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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Basic_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Basic features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Biological role</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Diversity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diversity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Diversity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classification_by_gating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_by_gating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Classification by gating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification_by_gating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Voltage-gated" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voltage-gated"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Voltage-gated</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voltage-gated-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligand-gated_(neurotransmitter)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligand-gated_(neurotransmitter)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Ligand-gated (neurotransmitter)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligand-gated_(neurotransmitter)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lipid-gated" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lipid-gated"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Lipid-gated</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lipid-gated-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_gating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_gating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Other gating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_gating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification_by_type_of_ions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_by_type_of_ions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Classification by type of ions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification_by_type_of_ions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification_by_cellular_localization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_by_cellular_localization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Classification by cellular localization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification_by_cellular_localization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_classifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_classifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Other classifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_classifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detailed_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detailed_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Detailed structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detailed_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Pharmacology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pharmacology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ion_channel_blockers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ion_channel_blockers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Ion channel blockers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ion_channel_blockers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ion_channel_activators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ion_channel_activators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ion channel activators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ion_channel_activators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Diseases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ion channel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="قناة أيونية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قناة أيونية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Йонен канал – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Йонен канал" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionski_kanal" title="Ionski kanal – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ionski kanal" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_i%C3%B2nic" title="Canal iònic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Canal iònic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iontov%C3%BD_kan%C3%A1l" title="Iontový kanál – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Iontový kanál" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionkanal" title="Ionkanal – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ionkanal" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionenkanal" title="Ionenkanal – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ionenkanal" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioonikanal" title="Ioonikanal – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ioonikanal" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B9_%CE%B9%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Κανάλι ιόντων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κανάλι ιόντων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_i%C3%B3nico" title="Canal iónico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Canal iónico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioi-kanal" title="Ioi-kanal – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ioi-kanal" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="مجرای یونی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مجرای یونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_ionique" title="Canal ionique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Canal ionique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canle_i%C3%B3nica" title="Canle iónica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Canle iónica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A8_%ED%86%B5%EB%A1%9C" title="이온 통로 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이온 통로" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionski_kanali" title="Ionski kanali – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ionski kanali" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saluran_ion" title="Saluran ion – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Saluran ion" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3nahli%C3%B0" title="Jónahlið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jónahlið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canale_ionico" title="Canale ionico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Canale ionico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="תעלת יונים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תעלת יונים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canalis_ionticus" title="Canalis ionticus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Canalis ionticus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon%C5%B3_kanalas" title="Jonų kanalas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jonų kanalas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Јонски канал – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јонски канал" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Ионы суваг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ионы суваг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionkanaal" title="Ionkanaal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ionkanaal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB" title="イオンチャネル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イオンチャネル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionekanal" title="Ionekanal – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ionekanal" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_kanallari" title="Ion kanallari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ion kanallari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kana%C5%82_jonowy" title="Kanał jonowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kanał jonowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_i%C3%B3nico" title="Canal iónico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Canal iónico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_ionic" title="Canal ionic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Canal ionic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Ионные каналы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ионные каналы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_channel" title="Ion channel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ion channel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionski_kanal%C4%8Dek" title="Ionski kanalček – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ionski kanalček" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonski_kanal" title="Jonski kanal – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Jonski kanal" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonski_kanal" title="Jonski kanal – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jonski kanal" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionikanava" title="Ionikanava – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ionikanava" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonkanal" title="Jonkanal – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jonkanal" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="ช่องไอออน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ช่องไอออน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Ion_Television" title="Ion Television">Ion Television</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ion_implantation" title="Ion implantation">Ion implantation</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ion_channel.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ion_channel.png/290px-Ion_channel.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ion_channel.png/435px-Ion_channel.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ion_channel.png/580px-Ion_channel.png 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="661" /></a><figcaption>Schematic diagram of an ion channel. <b>1</b> - channel <a href="/wiki/Protein_domain" title="Protein domain">domains</a> (typically four per channel), <b>2</b> - outer vestibule, <b>3</b> - <a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel#Selectivity_filter" title="Potassium channel">selectivity filter</a>, <b>4</b> - diameter of selectivity filter, <b>5</b> - <a href="/wiki/Phosphorylation" title="Phosphorylation">phosphorylation</a> site, <b>6</b> - <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membrane</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ion channels</b> are pore-forming <a href="/wiki/Membrane_protein" title="Membrane protein">membrane proteins</a> that allow <a href="/wiki/Ions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ions">ions</a> to pass through the channel pore. Their functions include establishing a <a href="/wiki/Resting_membrane_potential" class="mw-redirect" title="Resting membrane potential">resting membrane potential</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shaping <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">action potentials</a> and other electrical signals by <a href="/wiki/Gating_(electrophysiology)" title="Gating (electrophysiology)">gating</a> the flow of <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membrane</a>, controlling the flow of ions across <a href="/wiki/Secretion" title="Secretion">secretory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epithelial_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Epithelial cell">epithelial cells</a>, and regulating <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cell</a> volume. Ion channels are present in the membranes of all cells.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-all_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-all-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ion channels are one of the two classes of <a href="/wiki/Ionophore" title="Ionophore">ionophoric</a> proteins, the other being <a href="/wiki/Ion_transporter" title="Ion transporter">ion transporters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn978-0-87893-321-1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn978-0-87893-321-1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The study of ion channels often involves <a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">biophysics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrophysiology" title="Electrophysiology">electrophysiology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">pharmacology</a>, while using techniques including <a href="/wiki/Voltage_clamp" title="Voltage clamp">voltage clamp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patch_clamp" title="Patch clamp">patch clamp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immunohistochemistry" title="Immunohistochemistry">immunohistochemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">X-ray crystallography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluoroscopy" title="Fluoroscopy">fluoroscopy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/RT-PCR" class="mw-redirect" title="RT-PCR">RT-PCR</a>. Their classification as molecules is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Channelomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Channelomics">channelomics</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basic_features">Basic features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_channel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Basic features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spin_1K4C.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Spin_1K4C.gif/220px-Spin_1K4C.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Spin_1K4C.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="258" data-file-height="239" /></a><figcaption>Structure of the KcsA <a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel" title="Potassium channel">potassium channel</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/3d-view/1K4C/1?preset=membrane">PDB: 1K4C</a>). The two gray planes indicate the <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> boundaries of the <a href="/wiki/Lipid_bilayer" title="Lipid bilayer">lipid bilayer</a> and were calculated with the ANVIL algorithm.<sup id="cite_ref-anvil_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anvil-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>There are two distinctive features of ion channels that differentiate them from other types of ion transporter proteins:<sup id="cite_ref-isbn978-0-87893-321-1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn978-0-87893-321-1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>The rate of ion transport through the channel is very high (often 10<sup>6</sup> ions per second or greater).</li> <li>Ions pass through channels down their <a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_gradient" title="Electrochemical gradient">electrochemical gradient</a>, which is a function of ion concentration and membrane potential, "downhill", without the input (or help) of metabolic energy (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Co-transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-transport">co-transport</a> mechanisms, or <a href="/wiki/Active_transport" title="Active transport">active transport</a> mechanisms).</li></ol> <p>Ion channels are located within the <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">membrane</a> of all excitable cells,<sup id="cite_ref-all_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-all-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and of many intracellular <a href="/wiki/Organelle" title="Organelle">organelles</a>. They are often described as narrow, water-filled tunnels that allow only ions of a certain size and/or charge to pass through. This characteristic is called <a href="/wiki/Selective_permeability" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective permeability">selective permeability</a>. The archetypal channel pore is just one or two atoms wide at its narrowest point and is selective for specific species of ion, such as <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> or <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>. However, some channels may be permeable to the passage of more than one type of ion, typically sharing a common charge: positive (<a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">cations</a>) or negative (<a href="/wiki/Anion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anion">anions</a>). Ions often move through the segments of the channel pore in a single file nearly as quickly as the ions move through the free solution. In many ion channels, passage through the pore is governed by a "gate", which may be opened or closed in response to chemical or electrical signals, temperature, or mechanical force.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Ion channels are <a href="/wiki/Integral_membrane_protein" title="Integral membrane protein">integral membrane proteins</a>, typically formed as assemblies of several individual proteins. Such "multi-<a href="/wiki/Protein_subunit" title="Protein subunit">subunit</a>" assemblies usually involve a circular arrangement of identical or <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homologous</a> proteins closely packed around a water-filled pore through the plane of the membrane or <a href="/wiki/Lipid_bilayer" title="Lipid bilayer">lipid bilayer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn978-0-87893-741-7_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn978-0-87893-741-7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-397-51820-X_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-397-51820-X-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For most <a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_ion_channel" title="Voltage-gated ion channel">voltage-gated ion channels</a>, the pore-forming subunit(s) are called the α subunit, while the auxiliary subunits are denoted β, γ, and so on. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_role">Biological role</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_channel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Biological role"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because channels underlie the <a href="/wiki/Nerve_impulse" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerve impulse">nerve impulse</a> and because "transmitter-activated" channels mediate conduction across the <a href="/wiki/Synapse" title="Synapse">synapses</a>, channels are especially prominent components of the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>. Indeed, <a href="#Ion_channel_blockers">numerous toxins</a> that organisms have evolved for shutting down the nervous systems of predators and prey (e.g., the venoms produced by spiders, scorpions, snakes, fish, bees, sea snails, and others) work by modulating ion channel conductance and/or kinetics. In addition, ion channels are key components in a wide variety of biological processes that involve rapid changes in cells, such as <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_muscle" title="Cardiac muscle">cardiac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_muscle" title="Skeletal muscle">skeletal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">smooth muscle</a> <a href="/wiki/Muscle_contraction" title="Muscle contraction">contraction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelial</a> transport of nutrients and ions, <a href="/wiki/T-cell" class="mw-redirect" title="T-cell">T-cell</a> activation, and <a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">pancreatic</a> beta-cell <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> release. In the search for new drugs, ion channels are a frequent target.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17395128_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17395128-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid19153558_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19153558-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid19161833_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19161833-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diversity">Diversity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_channel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Diversity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are over 300 types of ion channels just in the cells of the inner ear.