuz Collection, The University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Media</dt></dl> <ul><li>A film clip <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AstpHighlights">of ASTP Highlights</a> is available for viewing at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheApollo–SoyuzMission"><i>The Apollo–Soyuz Mission</i></a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.649354"><i>Apollo Soyuz (1975)</i></a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MissionOfApollo–Soyuz"><i>MISSION OF Apollo–Soyuz (1975)</i></a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/25_years_of_progress_9_transition_years"><i>25 Years of Progress, Episode 9: Transition Years (1983)</i></a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Apollo–SoyuzTestProjectFacts"><i>Apollo–Soyuz Test Project Facts (1975)</i></a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/apollo-soyez_test_project_facts_pt_b"><i>Apollo–Soyuz Test Project Facts, Part B (1975)</i></a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Apollo–Soyuz_test_project_facts_pt_c"><i>Apollo–Soyuz Test Project Facts, Part C (1975)</i></a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/history_of_space_travel_13_apollo_soyuz"><i>History of Space Travel, Episode 13: The Mission of Apollo–Soyuz</i></a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CMP_249_Our_Laboratories_in_Space_Episode7.wmv"><i>Our Laboratories in Space, episode 7</i></a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. (several types of media formats are available)</li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Jsc-603Apollo17-OnTheShouldersOfGiants.wmv"><i>Apollo17 On The Shoulders Of Giants</i></a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. (several types of media formats are available)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://texasarchive.org/2015_02325">Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (1973) Film</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas_Archive_of_the_Moving_Image" title="Texas Archive of the Moving Image">Texas Archive of the Moving Image</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Soyuz_programme" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soyuz_programme" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_programme" title="Soyuz programme">Soyuz programme</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soyuz_missions" title="List of Soyuz missions">List of Soyuz missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_human_spaceflight_missions" title="List of Soviet human spaceflight missions">List of Soviet human spaceflight missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_human_spaceflight_missions" title="List of Russian human spaceflight missions">List of Russian human spaceflight missions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(rocket_family)" title="Soyuz (rocket family)">Soyuz (rocket family)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz (spacecraft)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur Cosmodrome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gagarin%27s_Start" title="Gagarin's Start">Site 1/5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_31" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 31">Site 31/6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_abort_modes" title="Soyuz abort modes">Soyuz abort modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Cosmonaut ranks and positions</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Soyuz_TMA-7_spacecraft2edit1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Soyuz_TMA-7_spacecraft2edit1.jpg/140px-Soyuz_TMA-7_spacecraft2edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Soyuz_TMA-7_spacecraft2edit1.jpg/210px-Soyuz_TMA-7_spacecraft2edit1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Soyuz_TMA-7_spacecraft2edit1.jpg/280px-Soyuz_TMA-7_spacecraft2edit1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2274" data-file-height="1506" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past missions<br />(by spacecraft type)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-OK" title="Soyuz 7K-OK">Soyuz 7K-OK</a> (1966–1970)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_133" title="Kosmos 133">Kosmos 133</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-OK_No.1" title="Soyuz 7K-OK No.1">Soyuz 7K-OK No.1</a>† <span style="font-size:85%;">(uncrewed)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_140" title="Kosmos 140">Kosmos 140</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_1" title="Soyuz 1">Soyuz 1</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_186_and_Kosmos_188" title="Kosmos 186 and Kosmos 188">Kosmos 186</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_186_and_Kosmos_188" title="Kosmos 186 and Kosmos 188">188</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_212" title="Kosmos 212">212</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_213" title="Kosmos 213">213</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_238" title="Kosmos 238">238</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_2" title="Soyuz 2">Soyuz 2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(uncrewed)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_3" title="Soyuz 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_4" title="Soyuz 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_5" title="Soyuz 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_6" title="Soyuz 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7" title="Soyuz 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_8" title="Soyuz 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_9" title="Soyuz 9">9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-L1" title="Soyuz 7K-L1">Soyuz 7K-L1</a> (1967–1970)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond lunar programme</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_146" title="Kosmos 146">Kosmos 146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_154" title="Kosmos 154">154</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-L1_No.4L" title="Soyuz 7K-L1 No.4L">Zond 1967A</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-L1_No.5L" title="Soyuz 7K-L1 No.5L">1967B</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_4" title="Zond 4">Zond 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_1968A" class="mw-redirect" title="Zond 1968A">1968A</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_1968B" class="mw-redirect" title="Zond 1968B">1968B</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_5" title="Zond 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_6" title="Zond 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_1969A" class="mw-redirect" title="Zond 1969A">1969A</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_L1S-1" title="Zond L1S-1">Zond-M 1</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_L1S-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Zond L1S-2">M 2</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_7" title="Zond 7">Zond 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_8" title="Zond 8">8</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zond_9" class="mw-redirect" title="Zond 9">9</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zond_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Zond 10">10</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-L1E" title="Soyuz 7K-L1E">Soyuz 7K-L1E</a> (1969–1970)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-L1E_No.1" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz 7K-L1E No.1">Soyuz 7K-L1E No.1</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_382" title="Kosmos 382">Kosmos 382</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-LOK" title="Soyuz 7K-LOK">Soyuz 7K-LOK</a> (1971–1972)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-LOK_No.1" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1">Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-LOK_No.2" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz 7K-LOK No.2">No.2</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-OKS" title="Soyuz 7K-OKS">Soyuz 7K-OKS</a> (1971)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_10" title="Soyuz 10">Soyuz 10</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_11" title="Soyuz 11">11</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-T" title="Soyuz 7K-T">Soyuz 7K-T</a> (1972–1981)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_496" title="Kosmos 496">Kosmos 496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_573" title="Kosmos 573">573</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_12" title="Soyuz 12">Soyuz 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_613" title="Kosmos 613">Kosmos 613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_13" title="Soyuz 13">Soyuz 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_656" title="Kosmos 656">Kosmos 656</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_14" title="Soyuz 14">Soyuz 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_15" title="Soyuz 15">15</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_17" title="Soyuz 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-T_No.39" title="Soyuz 7K-T No.39">18a</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_18" title="Soyuz 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_20" title="Soyuz 20">20</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(uncrewed)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_21" title="Soyuz 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_23" title="Soyuz 23">23</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_24" title="Soyuz 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_25" title="Soyuz 25">25</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_26" title="Soyuz 26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_27" title="Soyuz 27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_28" title="Soyuz 28">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_29" title="Soyuz 29">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_30" title="Soyuz 30">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_31" title="Soyuz 31">31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_32" title="Soyuz 32">32</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(uncrewed landing)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_33" title="Soyuz 33">33</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_34" title="Soyuz 34">34</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(uncrewed launch)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_35" title="Soyuz 35">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_36" title="Soyuz 36">36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_37" title="Soyuz 37">37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_38" title="Soyuz 38">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_39" title="Soyuz 