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id="toc-Motivations_and_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural_issues_and_immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_issues_and_immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Cultural issues and immigration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_issues_and_immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Germany_and_France_(1870–1900)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany_and_France_(1870–1900)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Germany and France (1870–1900) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany_and_France_(1870–1900)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark_and_Norway_(1970s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark_and_Norway_(1970s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Denmark and Norway (1970s) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark_and_Norway_(1970s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands_and_France_(2001)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands_and_France_(2001)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Netherlands and France (2001) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands_and_France_(2001)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary_(early_2000s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary_(early_2000s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Hungary (early 2000s) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary_(early_2000s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Movements_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movements_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Movements by country </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Movements_by_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Movements by country subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Movements_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nigeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Nigeria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 South Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uganda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uganda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Uganda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uganda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Americas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Argentina </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Brazil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costa_Rica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costa_Rica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4 Costa Rica </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costa_Rica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.5 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia-Pacific_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia-Pacific_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Asia-Pacific countries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-Pacific_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.4 Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.5 Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.6 New Zealand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.7 Pakistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.8 South Korea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.9 Taiwan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 European countries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Austria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.2 Belgium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.3 Bulgaria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyprus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyprus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.4 Cyprus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyprus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.5 Denmark </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.6 Finland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.7 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.8 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.9 Greece </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.10 Hungary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.11 Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.12 Netherlands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.13 Poland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.14 Romania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.15 Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.16 Spain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.17 Sweden </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.18 Switzerland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.19 Turkey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.20 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Right-wing_populist_political_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Right-wing_populist_political_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Right-wing populist political parties </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Right-wing_populist_political_parties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Right-wing populist political parties subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Right-wing_populist_political_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Current_right-wing_populist_parties_or_parties_with_right-wing_populist_factions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_right-wing_populist_parties_or_parties_with_right-wing_populist_factions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Current right-wing populist parties or parties with right-wing populist factions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_right-wing_populist_parties_or_parties_with_right-wing_populist_factions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Represented_in_national_legislatures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Represented_in_national_legislatures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Represented in national legislatures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Represented_in_national_legislatures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Not_represented_in_national_legislatures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Not_represented_in_national_legislatures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Not represented in national legislatures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Not_represented_in_national_legislatures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_or_disbanded_right-wing_populist_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_or_disbanded_right-wing_populist_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Former or disbanded right-wing populist parties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_or_disbanded_right-wing_populist_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Right-wing populism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" > 33 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechtspopulismus" title="Rechtspopulismus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Rechtspopulismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="شعبوية يمينية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شعبوية يمينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="ডানপন্থী জনতুষ্টিবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডানপন্থী জনতুষ্টিবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Десен популизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Десен популизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravicov%C3%BD_populismus" title="Pravicový populismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pravicový populismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8jrepopulisme" title="Højrepopulisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Højrepopulisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechtspopulismus" title="Rechtspopulismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rechtspopulismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parempopulism" title="Parempopulism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Parempopulism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%B9%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Δεξιός λαϊκισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δεξιός λαϊκισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populismo_de_derecha" title="Populismo de derecha – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Populismo de derecha" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskuindar_populismo" title="Eskuindar populismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eskuindar populismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85_%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="پوپولیسم جناح راست – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پوپولیسم جناح راست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populisme_de_droite" title="Populisme de droite – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Populisme de droite" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%9D%B5_%ED%8F%AC%ED%93%B0%EB%A6%AC%EC%A6%98" title="우익 포퓰리즘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우익 포퓰리즘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populisme_sayap_kanan" title="Populisme sayap kanan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Populisme sayap kanan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populismo_di_destra" title="Populismo di destra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Populismo di destra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D_%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99" title="פופוליזם ימני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פופוליזם ימני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popolism_de_destra" title="Popolism de destra – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Popolism de destra" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jobboldali_populizmus" title="Jobboldali populizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jobboldali populizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B3%E6%B4%BE%E3%83%9D%E3%83%94%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="右派ポピュリズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="右派ポピュリズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8yrepopulisme" title="Høyrepopulisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Høyrepopulisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%9A%DB%8D_%D8%A7%DA%93%D8%AE%D9%87_%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3-%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A" title="ښۍ اړخه ولس-پلوي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ښۍ اړخه ولس-پلوي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populismo_de_direita" title="Populismo de direita – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Populismo de direita" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populism_de_dreapta" title="Populism de dreapta – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Populism de dreapta" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Правый популизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Правый популизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Right-wing populism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desni%C4%8Darski_populizam" title="Desničarski populizam – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Desničarski populizam" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oikeistopopulismi" title="Oikeistopopulismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Oikeistopopulismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6gerpopulism" title="Högerpopulism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Högerpopulism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C4%9F_pop%C3%BClizm" title="Sağ popülizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sağ popülizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Political ideology</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"National Populism" redirects here. For the book by Roger Eatwell and Matthew Goodwin, see <a href="/wiki/National_Populism:_The_Revolt_Against_Liberal_Democracy" title="National Populism: The Revolt Against Liberal Democracy">National Populism: The Revolt Against Liberal Democracy</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all 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href="/wiki/File:Bolsonaro_with_US_President_Donald_Trump_in_White_House,_19_March_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bolsonaro_with_US_President_Donald_Trump_in_White_House%2C_19_March_2019.jpg/168px-Bolsonaro_with_US_President_Donald_Trump_in_White_House%2C_19_March_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bolsonaro_with_US_President_Donald_Trump_in_White_House%2C_19_March_2019.jpg/252px-Bolsonaro_with_US_President_Donald_Trump_in_White_House%2C_19_March_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bolsonaro_with_US_President_Donald_Trump_in_White_House%2C_19_March_2019.jpg/336px-Bolsonaro_with_US_President_Donald_Trump_in_White_House%2C_19_March_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2568" data-file-height="1690" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Brazilian president <a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Jair Bolsonaro</a> and U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> in 2019</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:168px;max-width:168px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:110px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski_i_Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n_w_Sejmie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski_i_Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n_w_Sejmie.jpg/166px-Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski_i_Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n_w_Sejmie.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski_i_Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n_w_Sejmie.jpg/249px-Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski_i_Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n_w_Sejmie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski_i_Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n_w_Sejmie.jpg/332px-Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski_i_Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n_w_Sejmie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="1824" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Polish Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Jarosław Kaczyński</a> and Hungarian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Viktor Orbán</a> in 2017</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:111px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:CPAC_2022_con_Hermann_Tertsch_y_Victor_Gonzalez._(51915932680).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/CPAC_2022_con_Hermann_Tertsch_y_Victor_Gonzalez._%2851915932680%29.jpg/167px-CPAC_2022_con_Hermann_Tertsch_y_Victor_Gonzalez._%2851915932680%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/CPAC_2022_con_Hermann_Tertsch_y_Victor_Gonzalez._%2851915932680%29.jpg/251px-CPAC_2022_con_Hermann_Tertsch_y_Victor_Gonzalez._%2851915932680%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/CPAC_2022_con_Hermann_Tertsch_y_Victor_Gonzalez._%2851915932680%29.jpg/334px-CPAC_2022_con_Hermann_Tertsch_y_Victor_Gonzalez._%2851915932680%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8192" data-file-height="5464" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Italian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Giorgia_Meloni" title="Giorgia Meloni">Giorgia Meloni</a> speaking at the 2022 <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Political Action Committee">CPAC</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:111px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Inauguration_of_Javier_Milei_11257.