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17541769_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17541769-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ion channels may be classified by the nature of their <a href="/wiki/Gating_(electrophysiology)" title="Gating (electrophysiology)">gating</a>, the species of ions passing through those gates, the number of gates (pores), and localization of proteins.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further heterogeneity of ion channels arises when channels with different constitutive <a href="/wiki/Protein_subunit" title="Protein subunit">subunits</a> give rise to a specific kind of current.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Absence or mutation of one or more of the contributing types of channel subunits can result in loss of function and, potentially, underlie neurologic diseases.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification_by_gating">Classification by gating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_channel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classification by gating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ion channels may be classified by gating, i.e. what opens and closes the channels. For example, voltage-gated ion channels open or close depending on the voltage gradient across the plasma membrane, while ligand-gated ion channels open or close depending on binding of <a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">ligands</a> to the channel.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Voltage-gated">Voltage-gated</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_channel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Voltage-gated"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_ion_channel" title="Voltage-gated ion channel">Voltage-gated ion channel</a></div> <p>Voltage-gated ion channels open and close in response to <a href="/wiki/Membrane_potential" title="Membrane potential">membrane potential</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_sodium_channel" title="Voltage-gated sodium channel">Voltage-gated sodium channels</a>: This family contains at least 9 members and is largely responsible for <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">action potential</a> creation and propagation. The pore-forming α subunits are very large (up to 4,000 <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a>) and consist of four homologous repeat domains (I-IV) each comprising six transmembrane segments (S1-S6) for a total of 24 transmembrane segments. The members of this family also coassemble with auxiliary β subunits, each spanning the membrane once. Both α and β subunits are extensively <a href="/wiki/Glycosylation" title="Glycosylation">glycosylated</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_calcium_channel" title="Voltage-gated calcium channel">Voltage-gated calcium channels</a>: This family contains 10 members, though these are known to coassemble with α<sub>2</sub>δ, β, and γ subunits. These channels play an important role in both linking muscle excitation with contraction as well as neuronal excitation with transmitter release. The α subunits have an overall structural resemblance to those of the sodium channels and are equally large. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cation_channels_of_sperm" title="Cation channels of sperm">Cation channels of sperm</a>: This small family of channels, normally referred to as Catsper channels, is related to the <a href="/wiki/Two-pore_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-pore channels">two-pore channels</a> and distantly related to <a href="/wiki/Transient_response_potential_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Transient response potential channel">TRP channels</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_potassium_channel" title="Voltage-gated potassium channel">Voltage-gated potassium channels</a> (K<sub>V</sub>): This family contains almost 40 members, which are further divided into 12 subfamilies. These channels are known mainly for their role in repolarizing the cell membrane following <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">action potentials</a>. The α subunits have six transmembrane segments, homologous to a single domain of the sodium channels. Correspondingly, they assemble as <a href="/wiki/Tetramer_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetramer protein">tetramers</a> to produce a functioning channel.</li> <li>Some <a href="/wiki/Transient_receptor_potential_channel" title="Transient receptor potential channel">transient receptor potential channels</a>: This group of channels, normally referred to simply as TRP channels, is named after their role in <a href="/wiki/Drosophila" title="Drosophila">Drosophila</a> phototransduction. This family, containing at least 28 members, is incredibly diverse in its method of activation. Some TRP channels seem to be constitutively open, while others are gated by <a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_ion_channel" title="Voltage-gated ion channel">voltage</a>, intracellular <a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology" title="Calcium in biology">Ca<sup>2+</sup></a>, pH, redox state, osmolarity, and <a href="/wiki/Stretch-activated_ion_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Stretch-activated ion channel">mechanical stretch</a>. These channels also vary according to the ion(s) they pass, some being selective for Ca<sup>2+</sup> while others are less selective, acting as cation channels. This family is subdivided into 6 subfamilies based on homology: classical (<a href="/wiki/TRPC" title="TRPC">TRPC</a>), vanilloid receptors (<a href="/wiki/TRPV" title="TRPV">TRPV</a>), melastatin (<a href="/wiki/TRPM" title="TRPM">TRPM</a>), polycystins (<a href="/wiki/TRPP" title="TRPP">TRPP</a>), mucolipins (<a href="/wiki/TRPML" title="TRPML">TRPML</a>), and ankyrin transmembrane protein 1 (<a href="/wiki/TRPA_(channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="TRPA (channel)">TRPA</a>).</li> <li>Hyperpolarization-activated <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_nucleotide-gated_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel">cyclic nucleotide-gated channels</a>: The opening of these channels is due to <a href="/wiki/Hyperpolarization_(biology)" title="Hyperpolarization (biology)">hyperpolarization</a> rather than the depolarization required for other cyclic nucleotide-gated channels. These channels are also sensitive to the cyclic nucleotides <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic adenosine monophosphate">cAMP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_guanosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic guanosine monophosphate">cGMP</a>, which alter the voltage sensitivity of the channel's opening. These channels are permeable to the monovalent cations K<sup>+</sup> and Na<sup>+</sup>. There are 4 members of this family, all of which form tetramers of six-transmembrane α subunits. As these channels open under hyperpolarizing conditions, they function as <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_pacemaker" title="Cardiac pacemaker">pacemaking</a> channels in the heart, particularly the <a href="/wiki/SA_node" class="mw-redirect" title="SA node">SA node</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_proton_channel" title="Voltage-gated proton channel">Voltage-gated proton channels</a>: Voltage-gated proton channels open with depolarization, but in a strongly pH-sensitive manner. The result is that these channels open only when the electrochemical gradient is outward, such that their opening will only allow protons to leave cells. Their function thus appears to be acid extrusion from cells. Another important function occurs in phagocytes (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Eosinophils" class="mw-redirect" title="Eosinophils">eosinophils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neutrophils" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrophils">neutrophils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macrophages" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrophages">macrophages</a>) during the "respiratory burst." When bacteria or other microbes are engulfed by phagocytes, the enzyme <a href="/wiki/NADPH_oxidase" title="NADPH oxidase">NADPH oxidase</a> assembles in the membrane and begins to produce <a href="/wiki/Reactive_oxygen_species" title="Reactive oxygen species">reactive oxygen species</a> (ROS) that help kill bacteria. NADPH oxidase is electrogenic, moving electrons across the membrane, and proton channels open to allow proton flux to balance the electron movement electrically.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ligand-gated_(neurotransmitter)"><span id="Ligand-gated_.28neurotransmitter.29"></span>Ligand-gated (neurotransmitter)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_channel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ligand-gated (neurotransmitter)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ligand-gated_ion_channel" title="Ligand-gated ion channel">Ligand-gated ion channel</a></div> <p>Also known as ionotropic <a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">receptors</a>, this group of channels open in response to specific ligand molecules binding to the extracellular domain of the receptor protein.<sup id="cite_ref-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Openstax_Anatomy_&_Physiology_attribution-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ligand binding causes a conformational change in the structure of the channel protein that ultimately leads to the opening of the channel gate and subsequent ion flux across the plasma membrane. Examples of such channels include the cation-permeable <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine_receptor" title="Acetylcholine receptor">nicotinic acetylcholine receptors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glutamate_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate receptors">ionotropic glutamate-gated receptors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acid-sensing_ion_channel" title="Acid-sensing ion channel">acid-sensing ion channels</a> (ASICs),<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/P2X_Receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="P2X Receptors">ATP-gated P2X receptors</a>, and the anion-permeable γ-aminobutyric acid-gated <a href="/wiki/GABA_receptor" title="GABA receptor">GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor</a>. </p><p>Ion channels activated by second messengers may also be categorized in this group, although <a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">ligands</a> and second messengers are otherwise distinguished from each other.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lipid-gated">Lipid-gated</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_channel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lipid-gated"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lipid-gated_ion_channels" title="Lipid-gated ion channels">Lipid-gated ion channels</a></div> <p>This group of channels opens in response to specific <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipid</a> molecules binding to the channel's transmembrane domain typically near the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (<a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylinositol_4,5-bisphosphate" title="Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate">PIP<sub>2</sub></a>) and phosphatidic acid (<a href="/wiki/Phosphatidic_acid" title="Phosphatidic acid">PA</a>) are the best-characterized lipids to gate these channels.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the leak potassium channels are gated by lipids including the <a href="/wiki/Inward-rectifier_potassium_ion_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Inward-rectifier potassium ion channel">inward-rectifier potassium channels</a> and two pore domain potassium channels TREK-1 and TRAAK. <a href="/wiki/KCNQ_channels" title="KCNQ channels">KCNQ potassium channel family</a> are gated by PIP<sub>2</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The voltage activated potassium channel (Kv) is regulated by PA. Its midpoint of activation shifts +50 mV upon PA hydrolysis, near resting membrane potentials.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This suggests Kv could be opened by lipid hydrolysis independent of voltage and may qualify this channel as dual lipid and voltage gated channel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_gating">Other gating</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_channel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other gating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gating also includes activation and inactivation by <a href="/wiki/Second_messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Second messenger">second messengers</a> from the inside of the <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membrane</a> – rather than from outside the cell, as in the case for ligands. </p> <ul><li>Some potassium channels: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inward-rectifier_potassium_ion_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Inward-rectifier potassium ion channel">Inward-rectifier potassium channels</a>: These channels allow potassium ions to flow into the cell in an "inwardly rectifying" manner: potassium flows more efficiently into than out of the cell. This family is composed of 15 official and 1 unofficial member and is further subdivided into 7 subfamilies based on homology. These channels are affected by intracellular <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a>, PIP<sub>2</sub>, and <a href="/wiki/G-protein" class="mw-redirect" title="G-protein">G-protein</a> βγ subunits. They are involved in important physiological processes such as pacemaker activity in the heart, insulin release, and potassium uptake in <a href="/wiki/Glia" title="Glia">glial cells</a>. They contain only two transmembrane segments, corresponding to the core pore-forming segments of the K<sub>V</sub> and K<sub>Ca</sub> channels. Their α subunits form tetramers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium-activated_potassium_channel" title="Calcium-activated potassium channel">Calcium-activated potassium channels</a>: This family of channels is activated by intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> and contains 8 members.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandem_pore_domain_potassium_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tandem pore domain potassium channel">Tandem pore domain potassium channel</a>: This family of 15 members form what are known as <a href="/wiki/Leak_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Leak channel">leak channels</a>, and they display <a href="/wiki/GHK_current_equation" class="mw-redirect" title="GHK current equation">Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz</a> (open) <a href="/wiki/Rectifier" title="Rectifier">rectification</a>. Contrary to their common name of 'Two-pore-domain potassium channels', these channels have only one pore but two pore domains per subunit.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rang60_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rang60-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-pore_channel" title="Two-pore channel">Two-pore channels</a> include ligand-gated and voltage-gated cation channels, so-named because they contain two pore-forming subunits. As their name suggests, they have two pores.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-gated_ion_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Light-gated ion channels">Light-gated channels</a> like <a href="/wiki/Channelrhodopsin" title="Channelrhodopsin">channelrhodopsin</a> are directly opened by <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photons</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanosensitive_ion_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanosensitive ion channel">Mechanosensitive ion channels</a> open under the influence of stretch, pressure, shear, and displacement.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_nucleotide-gated_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels">Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels</a>: This superfamily of channels contains two families: the cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels and the hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels. This grouping is functional rather than evolutionary. <ul><li>Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels: This family of channels is characterized by activation by either intracellular <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic adenosine monophosphate">cAMP</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_guanosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic guanosine monophosphate">cGMP</a>. These channels are primarily permeable to monovalent cations such as K<sup>+</sup> and Na<sup>+</sup>. They are also permeable to Ca<sup>2+</sup>, though it acts to close them. There are 6 members of this family, which is divided into 2 subfamilies.</li> <li>Hyperpolarization-activated <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_nucleotide-gated_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels">cyclic nucleotide-gated channels</a></li></ul></li> <li>Temperature-gated channels: Members of the <a href="/wiki/Trp_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Trp channel">transient receptor potential ion channel</a> superfamily, such as <a href="/wiki/TRPV1" title="TRPV1">TRPV1</a> or <a href="/wiki/TRPM8" title="TRPM8">TRPM8</a>, are opened either by hot or cold temperatures.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification_by_type_of_ions">Classification by type of ions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_channel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Classification by type of ions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chloride_channel" title="Chloride channel">Chloride channels</a>: This superfamily of channels consists of approximately 13 members. They include ClCs, CLICs, Bestrophins and CFTRs. These channels are non-selective for small anions; however <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a> is the most abundant anion, and hence they are known as chloride channels.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel" title="Potassium channel">Potassium channels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_potassium_channel" title="Voltage-gated potassium channel">Voltage-gated potassium channels</a> e.g., Kvs, Kirs etc.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium-activated_potassium_channel" title="Calcium-activated potassium channel">Calcium-activated potassium channels</a> e.g., BKCa or MaxiK, SK, etc.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inward-rectifier_potassium_ion_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Inward-rectifier potassium ion channel">Inward-rectifier potassium channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_P_potassium_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Two P potassium channel">Two-pore-domain potassium channels</a>: This family of 15 members form what is known as <a href="/wiki/Leak_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Leak channel">leak channels</a>, and they display <a href="/wiki/GHK_current_equation" class="mw-redirect" title="GHK current equation">Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz</a> (open) <a href="/wiki/Rectifier" title="Rectifier">rectification</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium channels">Sodium channels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_sodium_channel" title="Voltage-gated sodium channel">Voltage-gated sodium channels</a> (NaVs)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epithelial_sodium_channel" title="Epithelial sodium channel">Epithelial sodium channels</a> (ENaCs)<sup id="cite_ref-2016-Hanukoglu_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2016-Hanukoglu-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel" title="Calcium channel">Calcium channels</a> (CaVs)</li> <li>Phosphate chanels: To date, only one phosphate channel, <a href="/wiki/Xenotropic_and_polytropic_retrovirus_receptor_1" title="Xenotropic and polytropic retrovirus receptor 1">Xenotropic and polytropic retrovirus receptor 1</a> (XPR1), has been identified in animals. It is a pyrophosphate-gated channel.