39">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_40" title="Soyuz 40">40</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-TM" title="Soyuz 7K-TM">Soyuz 7K-TM</a> (1974–1976)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_638" title="Kosmos 638">Kosmos 638</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_672" title="Kosmos 672">672</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_16" title="Soyuz 16">Soyuz 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_19" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz 19">19</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apollo–Soyuz</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_22" title="Soyuz 22">22</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_Soyuz" title="Military Soyuz">Soyuz 7K-S</a> (1974–1976)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_670" title="Kosmos 670">Kosmos 670</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_772" title="Kosmos 772">772</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_869" title="Kosmos 869">869</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-T" title="Soyuz-T">Soyuz-T</a> (1978–1986)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1001" title="Kosmos 1001">Kosmos 1001</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_1074" title="Kosmos 1074">1074</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_T-1" title="Soyuz T-1">Soyuz T-1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(uncrewed)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_T-2" title="Soyuz T-2">T-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_T-3" title="Soyuz T-3">T-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_T-4" title="Soyuz T-4">T-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_T-5" title="Soyuz T-5">T-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_T-6" title="Soyuz T-6">T-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_T-7" title="Soyuz T-7">T-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_T-8" title="Soyuz T-8">T-8</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_T-9" title="Soyuz T-9">T-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-ST_No.16L" title="Soyuz 7K-ST No.16L">T-10a</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_T-10" title="Soyuz T-10">T-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_T-11" title="Soyuz T-11">T-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_T-12" title="Soyuz T-12">T-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_T-13" title="Soyuz T-13">T-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_T-14" title="Soyuz T-14">T-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_T-15" title="Soyuz T-15">T-15</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-TM" title="Soyuz-TM">Soyuz-TM</a> (1986–2002)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-1" title="Soyuz TM-1">Soyuz TM-1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(uncrewed)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-2" title="Soyuz TM-2">TM-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-3" title="Soyuz TM-3">TM-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-4" title="Soyuz TM-4">TM-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-5" title="Soyuz TM-5">TM-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-6" title="Soyuz TM-6">TM-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-7" title="Soyuz TM-7">TM-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-8" title="Soyuz TM-8">TM-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-9" title="Soyuz TM-9">TM-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-10" title="Soyuz TM-10">TM-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-11" title="Soyuz TM-11">TM-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-12" title="Soyuz TM-12">TM-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-13" title="Soyuz TM-13">TM-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-14" title="Soyuz TM-14">TM-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-15" title="Soyuz TM-15">TM-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-16" title="Soyuz TM-16">TM-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-17" title="Soyuz TM-17">TM-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-18" title="Soyuz TM-18">TM-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-19" title="Soyuz TM-19">TM-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-20" title="Soyuz TM-20">TM-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-21" title="Soyuz TM-21">TM-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-22" title="Soyuz TM-22">TM-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-23" title="Soyuz TM-23">TM-23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-24" title="Soyuz TM-24">TM-24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-25" title="Soyuz TM-25">TM-25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-26" title="Soyuz TM-26">TM-26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-27" title="Soyuz TM-27">TM-27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-28" title="Soyuz TM-28">TM-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-29" title="Soyuz TM-29">TM-29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-30" title="Soyuz TM-30">TM-30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-31" title="Soyuz TM-31">TM-31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-32" title="Soyuz TM-32">TM-32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-33" title="Soyuz TM-33">TM-33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TM-34" title="Soyuz TM-34">TM-34</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-TMA" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz-TMA">Soyuz-TMA</a> (2002–2012)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-1" title="Soyuz TMA-1">Soyuz TMA-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-2" title="Soyuz TMA-2">TMA-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-3" title="Soyuz TMA-3">TMA-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-4" title="Soyuz TMA-4">TMA-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-5" title="Soyuz TMA-5">TMA-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-6" title="Soyuz TMA-6">TMA-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-7" title="Soyuz TMA-7">TMA-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-8" title="Soyuz TMA-8">TMA-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-9" title="Soyuz TMA-9">TMA-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-10" title="Soyuz TMA-10">TMA-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-11" title="Soyuz TMA-11">TMA-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-12" title="Soyuz TMA-12">TMA-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-13" title="Soyuz TMA-13">TMA-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-14" title="Soyuz TMA-14">TMA-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-15" title="Soyuz TMA-15">TMA-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-16" title="Soyuz TMA-16">TMA-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-17" title="Soyuz TMA-17">TMA-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-18" title="Soyuz TMA-18">TMA-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-19" title="Soyuz TMA-19">TMA-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-20" title="Soyuz TMA-20">TMA-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-21" title="Soyuz TMA-21">TMA-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-22" title="Soyuz TMA-22">TMA-22</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-TMA#Soyuz_TMA-M" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz-TMA">Soyuz-TMA-M</a> (2010–2016)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-01M" title="Soyuz TMA-01M">Soyuz TMA-01M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-02M" title="Soyuz TMA-02M">TMA-02M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-03M" title="Soyuz TMA-03M">TMA-03M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-04M" title="Soyuz TMA-04M">TMA-04M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-05M" title="Soyuz TMA-05M">TMA-05M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-06M" title="Soyuz TMA-06M">TMA-06M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-07M" title="Soyuz TMA-07M">TMA-07M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-08M" title="Soyuz TMA-08M">TMA-08M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-09M" title="Soyuz TMA-09M">TMA-09M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-10M" title="Soyuz TMA-10M">TMA-10M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-11M" title="Soyuz TMA-11M">TMA-11M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-12M" title="Soyuz TMA-12M">TMA-12M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-13M" title="Soyuz TMA-13M">TMA-13M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-14M" title="Soyuz TMA-14M">TMA-14M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-15M" title="Soyuz TMA-15M">TMA-15M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-16M" title="Soyuz TMA-16M">TMA-16M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-17M" title="Soyuz TMA-17M">TMA-17M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-18M" title="Soyuz TMA-18M">TMA-18M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-19M" title="Soyuz TMA-19M">TMA-19M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-20M" title="Soyuz TMA-20M">TMA-20M</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS" title="Soyuz MS">Soyuz MS</a> (2016–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-01" title="Soyuz MS-01">Soyuz MS-01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-02" title="Soyuz MS-02">MS-02</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-03" title="Soyuz MS-03">MS-03</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-04" title="Soyuz MS-04">MS-04</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-05" title="Soyuz MS-05">MS-05</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-06" title="Soyuz MS-06">MS-06</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-07" title="Soyuz MS-07">MS-07</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-08" title="Soyuz MS-08">MS-08</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-09" title="Soyuz MS-09">MS-09</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-10" title="Soyuz MS-10">MS-10</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-11" title="Soyuz MS-11">MS-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-12" title="Soyuz MS-12">MS-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-13" title="Soyuz MS-13">MS-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-14" title="Soyuz MS-14">MS-14</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(uncrewed)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-15" title="Soyuz MS-15">MS-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-16" title="Soyuz MS-16">MS-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-17" title="Soyuz MS-17">MS-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-18" title="Soyuz MS-18">MS-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-19" title="Soyuz MS-19">MS-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-20" title="Soyuz MS-20">MS-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-21" title="Soyuz MS-21">MS-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-22" title="Soyuz MS-22">MS-22</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(uncrewed landing)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-23" title="Soyuz MS-23">MS-23</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(uncrewed launch)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-24" title="Soyuz MS-24">MS-24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-25" title="Soyuz MS-25">MS-25</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-26" title="Soyuz MS-26">MS-26</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Future missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2025 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-27" title="Soyuz MS-27">MS-27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-28" title="Soyuz MS-28">MS-28</a></li></ul></li> <li>2026 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_MS-29" title="Soyuz MS-29">MS-29</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Uncrewed missions are designated as <i>Kosmos</i> instead of <i>Soyuz</i>; exceptions are noted "(uncrewed)".