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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_law_and_traditionalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Natural law and traditionalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_law_and_traditionalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Populism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Populism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Populism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Populism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_stratification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_stratification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Social stratification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_stratification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Republic_of_China_(1912–1949)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_China_(1912–1949)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Republic of China (1912–1949)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_China_(1912–1949)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People's_Republic_of_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People's_Republic_of_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>People's Republic of China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People's_Republic_of_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Right-wing politics</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 85 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regs_(politiek)" title="Regs (politiek) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Regs (politiek)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="يمينية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يمينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreita_politica" title="Dreita politica – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Dreita politica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecha_pol%C3%ADtica" title="Derecha política – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Derecha política" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jokuaikuaa_akatuagua" title="Jokuaikuaa akatuagua – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Jokuaikuaa akatuagua" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C4%9F%C3%A7%C4%B1l%C4%B1q" title="Sağçılıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sağçılıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="ডানপন্থী রাজনীতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডানপন্থী রাজনীতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%AB-ph%C3%A0i" title="Iū-phài – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iū-phài" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_(%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Правыя (палітыка) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Правыя (палітыка)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Десница – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Десница" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreta" title="Dreta – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dreta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravice" title="Pravice – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pravice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwleidyddiaeth_yr_adain_dde" title="Gwleidyddiaeth yr adain dde – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwleidyddiaeth yr adain dde" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8jreorienteret" title="Højreorienteret – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Højreorienteret" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86_(%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9)" title="ليمن (سياسة) – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ليمن (سياسة)" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politische_Rechte_(Politik)" title="Politische Rechte (Politik) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Politische Rechte (Politik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parempoolsus" title="Parempoolsus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Parempoolsus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%AC_(%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE)" title="Δεξιά (πολιτική) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δεξιά (πολιτική)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecha_pol%C3%ADtica" title="Derecha política – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Derecha política" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika_dekstro" title="Politika dekstro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Politika dekstro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskuin_politiko" title="Eskuin politiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eskuin politiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA_(%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="راست (گرایش سیاسی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راست (گرایش سیاسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8grahallur_politikkur" title="Høgrahallur politikkur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Høgrahallur politikkur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droite_(politique)" title="Droite (politique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Droite (politique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rjochts_(polityk)" title="Rjochts (polityk) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Rjochts (polityk)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eite_dheis" title="Eite dheis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eite dheis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dereita_pol%C3%ADtica" title="Dereita política – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dereita política" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%9D%B5" title="우익 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우익" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyasa_ta_dama" title="Siyasa ta dama – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Siyasa ta dama" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BB%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Աջեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աջեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="दक्षिणपन्थी राजनीति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दक्षिणपन्थी राजनीति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politi%C4%8Dka_desnica" title="Politička desnica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Politička desnica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik_sayap_kanan" title="Politik sayap kanan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Politik sayap kanan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A6gristefna" title="Hægristefna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hægristefna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destra_(politica)" title="Destra (politica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Destra (politica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9F" title="פוליטיקת ימין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פוליטיקת ימין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A5%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF" title="ಬಲಪಂಥೀಯ ರಾಜಕೀಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಲಪಂಥೀಯ ರಾಜಕೀಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="მემარჯვენეობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მემარჯვენეობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D2%A3%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_(%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Оңшылдар (саясат) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Оңшылдар (саясат)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mil%C3%AA_rast%C3%AA" title="Milê rastê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Milê rastê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab%C4%93ja_politika" title="Labēja politika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Labēja politika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riets_(Politik)" title="Riets (Politik) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Riets (Politik)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politin%C4%97_de%C5%A1in%C4%97" title="Politinė dešinė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Politinė dešinė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destra_(politega)" title="Destra (politega) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Destra (politega)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jobboldal" title="Jobboldal – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jobboldal" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Десница (политика) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Десница (политика)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="വലതുപക്ഷ രാഷ്ട്രീയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വലതുപക്ഷ രാഷ്ട്രീയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="दक्षिणपंथी राजकारण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दक्षिणपंथी राजकारण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="يمينيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يمينيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik_haluan_kanan" title="Politik haluan kanan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Politik haluan kanan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreita_pol%C3%ADtica" title="Dreita política – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Dreita política" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechts_(politiek)" title="Rechts (politiek) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rechts (politiek)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="दक्षिणपन्थी राजनीति – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="दक्षिणपन्थी राजनीति" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B3%E7%BF%BC" title="右翼 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="右翼" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8yresiden" title="Høyresiden – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Høyresiden" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8gresida" title="Høgresida – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Høgresida" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drecha_(politica)" title="Drecha (politica) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Drecha (politica)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%87-%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80" title="ਸੱਜੇ-ਪੱਖੀ ਰਾਜਨੀਤੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੱਜੇ-ਪੱਖੀ ਰਾਜਨੀਤੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drita_(pol%C3%ACtica)" title="Drita (polìtica) – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Drita (polìtica)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prawica" title="Prawica – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prawica" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direita_(pol%C3%ADtica)" title="Direita (política) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Direita (política)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreapta_politic%C4%83" title="Dreapta politică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dreapta politică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Правые – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Правые" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika_e_djatht%C3%AB" title="Politika e djathtë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Politika e djathtë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="දක්ෂිණාංශික දේශපාලනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දක්ෂිණාංශික දේශපාලනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Right-wing politics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%84%D9%8A_%DA%8C%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="ساڄي ڌر وارا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ساڄي ڌر وارا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravica_(politika)" title="Pravica (politika) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pravica (politika)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politi%C4%8Dna_desnica" title="Politična desnica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Politična desnica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%95%DB%95%D9%88%DB%8C" title="ڕاستڕەوی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕاستڕەوی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Десница – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Десница" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desnica" title="Desnica – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Desnica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oikeisto" title="Oikeisto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Oikeisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politisk_h%C3%B6ger" title="Politisk höger – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Politisk höger" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="வலது சாரி அரசியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வலது சாரி அரசியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9D%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2" title="การเมืองฝ่ายขวา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การเมืองฝ่ายขวา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C4%9Fc%C4%B1l%C4%B1k" title="Sağcılık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" 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For the term used in sport, see <a href="/wiki/Winger_(sports)" title="Winger (sports)">Winger (sports)</a>. For political freedoms, see <a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political rights</a>. 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Party politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centre</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Right-wing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_party" title="Bloc party">Bloc party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_party" title="Elite party">Elite party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartel_party_theory" title="Cartel party theory">Cartel party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_competition" title="Electoral competition">Competitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_tent" title="Big tent">Catch-all party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business-firm_party" title="Business-firm party">Entrepreneurial party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_party" title="Ethnic party">Ethnic party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_party" title="Major party">Major party</a> / <a href="/wiki/Minor_party" title="Minor party">Minor party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_politics" title="Mass politics">Mass party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_party" title="Ruling party">Ruling party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(politics)" title="Opposition (politics)">Opposition party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_opposition" title="Parliamentary opposition">Parliamentary opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_power" title="Party of power">Party of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_party_status" title="Official party status">Official party status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-issue_politics#Single-issue_parties" title="Single-issue politics">Single-issue party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_political_party" title="Transnational political party">Transnational</a> / <a href="/wiki/Political_international" title="Political international">International</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Leaders and organization</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backbencher" title="Backbencher">Backbencher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucus" title="Caucus">Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucus_chair" title="Caucus chair">Caucus chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontbencher" title="Frontbencher">Frontbencher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_candidate" title="Lead candidate">Lead candidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition" title="Leader of the Opposition">Leader of the Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_leader" title="Majority leader">Majority leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_leader" title="Minority leader">Minority leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_faction" title="Political faction">Political faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_leader" title="Parliamentary leader">Parliamentary leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_chair" title="Party chair">Party chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_leader" title="Party leader">Party leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_spokesperson" title="Party spokesperson">Party spokesperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_(title)" title="Secretary (title)">Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_cabinet" title="Shadow cabinet">Shadow cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whip_(politics)" title="Whip (politics)">Whip</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Internal