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Proton channels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_proton_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-gated proton channels">Voltage-gated proton channels</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Non-selective cation channels</i>: These non-selectively allow many types of cations, mainly Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup> and Ca<sup>2+</sup>, through the channel. <ul><li>Most <a href="/wiki/Transient_receptor_potential" class="mw-redirect" title="Transient receptor potential">transient receptor potential channels</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification_by_cellular_localization">Classification by cellular localization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_channel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Classification by cellular localization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ion channels are also classified according to their subcellular localization. The plasma membrane accounts for around 2% of the total membrane in the cell, whereas intracellular organelles contain 98% of the cell's membrane. The major intracellular compartments are <a href="/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum" title="Endoplasmic reticulum">endoplasmic reticulum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golgi_apparatus" title="Golgi apparatus">Golgi apparatus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mitochondria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondria">mitochondria</a>. On the basis of localization, ion channels are classified as: </p> <ul><li>Plasma membrane channels <ul><li>Examples: Voltage-gated potassium channels (Kv), Sodium channels (Nav), Calcium channels (Cav) and Chloride channels (ClC)</li></ul></li> <li>Intracellular channels, which are further classified into different organelles <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum" title="Endoplasmic reticulum">Endoplasmic reticulum</a> channels: RyR, SERCA, ORAi</li> <li>Mitochondrial channels: mPTP, KATP, BK, IK, CLIC5, Kv7.4 at the inner membrane and VDAC and CLIC4 as outer membrane channels.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_classifications">Other classifications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_channel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other classifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some ion channels are classified by the duration of their response to stimuli: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transient_receptor_potential_channel" title="Transient receptor potential channel">Transient receptor potential channels</a>: This group of channels, normally referred to simply as TRP channels, is named after their role in <i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila" title="Drosophila">Drosophila</a></i> visual phototransduction. This family, containing at least 28 members, is diverse in its mechanisms of activation. Some TRP channels remain constitutively open, while others are gated by <a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_ion_channel" title="Voltage-gated ion channel">voltage</a>, intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup>, <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>, <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">redox</a> state, <a href="/wiki/Osmolarity" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmolarity">osmolarity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stretch-activated_ion_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Stretch-activated ion channel">mechanical stretch</a>. These channels also vary according to the ion(s) they pass, some being selective for Ca<sup>2+</sup> while others are less selective cation channels. This family is subdivided into 6 subfamilies based on homology: canonical TRP (<a href="/wiki/TRPC" title="TRPC">TRPC</a>), vanilloid receptors (<a href="/wiki/TRPV" title="TRPV">TRPV</a>), melastatin (<a href="/wiki/TRPM" title="TRPM">TRPM</a>), polycystins (<a href="/wiki/TRPP" title="TRPP">TRPP</a>), mucolipins (<a href="/wiki/TRPML" title="TRPML">TRPML</a>), and ankyrin transmembrane protein 1 (<a href="/wiki/TRPA_(channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="TRPA (channel)">TRPA</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Detailed_structure">Detailed structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_channel&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Detailed structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Channels differ with respect to the ion they let pass (for example, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium ion">Na<sup>+</sup></a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium_ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Potassium ion">K<sup>+</sup></a>, <a href="/wiki/Chloride_ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloride ion">Cl<sup>−</sup></a>), the ways in which they may be regulated, the number of subunits of which they are composed and other aspects of structure.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Channels belonging to the largest class, which includes the voltage-gated channels that underlie the nerve impulse, consist of four or sometimes five <sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> subunits with six <a href="/wiki/Transmembrane_helix" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmembrane helix">transmembrane helices</a> each. On activation, these helices move about and open the pore. Two of these six helices are separated by a loop that lines the pore and is the primary determinant of ion selectivity and conductance in this channel class and some others.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The existence and mechanism for ion selectivity was first postulated in the late 1960s by <a href="/wiki/Bertil_Hille" title="Bertil Hille">Bertil Hille</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clay_Armstrong" title="Clay Armstrong">Clay Armstrong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid5315827_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid5315827-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid4644327_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid4644327-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid4541077_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid4541077-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid_1194886_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid_1194886-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid29363566_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29363566-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea of the ionic selectivity for potassium channels was that the carbonyl oxygens of the protein backbones of the "selectivity filter" (named by <a href="/wiki/Bertil_Hille" title="Bertil Hille">Bertil Hille</a>) could efficiently replace the water molecules that normally shield potassium ions, but that sodium ions were smaller and cannot be completely dehydrated to allow such shielding, and therefore could not pass through. This mechanism was finally confirmed when the first structure of an ion channel was elucidated. A bacterial potassium channel KcsA, consisting of just the selectivity filter, "P" loop, and two transmembrane helices was used as a model to study the permeability and the selectivity of ion channels in the Mackinnon lab. The determination of the molecular structure of KcsA by <a href="/wiki/Roderick_MacKinnon" title="Roderick MacKinnon">Roderick MacKinnon</a> using <a href="/wiki/Crystallography" title="Crystallography">X-ray crystallography</a> won a share of the 2003 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9525859_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9525859-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of their small size and the difficulty of crystallizing integral membrane proteins for X-ray analysis, it is only very recently that scientists have been able to directly examine what channels "look like." Particularly in cases where the crystallography required removing channels from their membranes with detergent, many researchers regard images that have been obtained as tentative. An example is the long-awaited crystal structure of a voltage-gated potassium channel, which was reported in May 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12721618_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12721618-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16598263_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16598263-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One inevitable ambiguity about these structures relates to the strong evidence that channels change conformation as they operate (they open and close, for example), such that the structure in the crystal could represent any one of these operational states. Most of what researchers have deduced about channel operation so far they have established through <a href="/wiki/Electrophysiology" title="Electrophysiology">electrophysiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a> sequence comparison and <a href="/wiki/Mutagenesis" title="Mutagenesis">mutagenesis</a>. </p><p>Channels can have single (CLICs) to multiple transmembrane (K channels, P2X receptors, Na channels) domains which span plasma membrane to form pores. Pore can determine the selectivity of the channel. Gate can be formed either inside or outside the pore region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_channel&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pharmacology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Channel_modulator" title="Channel modulator">Channel modulator</a></div> <p>Chemical substances can modulate the activity of ion channels, for example by blocking or activating them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ion_channel_blockers">Ion channel blockers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_channel&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ion channel blockers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ion_channel_blocker" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion channel blocker">Ion channel blocker</a></div> <p>A variety of <a href="/wiki/Ion_channel_blocker" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion channel blocker">ion channel blockers</a> (inorganic and organic molecules) can modulate ion channel activity and conductance. Some commonly used blockers include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">Tetrodotoxin</a> (TTX), used by <a href="/wiki/Puffer_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Puffer fish">puffer fish</a> and some types of <a href="/wiki/Newts" class="mw-redirect" title="Newts">newts</a> for defense. It blocks sodium channels.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxitoxin" title="Saxitoxin">Saxitoxin</a> is produced by a <a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellate" title="Dinoflagellate">dinoflagellate</a> also known as "<a href="/wiki/Red_tide" class="mw-redirect" title="Red tide">red tide</a>". It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conotoxin" title="Conotoxin">Conotoxin</a> is used by <a href="/wiki/Cone_snails" class="mw-redirect" title="Cone snails">cone snails</a> to hunt prey.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lidocaine" title="Lidocaine">Lidocaine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Novocaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Novocaine">novocaine</a> belong to a class of <a href="/wiki/Local_anesthetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Local anesthetics">local anesthetics</a> which block sodium ion channels.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrotoxin" title="Dendrotoxin">Dendrotoxin</a> is produced by <a href="/wiki/Mamba" title="Mamba">mamba</a> <a href="/wiki/Snakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Snakes">snakes</a>, and blocks potassium channels.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberiotoxin" title="Iberiotoxin">Iberiotoxin</a> is produced by the <i><a href="/wiki/Hottentotta_tamulus" title="Hottentotta tamulus">Hottentotta tamulus</a></i> (Eastern Indian scorpion) and blocks potassium channels.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteropodatoxin" title="Heteropodatoxin">Heteropodatoxin</a> is produced by <i><a href="/wiki/Heteropoda_venatoria" title="Heteropoda venatoria">Heteropoda venatoria</a></i> (brown huntsman spider or laya) and blocks potassium channels.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ion_channel_activators">Ion channel activators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_channel&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ion channel activators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ion_channel_opener" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion channel opener">Ion channel opener</a></div> <p>Several compounds are known to promote the opening or activation of specific ion channels. These are classified by the channel on which they act: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_opener" title="Calcium channel opener">Calcium channel openers</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Bay_K8644" title="Bay K8644">Bay K8644</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloride_channel_opener" title="Chloride channel opener">Chloride channel openers</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Phenanthroline" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenanthroline">phenanthroline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_opener" title="Potassium channel opener">Potassium channel openers</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Minoxidil" title="Minoxidil">minoxidil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel_opener" title="Sodium channel opener">Sodium channel openers</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diseases">Diseases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_channel&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a number of disorders which disrupt normal functioning of ion channels and have disastrous consequences for the organism. Genetic and autoimmune disorders of ion channels and their modifiers are known as <a href="/wiki/Channelopathy" title="Channelopathy">channelopathies</a>. See <a href="/wiki/Category:Channelopathies" title="Category:Channelopathies">Category:Channelopathies</a> for a full list. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaker_gene" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaker gene">Shaker gene</a> mutations cause a defect in the voltage gated ion channels, slowing down the repolarization of the cell.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equine_hyperkalaemic_periodic_paralysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Equine hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis">Equine hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Human_hyperkalaemic_periodic_paralysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Human hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis">human hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis</a> (HyperPP) are caused by a defect in voltage-dependent sodium channels.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramyotonia_congenita" title="Paramyotonia congenita">Paramyotonia congenita</a> (PC) and <a href="/wiki/Potassium_aggravated_myotonias" class="mw-redirect" title="Potassium aggravated myotonias">potassium-aggravated myotonias</a> (PAM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_epilepsy_with_febrile_seizures_plus" title="Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus">Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus</a> (GEFS+)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episodic_ataxia" title="Episodic ataxia">Episodic ataxia</a> (EA), characterized by sporadic bouts of severe discoordination with or without <a href="/wiki/Myokymia" title="Myokymia">myokymia</a>, and can be provoked by stress, startle, or heavy exertion such as exercise.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familial_hemiplegic_migraine" title="Familial hemiplegic migraine">Familial hemiplegic migraine</a> (FHM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinocerebellar_ataxia_type_13" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinocerebellar ataxia type 13">Spinocerebellar ataxia type 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_QT_syndrome" title="Long QT syndrome">Long QT syndrome</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Ventricle_(heart)" title="Ventricle (heart)">ventricular</a> <a href="/wiki/Heart_arrhythmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart arrhythmia">arrhythmia</a> <a href="/wiki/Syndrome" title="Syndrome">syndrome</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutations</a> in one or more of presently ten different <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a>, most of which are <a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel" title="Potassium channel">potassium channels</a> and all of which affect cardiac <a href="/wiki/Repolarization" title="Repolarization">repolarization</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brugada_syndrome" title="Brugada syndrome">Brugada syndrome</a> is another ventricular arrhythmia caused by <a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_sodium_channel" title="Voltage-gated sodium channel">voltage-gated sodium channel</a> gene mutations.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymicrogyria" title="Polymicrogyria">Polymicrogyria</a> is a developmental brain malformation caused by <a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_sodium_channel" title="Voltage-gated sodium channel">voltage-gated sodium channel</a> and <a href="/wiki/NMDA_receptor" title="NMDA receptor">NMDA receptor</a> gene mutations.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis" title="Cystic fibrosis">Cystic fibrosis</a> is caused by mutations in the CFTR gene, which is a chloride channel.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucolipidosis_type_IV" title="Mucolipidosis type IV">Mucolipidosis type IV</a> is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the <a href="/wiki/TRPML1" class="mw-redirect" title="TRPML1">TRPML1</a> channel</li> <li>Mutations in and overexpression of ion channels are important events in cancer cells. In <a href="/wiki/Glioblastoma_multiforme" class="mw-redirect" title="Glioblastoma multiforme">Glioblastoma multiforme</a>, upregulation of gBK potassium channels and ClC-3 chloride channels enables glioblastoma cells to migrate within the brain, which may lead to the diffuse growth patterns of these tumors.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_channel&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fundamental properties of currents mediated by ion channels were analyzed by the British <a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">biophysicists</a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Hodgkin" title="Alan Hodgkin">Alan Hodgkin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Andrew Huxley</a> as part of their <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize</a>-winning research on the <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">action potential</a>, published in 1952. They built on the work of other physiologists, such as Cole and Baker's research into voltage-gated membrane pores from 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The existence of ion channels was confirmed in the 1970s by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Bernard Katz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Miledi" title="Ricardo Miledi">Ricardo Miledi</a> using noise analysis <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Which paper(s) are you referring here? (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. It was then shown more directly with an <a href="/wiki/Electrophysiology" title="Electrophysiology">electrical recording technique</a> known as the "<a href="/wiki/Patch_clamp" title="Patch clamp">patch clamp</a>", which led to a Nobel Prize to <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Neher" title="Erwin Neher">Erwin Neher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bert_Sakmann" title="Bert Sakmann">Bert Sakmann</a>, the technique's inventors. Hundreds if not thousands of researchers continue to pursue a more detailed understanding of how these proteins work. In recent years the development of <a href="/wiki/Electrophysiology#Planar_patch_clamp" title="Electrophysiology">automated patch clamp devices</a> helped to increase significantly the throughput in ion channel screening. </p><p>The Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2003 was awarded to <a href="/wiki/Roderick_MacKinnon" title="Roderick MacKinnon">Roderick MacKinnon</a> for his studies on the physico-chemical properties of ion channel structure and function, including <a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">x-ray crystallographic</a> <a href="/wiki/Protein_structure" title="Protein structure">structure</a> studies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_channel&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birth_of_an_Idea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Birth_of_an_Idea.jpg/220px-Birth_of_an_Idea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Birth_of_an_Idea.jpg/330px-Birth_of_an_Idea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Birth_of_an_Idea.jpg/440px-Birth_of_an_Idea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><i>Birth of an Idea</i> (2007) by <a href="/wiki/Julian_Voss-Andreae" title="Julian Voss-Andreae">Julian Voss-Andreae</a>. The sculpture was commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Roderick_MacKinnon" title="Roderick MacKinnon">Roderick MacKinnon</a> based on the molecule's atomic coordinates that were determined by MacKinnon's group in 2001.