<br />The † sign designates failed missions. <i>Italics</i> designates cancelled missions.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Apollo_program" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apollo_program" title="Template:Apollo program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Apollo_program" title="Template talk:Apollo program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apollo_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Apollo program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Apollo_program" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">List of missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canceled_Apollo_missions" title="Canceled Apollo missions">canceled missions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">List of Apollo astronauts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch complexes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Launch_Complex_34" title="Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 34">Launch Complex 34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Launch_Complex_37" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 37">Launch Complex 37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39B" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B">B</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="15" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_program.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of the Apollo program"><img alt="Emblem of the Apollo program" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Apollo_program.svg/70px-Apollo_program.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Apollo_program.svg/105px-Apollo_program.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Apollo_program.svg/140px-Apollo_program.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="619" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ground facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center#Gemini_and_Apollo_(1965-1975)" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Cape Kennedy Air Force Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawler-transporter" title="Crawler-transporter">Crawler-transporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_II" title="Little Joe II">Little Joe II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_(rocket_family)" title="Saturn (rocket family)">Saturn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I" title="Saturn I">Saturn I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">Saturn IB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spacecraft and rover</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_(spacecraft)" title="Apollo (spacecraft)">Apollo spacecraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Command and Service Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Lunar Module</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uncrewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AS-101" title="AS-101">AS-101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS-102" title="AS-102">AS-102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS-201" title="AS-201">AS-201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS-202" title="AS-202">AS-202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_4" title="Apollo 4">Apollo 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_5" title="Apollo 5">Apollo 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_6" title="Apollo 6">Apollo 6</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_1" title="Apollo 1">Apollo 1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7">Apollo 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_9" title="Apollo 9">Apollo 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_10" title="Apollo 10">Apollo 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">Apollo 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saturn<br />development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I_SA-1" title="Saturn I SA-1">Saturn-Apollo 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I_SA-2" title="Saturn I SA-2">SA-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I_SA-3" title="Saturn I SA-3">SA-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I_SA-4" title="Saturn I SA-4">SA-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I_SA-5" title="Saturn I SA-5">SA-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS-203" title="AS-203">AS-203</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_4" title="Apollo 4">Apollo 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_6" title="Apollo 6">Apollo 6</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_abort_modes" title="Apollo abort modes">Abort tests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_II_Qualification_Test_Vehicle" title="Little Joe II Qualification Test Vehicle">QTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pad_Abort_Test_1" title="Pad Abort Test 1">Pad Abort Test-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-001" title="A-001">A-001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-002" title="A-002">A-002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-003" title="A-003">A-003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pad_Abort_Test_2" title="Pad Abort Test 2">Pad Abort Test-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-004" title="A-004">A-004</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pegasus_(satellite)" title="Pegasus (satellite)">Pegasus</a> flights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AS-103" title="AS-103">AS-103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS-104" title="AS-104">AS-104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS-105" title="AS-105">AS-105</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 8 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Genesis reading</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 11 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Command_module_Columbia" title="Command module Columbia">Command Module <i>Columbia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle" title="Lunar Module Eagle">Lunar Module <i>Eagle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranquility_Base" title="Tranquility Base">Tranquility Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_(lunar_crater)" title="Double (lunar crater)">Double crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_West_(lunar_crater)" title="Little West (lunar crater)">Little West crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill messages">Goodwill messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_lunar_sample_display" title="Apollo 11 lunar sample display">Lunar sample displays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_missing_tapes" title="Apollo 11 missing tapes">Missing tapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_anniversaries" title="Apollo 11 anniversaries">Anniversaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_50th_Anniversary_commemorative_coins" title="Apollo 11 50th Anniversary commemorative coins">50th Anniversary commemorative coins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_in_popular_culture" title="Apollo 11 in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 12 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mare_Cognitum#Statio_Cognitum" title="Mare Cognitum">Statio Cognitum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_3" title="Surveyor 3">Surveyor 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_(crater)" title="Surveyor (crater)">Surveyor crater</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bench_Crater_meteorite" title="Bench Crater meteorite">Bench Crater meteorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J002E3" title="J002E3">J002E3</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moon_Museum" title="Moon Museum">Moon Museum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reports_of_Streptococcus_mitis_on_the_Moon" title="Reports of Streptococcus mitis on the Moon">Reports of <i>Streptococcus mitis</i> on the Moon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 13 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houston,_we_have_a_problem" title="Houston, we have a problem">"Houston, we've had a problem"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 14 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modular_Equipment_Transporter" title="Modular Equipment Transporter">Modular Equipment Transporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fra_Mauro_formation" title="Fra Mauro formation">Fra Mauro formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bertha_(lunar_sample)" title="Big Bertha (lunar sample)">Big Bertha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_tree" title="Moon tree">Moon tree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 15 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journey_of_Apollo_15_to_the_Moon" title="Journey of Apollo 15 to the Moon">Journey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15_operations_on_the_Lunar_surface" title="Apollo 15 operations on the Lunar surface">Lunar operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_operations_of_Apollo_15" title="Solo operations of Apollo 15">Solo operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_Apollo_15_to_Earth" title="Return of Apollo 15 to Earth">Return to Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadley%E2%80%93Apennine" title="Hadley–Apennine">Hadley–Apennine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Rock" title="Genesis Rock">Genesis Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Scott_(lunar_sample)" title="Great Scott (lunar sample)">Great Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadley_Rille_meteorite" title="Hadley Rille meteorite">Hadley Rille meteorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seatbelt_basalt" title="Seatbelt basalt">Seatbelt basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15_postal_covers_incident" title="Apollo 15 postal covers incident">Postal covers incident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 16 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Muley" title="Big Muley">Big Muley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 17 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurus%E2%80%93Littrow" title="Taurus–Littrow">Taurus–Littrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracy%27s_Rock" title="Tracy's Rock">Tracy's Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nansen-Apollo_(crater)" title="Nansen-Apollo (crater)">Nansen-Apollo crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorty_(crater)" title="Shorty (crater)">Shorty crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17_lunar_sample_display" title="Apollo 17 lunar sample display">Lunar sample display</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_basalt_70017" title="Lunar basalt 70017">Lunar basalt 70017</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troctolite_76535" title="Troctolite 76535">Troctolite 76535</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALSE" title="ALSE">Apollo Lunar Sounder Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Applications_Program" title="Apollo Applications Program">Post-Apollo</a><br />capsule use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skylab_2" title="Skylab 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab_3" title="Skylab 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab_4" title="Skylab 4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apollo–Soyuz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_orbit_rendezvous" title="Lunar orbit rendezvous">Lunar orbit rendezvous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks" title="Stolen and missing Moon rocks">Stolen and missing Moon rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-party_evidence_for_Apollo_Moon_landings" title="Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings">Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Symbol <sup>†</sup> indicates failure or partial failure</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_and_Russian_space_program" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_space_program" title="Template:Russian space program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_space_program" title="Template talk:Russian space program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_space_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian space program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soviet_and_Russian_space_program" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Russian space program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur Cosmodrome</a> <small>(in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dombarovsky_(air_base)" title="Dombarovsky (air base)">Dombarovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapustin_Yar" title="Kapustin Yar">Kapustin Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome" title="Plesetsk Cosmodrome">Plesetsk Cosmodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svobodny_Cosmodrome" title="Svobodny Cosmodrome">Svobodny Cosmodrome</a> <small>(defunct)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostochny_Cosmodrome" title="Vostochny Cosmodrome">Vostochny Cosmodrome</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg/80px-Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg/120px-Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg/160px-Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="325" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angara_(rocket_family)" title="Angara (rocket family)">Angara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_(rocket_family)" title="Proton (rocket family)">Proton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(rocket_family)" title="Soyuz (rocket family)">Soyuz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a><br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Salyut program">Salyut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz">Almaz</a> <small>(incorporated into Salyut program)</small> / <a href="/wiki/TKS_(spacecraft)" title="TKS (spacecraft)">TKS</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soyuz-Apollo</a> <small>(joint)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle–Mir Program">Shuttle–Mir</a> <small>(joint)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energia_(rocket)" title="Energia (rocket)">Energia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buran_programme" title="Buran programme">Buran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond (7K-L1)</a> <small>(Moon flyby)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs" title="Soviet crewed lunar programs">Soviet crewed lunar programs</a> <small>(Moon landing)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvezda_(moonbase)" title="Zvezda (moonbase)">Zvezda</a> <small>(moonbase)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMK" title="TMK">TMK</a> <small>(Mars/Venus flyby)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-105" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105">Spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Soyuz#Soyuz_7K-VI_Zvezda" title="Military Soyuz">Zvezda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarya_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zarya (spacecraft)">Zarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAKS_(spacecraft)" title="MAKS (spacecraft)">MAKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliper" title="Kliper">Kliper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> <small>(joint)</small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orbital_Segment" title="Russian Orbital Segment">Russian Orbital Segment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_programme" title="Soyuz programme">Soyuz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orel_(spacecraft)" title="Orel (spacecraft)">Orel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic</a><br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dnepropetrovsk_Sputnik" title="Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik">Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik</a> (1961–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prognoz_programme" title="Prognoz programme">Prognoz</a> (1972–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_programme" title="Luna programme">Luna</a> (1958–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera" title="Venera">Venera</a> (1961–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond</a> (1964–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astron_(spacecraft)" title="Astron (spacecraft)">Astron</a> (1983-1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_program" title="Vega program">Vega</a> (1984-1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_program" title="Phobos program">Phobos</a> <small>(failed)</small> (1988-1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granat" title="Granat">Granat</a> (1989-1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_(satellite)" title="Gamma (satellite)">Gamma</a> (1990-1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_96" title="Mars 96">Mars 96</a> <small>(failed)</small> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurs-DK_No.1" title="Resurs-DK No.1">Resurs-DK No.1</a> (2006-2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CORONAS_programme" title="CORONAS programme">CORONAS</a> (1994-2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fobos-Grunt" title="Fobos-Grunt">Fobos-Grunt</a> <small>(failed)</small> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-R" title="Spektr-R">Spektr-R</a> (2011–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_25" title="Luna 25">Luna 25</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(failed)</span> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kazachok" title="Kazachok">Kazachok</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bion_(satellite)" title="Bion (satellite)">Bion-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elektro%E2%80%93L" title="Elektro–L">Elektro–L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">Trace Gas Orbiter</a> <small>(joint)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_(satellite)" title="Meteor (satellite)">Meteor-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurs-P" title="Resurs-P">Resurs-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-RG" title="Spektr-RG">Spektr-RG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna-Glob" title="Luna-Glob">Luna-Glob</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna_26" title="Luna 26">Luna 26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_27" title="Luna 27">Luna 27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_28" title="Luna 28">Luna 28</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-UV" title="Spektr-UV">Spektr-UV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Sputnik programme">Sputnik</a> (begun 1957) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_2" title="Sputnik 2">Sputnik 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_3" title="Sputnik 3">Sputnik 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_41" title="Sputnik 41">Sputnik 41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_99" title="Sputnik 99">Sputnik 99</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luch_(satellite)" title="Luch (satellite)">Luch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Deep_Space_Network" title="Soviet Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baikal_(rocket_booster)" title="Baikal (rocket booster)">Baikal-Angara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars-Grunt" title="Mars-Grunt">Mars-Grunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-P" title="Mercury-P">Mercury-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Piloted_Assembly_and_Experiment_Complex" title="Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex">OPSEK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-M" title="Spektr-M">Spektr-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera-D" title="Venera-D">Venera-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfera_(satellite_constellation)" title="Sfera (satellite constellation)">Sfera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Images and artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mission_patch" title="Mission patch">Mission patches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cosmonauts" title="List of cosmonauts">List of cosmonauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Cosmonaut ranks and positions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilot-Cosmonaut_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation">Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_dogs" title="Soviet space dogs">Soviet space dogs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laika" title="Laika">Laika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belka_and_Strelka" title="Belka and Strelka">Belka and Strelka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_dogs#Veterok_and_Ugolyok" title="Soviet space dogs">Veterok and Ugolyok</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ivanovich_(Vostok_programme)" title="Ivan Ivanovich (Vostok programme)">Ivan Ivanovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_exploration_history_on_Soviet_stamps" title="Soviet space exploration history on Soviet stamps">Soviet space exploration history on Soviet stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmonauts_Alley" title="Cosmonauts Alley">Cosmonauts Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Conquerors_of_Space" title="Monument to the Conquerors of Space">Monument to the Conquerors of Space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Museum_of_Cosmonautics" title="Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics">Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Out_of_the_Present" title="Out of the Present">Out of the Present</a></i> (1995 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mission_to_Mir" title="Mission to Mir">Mission to Mir</a></i> (1997 documentary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_Russia" title="Space industry of Russia">Space industry of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Defence_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Defence Forces">Russian Aerospace Defence Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NASA" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NASA_space_program" title="Template talk:NASA space program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NASA" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">Policy</a> and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">History<br />(<a href="/wiki/Creation_of_NASA" title="Creation of NASA">creation</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">NACA</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">National Aeronautics and Space Act</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine#National_Commission_on_Space" title="Thomas O. Paine">Paine</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">Rogers</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ride_Report" title="Ride Report">Ride</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Initiative" title="Space Exploration Initiative">Space Exploration Initiative</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Committee" title="Augustine Committee">Augustine</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Clinton_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">U.S. National Space Policy</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Future_of_the_United_States_Aerospace_Industry" title="Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry">CFUSAI</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board" title="Columbia Accident Investigation Board">CAIB</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Commission_on_Implementation_of_United_States_Space_Exploration_Policy" title="President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy">Aldridge</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee" title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">Augustine</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrators_and_deputy_administrators_of_NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="List of administrators and deputy administrators of NASA">Administrator and Deputy Administrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Chief_Scientist" title="NASA Chief Scientist">Chief Scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">Astronaut Corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Ranks and positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Astronaut_Office" title="Chief of the Astronaut Office">Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_NASA" title="Budget of NASA">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_research" title="NASA research">NASA research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA_spinoff_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA spinoff technologies">spinoff technologies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA%2B" title="NASA+">NASA+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_TV" title="NASA TV">NASA TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Social" title="NASA Social">NASA Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Services_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch Services Program">Launch Services Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Control_Center" title="Mercury Control Center">Mercury Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_48" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 48">Launch Complex 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Control_Center" title="Launch Control Center">Launch Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_and_Checkout_Building" title="Operations and Checkout Building">Operations and Checkout Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Sample_Laboratory_Facility" title="Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility">Lunar Sample Laboratory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Mission_Directorate" title="Science Mission Directorate">Science Mission Directorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a><br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">suborbital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apollo–Soyuz</a> (with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–<i>Mir</i></a> (with <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos State Corporation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic</a> programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hitchhiker_Program" title="Hitchhiker Program">Hitchhiker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_Mark_II" title="Mariner Mark II">Mariner Mark II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESUR" title="MESUR">MESUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_%2798" title="Mars Surveyor '98">Mars Surveyor '98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Millennium_Program" title="New Millennium Program">New Millennium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Planetary Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Prometheus" title="Project Prometheus">Project Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Living_With_a_Star" title="Living With a Star">Living With a Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor Robotic Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Observing_System" title="Earth Observing System">Earth Observing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories program">Great Observatories program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Program" title="Discovery Program">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Terrestrial_Probes_program" title="Solar Terrestrial Probes program">Solar Terrestrial Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Innovative_Missions_for_Planetary_Exploration" title="Small Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration">SIMPLEx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Individual featured<br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">missions</a><br />(human and robotic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">COBE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3">Mercury 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6">Mercury-Atlas 6</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project"><i>Galileo</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Timeline of Galileo (spacecraft)">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">WMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><i>Sojourner</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(SAC-D_instrument)" title="Aquarius (SAC-D instrument)">Aquarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens"><i>Cassini</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)"><i>Dawn</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler space telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Opportunity" title="Timeline of Opportunity">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_visited_by_Spirit_and_Opportunity" title="List of surface features of Mars visited by Spirit and Opportunity">observed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager">RHESSI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ingenuity_flights" title="List of Ingenuity flights">flights</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currently<br />operating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory"><i>Swift</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_14" title="GOES 14">GOES 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_15" title="GOES 15">GOES 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_Probes" title="Van Allen Probes">Van Allen Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">Solar Dynamics Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)"><i>Juno</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuSTAR" title="NuSTAR">NuSTAR</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">WISE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetospheric_Multiscale_Mission" title="Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission">MMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_2020" title="Timeline of Mars 2020">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plankton,_Aerosol,_Cloud,_ocean_Ecosystem" title="Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem">PACE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NISAR_(satellite)" title="NISAR (satellite)">NISAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_Communications_and_Navigation_Program" title="Space Communications and Navigation Program">Communications<br />and navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Network" title="Near Earth Network">Near Earth Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Network" title="Space