elections</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">Primary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_election" title="Leadership election">Leadership election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_conference" title="Party conference">Party convention/conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_convention" title="Leadership convention">Leadership convention</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Party_discipline" title="Party discipline">Party discipline</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscience_vote" title="Conscience vote">Conscience vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_floor" title="Crossing the floor">Crossing the floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_discipline" title="Party discipline">Party discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_line_(politics)" title="Party line (politics)">Party line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party-line_vote" title="Party-line vote">Party-line vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_switching" title="Party switching">Party switching</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Party_system" title="Party system">Party systems</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">Dominant-party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">Two-party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">Multi-party</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-partisan_democracy" title="Non-partisan democracy">Non-partisan</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Coalition" title="Coalition">Coalitions</a> between parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_group" title="Parliamentary group">Parliamentary group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divided_government" title="Divided government">Divided government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">Coalition government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">Confidence and supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_democracy" title="Consensus democracy">Consensus government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_coalition" title="Grand coalition">Grand coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament">Hung parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">Majority government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">Minority government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_unity_government" title="National unity government">National unity government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotation_government" title="Rotation government">Rotation government</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_political_parties" title="Lists of political parties">Lists of political parties</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ruling_political_parties_by_country" title="List of ruling political parties by country">Ruling parties by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_by_region" title="List of political parties by region">Political parties by region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banned_political_parties" title="List of banned political parties">Banned political parties</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Party_politics" title="Template:Party politics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Party_politics" title="Template talk:Party politics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Party_politics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Party politics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Right-wing politics</b> is the range of <a href="/wiki/Ideology#Political_ideologies" title="Ideology">political ideologies</a> that view certain <a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">social orders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">hierarchies</a> as inevitable, natural, normal, or desirable,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> typically supporting this position based on <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authority</a>, <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">tradition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carlisle_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carlisle-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-T._Alexander_Smith_2003._p._30_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T._Alexander_Smith_2003._p._30-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Allan_Cameron_pg._37_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allan_Cameron_pg._37-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fuchs,_D._1990._p._203_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fuchs,_D._1990._p._203-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lukes_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lukes-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clark_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hierarchy and <a href="/wiki/Social_inequality" title="Social inequality">inequality</a> may be seen as natural results of traditional social differences<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or competition in <a href="/wiki/Market_economies" class="mw-redirect" title="Market economies">market economies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Right-wing politics are considered the counterpart to <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing politics</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_political_spectrum" title="Left–right political spectrum">left–right political spectrum</a> is the most common <a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">political spectrum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The right includes <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Social conservatives">social conservatives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiscal conservatives">fiscal conservatives</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">right-libertarians</a>. "Right" and "right-wing" have been variously used as compliments and <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejoratives</a> describing <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascist</a> economic and social ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Positions">Positions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_politics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Positions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following positions are typically associated with right-wing politics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_politics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Anti-communism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Right-wing_politics" title="Special:EditPage/Right-wing politics">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Early <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communists</a> used the term "right-wing" in reference to conservatives, placing the conservatives on the right, the liberals in the centre and the communists on the left. Both the conservatives and the liberals were strongly <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communist</a>, although conservatives' anti-communism is much stronger than liberals'. The history of the use of the term <i>right-wing</i> about anti-communism is a complicated one.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early Marxist movements were at odds with the traditional monarchies that ruled over much of the <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> continent at the time. Many European monarchies outlawed the public expression of communist views and the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">Communist Manifesto</a></i>, which began "[a] spectre [that] is haunting Europe", and stated that monarchs feared for their thrones. Advocacy of communism was illegal in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, the three most powerful monarchies in continental Europe before <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Many monarchists (except <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchists</a>) viewed inequality in wealth and political power as resulting from a divine natural order. The struggle between monarchists and communists was often described as a struggle between the Right and the Left. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%97%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8E.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%D0%97%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8E.jpg/220px-%D0%97%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8E.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%D0%97%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8E.jpg/330px-%D0%97%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8E.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%D0%97%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8E.jpg/440px-%D0%97%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8E.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1486" data-file-height="2386" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">Anti-communist</a> propaganda poster depicting the <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a> which says "For a united Russia", 1919</figcaption></figure> <p>By <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, in most European monarchies the <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divine right of kings</a> had become discredited and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> movements. Most European monarchs became figureheads, or they yielded some power to elected governments. The most conservative European monarchy, the Russian Empire, was replaced by the communist <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> inspired a series of other <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">communist revolutions across Europe in the years 1917–1923</a>. Many of these, such as the <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution">German Revolution</a>, were defeated by nationalist and monarchist military units. During this period, nationalism began to be considered right-wing, especially when it opposed the internationalism of the communists. </p><p>The 1920s and 1930s saw the decline of traditional right-wing politics. The mantle of conservative anti-communism was taken up by the rising <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> movements on the one hand and by American-inspired <a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">liberal conservatives</a> on the other. When communist groups and political parties began appearing around the world, their opponents were usually <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial authorities</a> and the term <i>right-wing</i> came to be applied to <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>. </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, communism became a global phenomenon and anti-communism became an integral part of the domestic and foreign policies of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and its <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> allies. Conservatism in the post-war era abandoned its monarchist and aristocratic roots, focusing instead on patriotism, religious values, and nationalism. Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, postcolonial governments in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> turned to the United States for political and economic support. Communists were also enemies of capitalism, portraying <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a> as the oppressor of the masses. The United States made anti-communism the top priority of its foreign policy, and many American conservatives sought to combat what they saw as communist influence at home. This led to the adoption of several domestic policies that are collectively known under the term <i><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></i>. While both liberals and conservatives were anti-communist, the followers of Senator McCarthy were called <i>right-wing</i> and those on the right called liberals who favored free speech, even for communists, <i>leftist</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_politics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg/220px-Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg/330px-Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg/440px-Sanzio_01_Plato_Aristotle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="804" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (right)</figcaption></figure> <p>Early forms of corporatism would be developed in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a> and used in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>. Plato would develop the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">communitarian</a> corporatist systems of natural based classes and social hierarchies that would be organized based on function, such that groups would cooperate to achieve social harmony by emphasizing <a href="/wiki/Collectivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivism">collectives</a> interests over <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individual</a> interests.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Corporatism as a <a href="/wiki/Political_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Political ideology">political ideology</a> advocates the organization of society by <a href="/wiki/Corporate_group_(sociology)" title="Corporate group (sociology)">corporate groups</a>—such as agricultural, labour, military, scientific, or guild associations—based on their common interests.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clarke,_Paul_A._B._2001._Pp._113_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke,_Paul_A._B._2001._Pp._113-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of Rome">decline of the Western Roman Empire</a> corporatism became limited to <a href="/wiki/Religious_order" title="Religious order">religious orders</a> and to the idea of Christian brotherhood, especially in the context of economic transactions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> onwards corporatist organizations became increasingly common in Europe, including such groups as religious orders, <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confraternity" title="Confraternity">fraternities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)" title="Military order (religious society)">military orders</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a>, educational organizations such as the emerging <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">universities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Learned_society" title="Learned society">learned societies</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter" title="Municipal charter">chartered</a> <a href="/wiki/German_town_law" title="German town law">towns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">cities</a>, and most notably the <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guild system</a> which dominated the economics of population centers in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In post-revolutionary France, the Right fought against the rising power of those who had grown rich through commerce, and sought to preserve the rights of the hereditary nobility. They were uncomfortable with capitalism, the Enlightenment, individualism, and industrialism, and fought to retain traditional social hierarchies and institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-Parliaments_1988_pp._287–302_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parliaments_1988_pp._287–302-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Appleby_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appleby-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Europe's history, there have been strong <a href="/wiki/Collectivism_and_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivism and individualism">collectivist</a> right-wing movements, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">social Catholic right</a>, that have exhibited hostility to all forms of <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">economic liberalism</a>) and have historically advocated for paternalist class harmony involving an organic-hierarchical society where workers are protected while class hierarchy remains.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the nineteenth century, the Right had shifted to support the newly rich in some European countries (particularly Britain) and instead of favouring the nobility over industrialists, favoured capitalists over the working class. Other right-wing movements—such as <a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a> in Spain and nationalist movements in France, Germany, and Russia—remained hostile to capitalism and industrialism. Nevertheless, a few right-wing movements—notably the French <a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a>, <a href="/wiki/CasaPound" title="CasaPound">CasaPound</a>, and American <a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">paleoconservatism</a>—are often in opposition to capitalist ethics and the effects they have on society. These forces see capitalism and industrialism as infringing upon or causing the decay of social traditions or hierarchies that are essential for social order.