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Inauguration_of_Javier_Milei_11257.jpg/167px-Inauguration_of_Javier_Milei_11257.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Inauguration_of_Javier_Milei_11257.jpg/251px-Inauguration_of_Javier_Milei_11257.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Inauguration_of_Javier_Milei_11257.jpg/334px-Inauguration_of_Javier_Milei_11257.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Javier_Milei" title="Inauguration of Javier Milei">Inauguration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Javier Milei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Villarruel" title="Victoria Villarruel">Victoria Villarruel</a> as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Argentina" title="President of Argentina">President</a> and <a 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_populism" title="Judicial populism">Judicial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">Left-wing (Social)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomic_populism" title="Macroeconomic populism">Macroeconomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_populism" title="Market populism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_populism" title="Penal populism">Penal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Right-wing (Authoritarian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-populism" title="Techno-populism">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valence_populism" title="Valence populism">Valence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarism" title="Caesarism">Caesarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo">Chavismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Political positions of Rodrigo Duterte">Dutertism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fanism" title="Erdoğanism">Erdoğanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortuynism" title="Fortuynism">Fortuynism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansonism" title="Hansonism">Hansonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janismo" title="Janismo">Janismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirchnerism" title="Kirchnerism">Kirchnerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Lulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peronism" title="Peronism">Peronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poporanism" title="Poporanism">Poporanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasimism" title="Qasimism">Qasimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption" title="Anti-corruption">Anti-corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-politics" title="Anti-politics">Anti-politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backlash_(sociology)" title="Backlash (sociology)">Backlash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Common people">Common people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuismo" title="Continuismo">Continuismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Criticism of multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demagogue" title="Demagogue">Demagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">Economic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">The Establishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">Anti-establishment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_will" title="General will">General will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_democracy" title="Grassroots democracy">Grassroots democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mob_rule" title="Mob rule">Mob rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_aristocracy" title="Natural aristocracy">Natural aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)" title="Pluralism (political theory)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_democracy" title="Popular democracy">Popular democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-politics" title="Post-politics">Post-politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge_issue" title="Wedge issue">Wedge issue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_chauvinism" title="Welfare chauvinism">Welfare chauvinism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Berlusconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxime_Bernier" title="Maxime Bernier">Bernier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Pemberton_Billing" title="Noel Pemberton Billing">Billing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Ernest_Boulanger" title="Georges Ernest Boulanger">Boulanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Castillo" title="Pedro Castillo">Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Correa" title="Rafael Correa">Correa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Duterte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Farage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fetterman" title="John Fetterman">Fetterman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pim_Fortuyn" title="Pim Fortuyn">Fortuyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Kuo-yu" title="Han Kuo-yu">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ollanta_Humala" title="Ollanta Humala">Humala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Iglesias_Turri%C3%B3n" title="Pablo Iglesias Turrión">Iglesias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janez_Jan%C5%A1a" title="Janez Janša">Janša</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Kirchner" title="Cristina Fernández de Kirchner">Kirchner (Cristina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9stor_Kirchner" title="Néstor Kirchner">Kirchner (Néstor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imran_Khan" title="Imran Khan">Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">La Follette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Le Pen (Jean-Marie)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Le Pen (Marine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_Long" title="Huey Long">Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Lula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Maduro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_M%C3%A9lenchon" title="Jean-Luc Mélenchon">Mélenchon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgia_Meloni" title="Giorgia Meloni">Meloni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Milei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Morales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_L%C3%B3pez_Obrador" title="Andrés Manuel López Obrador">Obrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Ocasio-Cortez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ortega" title="Daniel Ortega">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Papandreou" title="Andreas Papandreou">Papandreou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">Perón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Peters" title="Winston Peters">Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A2nio_Quadros" title="Jânio Quadros">Quadros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matteo_Salvini" title="Matteo Salvini">Salvini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaksin_Shinawatra" title="Thaksin Shinawatra">Shinawatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Stere" title="Constantin Stere">Stere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabowo_Subianto" title="Prabowo Subianto">Subianto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas">Vargas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geert_Wilders" title="Geert Wilders">Wilders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoon_Suk_Yeol" title="Yoon