Network">Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex">Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Deep_Space_Communication_Complex" title="Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex">Canberra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flight_Operations_Facility" title="Space Flight Operations Facility">Space Flight Operations Facility</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock" title="Deep Space Atomic Clock">Deep Space Atomic Clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronauts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_name" title="List of astronauts by name">by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection" title="List of astronauts by year of selection">by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gemini_astronauts" title="List of Gemini astronauts">Gemini astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Apollo astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Space Shuttle crews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_aircraft" title="List of NASA aircraft">NASA aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">NASA missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_NASA_missions" title="List of uncrewed NASA missions">uncrewed missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">Apollo missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">Space Shuttle missions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rockets_of_the_United_States" title="List of rockets of the United States">United States rockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cancellations" title="List of NASA cancellations">NASA cancellations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cameras_on_spacecraft" title="List of NASA cameras on spacecraft">NASA cameras on spacecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA images<br />and artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(Voyager)" title="Family Portrait (Voyager)">Family Portrait</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pale_Blue_Dot" title="Pale Blue Dot">Pale Blue Dot</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Creation" title="Pillars of Creation">Pillars of Creation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystic_Mountain" title="Mystic Mountain">Mystic Mountain</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(MESSENGER)" title="Family Portrait (MESSENGER)"><i>Solar System Family Portrait</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Smiled" title="The Day the Earth Smiled">The Day the Earth Smiled</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deep_fields" title="List of deep fields">Deep fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_plaque" title="Lunar plaque">Lunar plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_plaque" title="Pioneer plaque">Pioneer plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill messages">Apollo 11 goodwill messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_insignia" title="NASA insignia">NASA insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_space-flown_Gemini_and_Apollo_medallions" title="NASA space-flown Gemini and Apollo medallions">Gemini and Apollo medallions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_patch" title="Mission patch">Mission patches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hubble_Space_Telescope_anniversary_images" title="List of Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images">Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15_postal_covers_incident" title="Apollo 15 postal covers incident">Apollo 15 postal covers incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Mirror_Memorial" title="Space Mirror Memorial">Space Mirror Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Astronaut_Monument" title="The Astronaut Monument">The Astronaut Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_sample_displays" title="Lunar sample displays">Lunar sample displays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">Moon rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks" title="Stolen and missing Moon rocks">stolen or missing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="United States Astronaut Hall of Fame">U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._space_exploration_history_on_U.S._stamps" title="U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps">Space program on U.S. stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Apollo 17 Moon mice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_tree" title="Moon tree">Moon tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkeys_and_apes_in_space#United_States" title="Monkeys and apes in space">Other primates in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_International_Space_Apps_Challenge" title="NASA International Space Apps Challenge">NASA International Space Apps Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronauts_Day" title="Astronauts Day">Astronauts Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Astronaut_Day" title="National Astronaut Day">National Astronaut Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon_NASA_F4" title="Nikon NASA F4">Nikon NASA F4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:NASA" title="Category:NASA"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:NASA" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:NASA"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_1974Orbital_launches_in_19751976_→" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1975" title="Template:Orbital launches in 1975"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launches_in_1975" title="Template talk:Orbital launches in 1975"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1975" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launches in 1975"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_1974Orbital_launches_in_19751976_→" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="float: left;"><a href="/wiki/1974_in_spaceflight" title="1974 in spaceflight">← 1974</a></div><a href="/wiki/1975_in_spaceflight" title="1975 in spaceflight"><span class="vevent"><span class="summary">Orbital launches in <span class="dtstart">1975</span></span></span></a><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/1976_in_spaceflight" title="1976 in spaceflight">1976 →</a></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_17" title="Soyuz 17">Soyuz 17</a></u></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_702&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 702 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 702</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_703" title="Kosmos 703">Kosmos 703</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landsat_2" title="Landsat 2">Landsat 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_704&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 704 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 704</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_705" title="Kosmos 705">Kosmos 705</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_706" title="Kosmos 706">Kosmos 706</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_707&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 707 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 707</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-2-12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-2-12 (page does not exist)">Molniya-2-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlette_and_Stella" title="Starlette and Stella">Starlette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMS-2" class="mw-redirect" title="SMS-2">SMS-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_708&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 708 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 708</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_709&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 709 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 709</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_IV_F-6" title="Intelsat IV F-6">Intelsat IV F-6</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiyo_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiyo (satellite)">Taiyo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_710&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 710 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 710</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_711&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 711 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 711</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_712&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 712 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 712</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_713&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 713 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 713</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_714&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 714 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 714</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_715&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 715 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 715</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_716&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 716 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 716</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_717&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 717 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 717</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_718&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 718 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 718</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_2439&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 2439 (page does not exist)">OPS 2439</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_719&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 719 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 719</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_720&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 720 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 720</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_721&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 721 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 721</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nauka-5KSA_No.4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nauka-5KSA No.4 (page does not exist)">Nauka-5KSA No.4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_722&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 722 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 722</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interkosmos_13&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interkosmos 13 (page does not exist)">Interkosmos 13</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteor-M_No.31&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteor-M