<sup id="cite_ref-Fascism_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fascism-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern times, "right-wing" is sometimes used to describe <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire"><i>laissez-faire</i> capitalism</a>. In Europe, capitalists formed alliances with the Right during their conflicts with workers after 1848. In France, the Right's support of capitalism can be traced to the late nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-Knapp_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knapp-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The so-called <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberal</a> Right, popularised by <a href="/wiki/US_President" class="mw-redirect" title="US President">US President</a> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and <a href="/wiki/UK_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Prime Minister">UK Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>, combines support for <a href="/wiki/Free_markets" class="mw-redirect" title="Free markets">free markets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Privatisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Privatisation">privatisation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a> with traditional right-wing support for social conformity.<sup id="cite_ref-Lukes_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lukes-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-wing libertarianism</a> (sometimes known as <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">libertarian conservatism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Conservative_libertarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative libertarianism">conservative libertarianism</a>) supports a decentralised economy based on <a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">economic freedom</a> and holds <a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">property rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_markets" class="mw-redirect" title="Free markets">free markets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> to be the most important kinds of freedom. Political theorist Russell Kirk believed that freedom and property rights were interlinked.<sup id="cite_ref-heritage.org_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heritage.org-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationalism">Nationalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_politics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neo-nationalism" title="Neo-nationalism">Neo-nationalism</a></div> <p>In France, <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> was originally a left-wing and republican ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Georges_Ernest_Boulanger" title="Georges Ernest Boulanger">the period of <i>boulangisme</i></a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a>, nationalism became a trait of the right-wing.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Right-wing nationalists sought to define and defend a "true" national identity from elements which they believed were corrupting that identity.<sup id="cite_ref-Knapp_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knapp-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some were <a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">supremacists</a>, who in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">social Darwinism</a> applied the concept of "<a href="/wiki/Survival_of_the_fittest" title="Survival of the fittest">survival of the fittest</a>" to <a href="/wiki/Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Nations">nations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">races</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Right-wing nationalism was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic nationalism</a> in which the state derives its political legitimacy from the organic unity of those who it governs. This generally includes the language, race, culture, religion, and customs of the nation, all of which were "born" within its culture. Linked with right-wing nationalism is <a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">cultural conservatism</a>, which supports the preservation of the heritage of a nation or culture and often sees deviations from cultural norms as an existential threat.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the 21st century, <a href="/wiki/Neo-nationalism" title="Neo-nationalism">neo-nationalism</a> came to prominence after the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>. It is typically associated with cultural conservatism, <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">populism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">anti-globalization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">nativism</a> and is <a href="/wiki/Anti-immigration" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-immigration">opposed to immigration</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> takes historical association in determining membership in a nation, rather than <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racial concepts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_law_and_traditionalism">Natural law and traditionalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_politics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Natural law and traditionalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Right-wing politics typically justifies a hierarchical society based on <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural law</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">tradition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-T._Alexander_Smith_2003._p._30_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T._Alexander_Smith_2003._p._30-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Allan_Cameron_pg._37_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allan_Cameron_pg._37-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fuchs,_D._1990._p._203_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fuchs,_D._1990._p._203-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lukes_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lukes-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clark_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated68_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated68-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionalism was advocated by a group of United States university professors (labelled the "New Conservatives" by the popular press) who rejected the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modernity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Social progress">social progress</a>, seeking instead to promote what they identified as cultural and educational renewal<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a revived interest in concepts perceived by traditionalists as truths that endure from age to age alongside basic institutions of western society such as the church, the family, the state, and business. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Populism">Populism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_politics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Populism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Right-wing populism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TeaPartyByFreedomFan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d8/TeaPartyByFreedomFan.JPG/220px-TeaPartyByFreedomFan.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d8/TeaPartyByFreedomFan.JPG/330px-TeaPartyByFreedomFan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d8/TeaPartyByFreedomFan.JPG/440px-TeaPartyByFreedomFan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Tea Party protesters walk towards the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Taxpayer_March_on_Washington" title="Taxpayer March on Washington">Taxpayer March on Washington</a>, 12 September 2009.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Right-wing populism</a> is a combination of <a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">civic-nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_nationalism" title="Cultural nationalism">cultural-nationalism</a> and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethno-nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">localism</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Anti-elitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-elitism">anti-elitism</a>, using populist rhetoric to provide a critique of existing political institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Margaret Canovan, a right-wing populist is "a charismatic leader, using the tactics of politicians' populism to go past the politicians and intellectual elite and appeal to the reactionary sentiments of the populace, often buttressing his claim to speak for the people by the use of referendums".<sup id="cite_ref-Canovan_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canovan-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Europe, right-wing populism often takes the form of distrust of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, and of politicians in general, combined with <a href="/wiki/Anti-immigrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-immigrant">anti-immigrant</a> rhetoric and a call for a return to traditional, national values.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daniel Stockemer states, the radical right is, "Targeting immigrants as a threat to employment, security and cultural cohesion."<sup id="cite_ref-Daniel_Stockemer_2016_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daniel_Stockemer_2016-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a> stated that the core beliefs for membership were the primacy of individual liberties as defined by the Constitution of the United States, preference for a small federal government, and respect for the rule of law. Some policy positions included opposition to illegal immigration and support for a strong national military force, the right to individual gun ownership, cutting taxes, reducing government spending, and balancing the budget.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Indonesia, Islamic populism has a significant impact on right-wing politics.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This largely due to the historical context which Islamic organizations had during the 1960s in destroying the Indonesian Communist Party.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whilst the party is adopting democratic processes with neo-liberal market economies, socially pluralist positions aren't necessarily adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Islamic populism in Indonesia has boosted its influence in 1998 after the demise of the Suharto authoritarian regime.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islamic populism in Indonesia has similar properties with Islamic populist regimes like in the Middle East, Turkey and North Africa (MENA).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emphasis on social justice, pluralism, equality and progressive agendas could be potentially mobilized by Islamic cultural resources.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_46-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In India, <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> supporters have more authoritarian, nativist, and populist ideas than other Indian citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Narendra Modi, the BJP, populism is a core part of the party's ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main populist idea is that the ordinary, "good" individuals are continuously under attack from the "bad" political forces, media, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Narendra Modi became the leader of the BJP, it has increasingly been associated as a populist radical right party (PRR), however, traditionally the party was viewed as a Hindu nationalist party.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_politics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prithvi_Narayan_Shah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah.jpg/170px-Prithvi_Narayan_Shah.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah.jpg/255px-Prithvi_Narayan_Shah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah.jpg/340px-Prithvi_Narayan_Shah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="796" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maharajadhiraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharajadhiraja">Maharajadhiraja</a> <a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah" title="Prithvi Narayan Shah">Prithvi Narayan Shah</a> (1723–1775), <a href="/wiki/King_of_Nepal" title="King of Nepal">King of Nepal</a>, propagated the ideals of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu text</a> the <a href="/wiki/Dharmasastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmasastra">Dharmasastra</a> as his kingdom's ruling ideology.</figcaption></figure> <p>Philosopher and diplomat <a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Joseph de Maistre</a> argued for the indirect authority of the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> over temporal matters. According to Maistre, only governments which were founded upon Christian constitutions—which were implicit in the customs and institutions of all European societies, especially the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Catholic</a> European monarchies—could avoid the disorder and bloodshed that followed the implementation of <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalist</a> political programs, such as the chaos which occurred during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. Some prelates of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>–established by <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> and headed by the current sovereign—are given seats in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Lords_Spiritual" title="Lords Spiritual">Lords Spiritual</a>), but they are considered politically neutral rather than specifically right- or left-wing. </p><p>American right-wing media outlets oppose sex outside marriage and <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a>, and they sometimes reject scientific positions on <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> and other matters where science tends to disagree with the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">family values</a></i> has been used by right-wing parties—such as the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> in the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Family_First_Party" title="Family First Party">Family First Party</a> in Australia, the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> in the United Kingdom, and the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> in India—to signify support for traditional families and opposition to the changes the modern world has made in how families live. Supporters of "family values" may oppose <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">euthanasia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside the West, the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalist movement</a> has attracted privileged groups which fear encroachment on their dominant positions, as well as "plebeian" and impoverished groups which seek recognition around a majoritarian rhetoric of cultural pride, order, and national strength.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Israel, <a href="/wiki/Meir_Kahane" title="Meir Kahane">Meir Kahane</a> advocated that Israel should be a <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocratic state</a>, where non-<a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> have no voting rights,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the far-right <a href="/wiki/Lehava" title="Lehava">Lehava</a> strictly opposes Jewish assimilation and the Christian presence in Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Defence_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Defence League">Jewish Defence League</a> (JDL) in the United States was classified as "a right wing terrorist group" by the FBI in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> groups have been called right-wing, including the <a href="/wiki/Great_Union_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Union Party">Great Union Party</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Combatant_Clergy_Association" title="Combatant Clergy Association">Combatant Clergy Association</a>/Association of Militant Clergy,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Society_of_Engineers" title="Islamic Society of Engineers">Islamic Society of Engineers</a> of Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_stratification">Social stratification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_politics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Social stratification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kirk_1962.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kirk_1962.jpg/170px-Kirk_1962.