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Roderick_MacKinnon" title="Roderick MacKinnon">Roderick MacKinnon</a> commissioned <i>Birth of an Idea</i>, a 5-foot (1.5 m) tall sculpture based on the <a href="/wiki/KcsA_potassium_channel" title="KcsA potassium channel">KcsA potassium channel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The artwork contains a wire object representing the channel's interior with a blown glass object representing the main cavity of the channel structure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_channel&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_helix" title="Alpha helix">Alpha helix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babycurus_toxin_1" title="Babycurus toxin 1">Babycurus toxin 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_channel_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion channel family">Ion channel family</a> as defined in <a href="/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam">Pfam</a> and <a href="/wiki/InterPro" title="InterPro">InterPro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki_Database" title="Ki Database">K<sub>i</sub> Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipid_bilayer#Ion_pumps_and_channels" title="Lipid bilayer">Lipid bilayer ion channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnesium transport">Magnesium transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">Neurotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_transport" title="Passive transport">Passive transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_ion_channels" title="Synthetic ion channels">Synthetic ion channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmembrane_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmembrane receptor">Transmembrane receptor</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_channel&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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The Rockefeller University Press: 771–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1085%2Fjgp.24.6.771">10.1085/jgp.24.6.771</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2238007">2238007</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19873252">19873252</a>. <q>Describes what happens when you stick a <a href="/wiki/Squid_giant_axon" title="Squid giant axon">giant squid axon</a> with electrodes and pass through an alternating current, and then notice that sometimes the voltage rises with time, and sometimes it decreases. The inductive reactance is a property of the axon and requires that it contain an inductive structure. The variation of the impedance with interpolar distance indicates that the inductance is in the membrane</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+General+Physiology&rft.atitle=Longitudinal+Impedance+of+the+Squid+Giant+Axon&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=771-88&rft.date=1941-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2238007%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19873252&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1085%2Fjgp.24.6.771&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=KS&rft.au=Baker%2C+RF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2238007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIon+channel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2008" class="citation journal cs1">Ball P (March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/Issues/2008/March/ColumnThecrucible.asp">"The crucible: Art inspired by science should be more than just a pretty picture"</a>. <i>Chemistry World</i>. <b>5</b> (3): 42–43<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemistry+World&rft.atitle=The+crucible%3A+Art+inspired+by+science+should+be+more+than+just+a+pretty+picture&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=42-43&rft.date=2008-03&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsc.org%2Fchemistryworld%2FIssues%2F2008%2FMarch%2FColumnThecrucible.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIon+channel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ion_channel&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Poisson%E2%80%93Boltzmann_profile_for_an_ion_channel" class="extiw" title="v:Poisson–Boltzmann profile for an ion channel">Poisson–Boltzmann profile for an ion channel</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240225183204/https://www.theweisslab.com/">"The Weiss Lab"</a>. <i>The Weiss Lab is investigating the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying human diseases caused by dysfunction of ion channels</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theweisslab.com/">the original</a> on 2024-02-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Weiss+Lab+is+investigating+the+molecular+and+cellular+mechanisms+underlying+human+diseases+caused+by+dysfunction+of+ion+channels&rft.atitle=The+Weiss+Lab&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theweisslab.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIon+channel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guidetopharmacology.org/GRAC/ReceptorFamiliesForward?type=IC">"Voltage-Gated Ion Channels"</a>. <i>IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels</i>. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IUPHAR+Database+of+Receptors+and+Ion+Channels&rft.atitle=Voltage-Gated+Ion+Channels&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guidetopharmacology.org%2FGRAC%2FReceptorFamiliesForward%3Ftype%3DIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIon+channel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trpchannel.org">"TRIP Database"</a>. <i>a manually curated database of protein-protein interactions for mammalian TRP channels</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=a+manually+curated+database+of+protein-protein+interactions+for+mammalian+TRP+channels&rft.atitle=TRIP+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trpchannel.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIon+channel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Ion+Channels">Ion Channels</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ion_channels" title="Template:Ion channels"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ion_channels" title="Template talk:Ion channels"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ion_channels" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ion channels"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Membrane_transport_protein:_ion_channels_(TC_1A)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Membrane_transport_protein" title="Membrane transport protein">Membrane transport protein</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">ion channels</a> (<a href="/wiki/Transporter_Classification_Database#1._Channels/Pores" title="Transporter Classification Database">TC 1A</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div id="Ca2+:_Calcium_channel" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i>Ca<sup>2+</sup>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel" title="Calcium channel">Calcium channel</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;">Ligand-gated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inositol_trisphosphate_receptor" title="Inositol trisphosphate receptor">Inositol trisphosphate receptor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ITPR1" title="ITPR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITPR2" title="ITPR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITPR3" title="ITPR3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryanodine_receptor" title="Ryanodine receptor">Ryanodine receptor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RYR1" class="mw-redirect" title="RYR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryanodine_receptor_2" title="Ryanodine receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RYR3" class="mw-redirect" title="RYR3">3</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_calcium_channel" title="Voltage-gated calcium channel">Voltage-gated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L-type_calcium_channel" title="L-type calcium channel">L-type</a>/<i>Ca<sub>v</sub>α</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cav1.1" title="Cav1.1">1.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cav1.2" title="Cav1.2">1.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cav1.3" title="Cav1.3">1.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cav1.4" title="Cav1.4">1.4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-type_calcium_channel" title="N-type calcium channel">N-type</a>/<i>Ca<sub>v</sub>α2.2</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-type_calcium_channel" title="P-type calcium channel">P-type</a>/<i>Ca<sub>v</sub>α</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cav2.1" title="Cav2.1">2.1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-type_calcium_channel" title="Q-type calcium channel">Q-type</a>/<i>Ca<sub>v</sub>α2.1</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-type_calcium_channel" title="R-type calcium channel">R-type</a>/<i>Ca<sub>v</sub>α2.3</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-type_calcium_channel" title="T-type calcium channel">T-type</a>/<i>Ca<sub>v</sub>α</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CACNA1G" title="CACNA1G">3.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CACNA1H" class="mw-redirect" title="CACNA1H">3.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CACNA1I" title="CACNA1I">3.3</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>α<sub>2</sub>δ-subunits</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CACNA2D1" title="CACNA2D1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CACNA2D2" title="CACNA2D2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>β-subunits</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CACNB1" title="CACNB1">β1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CACNB2" title="CACNB2">β2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CACNB3" title="CACNB3">β3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CACNB4" title="CACNB4">β4</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>γ-subunits</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CACNG1" title="CACNG1">γ1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CACNG2" title="CACNG2">γ2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CACNG3" title="CACNG3">γ3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CACNG4" title="CACNG4">γ4</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cation_channels_of_sperm" title="Cation channels of sperm">Cation channels of sperm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CatSper1" title="CatSper1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CatSper2" title="CatSper2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CatSper3" title="CatSper3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CatSper4" title="CatSper4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-pore_channel" title="Two-pore channel">Two-pore channel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TPCN1" title="TPCN1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TPCN2" title="TPCN2">2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div id="Na+:_Sodium_channel" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i>Na<sup>+</sup>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel" title="Sodium channel">Sodium channel</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;">Constitutively active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epithelial_sodium_channel" title="Epithelial sodium channel">Epithelial sodium channel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SCNN1A" title="SCNN1A">α</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCNN1B" title="SCNN1B">β</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCNN1G" title="SCNN1G">γ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCNN1D" title="SCNN1D">δ</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hydron_(chemistry)" title="Hydron (chemistry)">Proton</a>-gated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid-sensing_ion_channel" title="Acid-sensing ion channel">Amiloride-sensitive cation channel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACCN1" class="mw-redirect" title="ACCN1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACCN2" class="mw-redirect" title="ACCN2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACCN3" class="mw-redirect" title="ACCN3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACCN4" class="mw-redirect" title="ACCN4">4</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_sodium_channel" title="Voltage-gated sodium channel">Voltage-gated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Na<sub>v</sub>α</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nav1.1" class="mw-redirect" title="Nav1.1">1.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nav1.2" class="mw-redirect" title="Nav1.2">1.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCN3A" title="SCN3A">1.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nav1.4" title="Nav1.4">1.4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nav1.5" class="mw-redirect" title="Nav1.5">1.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCN8A" title="SCN8A">1.6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nav1.7" class="mw-redirect" title="Nav1.7">1.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCN10A" class="mw-redirect" title="SCN10A">1.8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nav1.9" title="Nav1.9">1.9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCN7A" title="SCN7A">7A</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Na<sub>v</sub>β</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SCN1B" title="SCN1B">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCN2B" title="SCN2B">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCN3B" title="SCN3B">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCN4B" title="SCN4B">4</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div id="K+:_Potassium_channel" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i>K<sup>+</sup>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel" title="Potassium channel">Potassium channel</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium-activated_potassium_channel" title="Calcium-activated potassium channel">Calcium-activated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BK_channel" title="BK channel">BK channel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium-activated_potassium_channel_subunit_alpha-1" title="Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha-1">α1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNMB1" title="KCNMB1">β1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNMB2" title="KCNMB2">β2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNMB3" title="KCNMB3">β3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNMB4" title="KCNMB4">β4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SK_channel" title="SK channel">SK channel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNN1" title="KCNN1">SK1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNN2" title="KCNN2">SK2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SK3" title="SK3">SK3</a></li></ul></li> <li>IK channel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNN4" title="KCNN4">IK1</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>K<sub>Ca</sub></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium-activated_potassium_channel_subunit_alpha-1" title="Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha-1">1.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNN1" title="KCNN1">2.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNN2" title="KCNN2">2.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SK3" title="SK3">2.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNN4" title="KCNN4">3.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNT1" title="KCNT1">4.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNT2" title="KCNT2">4.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNU1" title="KCNU1">5.1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Inward-rectifier_potassium_ion_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Inward-rectifier potassium ion channel">Inward-rectifier</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATP-sensitive_potassium_channel" title="ATP-sensitive potassium channel">K<sub>ATP</sub></a></li> <li><i>K<sub>ir</sub></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ROMK" title="ROMK">1.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kir2.1" title="Kir2.1">2.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ12" title="KCNJ12">2.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ4" title="KCNJ4">2.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ14" title="KCNJ14">2.4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kir2.6" title="Kir2.6">2.6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_inwardly_rectifying_potassium_channel" title="G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel">GIRK</a>/<i>K<sub>ir</sub></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ3" title="KCNJ3">3.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ6" title="KCNJ6">3.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ9" title="KCNJ9">3.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ5" title="KCNJ5">3.4</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>K<sub>ir</sub></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ10" title="KCNJ10">4.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ15" title="KCNJ15">4.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ16" title="KCNJ16">5.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ8" title="KCNJ8">6.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kir6.2" title="Kir6.2">6.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ13" title="KCNJ13">7.1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tandem_pore_domain_potassium_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tandem pore domain potassium channel">Tandem pore domain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>K2P</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNK1" title="KCNK1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK2" title="KCNK2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK3" title="KCNK3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK4" title="KCNK4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK5" title="KCNK5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK6" title="KCNK6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK7" title="KCNK7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK9" title="KCNK9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK10" title="KCNK10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK12" title="KCNK12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK13" title="KCNK13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK15" title="KCNK15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK16" title="KCNK16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK17" title="KCNK17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK18" title="KCNK18">18</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_potassium_channel" title="Voltage-gated potassium channel">Voltage-gated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>K<sub>v</sub>α1-6</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kv1.1" title="Kv1.1">1.