No.31 (page does not exist)">Meteor-M No.31</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_723&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 723 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 723</a></li> <li><u><i><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_7K-T_No.39" title="Soyuz 7K-T No.39">Soyuz 7K-T No.39</a></i></u></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_724&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 724 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 724</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_725" title="Kosmos 725">Kosmos 725</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEOS-3" title="GEOS-3">GEOS-3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_726&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 726 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 726</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=RM-20&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RM-20 (page does not exist)">RM-20</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-3_No.12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-3 No.12 (page does not exist)">Molniya-3 No.12</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_727&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 727 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 727</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_728&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 728 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 728</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_4883&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 4883 (page does not exist)">OPS 4883</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryabhata_(satellite)" title="Aryabhata (satellite)">Aryabhata</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_729&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 729 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 729</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_730&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 730 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 730</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1-29&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1-29 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1-29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_53" class="mw-redirect" title="Explorer 53">Explorer 53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anik_A3" class="mw-redirect" title="Anik A3">Anik A3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pollux_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pollux (satellite) (page does not exist)">Polluz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castor_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castor (satellite) (page does not exist)">Castor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_9435&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 9435 (page does not exist)">OPS 9435</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_9436&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 9436 (page does not exist)">OPS 9436</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_731&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 731 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 731</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nauka-9KS_No.2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nauka-9KS No.2 (page does not exist)">Nauka-9KS No.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_IV_F-1" title="Intelsat IV F-1">Intelsat IV F-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_6226&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 6226 (page does not exist)">OPS 6226</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_18" title="Soyuz 18">Soyuz 18</a></u></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_732&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 732 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 732</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_733&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 733 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 733</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_734&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 734 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 734</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_735&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 735 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 735</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_736&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 736 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 736</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_737&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 737 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 737</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_738&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 738 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 738</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_739&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 739 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 739</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_740&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 740 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 740</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_741&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 741 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 741</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=DS-U3-IK_No.5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DS-U3-IK No.5 (page does not exist)">DS-U3-IK No.5</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_742&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 742 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 742</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1_No.24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1 No.24 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1 No.24</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SRET-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SRET-2 (page does not exist)">SRET-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_9" title="Venera 9">Venera 9</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_6381&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 6381 (page does not exist)">OPS 6381</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=P-226-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P-226-1 (page does not exist)">P-226-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbus_6" title="Nimbus 6">Nimbus 6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_743&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 743 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 743</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_10" title="Venera 10">Venera 10</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_4966&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 4966 (page does not exist)">OPS 4966</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_744&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 744 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 744</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSO-8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSO-8 (page does not exist)">OSO-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_745" title="Kosmos 745">Kosmos 745</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_746&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 746 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 746</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_747&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 747 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 747</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_748&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 748 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 748</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_749&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 749 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 749</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-2-13&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-2-13 (page does not exist)">Molniya-2-13</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteor-2_No.1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteor-2 No.1 (page does not exist)">Meteor-2 No.1</a></li> <li><u><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apollo–Soyuz</a></u></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Docking_Module_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Docking Module 2 (page does not exist)">DM-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_750" title="Kosmos 750">Kosmos 750</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_751&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 751 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 751</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_752&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 752 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 752</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ji_Shu_Shiyan_Weixing_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ji Shu Shiyan Weixing 1 (page does not exist)">Ji Shu Shiyan Weixing 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_753&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 753 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 753</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cos-B" title="Cos-B">Cos-B</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_754&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 754 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 754</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_755&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 755 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 755</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1">Viking 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_756&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 756 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 756</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symphonie_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symphonie 2 (page does not exist)">Symphonie 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_757&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 757 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 757</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1-31&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1-31 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1-31</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_758&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 758 