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kirk_1962.jpg/255px-Kirk_1962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kirk_1962.jpg/340px-Kirk_1962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="982" /></a><figcaption>Russell Kirk, 1963</figcaption></figure> <p>Right-wing politics involves, in varying degrees, the rejection of some <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarian</a> objectives of <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing politics</a>, claiming either that <a href="/wiki/Social_inequality" title="Social inequality">social</a> or <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic inequality</a> is natural and inevitable or that it is beneficial to society.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated68_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated68-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Right-wing ideologies and movements support <a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">social order</a>. The original French right-wing was called "the party of order" and held that France needed a strong political leader to keep order.<sup id="cite_ref-Knapp_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knapp-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conservative British scholar R. J. White, who rejects egalitarianism, wrote: "Men are equal before God and the laws, but unequal in all else; hierarchy is the order of nature, and privilege is the reward of honourable service".<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2003_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2003-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American conservative <a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Russell Kirk</a> also rejected egalitarianism as imposing sameness, stating: "Men are created different; and a government that ignores this law becomes an unjust government for it sacrifices nobility to mediocrity".<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2003_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2003-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kirk took as one of the "canons" of conservatism the principle that "civilized society requires orders and classes".<sup id="cite_ref-heritage.org_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heritage.org-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italian scholar <a href="/wiki/Norberto_Bobbio" title="Norberto Bobbio">Norberto Bobbio</a> argued that the right-wing is inegalitarian compared to the left-wing, as he argued that equality is a relative, not absolute, concept.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right libertarians</a> reject collective or state-imposed equality as undermining reward for personal merit, initiative, and enterprise.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2003_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2003-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In their view, such imposed equality is unjust, limits personal freedom, and leads to social uniformity and mediocrity.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2003_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2003-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the view of philosopher <a href="/wiki/Jason_Stanley" title="Jason Stanley">Jason Stanley</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/How_Fascism_Works" title="How Fascism Works">How Fascism Works</a></i>, the "politics of hierarchy" is one of the hallmarks of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>, which refers to a "glorious past" in which members of the rightfully dominant group sat atop the hierarchy, and attempt to recreate this state of being.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_politics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_History_of_Political_Thought" title="The Cambridge History of Political Thought">The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought</a></i>, the Right has gone through five distinct historical stages:<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>The reactionary right sought a return to <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">established religion</a>.</li> <li>The moderate right distrusted intellectuals and sought limited government.</li> <li>The radical right favored a <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">romantic</a> and aggressive form of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>.</li> <li>The extreme right proposed <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">anti-immigration</a> policies and implicit <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neo-liberal</a> right sought to combine a market economy and economic deregulation with the traditional right-wing beliefs in <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">patriotism</a>, elitism and law and order.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2018)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ol> <p>The political terms <a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_political_spectrum" title="Left–right political spectrum"><i>Left</i> and <i>Right</i></a> were first used in the 18th century, during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, referencing the seating arrangement of the <a href="/wiki/French_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="French parliament">French parliament</a>. Those who sat to the right of the chair of the presiding officer (<i>le président</i>) were generally supportive of the institutions of the <a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">monarchist</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Old Regime</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Parliaments_1988_pp._287–302_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parliaments_1988_pp._287–302-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Knapp_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knapp-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original "Right" in France was formed in reaction to the "Left" and comprised those supporting hierarchy, tradition, and <a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">clericalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Carlisle_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carlisle-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 693">: 693 </span></sup> The expression <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">la droite</i></span> ("the right") increased in use after the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France#Second_Restoration" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">restoration of the monarchy in 1815</a>, when it was applied to the <a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">ultra-royalists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 1830s to the 1880s, the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a> structure and economy shifted from <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a> towards <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This shift affected <a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">centre-right</a> movements such as the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">British Conservative Party</a>, which responded supporting capitalism.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The people of <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="English-speaking countries">English-speaking countries</a> did not apply the terms <i>right</i> and <i>left</i> to their politics until the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>right-wing</i> was originally applied to <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">traditional conservatives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">monarchists</a>, and reactionaries; a revision of this which occurred sometime between the 1920s and 1950s considers the <i><a href="/wiki/Extreme_right-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme right-wing">far-right</a> to</i> denote <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Racial_supremacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial supremacy">racial supremacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rightist regimes were common in Europe in the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a>, 1919–1938.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_politics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Republic_of_China_(1912–1949)"><span id="Republic_of_China_.281912.E2.80.931949.29"></span>Republic of China (1912–1949)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_politics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Republic of China (1912–1949)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT)'s conservatives during the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dai_Jitao_Thought" title="Dai Jitao Thought">Dai Jitao Thought</a> supporters formed the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hills_Group" title="Western Hills Group">Western Hills Group</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1920s" title="1920s">1920s</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> initially claimed himself as a 'centrist' in the KMT left-right conflict, but became an anti-communist right-wing after <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_massacre" title="Shanghai massacre">Shanghai massacre</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a> (or 'Chiang Kai-shek Thought') was related to <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">state capitalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">paternalistic conservatism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese nationalism</a> (which included <a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Asia#China" title="Fascism in Asia">fascistic</a> elements). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="People's_Republic_of_China"><span id="People.27s_Republic_of_China"></span>People's Republic of China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_politics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: People's Republic of China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Neoauthoritarianism_(China)" title="Neoauthoritarianism (China)">Neoauthoritarianism (China)</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) describes itself as <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a>, and has not officially abandoned leftist ideology, <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">socialism with Chinese characteristics</a>. Christer Pursiainen has characterized the CCP as a right-wing political party,<sup id="cite_ref-Christer_Pursiainen_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christer_Pursiainen-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pointing to an ideological change within the party under <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a>'s leadership during the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Christer_Pursiainen_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christer_Pursiainen-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_politics&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Left–right politics">Left–right politics</a></div> <p>The political term <i>right-wing</i> was first used during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> deputies of the <a href="/wiki/Estates-General_of_1789" class="mw-redirect" title="Estates-General of 1789">Third Estate</a> generally sat to the left of the presiding officer's chair, a custom that began in the <a href="/wiki/Estates_General_(France)" title="Estates General (France)">Estates General</a> of 1789. The nobility, members of the <a href="/wiki/Estates_General_(France)" title="Estates General (France)">Second Estate</a>, generally sat to the right. In the successive <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_(France)" title="Legislative Assembly (France)">legislative assemblies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">monarchists</a> who supported the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Old Regime</a> were commonly referred to as rightists because they sat on the right side. A major figure on the right was <a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Joseph de Maistre</a>, who argued for an <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> form of <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatism</a>. </p><p>Throughout <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_19th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="France in the 19th century">France in the 19th century</a>, the main line dividing the left and right was between supporters of the republic and those of the monarchy, who were often secularist and Catholic respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Knapp_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knapp-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the right, the <a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalists</a> held <a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">counter-revolutionary</a> views, while the <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanists</a> hoped to create a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> under their preferred branch of the royal family, which briefly became a reality after the 1830 <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a>. </p><p>The centre-right Gaullists in post-World War II France advocated considerable social spending on education and infrastructure development as well as extensive economic regulation, but limited the wealth redistribution measures characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungary">Hungary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_politics&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dominance of the political right of <a href="/wiki/Hungary_between_the_two_world_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungary between the two world wars">inter-war Hungary</a>, after the collapse of a short-lived Communist regime, was described by historian <a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_De%C3%A1k" title="István Deák">István Deák</a>: </p> <dl><dd>Between 1919 and 1944 Hungary was a rightist country. Forged out of a counter-revolutionary heritage, its governments advocated a "nationalist Christian" policy; they extolled heroism, faith, and unity; they despised the French Revolution, and they spurned the liberal and socialist ideologies of the 19th century. The governments saw Hungary as a bulwark against <a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">bolshevism</a> and bolshevism's instruments: <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">cosmopolitanism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a>. They perpetrated the rule of a small clique of aristocrats, civil servants, and army officers, and surrounded with adulation the head of the state, the counterrevolutionary <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Admiral Horthy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_politics&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/Freedom_fighters_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom fighters of India">freedom fighters</a> are favoured, the right-wing tendency to elect or appoint politicians and government officials based on aristocratic and religious ties is common to almost all the states of India.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multiple political parties however identify with terms and beliefs which are, by political consensus, right or left wing. Certain political parties such as the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>, identify with conservative<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and nationalist elements. Some, such as the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>, take a liberal stance. The <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">Communist Party of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party of India (Marxist)</a>, and others, identify with left-wing socialist and communist concepts. Other political parties take differing stands, and hence cannot be clearly grouped as the left- and the right-wing.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_politics&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Socialism_Throttling_the_Country.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Socialism_Throttling_the_Country.jpg/220px-Socialism_Throttling_the_Country.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Socialism_Throttling_the_Country.jpg/330px-Socialism_Throttling_the_Country.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Socialism_Throttling_the_Country.jpg/440px-Socialism_Throttling_the_Country.jpg 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="731" /></a><figcaption>1909 <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> poster</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_politics&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In British politics, the terms <i>right</i> and <i>left</i> came into common use for the first time in the late 1930s during debates over the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_politics&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anticommunist_Literature_1950s.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Anticommunist_Literature_1950s.png/220px-Anticommunist_Literature_1950s.