Suk Yeol">Yoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Zeman" title="Miloš Zeman">Zeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zhirinovsky" title="Vladimir Zhirinovsky">Zhirinovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Zuma" title="Jacob Zuma">Zuma</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Administration_party" title="Anti-Administration party">Anti-Administration party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_national_revival" title="Ukrainian national revival">Ukrainian national revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hromada_(secret_society)" title="Hromada (secret society)">Hromada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narodniks" title="Narodniks">Narodniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_Alliance" title="Farmers' Alliance">Farmers' Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%82opomania" title="Chłopomania">Chłopomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%83m%C4%83n%C4%83torul" title="Sămănătorul">Sămănătorul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiosomaggismo" title="Radiosomaggismo">Radiosomaggismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vargas_Era" title="Vargas Era">Vargas Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Share_Our_Wealth" title="Share Our Wealth">Share Our Wealth</a></li> <li>Radical right <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_tide" title="Pink tide">Pink tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">Election of Donald Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_vests_protests" title="Yellow vests protests">Yellow vests protests</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_Canada" title="Populism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_Europe" title="Populism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_Latin_America" title="Populism in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_New_Zealand" title="Populism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_the_United_States" title="Populism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">Democratic backsliding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-nationalism" title="Neo-nationalism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_center_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical center (politics)">Radical centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" 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class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a> forming</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Nationalism in the Middle Ages">Nationalism in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">Colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_emblem" title="National emblem">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Nation" title="Father of the Nation">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_flag" title="National flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_god" title="National god">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">Myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbol" title="National symbol">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_treasure" title="National treasure">Treasure</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Core values</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegiance" title="Allegiance">Allegiance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_nationalism" title="Types of nationalism">Types</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_nationalism" title="Blind nationalism">Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_nationalism" title="Bourgeois nationalism">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_nationalism" title="Business nationalism">Business</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_chauvinism" title="Welfare chauvinism">Welfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_patriotism" title="Constitutional patriotism">Constitutional patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate nationalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber-nationalism">Cyber-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-nationalism" title="Eco-nationalism">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionist_nationalism" title="Expansionist nationalism">Expansionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homonationalism" title="Homonationalism">Homosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenism" title="Indigenism">Indigenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">populism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_mysticism" title="National mysticism">Mystic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-nationalism" title="Neo-nationalism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">Pan-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Shōwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_ethnic_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean ethnic nationalism">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerico-nationalism" title="Clerico-nationalism">Clerical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim nationalism">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_nationalism" title="Resource nationalism">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_nationalism" title="Revolutionary nationalism">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legionarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionarism">Legionarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rexism">Rexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocacerism" title="Ethnocacerism">Ethnocacerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-nationalism" title="Techno-nationalism">Technological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_nationalism" title="Territorial nationalism">Territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnationalism" title="Transnationalism">Trans-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra-</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism_(Japan)" title="Ultranationalism (Japan)">Japan</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_nationalist_organizations" title="List of nationalist organizations">List of nationalist organizations</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nationalism">Anti-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banal_nationalism" title="Banal nationalism">Banal nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_religion" title="Civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_nationalism" title="Cultural nationalism">Cultural nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_politics" title="Diaspora politics">Diaspora politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">Ethnocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociological_Francoism" title="Sociological Francoism">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastronationalism" title="Gastronationalism">Gastronationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_and_gender" title="Nationalism and gender">Gender and nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_historiography" title="Nationalist historiography">Historiography and nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagined_community" title="Imagined community">Imagined community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingoism" title="Jingoism">Jingoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_indifference" title="National indifference">National indifference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_studies" title="Nationalism studies">Nationalism studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurinationalism" title="Plurinationalism">Plurinationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postnationalism" title="Postnationalism">Post-</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principle_of_nationalities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Principle