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNA2" title="KCNA2">1.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNA3" title="KCNA3">1.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNA4" title="KCNA4">1.4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNA5" title="KCNA5">1.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNA6" title="KCNA6">1.6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNA7" title="KCNA7">1.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNA10" title="KCNA10">1.8</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNB1" title="KCNB1">2.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNB2" title="KCNB2">2.2</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNC1" title="KCNC1">3.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNC2" title="KCNC2">3.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNC3" title="KCNC3">3.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNC4" title="KCNC4">3.4</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCND1" title="KCND1">4.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCND2" title="KCND2">4.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCND3" title="KCND3">4.3</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNF1" title="KCNF1">5.1</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNG1" title="KCNG1">6.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNG2" title="KCNG2">6.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNG3" title="KCNG3">6.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNG4" title="KCNG4">6.4</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>K<sub>v</sub>α7-12</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KvLQT1" title="KvLQT1">7.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KvLQT2" title="KvLQT2">7.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KvLQT3" title="KvLQT3">7.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNQ4" title="KCNQ4">7.4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNQ5" title="KCNQ5">7.5</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNV1" title="KCNV1">8.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNV2" title="KCNV2">8.2</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNS1" title="KCNS1">9.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNS2" title="KCNS2">9.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNS3" title="KCNS3">9.3</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNH1" title="KCNH1">10.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNH5" title="KCNH5">10.2</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HERG" title="HERG">11.1/hERG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNH6" title="KCNH6">11.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNH7" title="KCNH7">11.3</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNH8" title="KCNH8">12.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNH3" title="KCNH3">12.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNH4" title="KCNH4">12.3</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>K<sub>v</sub>β</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNAB1" title="KCNAB1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNAB2" title="KCNAB2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNAB3" title="KCNAB3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>KCNIP</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNIP1" title="KCNIP1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNIP2" title="KCNIP2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calsenilin" title="Calsenilin">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNIP4" title="KCNIP4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNE1" title="KCNE1">minK/ISK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNE1L" class="mw-redirect" title="KCNE1L">minK/ISK-like</a></li> <li><i>MiRP</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNE2" title="KCNE2">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNE3" title="KCNE3">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNE4" title="KCNE4">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaker_(gene)" title="Shaker (gene)">Shaker (gene)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div id="Miscellaneous" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i>Miscellaneous</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><i><a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">Cl<sup>−</sup></a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Chloride_channel" title="Chloride channel">Chloride channel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium-activated_chloride_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium-activated chloride channel">Calcium-activated chloride channels</a> <ul><li><i>Anoctamin</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ANO1" title="ANO1">ANO1</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Bestrophin</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bestrophin_1" title="Bestrophin 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BEST2" class="mw-redirect" title="BEST2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Chloride Channel Accessory</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CLCA1" title="CLCA1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCA2" title="CLCA2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCA3" title="CLCA3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCA4" title="CLCA4">4</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis_transmembrane_conductance_regulator" title="Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator">CFTR</a></li> <li><i>CLCN</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CLCN1" title="CLCN1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCN2" title="CLCN2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCN3" title="CLCN3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCN4" title="CLCN4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCN5" title="CLCN5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCN6" title="CLCN6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCN7" title="CLCN7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCNKA" title="CLCNKA">KA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCNKB" title="CLCNKB">KB</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>CLIC</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CLIC1" title="CLIC1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLIC2" title="CLIC2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLIC3" title="CLIC3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLIC4" title="CLIC4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLIC5" title="CLIC5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLIC6" title="CLIC6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCC1" title="CLCC1">L1</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>CLNS</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CLNS1A" title="CLNS1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLNS1B" title="CLNS1B">1B</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><i><a href="/wiki/Hydron_(chemistry)" title="Hydron (chemistry)">H<sup>+</sup></a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_proton_channel" title="Voltage-gated proton channel">Proton channel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HVCN1" title="HVCN1">HVCN1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><i><a href="/wiki/Ion#Anions_and_cations" title="Ion">M<sup>+</sup></a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_nucleotide-gated_ion_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel">CNG cation channel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>α</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_nucleotide-gated_channel_alpha_1" title="Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_nucleotide-gated_channel_alpha_2" title="Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_nucleotide-gated_channel_alpha_3" title="Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_nucleotide-gated_channel_alpha_4" title="Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha 4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>β</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CNGB1" title="CNGB1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_nucleotide-gated_channel_alpha_4" title="Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha 4">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_nucleotide_gated_channel_beta_3" title="Cyclic nucleotide gated channel beta 3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HCN_channel" title="HCN channel">HCN</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funny_current" class="mw-redirect" title="Funny current">FC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCN1" title="HCN1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCN2" title="HCN2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCN3" title="HCN3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCN4" title="HCN4">4</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><i><a href="/wiki/Ion#Anions_and_cations" title="Ion">M<sup>+</sup></a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Transient_receptor_potential_channel" title="Transient receptor potential channel">TRP cation channel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TRPA_(channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="TRPA (channel)">TRPA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Transient_receptor_potential_cation_channel,_member_A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Transient receptor potential cation channel, member A1">1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPC" title="TRPC">TRPC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TRPC1" title="TRPC1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPC2" title="TRPC2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPC3" title="TRPC3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPC4" title="TRPC4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPC4AP" title="TRPC4AP">4AP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPC5" title="TRPC5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPC6" title="TRPC6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPC7" title="TRPC7">7</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPM" title="TRPM">TRPM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TRPM1" title="TRPM1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPM2" title="TRPM2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPM3" title="TRPM3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPM4" title="TRPM4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPM5" title="TRPM5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPM6" title="TRPM6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPM7" title="TRPM7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPM8" title="TRPM8">8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPML" title="TRPML">TRPML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mucolipin-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucolipin-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MCOLN2" title="MCOLN2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MCOLN3" title="MCOLN3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPN" title="TRPN">TRPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPP" title="TRPP">TRPP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PKD1" class="mw-redirect" title="PKD1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycystic_kidney_disease_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Polycystic kidney disease 2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPV" title="TRPV">TRPV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TRPV1" title="TRPV1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPV2" title="TRPV2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPV3" title="TRPV3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPV4" title="TRPV4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPV5" title="TRPV5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPV6" title="TRPV6">6</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><i><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">H<sub>2</sub>O</a> (+ <a href="/wiki/Solutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Solutes">solutes</a>):</i> <a href="/wiki/Porin_(protein)" title="Porin (protein)">Porin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaporin" title="Aquaporin">Aquaporin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MIP_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="MIP (gene)">0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaporin_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaporin 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaporin_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaporin 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaporin_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaporin 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaporin_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaporin 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AQP5" class="mw-redirect" title="AQP5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AQP6" class="mw-redirect" title="AQP6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AQP7" class="mw-redirect" title="AQP7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AQP8" class="mw-redirect" title="AQP8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AQP9" class="mw-redirect" title="AQP9">9</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage-dependent_anion_channel" title="Voltage-dependent anion channel">Voltage-dependent anion channel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VDAC1" title="VDAC1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VDAC2" title="VDAC2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VDAC3" title="VDAC3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_bacterial_porin_family" title="General bacterial porin family">General bacterial porin family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><i><a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">Cytoplasm</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Gap_junction" title="Gap junction">Gap junction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connexin" title="Connexin">Connexin</a> <ul><li>A <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GJA1" title="GJA1">GJA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJA3" title="GJA3">GJA3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJA4" title="GJA4">GJA4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJA5" title="GJA5">GJA5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJA8" title="GJA8">GJA8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJD2" title="GJD2">GJA9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJA10" title="GJA10">GJA10</a></li></ul></li> <li>B <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GJB1" title="GJB1">GJB1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJB2" title="GJB2">GJB2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJB3" title="GJB3">GJB3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJB4" title="GJB4">GJB4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJB5" title="GJB5">GJB5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJB6" title="GJB6">GJB6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJB7" title="GJB7">GJB7</a></li></ul></li> <li>C <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GJC1" title="GJC1">GJC1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJC2" title="GJC2">GJC2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJC3" title="GJC3">GJC3</a></li></ul></li> <li>D <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GJD2" title="GJD2">GJD2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJD3" title="GJD3">GJD3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJD4" title="GJD4">GJD4</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innexin" title="Innexin">Innexin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div id="By_gating_mechanism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i>By gating mechanism</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ion_channel_class" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><i>Ion channel class</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ligand-gated_ion_channel" title="Ligand-gated ion channel">Ligand-gated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-gated_ion_channel" title="Light-gated ion channel">Light-gated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_ion_channel" title="Voltage-gated ion channel">Voltage-gated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretch-activated_ion_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Stretch-activated ion channel">Stretch-activated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite; padding: 0px;"><div><i>see also <a href="/wiki/Template:Channelopathy" title="Template:Channelopathy">disorders</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ion_channel,_cell_surface_receptor:_ligand-gated_ion_channels" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7dcc3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ligand-gated_ion_channels" title="Template:Ligand-gated ion channels"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ligand-gated_ion_channels" title="Template talk:Ligand-gated ion channels"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ligand-gated_ion_channels" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ligand-gated ion channels"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ion_channel,_cell_surface_receptor:_ligand-gated_ion_channels" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ion channel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cell_surface_receptor" title="Cell surface receptor">cell surface receptor</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ligand-gated_ion_channel" title="Ligand-gated ion channel">ligand-gated ion channels</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Cys-loop_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Cys-loop receptors">Cys-loop receptors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:14em;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT_receptor" title="5-HT receptor">5-HT/serotonin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5-HT3_receptor" title="5-HT3 receptor">5-HT<sub>3</sub></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTR3A" title="HTR3A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTR3B" title="HTR3B">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTR3C" title="HTR3C">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTR3D" title="HTR3D">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTR3E" title="HTR3E">E</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:14em;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><a href="/wiki/GABA_receptor" title="GABA receptor">GABA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor" title="GABAA receptor">GABA<sub>A</sub></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-aminobutyric_acid_receptor_subunit_alpha-1" title="Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1">α<sub>1</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABRA2" title="GABRA2">α<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABRA3" title="GABRA3">α<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABRA4" title="GABRA4">α<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABRA5" title="GABRA5">α<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABRA6" title="GABRA6">α<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABRB1" title="GABRB1">β<sub>1</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABRB2" title="GABRB2">β<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABRB3" title="GABRB3">β<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABRG1" title="GABRG1">γ<sub>1</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABRG2" class="mw-redirect" title="GABRG2">γ<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABRG3" title="GABRG3">γ<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABRD" title="GABRD">δ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABRE" title="GABRE">ε</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABRP" title="GABRP">π</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABRQ" title="GABRQ">θ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABAA-rho_receptor" title="GABAA-rho