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Anticommunist_Literature_1950s.png 1.5x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption>American <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> of the 1950s, specifically addressing the entertainment industry</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This section has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Right-wing_politics" title="Special:EditPage/Right-wing politics">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Right-wing_politics" title="Talk:Right-wing politics">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_politics&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this section is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Right-wing_politics##" title="Talk:Right-wing politics">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the United States, following the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, social conservatives joined with right-wing elements of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> to gain support in traditionally <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> voting populations like white southerners and <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan's</a> election to the presidency in 1980 cemented the alliance between the <a href="/wiki/Religious_right_in_the_United_States" title="Religious right in the United States">religious right in the United States</a> and social conservatives.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, the United States populace leaned <a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">center-right</a>, with 37% of Americans self-identifying as <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a>, compared to 35% moderate and 24% <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberal</a>. This was continuing a decades long trend of the country leaning center-right.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">United States Department of Homeland Security</a> defines right-wing extremism in the United States as "broadly divided into those groups, movements, and adherents that are primarily hate-oriented (based on hatred of particular religious, racial or ethnic groups), and those that are mainly anti-government, rejecting federal authority in favor of state or local authority, or rejecting government authority entirely. It may include groups and individuals that are dedicated to a single issue, such as opposition to abortion or immigration."<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_politics&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The meaning of right-wing "varies across societies, historical epochs, and political systems and ideologies."<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i>The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics</i>, in liberal democracies, the political right opposes <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a>. Right-wing parties include <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democrats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalists</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascists</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Far-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right">far-right</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British academics <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_O%27Sullivan" title="Noël O'Sullivan">Noël O'Sullivan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Eatwell" title="Roger Eatwell">Roger Eatwell</a> divide the right into five types: reactionary, moderate, radical, extreme, and new.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chip_Berlet" title="Chip Berlet">Chip Berlet</a> wrote that each of these "styles of thought" are "responses to the left", including liberalism and socialism, which have arisen since the 1789 French Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Berlet,_p._117_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berlet,_p._117-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>The reactionary right looks toward the past and is "aristocratic, religious and authoritarian".<sup id="cite_ref-Berlet,_p._117_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berlet,_p._117-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The moderate right, typified by the writings of <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>, is tolerant of change, provided it is gradual and accepts some aspects of liberalism, including the rule of law and capitalism, although it sees radical <i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a></i> and individualism as harmful to society. The moderate right often promotes nationalism and social welfare policies.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Radical right (disambiguation)">Radical right</a> is a descriptive term that was developed after World War II and it was applied to groups and ideologies such as <a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">John Birch Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Republikaner_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Republikaner Party">Republikaner Party</a>. Eatwell stresses that this usage of the term has "major typological problems" because it "has also been applied to clearly democratic developments."<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The radical right includes <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">right-wing populism</a> and various other subtypes.<sup id="cite_ref-Berlet,_p._117_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berlet,_p._117-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Extreme_Right" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme Right">extreme right</a> has four traits: "1) <a href="/wiki/Anti-democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-democracy">anti-democracy</a>, 2) <a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">ultranationalism</a>, 3) <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>, and 4) the strong state."<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a> consists of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">liberal conservatives</a>, who stress <a href="/wiki/Small_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Small government">small government</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free markets</a>, and individual initiative.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Other authors make a distinction between the centre-right and the far-right.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Parties of the centre-right generally support liberal democracy, capitalism, the market economy (though they may accept government regulation to control monopolies), private property rights, and a limited welfare state (for example, government provision of education and medical care). They support conservatism and economic liberalism and oppose socialism and communism.</li> <li>By contrast, the phrase "far-right" is used to describe those who favor an absolutist government, which uses the power of the state to support the dominant ethnic group or religion and criminalize other ethnic groups or religions.<sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typical examples of leaders to whom the far-right label is often applied are: <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Rafael_Videla" title="Jorge Rafael Videla">Jorge Rafael Videla</a> in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Canovan_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canovan-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_politics&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Center right">Center right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far right">Far right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_right-wing_political_parties" title="List of right-wing political parties">List of right-wing political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_States" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">Radical right (Europe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_realism" title="Right realism">Right realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Right-wing authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_terrorism" title="Right-wing terrorism">Right-wing terrorism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_politics&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2005" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Paul (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140819232535/http://www.auburn.edu/~johnspm/gloss/right-wing">"Right-wing, rightist"</a>. <i>A Politics Glossary</i>. Auburn University website. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.auburn.edu/~johnspm/gloss/right-wing">the original</a> on 19 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Politics+Glossary&rft.atitle=Right-wing%2C+rightist&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.auburn.edu%2F~johnspm%2Fgloss%2Fright-wing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBobbioCameron1996" class="citation book cs1">Bobbio, Norberto; Cameron, Allan (1996). <i><a href="/wiki/Left_and_Right:_The_Significance_of_a_Political_Distinction" title="Left and Right: The Significance of a Political Distinction">Left and Right: The Significance of a Political Distinction</a></i>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. pp. 51, 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06246-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06246-4"><bdi>978-0-226-06246-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Left+and+Right%3A+The+Significance+of+a+Political+Distinction&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=51%2C+62&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-226-06246-4&rft.aulast=Bobbio&rft.aufirst=Norberto&rft.au=Cameron%2C+Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldthorpe1985" class="citation book cs1">Goldthorpe, J.E. (1985). <i>An Introduction to Sociology</i> (Third ed.). Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24545-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24545-6"><bdi>978-0-521-24545-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Sociology&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=156&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24545-6&rft.aulast=Goldthorpe&rft.aufirst=J.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/right">"Right"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. 15 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Right&rft.date=2009-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fright&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carlisle-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carlisle_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carlisle_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlisle2005" class="citation book cs1">Carlisle, Rodney P. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofpo0000carl"><i>Encyclopedia of Politics: The Left and the Right</i></a></span>. Thousand Oaks [u.a.]: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-0409-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-0409-4"><bdi>978-1-4129-0409-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Politics%3A+The+Left+and+the+Right&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pub=SAGE+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-0409-4&rft.aulast=Carlisle&rft.aufirst=Rodney+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofpo0000carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-T._Alexander_Smith_2003._p._30-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-T._Alexander_Smith_2003._p._30_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-T._Alexander_Smith_2003._p._30_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">T. Alexander Smith, Raymond Tatalovich. <i>Cultures at war: moral conflicts in western democracies</i>. Toronto, Canada: Broadview Press, Ltd, 2003. p. 30. "That viewpoint is held by contemporary sociologists, for whom 'right-wing movements' are conceptualized as 'social movements whose stated goals are to maintain structures of order, status, honor, or traditional social differences or values' as compared to left-wing movements which seek 'greater equality or political participation.' In other words, the sociological perspective sees preservationist politics as a right-wing attempt to defend privilege within the <i>social hierarchy</i>."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allan_Cameron_pg._37-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allan_Cameron_pg._37_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allan_Cameron_pg._37_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Left and right: the significance of a political distinction</i>, Norberto Bobbio and Allan Cameron, p. 37, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>, 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fuchs,_D._1990._p._203-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fuchs,_D._1990._p._203_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fuchs,_D._1990._p._203_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Martin_Lipset" title="Seymour Martin Lipset">Seymour Martin Lipset</a>, cited in Fuchs, D., and Klingemann, H. 1990. The left-right schema. pp. 203–34 in Continuities in Political Action: A Longitudinal Study of Political Orientations in Three Western Democracies, ed.M.Jennings et al. Berlin:de Gruyter</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lukes-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lukes_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lukes_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lukes_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lukes, Steven. 'Epilogue: The Grand Dichotomy of the Twentieth Century': concluding chapter to T. Ball and R. Bellamy (eds.), The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought. pp.610–612</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clark-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clark_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clark_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clark_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2003" class="citation book cs1">Clark, William Roberts (2003). <i>Capitalism, Not Globalism: Capital Mobility, Central Bank Independence, and the Political Control of the Economy</i> ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). Ann Arbor [u.a.]: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11293-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11293-7"><bdi>978-0-472-11293-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capitalism%2C+Not+Globalism%3A+Capital+Mobility%2C+Central+Bank+Independence%2C+and+the+Political+Control+of+the+Economy&rft.place=Ann+Arbor+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.edition=%5BOnline-Ausg.%5D.&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-472-11293-7&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=William+Roberts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2018)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, T. Alexander and Raymond Tatalovich. <i>Cultures at War: Moral Conflicts in Western Democracies</i> (Toronto, Canada: Broadview Press, Ltd., 2003) p. 30. "That viewpoint is held by contemporary sociologists, for whom 'right-wing movements' are conceptualized as 'social movements whose stated goals are to maintain structures of order, status, honor, or traditional social differences or values' as compared to left-wing movements which seek 'greater equality or political participation.'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGidron,_NZiblatt,_D.2019" class="citation journal cs1">Gidron, N; Ziblatt, D. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/dziblatt/files/gidron_and_ziblatt_2019.pdf">"Center-right political parties in advanced democracies 2019"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Annual Review of Political Science</i>. <b>22</b>: 23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-090717-092750">10.1146/annurev-polisci-090717-092750</a></span>. <q>Defining the right by its adherence to the status quo is closely associated with a definition of the right as a defense of inequality (Bobbio 1996, Jost 2009, Luna & Kaltwasser 2014). As noted by Jost (2009), within the context of Western political development, opposition to change is often synonymous with support for inequality. Notwithstanding its prominence in the literature, we are hesitant to adopt this definition of the right since it requires the researcher to interpret ideological claims according to an abstract understanding of equality. For instance, Noel & Therien (2008) argue that right-wing opposition to affirmative action speaks in the name of equality and rejects positive discrimination based on demographic factors. From this perspective, the right is not inegalitarian but is "differently egalitarian" (Noel & Therien 2008, p. 18).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Center-right+political+parties+in+advanced+democracies+2019&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=23&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-090717-092750&rft.au=Gidron%2C+N&rft.au=Ziblatt%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Fdziblatt%2Ffiles%2Fgidron_and_ziblatt_2019.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scruton, Roger "A Dictionary of Political Thought" "Defined by contrast to (or perhaps more accurately conflict with) the left the term <i>right</i> does not even have the respectability of a history. As now used it denotes several connected and also conflicting ideas (including) 1)conservative, and perhaps authoritarian, doctrines concerning the nature of civil society, with emphasis on custom, tradition, and allegiance as social bonds ... 