of nationalities (page does not exist)">Principle of nationalities</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principe_des_nationalit%C3%A9s" class="extiw" title="fr:Principe des nationalités">fr</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revanchism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Right-wing populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival" title="Festival">Seasonal or cultural festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity_(Catholicism)" title="Subsidiarity (Catholicism)">in Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nationalism_sidebar" title="Template:Nationalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nationalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Nationalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nationalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nationalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism" title="Category:Conservatism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_colour#Blue" title="Political colour"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Blue_flag_waving.svg/75px-Blue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Blue_flag_waving.svg/113px-Blue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Blue_flag_waving.svg/150px-Blue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Corporatist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_conservatism" title="Pragmatic conservatism">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactionism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism" title="Ultraconservatism">Ultra</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Ancestral worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_identity" title="Collective identity">Collective identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)#Cultural_values" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Cultural values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements" title="Anti-abortion movements">Pro-Life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Ethical order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a state model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_roles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender roles">Gender roles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Essentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternalism" title="Maternalism">Maternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism#Politics" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Norms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organised_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Organised religion">Organised religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Property rights">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Social institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Jerzy_Czartoryski" title="Adam Jerzy Czartoryski">Czartoryski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Nordau" title="Max Nordau">Nordau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Jabotinsky" title="Ze'ev Jabotinsky">Jabotinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ilyin" title="Ivan Ilyin">Ilyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilberto_Freyre" title="Gilberto Freyre">Freyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Gómez Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhart_Koselleck" title="Reinhart Koselleck">Koselleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukio_Mishima" title="Yukio Mishima">Mishima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Peterson</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Mannerheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">De Gasperi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">De Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Reza Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgia_Meloni" title="Giorgia Meloni">Meloni</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Religion</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist School</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Personal variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayib_Bukele#Political_views" title="Nayib Bukele">Bukelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fanism" title="Erdoğanism">Erdoğanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janismo" title="Janismo">Janismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellismo" title="Mellismo">Mellismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaganism">Reaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarkozysm" title="Sarkozysm">Sarkozysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">National variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Austria" title="Conservatism">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Bangladesh" title="Conservatism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Belgium" title="Conservatism">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Belize" title="Conservatism in North America">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Brazil" title="Conservatism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Chile" title="Conservatism">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#China" title="Conservatism">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Colombia" title="Conservatism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Cuba" title="Conservatism in North America">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Denmark" title="Conservatism">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Finland" title="Conservatism">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_France" title="Conservatism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Greece" title="Conservatism">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Guatemala" title="Conservatism in North America">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Hungary" title="Conservatism">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iceland" title="Conservatism">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_India" title="Conservatism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iran" title="Conservatism">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Conservatism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Italy" title="Conservatism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Conservatism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Luxembourg" title="Conservatism">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Malaysia" title="Conservatism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Mexico" title="Conservatism in North America">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Netherlands" title="Conservatism">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_conservatism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic conservatism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Norway" title="Conservatism">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Pakistan" title="Conservatism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Panama" title="Conservatism in North America">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Peru" title="Conservatism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Poland" title="Conservatism">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Serbia" title="Conservatism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Singapore" title="Conservatism">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Sweden" title="Conservatism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Switzerland" title="Conservatism">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Conservatism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Turkey" title="Conservatism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Ukraine" title="Conservatism">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="border-bottom:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="White