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 758</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-2-14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-2-14 (page does not exist)">Molniya-2-14</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiku_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kiku 1 (page does not exist)">Kiku 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2">Viking 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_759&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 759 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 759</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_760&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 760 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 760</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_761&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 761 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 761</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_762&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 762 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 762</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_763&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 763 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 763</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_764&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 764 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 764</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_765&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 765 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 765</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_766&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 766 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 766</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_767&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 767 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 767</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_768&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 768 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 768</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteor-M_No.28&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteor-M No.28 (page does not exist)">Meteor-M No.28</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_769&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 769 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 769</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_770&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 770 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 770</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_771&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 771 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 771</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_IVA_F-1" title="Intelsat IVA F-1">Intelsat IVA F-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=D-2B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D-2B (page does not exist)">Aura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_772" title="Kosmos 772">Kosmos 772</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_773&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 773 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 773</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_774&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 774 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 774</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_54" title="Explorer 54">Explorer 54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_775" title="Kosmos 775">Kosmos 775</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_5499&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 5499 (page does not exist)">OPS 5499</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triad_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triad 2 (page does not exist)">Triad 2</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luna_E-8-5M_No.412" class="mw-redirect" title="Luna E-8-5M No.412">E-8-5M No.412</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_1" title="GOES 1">GOES 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_776&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 776 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 776</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_777&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 777 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 777</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_778&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 778 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 778</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_779&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 779 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 779</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-3_No.13&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-3 No.13 (page does not exist)">Molniya-3 No.13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_20" title="Soyuz 20">Soyuz 20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_55" title="Explorer 55">Explorer 55</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_780&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 780 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 780</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_781&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 781 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 781</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_782" title="Kosmos 782">Kosmos 782</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fanhui_Shi_Weixing_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fanhui Shi Weixing 2 (page does not exist)">Fanhui Shi Weixing 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_783&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 783 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 783</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_784&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 784 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 784</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_4428&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 4428 (page does not exist)">OPS 4428</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_5547&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 5547 (page does not exist)">OPS 5547</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dual_Air_Density_Explorer" title="Dual Air Density Explorer">DAD-A</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dual_Air_Density_Explorer" title="Dual Air Density Explorer">DAD-B</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interkosmos_14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interkosmos 14 (page does not exist)">Interkosmos 14</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_785&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 785 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 785</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satcom_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Satcom 1">Satcom 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_3165&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 3165 (page does not exist)">OPS 3165</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ji_Shu_Shiyan_Weixing_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ji Shu Shiyan Weixing 2 (page does not exist)">Ji Shu Shiyan Weixing 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_786&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 786 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 786</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-2-15&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-2-15 (page does not exist)">Molniya-2-15</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=December_1975_Kosmos-3M_launch_failure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="December 1975 Kosmos-3M launch failure (page does not exist)">Unnamed</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prognoz_4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prognoz 4 (page does not exist)">Prognoz 4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gran%27_No.11L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gran' No.11L (page does not exist)">Gran' No.11L</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteor_No.38&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteor No.38 (page does not exist)">Meteor No.38</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-3_No.15&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-3 No.15 (page does not exist)">Molniya-3 No.15</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in <u>underline</u>. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in <i>italics</i>. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208759#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50041505">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007604704105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo–Soyuz&oldid=1256371623">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo–Soyuz&oldid=1256371623</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz_Test_Project" title="Category:Apollo–Soyuz Test Project">Apollo–Soyuz Test Project</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1975_in_international_relations" title="Category:1975 in international relations">1975 in international relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1975_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:1975 in the Soviet Union">1975 in the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crewed_Soyuz_missions" title="Category:Crewed Soyuz missions">Crewed Soyuz missions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Category:Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spacecraft_launched_in_1975" title="Category:Spacecraft launched in 1975">Spacecraft launched in 1975</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spacecraft_which_reentered_in_1975" title="Category:Spacecraft which reentered in 1975">Spacecraft which reentered in 1975</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:July_1975_events" title="Category:July 1975 events">July 1975 events</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spacecraft_launched_by_Soyuz-U_rockets" title="Category:Spacecraft launched by Soyuz-U rockets">Spacecraft launched by Soyuz-U rockets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spacecraft_launched_by_Saturn_rockets" title="Category:Spacecraft launched by Saturn rockets">Spacecraft launched by Saturn rockets</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alexei_Leonov" title="Category:Alexei Leonov">Alexei Leonov</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Thomas_P._Stafford" title="Category:Thomas P. 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