receptor">GABA<sub>A</sub>-ρ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GABRR1" title="GABRR1">ρ<sub>1</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABRR2" title="GABRR2">ρ<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABRR3" title="GABRR3">ρ<sub>3</sub></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:14em;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><a href="/wiki/Glycine_receptor" title="Glycine receptor">Glycine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycine_receptor,_alpha_1" title="Glycine receptor, alpha 1">α<sub>1</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLRA2" title="GLRA2">α<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLRA3" title="GLRA3">α<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLRA4" title="GLRA4">α<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLRB" title="GLRB">β</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:14em;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><a href="/wiki/Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor" title="Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor">Nicotinic acetylcholine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>monomers:</i> <a href="/wiki/CHRNA1" title="CHRNA1">α1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHRNA2" title="CHRNA2">α2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHRNA3" title="CHRNA3">α3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHRNA4" title="CHRNA4">α4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHRNA5" class="mw-redirect" title="CHRNA5">α5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHRNA6" title="CHRNA6">α6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHRNA7" title="CHRNA7">α7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHRNA9" title="CHRNA9">α9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHRNA10" title="CHRNA10">α10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHRNB1" title="CHRNB1">β1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHRNB2" title="CHRNB2">β2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHRNB3" title="CHRNB3">β3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHRNB4" title="CHRNB4">β4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHRND" title="CHRND">δ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHRNE" title="CHRNE">ε</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>pentamers:</i> <a href="/wiki/Alpha-3_beta-4_nicotinic_receptor" title="Alpha-3 beta-4 nicotinic receptor">(α3)<sub>2</sub>(β4)<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-4_beta-2_nicotinic_receptor" title="Alpha-4 beta-2 nicotinic receptor">(α4)<sub>2</sub>(β2)<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-7_nicotinic_receptor" title="Alpha-7 nicotinic receptor">(α7)<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganglion_type_nicotinic_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganglion type nicotinic receptor">(α1)<sub>2</sub>(β4)<sub>3</sub> - Ganglion type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_type_nicotinic_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle type nicotinic receptor">(α1)<sub>2</sub>β1δε - Muscle type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:14em;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><i>Zinc</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zinc-activated_ion_channel" title="Zinc-activated ion channel">Zinc-activated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Ligand-gated_ion_channel" title="Ligand-gated ion channel">Ionotropic</a> <a href="/wiki/Glutamate_receptor" title="Glutamate receptor">glutamates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:14em;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><i>Ligand-gated only</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMPA_receptor" title="AMPA receptor">AMPA</a> (<a href="/wiki/GRIA1" title="GRIA1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRIA2" title="GRIA2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRIA3" title="GRIA3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRIA4" title="GRIA4">4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kainate_receptor" title="Kainate receptor">Kainate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GRIK1" title="GRIK1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRIK2" title="GRIK2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRIK3" title="GRIK3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRIK4" title="GRIK4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRIK5" title="GRIK5">5</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:14em;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><i>Voltage- and ligand-gated</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NMDA_receptor" title="NMDA receptor">NMDA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GRIN1" title="GRIN1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRIN2A" title="GRIN2A">2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRIN2B" title="GRIN2B">2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRIN2C" title="GRIN2C">2C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRIN2D" title="GRIN2D">2D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRIN3A" title="GRIN3A">3A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRIN3B" title="GRIN3B">3B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRINL1A" title="GRINL1A">L1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRINL1B" title="GRINL1B">L1B</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:14em;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><i>‘Orphan’</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>GluD</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GRID1" title="GRID1">δ<sub>1</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRID2" title="GRID2">δ<sub>2</sub></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a>-<i>gated channels</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Purinergic_receptors" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:14em;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><a href="/wiki/Purinergic_receptor" title="Purinergic receptor">Purinergic receptors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P2X_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="P2X receptor">P2X</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P2RX1" title="P2RX1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RX2" title="P2RX2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RX3" title="P2RX3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RX4" title="P2RX4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RX5" title="P2RX5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RX6" title="P2RX6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RX7" title="P2RX7">7</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ion_channel_modulators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ion_channel_modulators" title="Template:Ion channel modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ion_channel_modulators" title="Template talk:Ion channel modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ion_channel_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ion channel modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ion_channel_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Channel_modulator" title="Channel modulator">Ion channel modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel" title="Calcium channel">Calcium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="VDCCsTooltip_Voltage-dependent_calcium_channels" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Voltage-dependent_calcium_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-dependent calcium channels"><abbr title="Voltage-dependent calcium channels">VDCCs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Voltage-dependent calcium channels</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/L-type_calcium_channel" title="L-type calcium channel">L-type-selective</a>:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Dihydropyridine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydropyridine">Dihydropyridines</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Amlodipine" title="Amlodipine">Amlodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranidipine" title="Aranidipine">Aranidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azelnidipine" title="Azelnidipine">Azelnidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnidipine" title="Barnidipine">Barnidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clevidipine" title="Clevidipine">Clevidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cronidipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cronidipine (page does not exist)">Cronidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darodipine" title="Darodipine">Darodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dexniguldipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dexniguldipine (page does not exist)">Dexniguldipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elgodipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elgodipine (page does not exist)">Elgodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elnadipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elnadipine (page does not exist)">Elnadipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felodipine" title="Felodipine">Felodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flordipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flordipine (page does not exist)">Flordipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Furnidipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Furnidipine (page does not exist)">Furnidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iganidipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iganidipine (page does not exist)">Iganidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isradipine" title="Isradipine">Isradipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacidipine" title="Lacidipine">Lacidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lemildipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lemildipine (page does not exist)">Lemildipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lercanidipine" title="Lercanidipine">Lercanidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levamlodipine" title="Levamlodipine">Levamlodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levniguldipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Levniguldipine (page does not exist)">Levniguldipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manidipine" title="Manidipine">Manidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnidipine" title="Barnidipine">Mepirodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesudipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesudipine (page does not exist)">Mesudipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicardipine" title="Nicardipine">Nicardipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nifedipine" title="Nifedipine">Nifedipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niguldipine" title="Niguldipine">Niguldipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niludipine" title="Niludipine">Niludipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilvadipine" title="Nilvadipine">Nilvadipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimodipine" title="Nimodipine">Nimodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisoldipine" title="Nisoldipine">Nisoldipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrendipine" title="Nitrendipine">Nitrendipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olradipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olradipine (page does not exist)">Olradipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxodipine" title="Oxodipine">Oxodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palonidipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palonidipine (page does not exist)">Palonidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranidipine" title="Pranidipine">Pranidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riodipine" title="Riodipine">Ryodipine (riodipine)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagandipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sagandipine (page does not exist)">Sagandipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sornidipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sornidipine (page does not exist)">Sornidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teludipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teludipine (page does not exist)">Teludipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiamdipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiamdipine (page does not exist)">Tiamdipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombodipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trombodipine (page does not exist)">Trombodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vatanidipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vatanidipine (page does not exist)">Vatanidipine</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/Diltiazem" title="Diltiazem">Diltiazem</a> derivatives:</i> <a href="/wiki/Clentiazem" title="Clentiazem">Clentiazem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diltiazem" title="Diltiazem">Diltiazem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iprotiazem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iprotiazem (page does not exist)">Iprotiazem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nictiazem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nictiazem (page does not exist)">Nictiazem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siratiazem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siratiazem (page does not exist)">Siratiazem</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/Arylalkylamine" title="Arylalkylamine">Phenylalkylamines</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Anipamil" title="Anipamil">Anipamil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagapamil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dagapamil (page does not exist)">Dagapamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devapamil" title="Devapamil">Devapamil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dexverapamil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dexverapamil (page does not exist)">Dexverapamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emopamil" title="Emopamil">Emopamil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etripamil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etripamil (page does not exist)">Etripamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falipamil" title="Falipamil">Falipamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallopamil" title="Gallopamil">Gallopamil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levemopamil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Levemopamil (page does not exist)">Levemopamil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nexopamil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nexopamil (page does not exist)">Nexopamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norverapamil" title="Norverapamil">Norverapamil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronipamil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ronipamil (page does not exist)">Ronipamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiapamil" title="Tiapamil">Tiapamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verapamil" title="Verapamil">Verapamil</a>; <i>Others:</i> <a href="/wiki/AH-1058" title="AH-1058">AH-1058</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brinazarone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brinazarone (page does not exist)">Brinazarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budiodarone" title="Budiodarone">Budiodarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celivarone" title="Celivarone">Celivarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproheptadine" title="Cyproheptadine">Cyproheptadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dronedarone" title="Dronedarone">Dronedarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantofarone" title="Fantofarone">Fantofarone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SR-33805&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SR-33805 (page does not exist)">SR-33805</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydropalmatine" title="Tetrahydropalmatine">Tetrahydropalmatine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/N-type_calcium_channel" title="N-type calcium channel">N-type-selective</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/%CE%A9-Conotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ω-Conotoxin">ω-Conotoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A9-Conotoxin_GVIA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ω-Conotoxin GVIA (page does not exist)">ω-Conotoxin GVIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroverine" title="Caroverine">Caroverine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huwentoxin_XVI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huwentoxin XVI (page does not exist)">Huwentoxin XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leconotide" title="Leconotide">Leconotide (ω-conotoxin CVID)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PD-173212&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PD-173212 (page does not exist)">PD-173212</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralfinamide" title="Ralfinamide">Ralfinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safinamide" title="Safinamide">Safinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Z160&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Z160 (page does not exist)">Z160</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziconotide" title="Ziconotide">Ziconotide (ω-conotoxin MVIIA)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/P-type_calcium_channel" title="P-type calcium channel">P-type-selective</a>:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A9-Agatoxin_IVA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ω-Agatoxin IVA (page does not exist)">ω-Agatoxin IVA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A9-Agatoxin_IVB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ω-Agatoxin IVB (page does not exist)">ω-Agatoxin IVB</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/R-type_calcium_channel" title="R-type calcium channel">R-type-selective</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/SNX-482" title="SNX-482">SNX-482</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/T-type_calcium_channel" title="T-type calcium channel">T-type-selective</a>:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=ABT-639&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ABT-639 (page does not exist)">ABT-639</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ML-218&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ML-218 (page does not exist)">ML-218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NNC_55-0396&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NNC 55-0396 (page does not exist)">NNC 55-0396</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ProTx_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ProTx I (page does not exist)">ProTx I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Z944&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Z944 (page does not exist)">Z944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonisamide" title="Zonisamide">Zonisamide</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Non-selective:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A9-Agatoxin_TK&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ω-Agatoxin TK (page does not exist)">ω-Agatoxin TK</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A9-Conotoxin_MVIIC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ω-Conotoxin MVIIC (page does not exist)">ω-Conotoxin MVIIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benidipine" title="Benidipine">Benidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bepridil" title="Bepridil">Bepridil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilnidipine" title="Cilnidipine">Cilnidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnarizine" title="Cinnarizine">Cinnarizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dotarizine" title="Dotarizine">Dotarizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efonidipine" title="Efonidipine">Efonidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flunarizine" title="Flunarizine">Flunarizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamotrigine" title="Lamotrigine">Lamotrigine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levetiracetam" title="Levetiracetam">Levetiracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomerizine" title="Lomerizine">Lomerizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loperamide" title="Loperamide">Loperamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mibefradil" title="Mibefradil">Mibefradil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NP078585&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NP078585 (page does not exist)">NP078585</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_red" title="Ruthenium red">Ruthenium red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TROX-1" title="TROX-1">TROX-1</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Voltage-dependent_calcium_channel#α2δ_Subunit" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-dependent calcium channel">α<sub>2</sub>δ subunit</a>-selective (<a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">gabapentinoids</a>):</b> <a href="/wiki/4-Methylpregabalin" title="4-Methylpregabalin">4-Methylpregabalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbaclofen" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbaclofen">Arbaclofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbaclofen_placarbil" title="Arbaclofen placarbil">Arbaclofen placarbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atagabalin" title="Atagabalin">Atagabalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baclofen" title="Baclofen">Baclofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">Gabapentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentin_enacarbil" title="Gabapentin enacarbil">Gabapentin enacarbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagabalin" title="Imagabalin">Imagabalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirogabalin" title="Mirogabalin">Mirogabalin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PD-200,347&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PD-200,347 (page does not exist)">PD-200,347</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PD-217,014" title="PD-217,014">PD-217,014</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PD-299,685&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PD-299,685 (page does not exist)">PD-299,685</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenibut" title="Phenibut">Phenibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">Pregabalin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Others/unsorted:</b> <a href="/wiki/Bencyclane" title="Bencyclane">Bencyclane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbamine" title="Berbamine">Berbamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevantolol" title="Bevantolol">Bevantolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadine" title="Canadine">Canadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carboxyamidotriazole" title="Carboxyamidotriazole">Carboxyamidotriazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycleanine" title="Cycleanine">Cycleanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauricine" title="Dauricine">Dauricine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimeditiapramine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimeditiapramine">Dimeditiapramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diproteverine" title="Diproteverine">Diproteverine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enpiperate" title="Enpiperate">Enpiperate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eperisone" title="Eperisone">Eperisone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elpetrigine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elpetrigine (page does not exist)">Elpetrigine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethadione" title="Ethadione">Ethadione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethosuximide" title="Ethosuximide">Ethosuximide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasudil" title="Fasudil">Fasudil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fendiline" title="Fendiline">Fendiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fostedil" title="Fostedil">Fostedil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imepitoin" title="Imepitoin">Imepitoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JTV-519" title="JTV-519">JTV-519</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lidoflazine" title="Lidoflazine">Lidoflazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manoalide" title="Manoalide">Manoalide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesuximide" title="Mesuximide">Mesuximide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monatepil" title="Monatepil">Monatepil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftopidil" title="Naftopidil">Naftopidil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochratoxin_A" title="Ochratoxin A">Ochratoxin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osthol" title="Osthol">Osthol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otilonium_bromide" title="Otilonium bromide">Otilonium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramethadione" title="Paramethadione">Paramethadione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phensuximide" title="Phensuximide">Phensuximide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinaverium_bromide" title="Pinaverium bromide">Pinaverium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenylamine" title="Prenylamine">Prenylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhynchophylline" title="Rhynchophylline">Rhynchophylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesamodil" title="Sesamodil">Sesamodil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silperisone" title="Silperisone">Silperisone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sipatrigine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sipatrigine (page does not exist)">Sipatrigine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terodiline" title="Terodiline">Terodiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrandrine" title="Tetrandrine">Tetrandrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolperisone" title="Tolperisone">Tolperisone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimethadione" title="Trimethadione">Trimethadione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valperinol" title="Valperinol">Valperinol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_opener" title="Calcium channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/L-type_calcium_channel" title="L-type calcium channel">L-type-selective</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Bay_K8644" title="Bay K8644">Bay K8644</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel" title="Potassium channel">Potassium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_potassium_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-gated potassium channels"><abbr title="Voltage-gated potassium channels">VGKCs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Voltage-gated potassium channels</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_blocker" title="Potassium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Diaminopyridine" class="mw-redirect" title="3,4-Diaminopyridine">3,4-Diaminopyridine (amifampridine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Aminopyridine" title="4-Aminopyridine">4-Aminopyridine (fampridine/dalfampridine)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adekalant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adekalant (page does not exist)">Adekalant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almokalant" title="Almokalant">Almokalant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiodarone" title="Amiodarone">Amiodarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azimilide" title="Azimilide">Azimilide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretylium" title="Bretylium">Bretylium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunaftine" title="Bunaftine">Bunaftine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charybdotoxin" title="Charybdotoxin">Charybdotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clamikalant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clamikalant (page does not exist)">Clamikalant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conotoxin" title="Conotoxin">Conotoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalazatide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dalazatide (page does not exist)">Dalazatide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrotoxin" title="Dendrotoxin">Dendrotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dofetilide" title="Dofetilide">Dofetilide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dronedarone" title="Dronedarone">Dronedarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-4031" title="E-4031">E-4031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanatoxin" title="Hanatoxin">Hanatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HgeTx1" title="HgeTx1">HgeTx1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HsTx1" title="HsTx1">HsTx1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibutilide" title="Ibutilide">Ibutilide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inakalant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inakalant (page does not exist)">Inakalant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliotoxin" title="Kaliotoxin">Kaliotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linopirdine" title="Linopirdine">Linopirdine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolitrem_B" title="Lolitrem B">Lolitrem B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurotoxin" title="Maurotoxin">Maurotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nifekalant" title="Nifekalant">Nifekalant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notoxin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Notoxin (page does not exist)">Notoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paxilline" title="Paxilline">Paxilline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinokalant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pinokalant (page does not exist)">Pinokalant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinidine" title="Quinidine">Quinidine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ShK-186&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ShK-186 (page does not exist)">ShK-186</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotalol" title="Sotalol">Sotalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tedisamil" title="Tedisamil">Tedisamil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terikalant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terikalant (page does not exist)">Terikalant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraethylammonium" title="Tetraethylammonium">Tetraethylammonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernakalant" title="Vernakalant">Vernakalant</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/HERG" title="HERG">hERG</a> (KCNH2, K<sub>v</sub>11.1)-specific:</b> <a href="/wiki/Ajmaline" title="Ajmaline">Ajmaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiodarone" title="Amiodarone">Amiodarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AmmTX3" title="AmmTX3">AmmTX3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astemizole" title="Astemizole">Astemizole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azaspiracid" title="Azaspiracid">Azaspiracid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AZD1305" title="AZD1305">AZD1305</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azimilide" title="Azimilide">Azimilide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedaquiline" title="Bedaquiline">Bedaquiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeKm-1_toxin" title="BeKm-1 toxin">BeKm-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BmTx3" title="BmTx3">BmTx3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRL-32872" title="BRL-32872">BRL-32872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">Chlorpromazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisapride" title="Cisapride">Cisapride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarithromycin" title="Clarithromycin">Clarithromycin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darifenacin" title="Darifenacin">Darifenacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">Dextropropoxyphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diallyl_trisulfide" title="Diallyl trisulfide">Diallyl trisulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domperidone" title="Domperidone">Domperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-4031" title="E-4031">E-4031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergtoxin" title="Ergtoxin">Ergtoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythromycin" title="Erythromycin">Erythromycin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigactonine" title="Gigactonine">Gigactonine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">Haloperidol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketoconazole" title="Ketoconazole">Ketoconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norpropoxyphene" title="Norpropoxyphene">Norpropoxyphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphenadrine" title="Orphenadrine">Orphenadrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimozide" title="Pimozide">Pimozide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PNU-282,987" title="PNU-282,987">PNU-282,987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promethazine" title="Promethazine">Promethazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinidine" title="Quinidine">Quinidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranolazine" title="Ranolazine">Ranolazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxithromycin" title="Roxithromycin">Roxithromycin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertindole" title="Sertindole">Sertindole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solifenacin" title="Solifenacin">Solifenacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamulotoxin" title="Tamulotoxin">Tamulotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terodiline" title="Terodiline">Terodiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terfenadine" title="Terfenadine">Terfenadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioridazine" title="Thioridazine">Thioridazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolterodine" title="Tolterodine">Tolterodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanoxerine" title="Vanoxerine">Vanoxerine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernakalant" title="Vernakalant">Vernakalant</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/KCNQ" title="KCNQ">KCNQ (K<sub>v</sub>7)</a>-specific:</b> <a href="/wiki/Linopirdine" title="Linopirdine">Linopirdine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=XE-991&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XE-991 (page does not exist)">XE-991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ssm_spooky_toxin" title="Ssm spooky toxin">Spooky toxin (SsTx)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_opener" title="Potassium channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/KCNQ" title="KCNQ">KCNQ (K<sub>v</sub>7)</a>-specific:</b> <a href="/wiki/Flupirtine" title="Flupirtine">Flupirtine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retigabine" title="Retigabine">Retigabine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Inwardly_rectifying_potassium_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Inwardly rectifying potassium channel"><abbr title="Inwardly rectifying potassium channel">IRKs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Inwardly rectifying potassium channel</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_blocker" title="Potassium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/ATP-sensitive_potassium_channel" title="ATP-sensitive potassium channel"><abbr title="ATP-sensitive potassium channel">K<sub>ATP</sub></abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel</span>-specific:</b> <a href="/wiki/Acetohexamide" title="Acetohexamide">Acetohexamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbutamide" title="Carbutamide">Carbutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpropamide" title="Chlorpropamide">Chlorpropamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glibenclamide" title="Glibenclamide">Glibenclamide (glyburide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glibornuride" title="Glibornuride">Glibornuride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glicaramide" title="Glicaramide">Glicaramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliclazide" title="Gliclazide">Gliclazide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glimepiride" title="Glimepiride">Glimepiride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glipizide" title="Glipizide">Glipizide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliquidone" title="Gliquidone">Gliquidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glisoxepide" title="Glisoxepide">Glisoxepide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glyclopyramide" title="Glyclopyramide">Glyclopyramide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glycyclamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glycyclamide (page does not exist)">Glycyclamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metahexamide" title="Metahexamide">Metahexamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitiglinide" title="Mitiglinide">Mitiglinide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nateglinide" title="Nateglinide">Nateglinide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repaglinide" title="Repaglinide">Repaglinide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolazamide" title="Tolazamide">Tolazamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolbutamide" title="Tolbutamide">Tolbutamide</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_inwardly_rectifying_potassium_channel" title="G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel"><abbr title="G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel">GIRK</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel</span>-specific:</b> <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caramiphen" title="Caramiphen">Caramiphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloperastine" title="Cloperastine">Cloperastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">Clozapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">Dextromethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethosuximide" title="Ethosuximide">Ethosuximide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifenprodil" title="Ifenprodil">Ifenprodil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertiapin" title="Tertiapin">Tertiapin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipepidine" title="Tipepidine">Tipepidine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_opener" title="Potassium channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/ATP-sensitive_potassium_channel" title="ATP-sensitive potassium channel"><abbr title="ATP-sensitive potassium channel">K<sub>ATP</sub></abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel</span>-specific:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aprikalim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aprikalim (page does not exist)">Aprikalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimakalim" title="Bimakalim">Bimakalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromakalim" title="Cromakalim">Cromakalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazoxide" title="Diazoxide">Diazoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emakalim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emakalim (page does not exist)">Emakalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levcromakalim" class="mw-redirect" title="Levcromakalim">Levcromakalim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mazokalim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mazokalim (page does not exist)">Mazokalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoxidil" title="Minoxidil">Minoxidil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoxidil_sulfate" title="Minoxidil