8) belief in free enterprise free markets and a capitalist economy as the only mode of production compatible with human freedom and suited to the temporary nature of human aspirations ..." pp. 281–2, Macmillan, 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldthorpe1985" class="citation book cs1">Goldthorpe, J.E. (1985). <i>An Introduction to Sociology</i> (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24545-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24545-6"><bdi>978-0-521-24545-6</bdi></a>. <q>There are ... those who accept inequality as natural, normal, and even desirable. Two main lines of thought converge on the Right or conservative side...the truly Conservative view is that there is a natural hierarchy of skills and talents in which some people are born leaders, whether by heredity or family tradition. ... now ... the more usual right-wing view, which may be called 'liberal-conservative', is that unequal rewards are right and desirable so long as the competition for wealth and power is a fair one.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Sociology&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=156&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24545-6&rft.aulast=Goldthorpe&rft.aufirst=J.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGidron,_NZiblatt,_D.2019" class="citation journal cs1">Gidron, N; Ziblatt, D. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/dziblatt/files/gidron_and_ziblatt_2019.pdf">"Center-right political parties in advanced democracies 2019"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Annual Review of Political Science</i>. <b>22</b>: 24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-090717-092750">10.1146/annurev-polisci-090717-092750</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:182421002">182421002</a>. <q>...since different currents within the right are drawn to different visions of societal structures. For example, market liberals see social relations as stratified by natural economic inequalities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Center-right+political+parties+in+advanced+democracies+2019&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=24&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-090717-092750&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A182421002%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Gidron%2C+N&rft.au=Ziblatt%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Fdziblatt%2Ffiles%2Fgidron_and_ziblatt_2019.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCloskyChong1985" class="citation journal cs1">McClosky, Herbert; Chong, Dennis (July 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-political-science/article/abs/similarities-and-differences-between-leftwing-and-rightwing-radicals/C46411F0228745583D2EB8E91A19D881">"Similarities and Differences Between Left-Wing and Right-Wing Radicals"</a>. <i>British Journal of Political Science</i>. <b>15</b> (3): 329–363. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007123400004221">10.1017/S0007123400004221</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-2112">1469-2112</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154330828">154330828</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Similarities+and+Differences+Between+Left-Wing+and+Right-Wing+Radicals&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=329-363&rft.date=1985-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154330828%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1469-2112&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0007123400004221&rft.aulast=McClosky&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft.au=Chong%2C+Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fbritish-journal-of-political-science%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fsimilarities-and-differences-between-leftwing-and-rightwing-radicals%2FC46411F0228745583D2EB8E91A19D881&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonard V. Kaplan, Rudy Koshar, <i>The Weimar Moment: Liberalism, Political Theology, and Law</i> (2012) p. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan S. Kahan, <i>Mind Vs. Money: The War Between Intellectuals and Capitalism</i> (2010), p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerome L. Himmelstein, <i>To the right: The transformation of American conservatism</i> (1992).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2006" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Edmund, ed. (2006). <i>The Desk Encyclopedia of World History</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 370, 541. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7394-7809-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7394-7809-7"><bdi>978-0-7394-7809-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Desk+Encyclopedia+of+World+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=370%2C+541&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7394-7809-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendershot2003" class="citation book cs1">Hendershot, Cyndy (2003). <i>Anti-Communism and Popular Culture in Mid-Century America</i>. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786414406" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786414406"><bdi>978-0786414406</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anti-Communism+and+Popular+Culture+in+Mid-Century+America&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+N.C.&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0786414406&rft.aulast=Hendershot&rft.aufirst=Cyndy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNunberg2003" class="citation news cs1">Nunberg, Geoffrey (17 April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/17/weekinreview/sticks-and-stones-the-defanging-of-a-radical-epithet.html">"Sticks and Stones; The Defanging of a Radical Epithet"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Sticks+and+Stones%3B+The+Defanging+of+a+Radical+Epithet&rft.date=2003-04-17&rft.aulast=Nunberg&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2003%2F08%2F17%2Fweekinreview%2Fsticks-and-stones-the-defanging-of-a-radical-epithet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adler, Franklin Hugh. <i>Italian Industrialists from Liberalism to Fascism: The Political Development of the Industrial Bourgeoisie, 1906–34</i>. p. 349.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiarda1997" class="citation book cs1">Wiarda, Howard J. (1997). <i>Corporatism and comparative politics: the other great "ism"</i>. Comparative politics series. Armonk, NY: Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-716-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-716-3"><bdi>978-1-56324-716-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corporatism+and+comparative+politics%3A+the+other+great+%22ism%22&rft.place=Armonk%2C+NY&rft.series=Comparative+politics+series&rft.pub=Sharpe&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-56324-716-3&rft.aulast=Wiarda&rft.aufirst=Howard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiarda1997" class="citation book cs1">Wiarda, Howard J. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/corporatismcompa0000wiar"><i>Corporatism and Comparative Politics: The Other Great "Ism"</i></a>. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 27, 141.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corporatism+and+Comparative+Politics%3A+The+Other+Great+%22Ism%22&rft.pages=27%2C+141&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Wiarda&rft.aufirst=Howard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcorporatismcompa0000wiar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clarke,_Paul_A._B._2001._Pp._113-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clarke,_Paul_A._B._2001._Pp._113_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clarke, Paul A. B; Foweraker, Joe. <i>Encyclopedia of democratic thought</i>. London, UK; New York, US: Routledge, 2001. Pp. 113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parliaments_1988_pp._287–302-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parliaments_1988_pp._287–302_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parliaments_1988_pp._287–302_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goodsell, Charles T., "The Architecture of Parliaments: Legislative Houses and Political Culture", British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 18, No. 3 (July 1988), pp. 287–302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Appleby-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Appleby_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartyAppleby1994" class="citation book cs1">Marty, Martin E.; Appleby, R. Scott (1994). <i>Fundamentalisms Observed</i> (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-50878-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-50878-8"><bdi>978-0-226-50878-8</bdi></a>. <q>Reactionary right-wing themes emphasizing authority, social hierarchy, and obedience, as well as condemnations of liberalism, the democratic ethos, the "rights of man" associated with the legacy of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, and the political and cultural ethos of modern liberal democracy are especially prominent in the writings and public statements of Archbishop Lefebvre.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentalisms+Observed&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=91&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-226-50878-8&rft.aulast=Marty&rft.aufirst=Martin+E.&rft.au=Appleby%2C+R.+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Modern Catholic Social Teaching: The Popes Confront the Industrial Age</i>, 1740–1958. Paulist Press, 2003, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fascism-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fascism_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1983" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Stanley G. (1983). <i>Fascism: Comparison and Definition</i>. Madison, Wisc.: University of Wisconsin Press. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-08064-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-08064-8"><bdi>978-0-299-08064-8</bdi></a>. <q>Right radicals and conservative authoritarians almost without exception became corporatists in formal doctrines of political economy, but the fascists were less explicit and in general less schematic.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascism%3A+Comparison+and+Definition&rft.place=Madison%2C+Wisc.&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-299-08064-8&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knapp-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knapp_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knapp_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knapp_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knapp_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knapp_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Knapp_and_Vincent_Wright2006" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Knapp and Vincent Wright (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=67ttjXHhT3wC&q=the+government+and+politics+of+france"><i>The Government and Politics of France</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35732-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35732-6"><bdi>978-0-415-35732-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Government+and+Politics+of+France&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-35732-6&rft.au=Andrew+Knapp+and+Vincent+Wright&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D67ttjXHhT3wC%26q%3Dthe%2Bgovernment%2Band%2Bpolitics%2Bof%2Bfrance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heritage.org-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-heritage.org_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-heritage.org_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn2003" class="citation web cs1">John, David C. (21 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100308173749/http://www.heritage.org/Research/PoliticalPhilosophy/HL811.cfm">"The Origins of the Modern American Conservative Movement"</a>. heritage.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.org/Research/PoliticalPhilosophy/HL811.cfm">the original</a> on 8 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Modern+American+Conservative+Movement&rft.pub=heritage.org&rft.date=2003-11-21&rft.aulast=John&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.org%2FResearch%2FPoliticalPhilosophy%2FHL811.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle2002" class="citation book cs1">Doyle, William (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryoff00doyl"><i>The Oxford History of the French Revolution</i></a> (2nd ed.). Oxford [u.a.]: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925298-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925298-5"><bdi>978-0-19-925298-5</bdi></a>. <q>An exuberant, uncompromising nationalism lay behind France's revolutionary expansion in the 1790s...", "The message of the French Revolution was that the people are sovereign; and in the two centuries since it was first proclaimed it has conquered the world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.place=Oxford+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925298-5&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordhistoryoff00doyl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Winock" title="Michel Winock">Winock, Michel</a> (dir.), <i>Histoire de l'extrême droite en France</i> (1993).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adams, Ian <i>Political Ideology Today</i> (2nd edition), Manchester University Press, 2002, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRametGriffin1999" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina; Griffin, Roger (1999). <i>The Radical Right in Central and Eastern Europe since 1989</i>. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0271018119" title="Special:BookSources/978-0271018119"><bdi>978-0271018119</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Radical+Right+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe+since+1989&rft.place=University+Park&rft.pub=The+Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0271018119&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina&rft.au=Griffin%2C+Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber2016" class="citation news cs1">Barber, Tony (11 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/53fc4518-4520-11e6-9b66-0712b3873ae1">"A renewed nationalism is stalking Europe"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=A+renewed+nationalism+is+stalking+Europe&rft.date=2016-07-11&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F53fc4518-4520-11e6-9b66-0712b3873ae1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.populismstudies.org/Vocabulary/neo-nationalism/">"Neo-Nationalism - ECPS"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Neo-Nationalism+-+ECPS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.populismstudies.org%2FVocabulary%2Fneo-nationalism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated68-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated68_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated68_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Left and right: the significance of a political distinction</i>, Norberto Bobbio and Allan Cameron, pg. 68, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>, 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce Frohnen, Jeremy Beer and Jeffrey O. Nelson, ed. (2006) <i>American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia</i> Wilmington, DE: ISI Books, p. 870.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Cas_Mudde" title="Cas Mudde">Mudde, Cas</a> and Rovira Kaltwasser, Cristóbal (2017) <i>Populism: a Very Short Introduction</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp.14-15, 72-73. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-023487-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-023487-4">978-0-19-023487-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Canovan-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Canovan_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Canovan_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanovan1981" class="citation book cs1">Canovan, Margaret (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/populism00cano"><i>Populism</i></a> (1st ed.). New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0151730780" title="Special:BookSources/978-0151730780"><bdi>978-0151730780</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Populism&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovich&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0151730780&rft.aulast=Canovan&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpopulism00cano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayward2004" class="citation book cs1">Hayward, Jack (2004). <i>Elitism, Populism, and European Politics</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198280354" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198280354"><bdi>978-0198280354</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elitism%2C+Populism%2C+and+European+Politics&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0198280354&rft.aulast=Hayward&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daniel_Stockemer_2016-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Daniel_Stockemer_2016_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel Stockemer, "Structural data on immigration or immigration perceptions? What accounts for the electoral success of the radical right in Europe?." <i>JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies</i> 54.4 (2016): 999-1016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teaparty.org/about-us/">"About Us"</a>. Tea Party. 