Terror (disambiguation)">White Terror</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-immigration" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-immigration">Anti-immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Black conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_wave" title="Conservative wave">Conservative wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Hispanic conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">in United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism">LGBT conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NatCon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchalism" title="Patriarchalism">Patriarchalism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Radical right <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_realism" title="Right realism">Right realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-c_conservative" title="Small-c conservative">Small-c conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Toryism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #36c; border-bottom:1px solid #36c; font-weight:bold"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_sidebar" title="Template:Conservatism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Conservatism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Right-wing populism, also called national populism and right populism,<a href="#cite_note-Berman-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Ideology#Political_ideologies" title="Ideology">political ideology</a> that combines <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing politics</a> with <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populist</a> rhetoric and themes. Its rhetoric employs anti-<a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">elitist</a> sentiments, opposition to <a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">the Establishment</a>, and speaking to or for the <a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">common people</a>. Recurring themes of right-wing populists include <a href="/wiki/Neo-nationalism" title="Neo-nationalism">neo-nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">social conservatism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">economic nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">fiscal conservatism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> Frequently, they aim to defend a national culture, identity, and economy against perceived attacks by outsiders.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> Right-wing populism has associations with authoritarianism,<a href="#cite_note-JODweyland2-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> while some far-right populists draw comparisons to <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:6-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-11">[10]</a> Right-wing populism in the Western world is generally associated with ideologies such as <a href="/wiki/Anti-environmentalism" title="Anti-environmentalism">anti-environmentalism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">anti-globalization</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Rydgren_2018-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">nativism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Rydgren_2018-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> In Europe, the term is often used to describe groups, politicians, and political parties generally known for their <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">opposition to immigration</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Rydgren_2018-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> especially from the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Rydgren_2018-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> and for <a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">Euroscepticism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> Right-wing populists may support expanding the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>, but only for those they deem fit to receive it;<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> this concept has been referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Welfare_chauvinism" title="Welfare chauvinism">welfare chauvinism</a>".<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> Since the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>,<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> European right-wing populist movements such as the <a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Italy" title="Brothers of Italy">Brothers of Italy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lega_(political_party)" title="Lega (political party)">League</a> in Italy, the <a href="/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally">National Rally</a> (formerly the National Front) in France, the <a href="/wiki/Party_for_Freedom" title="Party for Freedom">Party for Freedom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Forum_for_Democracy" title="Forum for Democracy">Forum for Democracy</a> in the Netherlands, <a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Latvia)" title="National Alliance (Latvia)">National Alliance</a> in Latvia, the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_People%27s_Party_of_Estonia" title="Conservative People's Party of Estonia">Conservative People's Party of Estonia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Finns_Party" title="Finns Party">Finns Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sweden_Democrats" title="Sweden Democrats">Sweden Democrats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_People%27s_Party" title="Danish People's Party">Danish People's Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vox_(political_party)" title="Vox (political party)">Vox</a> in Spain, <a href="/wiki/Chega_(political_party)" title="Chega (political party)">Chega</a> in Portugal, the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_Austria" title="Freedom Party of Austria">Freedom Party of Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fidesz" title="Fidesz">Fidesz</a> in Hungary, <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice" title="Law and Justice">Law and Justice</a> in Poland, the <a href="/wiki/UK_Independence_Party" title="UK Independence Party">UK Independence Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Direct_Democracy" title="Freedom and Direct Democracy">Freedom and Direct Democracy</a> in the Czech Republic, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Solution" title="Greek Solution">Greek Solution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Union_of_Romanians" title="Alliance for the Union of Romanians">Alliance for the Union of Romanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revival_(Bulgarian_political_party)" title="Revival (Bulgarian political party)">Revival</a> in Bulgaria, the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_People%27s_Party" title="Swiss People's Party">Swiss People's Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reform_UK" title="Reform UK">Reform UK</a> (formerly the Brexit Party) began to grow in popularity,<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> in large part due to increasing opposition to immigration from the Middle East and Africa, rising <a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">Euroscepticism</a> and discontent with the economic policies of the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> From the 1990s, right-wing populist parties became established in the legislatures of various democracies. Right-wing populism has remained the dominant political force in the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> in the United States since the 2010s.