sulfate">Minoxidil sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naminidil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naminidil (page does not exist)">Naminidil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicorandil" title="Nicorandil">Nicorandil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinacidil" title="Pinacidil">Pinacidil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rilmakalim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rilmakalim (page does not exist)">Rilmakalim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarakalim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarakalim (page does not exist)">Sarakalim</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_inwardly_rectifying_potassium_channel" title="G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel"><abbr title="G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel">GIRK</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel</span>-specific:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=ML-297&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ML-297 (page does not exist)">ML-297 (VU0456810)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium-activated_potassium_channel" title="Calcium-activated potassium channel"><abbr title="Calcium-activated potassium channel">K<sub>Ca</sub></abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Calcium-activated potassium channel</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_blocker" title="Potassium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/BK_channel" title="BK channel">BK<sub>Ca</sub></a>-specific:</b> <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GAL-021" class="mw-redirect" title="GAL-021">GAL-021</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_opener" title="Potassium channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/BK_channel" title="BK channel">BK<sub>Ca</sub></a>-specific:</b> <a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimesulide" title="Nimesulide">Nimesulide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rottlerin" title="Rottlerin">Rottlerin (mallotoxin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tandem_pore_domain_potassium_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tandem pore domain potassium channel"><abbr title="Tandem pore domain potassium channel">K2Ps</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Tandem pore domain potassium channel</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_blocker" title="Potassium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate" title="12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate">12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arachidonic_acid" title="Arachidonic acid">Arachidonic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfluoxetine" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfluoxetine">Norfluoxetine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_opener" title="Potassium channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riluzole" title="Riluzole">Riluzole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel" title="Sodium channel">Sodium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_sodium_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-gated sodium channels"><abbr title="Voltage-gated sodium channels">VGSCs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Voltage-gated sodium channels</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel_blocker" title="Sodium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Antianginals:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ranolazine" title="Ranolazine">Ranolazine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antiarrhythmics (class I):</i> <a href="/wiki/Ajmaline" title="Ajmaline">Ajmaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aprindine" title="Aprindine">Aprindine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disopyramide" title="Disopyramide">Disopyramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dronedarone" title="Dronedarone">Dronedarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encainide" title="Encainide">Encainide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flecainide" title="Flecainide">Flecainide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lidocaine" title="Lidocaine">Lidocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorajmine" title="Lorajmine">Lorajmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorcainide" title="Lorcainide">Lorcainide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexiletine" title="Mexiletine">Mexiletine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moracizine" title="Moracizine">Moricizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilsicainide" title="Pilsicainide">Pilsicainide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prajmaline" title="Prajmaline">Prajmaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procainamide" title="Procainamide">Procainamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propafenone" title="Propafenone">Propafenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinidine" title="Quinidine">Quinidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparteine" title="Sparteine">Sparteine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocainide" title="Tocainide">Tocainide</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Anticonvulsants:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acetylpheneturide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acetylpheneturide (page does not exist)">Acetylpheneturide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">Carbamazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenobamate" title="Cenobamate">Cenobamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorphenacemide" title="Chlorphenacemide">Chlorphenacemide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elpetrigine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elpetrigine (page does not exist)">Elpetrigine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eslicarbazepine_acetate" title="Eslicarbazepine acetate">Eslicarbazepine acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethotoin" title="Ethotoin">Ethotoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosphenytoin" title="Fosphenytoin">Fosphenytoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamotrigine" title="Lamotrigine">Lamotrigine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacosamide" title="Lacosamide">Lacosamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licarbazepine" title="Licarbazepine">Licarbazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephenytoin" title="Mephenytoin">Mephenytoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxcarbazepine" title="Oxcarbazepine">Oxcarbazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxitriptyline" title="Oxitriptyline">Oxitriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenacemide" title="Phenacemide">Phenacemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheneturide" title="Pheneturide">Pheneturide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenytoin" title="Phenytoin">Phenytoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufinamide" title="Rufinamide">Rufinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sipatrigine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sipatrigine (page does not exist)">Sipatrigine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_valproate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium valproate">Sodium valproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valnoctamide" title="Valnoctamide">Valnoctamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproate_pivoxil" title="Valproate pivoxil">Valproate pivoxil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproate_semisodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Valproate semisodium">Valproate semisodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Valproic acid">Valproic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valpromide" title="Valpromide">Valpromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonisamide" title="Zonisamide">Zonisamide</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Local anesthetics:</i> <a href="/wiki/3-(p-Fluorobenzoyloxy)tropane" title="3-(p-Fluorobenzoyloxy)tropane"><i>p</i>FBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amylocaine" title="Amylocaine">Amylocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articaine" title="Articaine">Articaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzocaine" title="Benzocaine">Benzocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupivacaine" title="Bupivacaine">Bupivacaine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Levobupivacaine" title="Levobupivacaine">Levobupivacaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ropivacaine" title="Ropivacaine">Ropivacaine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butacaine" title="Butacaine">Butacaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butamben" title="Butamben">Butamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroprocaine" title="Chloroprocaine">Chloroprocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinchocaine" title="Cinchocaine">Cinchocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclomethycaine" title="Cyclomethycaine">Cyclomethycaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethocaine" title="Dimethocaine">Dimethocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">Diphenhydramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etidocaine" title="Etidocaine">Etidocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexylcaine" title="Hexylcaine">Hexylcaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iontocaine" title="Iontocaine">Iontocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lidocaine" title="Lidocaine">Lidocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepivacaine" title="Mepivacaine">Mepivacaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meprylcaine" title="Meprylcaine">Meprylcaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabutoxycaine" title="Metabutoxycaine">Metabutoxycaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthocaine" title="Orthocaine">Orthocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperocaine" title="Piperocaine">Piperocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prilocaine" title="Prilocaine">Prilocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procaine" title="Procaine">Procaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propoxycaine" title="Propoxycaine">Propoxycaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxymetacaine" title="Proxymetacaine">Proxymetacaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risocaine" title="Risocaine">Risocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracaine" title="Tetracaine">Tetracaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimecaine" title="Trimecaine">Trimecaine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Analgesics:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=AZD-3161&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AZD-3161 (page does not exist)">AZD-3161</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSP-2230" title="DSP-2230">DSP-2230</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funapide" title="Funapide">Funapide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GDC-0276&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GDC-0276 (page does not exist)">GDC-0276</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NKTR-171&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NKTR-171 (page does not exist)">NKTR-171</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PF-04531083&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PF-04531083 (page does not exist)">PF-04531083</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-05089771" title="PF-05089771">PF-05089771</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralfinamide" title="Ralfinamide">Ralfinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raxatrigine" class="mw-redirect" title="Raxatrigine">Raxatrigine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RG7893&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RG7893 (page does not exist)">RG7893 (GDC-0287)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Toxins:</i> <a href="/wiki/Conotoxin" title="Conotoxin">Conotoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neosaxitoxin" title="Neosaxitoxin">Neosaxitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxitoxin" title="Saxitoxin">Saxitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">Tetrodotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zetekitoxin_AB" title="Zetekitoxin AB">Zetekitoxin AB</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Others:</i> <a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evenamide" title="Evenamide">Evenamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthol" title="Menthol">Menthol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">mint</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safinamide" title="Safinamide">Safinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">Tricyclic antidepressants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel_opener" title="Sodium channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aconitine" title="Aconitine">Aconitine</a></li> <li>Atracotoxins (<a href="/wiki/Omega-Atracotoxin" title="Omega-Atracotoxin">ω-Atracotoxin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robustoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Robustoxin">Robustoxin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Versutoxin" title="Versutoxin">Versutoxin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batrachotoxin" title="Batrachotoxin">Batrachotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciguatoxin" title="Ciguatoxin">Ciguatoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayanotoxin" title="Grayanotoxin">Grayanotoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poneratoxin" title="Poneratoxin">Poneratoxin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Epithelial_sodium_channel" title="Epithelial sodium channel"><abbr title="Epithelial sodium channel">ENaC</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Epithelial sodium channel</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel_blocker" title="Sodium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amiloride" title="Amiloride">Amiloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzamil" title="Benzamil">Benzamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triamterene" title="Triamterene">Triamterene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel_opener" title="Sodium channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solnatide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solnatide (page does not exist)">Solnatide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Acid-sensing_ion_channel" title="Acid-sensing ion channel"><abbr title="Acid-sensing ion channel">ASICs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Acid-sensing ion channel</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel_blocker" title="Sodium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-317567&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A-317567 (page does not exist)">A-317567</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiloride" title="Amiloride">Amiloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">Aspirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">Ibuprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PcTX1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PcTX1 (page does not exist)">PcTX1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chloride_channel" title="Chloride channel">Chloride</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium-activated_chloride_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium-activated chloride channel"><abbr title="Calcium-activated chloride channel">CaCCs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Calcium-activated chloride channel</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chloride_channel_blocker" title="Chloride channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crofelemer" title="Crofelemer">Crofelemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIDS" title="DIDS">DIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethacrynic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethacrynic acid">Ethacrynic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furosemide" title="Furosemide">Furosemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glibenclamide" title="Glibenclamide">Glibenclamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefloquine" title="Mefloquine">Mefloquine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mibefradil" title="Mibefradil">Mibefradil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chloride_channel_opener" title="Chloride channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbachol" title="Carbachol">Carbachol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis_transmembrane_conductance_regulator" title="Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator"><abbr title="Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator">CFTR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chloride_channel_blocker" title="Chloride channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glibenclamide" title="Glibenclamide">Glibenclamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonidamine" title="Lonidamine">Lonidamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piretanide" title="Piretanide">Piretanide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chloride_channel_opener" title="Chloride channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1,7-Phenanthroline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1,7-Phenanthroline (page does not exist)">1,7-Phenanthroline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,10-Phenanthroline" title="1,10-Phenanthroline">1,10-Phenanthroline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4,7-Phenanthroline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4,7-Phenanthroline (page does not exist)">4,7-Phenanthroline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7,8-Benzoquinoline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7,8-Benzoquinoline (page does not exist)">7,8-Benzoquinoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivacaftor" title="Ivacaftor">Ivacaftor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenanthridine" title="Phenanthridine">Phenanthridine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;">Unsorted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chloride_channel_blocker" title="Chloride channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bumetanide" title="Bumetanide">Bumetanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefenamic_acid" title="Mefenamic acid">Mefenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepacrine" title="Mepacrine">Mepacrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talniflumate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talniflumate (page does not exist)">Talniflumate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifluoperazine" title="Trifluoperazine">Trifluoperazine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Transient_receptor_potential_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Transient receptor potential channels"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential channels">TRPs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Transient receptor potential channels</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Transient_receptor_potential_channel_modulators" title="Template:Transient receptor potential channel modulators">here</a> instead.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ligand_gated_ion_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligand gated ion channels"><abbr title="Ligand gated ion channels">LGICs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Ligand gated ion channels</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Pharmacomodulation" title="Template:Pharmacomodulation">here</a> instead.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Transient_receptor_potential_channel_modulators" title="Template:Transient receptor potential channel modulators">Transient receptor potential channel modulators</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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