2 September 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us&rft.pub=Tea+Party&rft.date=2004-09-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teaparty.org%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_46-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_46-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHadiz2018" class="citation journal cs1">Hadiz, Vedi R. (8 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00472336.2018.1433225">"Imagine All the People? Mobilising Islamic Populism for Right-Wing Politics in Indonesia"</a>. <i>Journal of Contemporary Asia</i>. <b>48</b> (4): 566–583. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00472336.2018.1433225">10.1080/00472336.2018.1433225</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-2336">0047-2336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+Asia&rft.atitle=Imagine+All+the+People%3F+Mobilising+Islamic+Populism+for+Right-Wing+Politics+in+Indonesia&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=566-583&rft.date=2018-08-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00472336.2018.1433225&rft.issn=0047-2336&rft.aulast=Hadiz&rft.aufirst=Vedi+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F00472336.2018.1433225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmmassariFossatiMcDonnell2023" class="citation journal cs1">Ammassari, Sofia; Fossati, Diego; McDonnell, Duncan (October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0017257X22000185/type/journal_article">"Supporters of India's BJP: Distinctly Populist and Nativist"</a>. <i>Government and Opposition</i>. <b>58</b> (4): 807–823. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fgov.2022.18">10.1017/gov.2022.18</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0017-257X">0017-257X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Government+and+Opposition&rft.atitle=Supporters+of+India%27s+BJP%3A+Distinctly+Populist+and+Nativist&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=807-823&rft.date=2023-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fgov.2022.18&rft.issn=0017-257X&rft.aulast=Ammassari&rft.aufirst=Sofia&rft.au=Fossati%2C+Diego&rft.au=McDonnell%2C+Duncan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0017257X22000185%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeGette2008" class="citation book cs1">DeGette, Diana (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sexsciencestemce00dege"><i>Sex, Science, and Stem Cells: Inside the Right Wing Assault on Reason</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Lyons_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lyons Press">The Lyons Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59921-431-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59921-431-3"><bdi>978-1-59921-431-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex%2C+Science%2C+and+Stem+Cells%3A+Inside+the+Right+Wing+Assault+on+Reason&rft.pub=The+Lyons+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59921-431-3&rft.aulast=DeGette&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsexsciencestemce00dege&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chris Mooney, <i>The Republican War on Science: Revised and Updated</i>, ASIN: B001OQOIPM</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120523005435/http://msnbcmedia.msn.com/i/msnbc/Sections/News/Politics/Conventions/RNC-2004platform.pdf">"2004 Republican Party Platform: A Safer World and a More Hopeful America"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. MSNBC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://msnbcmedia.msn.com/i/msnbc/Sections/News/Politics/Conventions/RNC-2004platform.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2004+Republican+Party+Platform%3A+A+Safer+World+and+a+More+Hopeful+America&rft.pub=MSNBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmsnbcmedia.msn.com%2Fi%2Fmsnbc%2FSections%2FNews%2FPolitics%2FConventions%2FRNC-2004platform.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRozsa2019" class="citation web cs1">Rozsa, Matthew (5 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salon.com/2019/07/05/how-did-the-republican-party-become-so-conservative/">"How did the Republican Party become so conservative?"</a>. <i>Salon</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2022</span>. <q>To understand how the Republican Party became associated with right-wing politics — and, for that matter, how the Democratic Party became associated with a left-wing, progressive philosophy — it is essential to understand the history of the Grand Old Party.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=How+did+the+Republican+Party+become+so+conservative%3F&rft.date=2019-07-05&rft.aulast=Rozsa&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2019%2F07%2F05%2Fhow-did-the-republican-party-become-so-conservative%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Blom Hansen, <i>The Saffron Wave: Democracy and Hindu Nationalism in Modern India</i>, Princeton University Press, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4008-0342-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-4008-0342-X">1-4008-0342-X</a>, 9781400803422.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090219141224/http://kahane.org/meir/interview.htm">"Israel's Ayatollahs: Meir Kahane and the Far Right in Israel"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kahane.org/meir/interview.htm">the original</a> on 19 February 2009. <q>Any non-Jew, including the Arabs, can have the status of a foreign resident in Israel if he accepts the law of the Halacha. I don't differentiate between Arabs and non-Arabs. The only difference I make is between Jews and non-Jews. If a non-Jew wants to live here, he must agree to be a foreign resident, be he Arab or not. He does not have and cannot have national rights in Israel. He can have civil rights, social rights, but he cannot be a citizen; he won't have the right to vote. Again, whether he's Arab or not.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel%27s+Ayatollahs%3A+Meir+Kahane+and+the+Far+Right+in+Israel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkahane.org%2Fmeir%2Finterview.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin2015" class="citation web cs1">Rubin, Shira (24 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/news/327875/good-will-and-peace-towards-men-elusive-this-year-in-nazareth/">"Good Will and Peace Towards Men Elusive This Year in Nazareth"</a>. <i>Forward</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forward&rft.atitle=Good+Will+and+Peace+Towards+Men+Elusive+This+Year+in+Nazareth&rft.date=2015-12-24&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Shira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fnews%2F327875%2Fgood-will-and-peace-towards-men-elusive-this-year-in-nazareth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/terror">"FBI — Terrorism 2000/2001"</a>. Federal Bureau of Investigation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FBI+%E2%80%94+Terrorism+2000%2F2001&rft.pub=Federal+Bureau+of+Investigation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbi.gov%2Fstats-services%2Fpublications%2Fterror&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemirtas,_Burcu2009" class="citation web cs1">Demirtas, Burcu (27 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120305234419/http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/68827/rescue-teams-could-not-reach-turkish-party-leader-muhsin-yazicioglu-after-helicopter-crash.html">"Rescue Teams Could Not Reach Turkish Party Leader, Muhsin Yazicioglu after Helicopter Crash"</a>. Turkishweekly.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/68827/rescue-teams-could-not-reach-turkish-party-leader-muhsin-yazicioglu-after-helicopter-crash.html">the original</a> on 5 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rescue+Teams+Could+Not+Reach+Turkish+Party+Leader%2C+Muhsin+Yazicioglu+after+Helicopter+Crash&rft.pub=Turkishweekly.net&rft.date=2009-03-27&rft.au=Demirtas%2C+Burcu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkishweekly.net%2Fnews%2F68827%2Frescue-teams-could-not-reach-turkish-party-leader-muhsin-yazicioglu-after-helicopter-crash.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121006083545/http://www.uvm.edu/~fgause/168read.htm">"Readings"</a>. uvm.edu. Fall 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uvm.edu/~fgause/168read.htm">the original</a> on 6 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Readings&rft.pub=uvm.edu&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uvm.edu%2F~fgause%2F168read.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/623899.stm">"Poll test for Iran reformists"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 10 February 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Poll+test+for+Iran+reformists&rft.date=2000-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F623899.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305030242/http://merip.org/mero/mero020101.html">"Middle East Report Online: Iran's Conservatives Face the Electorate, by Arang Keshavarzian"</a>. Merip.org. 23 May 1997. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merip.org/mero/mero020101.html">the original</a> on 5 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Middle+East+Report+Online%3A+Iran%27s+Conservatives+Face+the+Electorate%2C+by+Arang+Keshavarzian&rft.pub=Merip.org&rft.date=1997-05-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merip.org%2Fmero%2Fmero020101.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anoushiravan Ehteshami and Mahjoob Zweiri, <i>Iran and the rise of its neoconservatives: the politics of Tehran's silent revolution</i>, I.B. Tauris, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2003-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2003_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2003_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2003_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2003_61-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Moyra Grant. <i>Key Ideas in Politics</i>. Cheltenham, England, UK: Nelson Thornes, Ltd., 2003. p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bobbio, Norberto. Left and right: The significance of a political distinction. University of Chicago Press, 1996, pp.60-62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jason_Stanley" title="Jason Stanley">Stanley, Jason</a> (2018) <i>How Fascism Works: The Politics of Us and Them</i>. New York: Random House. p.13. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52551183-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52551183-0">978-0-52551183-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ball, T. and R. 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Money: The War Between Intellectuals and Capitalism</i>. New Brunswick, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Transaction_Publishers" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Publishers</a>, 2010. p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian Adams. <i>Political Ideology Today</i>. 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New Delhi: Juggernaut Press. p. 280. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9353450625" title="Special:BookSources/978-9353450625"><bdi>978-9353450625</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Conservative+%3A+A+History+of+Indian+Right-Wing+Thought&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=280&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Juggernaut+Press&rft.date=2019-10-25&rft.isbn=978-9353450625&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=Jaithirth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIWANEK2019" class="citation journal cs1">IWANEK, Krzysztof (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12797%2FPoliteja.16.2019.59.04">"Is the BJP Conservative?"</a>. <i>Politeja</i>. <b>16</b> (59): 55–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12797%2FPoliteja.16.2019.59.04">10.12797/Politeja.16.2019.59.04</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1733-6716">1733-6716</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26916353">26916353</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:212822106">212822106</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politeja&rft.atitle=Is+the+BJP+Conservative%3F&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=59&rft.pages=55-72&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=1733-6716&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A212822106%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26916353%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12797%2FPoliteja.16.2019.59.04&rft.aulast=IWANEK&rft.aufirst=Krzysztof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.12797%252FPoliteja.16.2019.59.04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhose2013" class="citation web cs1">Ghose, Sagarika (24 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstpost.com/politics/left-wing-or-right-wing-why-labels-simply-dont-capture-india-721481.html">"Left-wing or Right-wing: Why labels simply don't capture India"</a>. <i>Firstpost</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Firstpost&rft.atitle=Left-wing+or+Right-wing%3A+Why+labels+simply+don%27t+capture+India&rft.date=2013-04-24&rft.aulast=Ghose&rft.aufirst=Sagarika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Fleft-wing-or-right-wing-why-labels-simply-dont-capture-india-721481.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Loch_Mowat" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Loch Mowat">Charles Loch Mowat</a>, <i>Britain Between the Wars: 1918–1940</i> (1955), p. 577.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarney2012" class="citation book cs1">Farney, James (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eds.p.ebscohost.com/eds/ebookviewer/ebook/bmxlYmtfXzY4Mjg4NF9fQU41?sid=bb8cd8b3-9f6c-43d7-948a-baba732e8bf0@redis&vid=5&format=EB"><i>Social Conservatives and Party Politics in Canada and the United States</i></a>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1260-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1260-0"><bdi>978-1-4426-1260-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Conservatives+and+Party+Politics+in+Canada+and+the+United+States&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-1260-0&rft.aulast=Farney&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feds.p.ebscohost.com%2Feds%2Febookviewer%2Febook%2FbmxlYmtfXzY4Mjg4NF9fQU41%3Fsid%3Dbb8cd8b3-9f6c-43d7-948a-baba732e8bf0%40redis%26vid%3D5%26format%3DEB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.gallup.com/poll/275792/remained-center-right-ideologically-2019.aspx">"The U.S. Remained Center-Right, Ideologically, in 2019"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+U.S.+Remained+Center-Right%2C+Ideologically%2C+in+2019&rft.pub=Gallup&rft.date=2020-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F275792%2Fremained-center-right-ideologically-2019.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/irp/eprint/rightwing.pdf">"Rightwing Extremism: Current Economic and Political Climate Fueling Resurgence in Radicalization and Recruitment"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States Department of Homeland Security<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rightwing+Extremism%3A+Current+Economic+and+Political+Climate+Fueling+Resurgence+in+Radicalization+and+Recruitment&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Homeland+Security&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Firp%2Feprint%2Frightwing.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugoustinosWalkerDonaghue2006" class="citation book cs1">Augoustinos, Martha; Walker, Iain; Donaghue, Ngaire (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CYjEwFRPEQgC&pg=PA230"><i>Social Cognition: An Integrated Introduction</i></a> (2nd ed.). London: Sage Publications. p. 320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761942191" title="Special:BookSources/9780761942191"><bdi>9780761942191</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Cognition%3A+An+Integrated+Introduction&rft.place=London&rft.pages=320&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780761942191&rft.aulast=Augoustinos&rft.aufirst=Martha&rft.au=Walker%2C+Iain&rft.au=Donaghue%2C+Ngaire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCYjEwFRPEQgC%26pg%3DPA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLeanMcMillan2008" class="citation book cs1">McLean, Iain; McMillan, Alistair (2008). <i>The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics</i> (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 465. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199205165" title="Special:BookSources/9780199205165"><bdi>9780199205165</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Politics&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=465&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780199205165&rft.aulast=McLean&rft.aufirst=Iain&rft.au=McMillan%2C+Alistair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davies, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berlet,_p._117-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berlet,_p._117_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berlet,_p._117_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berlet,_p._117_87-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Berlet, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eatwell: 1999, p. 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eatwell: 2004, pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eatwell: 2004, p. 8, "Today four other traits feature most prominently in definitions: 1) anti-democracy; 2) nationalism; 3) racism; 4) the strong state".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVincent1995" class="citation book cs1">Vincent, Andrew (1995). <i>Modern Political Ideologies</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford [u.a.]: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19507-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19507-8"><bdi>978-0-631-19507-8</bdi></a>. <q>Who to include under the rubric of the New Right remains puzzling. It is usually seen as an amalgam of traditional liberal conservatism, Austrian liberal economic theory ... extreme libertarianism (anarch-capitalism) and crude populism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Political+Ideologies&rft.place=Oxford+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-631-19507-8&rft.aulast=Vincent&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Betz & Immerfall 1998; Betz 1994; Durham 2000; Durham 2002; Hainsworth 2000; Mudde 2000; Berlet & Lyons, 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Routledge-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesDaviesLynch2002" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Peter; Davies, Peter Jonathan; Lynch, Derek (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/routledgecompani00davi"><i>The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right</i></a></span>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21495-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-21495-7"><bdi>978-0-415-21495-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2010</span>. <q>far right.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Fascism+and+the+Far+Right&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-21495-7&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Davies%2C+Peter+Jonathan&rft.au=Lynch%2C+Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froutledgecompani00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurham2000" class="citation book cs1">Durham, Martin (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ual1NR2WPasC&q=%22far+right%22"><i>The Christian Right, the Far Right and the Boundaries of American Conservatism</i></a>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5486-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-5486-0"><bdi>978-0-7190-5486-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Christian+Right%2C+the+Far+Right+and+the+Boundaries+of+American+Conservatism&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-5486-0&rft.aulast=Durham&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUal1NR2WPasC%26q%3D%2522far%2Bright%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerklWeinbergLeonardMerkl2000" class="citation book cs1">Merkl, Peter H.; Weinberg, Leonard; Leonard, Weinberg; Merkl, Professor Peter (30 June 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sVZ8EUvJjJ4C&q=%22far+right%22"><i>Right-wing Extremism in the Twenty-first Century</i></a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5182-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5182-8"><bdi>978-0-7146-5182-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Right-wing+Extremism+in+the+Twenty-first+Century&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2000-06-30&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5182-8&rft.aulast=Merkl&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rft.au=Weinberg%2C+Leonard&rft.au=Leonard%2C+Weinberg&rft.au=Merkl%2C+Professor+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsVZ8EUvJjJ4C%26q%3D%2522far%2Bright%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEatwellMudde2004" class="citation book cs1">Eatwell, Roger; Mudde, Cas (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JcJ5nr2MZfUC&q=%22far+right%22"><i>Western Democracies and the New Extreme Right Challenge</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36971-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36971-8"><bdi>978-0-415-36971-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Democracies+and+the+New+Extreme+Right+Challenge&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-36971-8&rft.aulast=Eatwell&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Mudde%2C+Cas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJcJ5nr2MZfUC%26q%3D%2522far%2Bright%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1857918.stm">"Pim Fortuyn: The far-right Dutch maverick"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 7 March 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Pim+Fortuyn%3A+The+far-right+Dutch+maverick&rft.date=2002-03-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F1857918.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6069233">"A Dictator's Legacy of Economic Growth"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a></i>. 14 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=A+Dictator%27s+Legacy+of+Economic+Growth&rft.date=2006-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D6069233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwald2012" class="citation news cs1">Greenwald, Glenn (31 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/opinion/greenwald/2007/05/04/politico_funding/">"Glenn Greenwald"</a>. <i>Salon.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salon.com&rft.atitle=Glenn+Greenwald&rft.date=2012-05-31&rft.aulast=Greenwald&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2Fopinion%2Fgreenwald%2F2007%2F05%2F04%2Fpolitico_funding%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetz1994" class="citation book cs1">Betz, Hans-Georg (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/radicalrightwing00betz"><i>Radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-08390-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-08390-8"><bdi>978-0-312-08390-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radical+Right-Wing+Populism+in+Western+Europe&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-312-08390-8&rft.aulast=Betz&rft.aufirst=Hans-Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fradicalrightwing00betz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael E. Brown, Owen R. Cote Jr., <i>Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict</i>, "Anti-immigrant and anti-refugee feeling is being exploited by extreme right-wing parties throughout Europe...", p. 442, MIT Press, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-52315-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-52315-8">978-0-262-52315-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GkVHAAAAYAAJ&q=%22extrema+derecha%22+%22Jorge+rafael+videla%22"><i>La teoría social latinoamericana: La centralidad del Marxismo</i></a> (in Spanish). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales, Coordinación de Estudios Latinoamericanos, Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico. 1995. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-968-36-4710-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-968-36-4710-8"><bdi>978-968-36-4710-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+teor%C3%ADa+social+latinoamericana%3A+La+centralidad+del+Marxismo&rft.pub=Universidad+Nacional+Aut%C3%B3noma+de+M%C3%A9xico%2C+Facultad+de+Ciencias+Pol%C3%ADticas+y+Sociales%2C+Coordinaci%C3%B3n+de+Estudios+Latinoamericanos%2C+Direcci%C3%B3n+General+de+Asuntos+del+Personal+Acad%C3%A9mico&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-968-36-4710-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGkVHAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%2522extrema%2Bderecha%2522%2B%2522Jorge%2Brafael%2Bvidela%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_politics&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Bacchetta, Paola, and Margaret Power, eds. 2002. <i>Right-Wing Women: From Conservatives to Extremists around the World</i>. New York: Routledge.</li> <li>Berlet, Chip. 2006. "When Alienation turns Right." In <i>The Evolution of Alienation: Trauma, Promise, and the Millennium</i>, edited by Langman, Lauren, and Kalekin-Fishman. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7425-1835-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7425-1835-3">0-7425-1835-3</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1835-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1835-3">978-0-7425-1835-3</a></li> <li>Davies, Peter. 2002. <i>The Extreme Right in France, 1789 to the Present: From De Maistre to Le Pen</i>. New York, NY: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-23982-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-23982-6">0-415-23982-6</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23982-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23982-0">978-0-415-23982-0</a>.</li> <li>Eatwell, Roger. 1999. "Conclusion: The 'End of Ideology'." In <i>Contemporary Political Ideologies</i>, edited by R. Eatwell and A. Wright. Continuum International Publishing Group. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-5173-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-5173-X">0-8264-5173-X</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826451736" title="Special:BookSources/9780826451736">9780826451736</a>.</li> <li>—— 2004. "Introduction: the new extreme right challenge." In <i>Western Democracies and the new Extreme Right Challenge</i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Eatwell" title="Roger Eatwell">R. Eatwell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cas_Mudde" title="Cas Mudde">C. Muddle</a>. London: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-36971-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-36971-1">0-415-36971-1</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36971-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-36971-8">978-0-415-36971-8</a></li> <li>Fielitz, Maik, and Laura Lotte Laloire, eds. 2016. <i>Trouble on the Far Right. Contemporary Right-Wing Strategies and Practices in Europe</i>. Bielefeld: transcript. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8376-3720-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8376-3720-5">978-3-8376-3720-5</a></li> <li>Gottlieb, Julie, and Clarisse Berethezéne, eds. 2017. <i>Rethinking right-wing women: Gender and the Conservative Party, 1880s to the present</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiles1980" class="citation book cs1">Miles, Michael W. (1980). <i>The Odyssey of the American Right</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195027747" title="Special:BookSources/9780195027747"><bdi>9780195027747</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Odyssey+of+the+American+Right&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780195027747&rft.aulast=Miles&rft.aufirst=Michael+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_politics&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" 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scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_spectrum" title="Template:Political spectrum"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_spectrum" title="Template talk:Political spectrum"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_spectrum" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political spectrum"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_spectrum" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Political positions</b><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left anarchy">Post-leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-leftism" title="Ultra-leftism">Ultra-leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">Anti-Stalinist left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_Marxism" title="Centrist Marxism">Centrist Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Political ideologies</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Religious politics</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_left" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim left">Muslim left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Political pejoratives</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Baizuo" title="Baizuo">Baizuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champagne_socialist" title="Champagne socialist">Champagne socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_left" title="Hard left">Hard left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_elite" title="Liberal elite">Liberal elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loony_left" title="Loony left">Loony left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonbat" title="Moonbat">Moonbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red fascism">Red fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regressive_left" title="Regressive left">Regressive left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">Social fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">Social imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice_warrior" title="Social justice warrior">Social justice warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_left" title="Soft left">Soft left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingnut_(politics)" title="Wingnut (politics)">Wingnut</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Models</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_theory" title="Horseshoe theory">Horseshoe theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_political_spectrum" title="Left–right political spectrum">Left–right political spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nolan_Chart" title="Nolan Chart">Nolan Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open%E2%80%93closed_political_spectrum" title="Open–closed political spectrum">Open–closed political spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pournelle_chart" title="Pournelle chart">Pournelle chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Right-wing authoritarianism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>See also</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_transition" title="Democratic transition">Democratic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">Anti-establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">The Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardline" title="Hardline">Hardline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_politics" title="Radical politics">Radical politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangulation_(politics)" title="Triangulation (politics)">Triangulation</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_ideologies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_ideologies" title="Template:Political ideologies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_ideologies" title="Template talk:Political ideologies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_ideologies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political ideologies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_ideologies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Political ideologies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">The Establishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">Anti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardline" title="Hardline">Hardline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_moderate" title="Political moderate">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Right-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_radicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political radicalism">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">Revolutionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerationism" title="Accelerationism">Accelerationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_credit" title="Social credit">Social credit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalism">Royalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_republicanism" title="Modern republicanism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">Extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)" title="Pluralism (political theory)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">Regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/18px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/27px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/35px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/21px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/42px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Right-wing politics</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Right-wing_politics" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Right-wing politics">Definitions</a></b> from Wiktionary</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Right-wing_politics" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Right-wing politics">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Right-wing_politics" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Right-wing politics">News</a></b> from Wikinews</span></li><li 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