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">extreme right-wing</a> movements in the United States (where they are normally referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">radical right</a>") are usually characterized as separate entities, some writers consider them to be a part of a broader, right-wing populist phenomenon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaplanWeinberg19981–2-34">[33]</a> American businessman and media personality <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> won the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 United States presidential election</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024 United States presidential election</a> after running on <a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">platforms</a> founded on right-wing populist themes.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Populism#Authoritarianism" title="Populism">Populism § Authoritarianism</a></div> Right-wing populism is an ideology that primarily espouses <a href="/wiki/Neo-nationalism" title="Neo-nationalism">neo-nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">social conservatism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">economic nationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cas_Mudde" title="Cas Mudde">Cas Mudde</a> argues that what he calls the "populist radical right" starts with the idea of 'the nation'. He however rejects the use of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> as a core ideology of right-wing populism on the ground that there are also purely "civic" or "liberal" forms of nationalism, preferring instead the term "<a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">nativism</a>": a xenophobic form of nationalism asserting that "states should be inhabited exclusively by members of the native group ('the nation'), and that non-native elements (persons and ideas) are fundamentally threatening to the homogeneous nation-state". Mudde further argues that "while nativism could include racist arguments, it can also be non-racist (including and excluding on the basis of culture or even religion)", and that the term nativism does not reduce the parties to mere single-issue parties, such as the term "anti-immigrant" does. In the maximum definition, to nativism is added authoritarianism—an attitude, not necessarily anti-democratic or autocratic, to prefer "<a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">law and order</a>" and the submission to authority<a href="#cite_note-37">[b]</a>—and <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populism</a>—a "thin-centered ideology" that considers society to be ultimately separated into two homogeneous and antagonistic groups, "the pure people" versus "the corrupt elite", and which argues that politics should be an expression of the "general will of the people", regardless of human rights or constitutional guarantees.<a href="#cite_note-38">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> Cas Mudde and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser reiterated in 2017 that within European right-wing populism, there is a "marriage of convenience" of populism based on an "ethnic and chauvinistic definition of the people", authoritarianism, and nativism. This results in right-wing populism having a "xenophobic nature".<a href="#cite_note-short-40">[37]</a> Roger Eatwell, Emeritus Professor of Comparative Politics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bath" title="University of Bath">University of Bath</a>, writes that "whilst populism and fascism differ notably ideologically, in practice the latter has borrowed aspects of populist discourse and style, and populism can degenerate into leader-oriented authoritarian and exclusionary politics."<a href="#cite_note-:6-10">[9]</a> For populism to transition into fascism or proto-fascism, it requires a "<a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">nihilistic culture</a> and an intractable crisis."<a href="#cite_note-:7-11">[10]</a> <blockquote>[P]opulism is like fascism in being a response to liberal and socialist explanations of the political. And also like fascism, populism does not recognize a legitimate political place for an opposition that it regards as acting against the desires of the people and that it also accuses of being tyrannical, conspiratorial, and antidemocratic. ... The opponents are turned into public enemies, but only rhetorically. If populism moves from rhetorical enmity to practices of enemy identification and persecution, we could be talking about its transformation into fascism or another form of dictatorial repression. This has happened in the past ... and without question it could happen in the future. This morphing of populism back into fascism is always a possibility, but it is very uncommon, and when it does happen, and populism becomes fully antidemocratic, it is no longer populism.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a></blockquote> Erik Berggren and Andres Neergard wrote in 2015 that "[m]ost researchers agree [...] that <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">anti-immigration sentiments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">nativism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethno-nationalism</a> are, in different ways, central elements in the ideologies, politics, and practices of right-wing populism and Extreme Right Wing Parties."<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> Similarly, historian Rick Shenkman describes the ideology presented by right-wing populism as "a deadly mix of xenophobia, racism, and authoritarianism."<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> Tamir Bar-On also concluded in 2018 that the literature generally places "nativism" or "ethnic nationalism" as the core concept of the ideology, which "implicitly posits a politically dominant group, while minorities are conceived as threats to the nation". It is "generally, but not necessarily racist";<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> in the case of the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Party_for_Freedom" title="Party for Freedom">PVV</a> for instance, "a religious [minority, i.e. Muslims] instead of an ethnic minority constitutes the main 'enemy'".<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> Scholars use terminology inconsistently, sometimes referring to right-wing populism as "<a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">radical right</a>"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaplanWeinberg199810–11-46">[43]</a> or other terms such as <a href="/wiki/Neo-nationalism" title="Neo-nationalism">new nationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pippa_Norris" title="Pippa Norris">Pippa Norris</a> noted that "standard reference works use alternate typologies and diverse labels categorising parties as '<a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far</a>' or 'extreme' right, '<a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a>', '<a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">anti-immigrant</a>' or '<a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">neo-fascist</a>', '<a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">anti-establishment</a>', 'national populist', 'protest', 'ethnic', 'authoritarian', '<a href="/wiki/Anti-statism" title="Anti-statism">anti-government</a>', 'anti-party', '<a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">ultranationalist</a>', '<a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">right-libertarian</a>' and so on".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris200544-48">[45]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] The term 'authoritarian populism' can be used to describe right-wing populism,<a href="#cite_note-d214-49">[46]</a> though it is also used to refer to left-wing political movements.<a href="#cite_note-u165-50">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-y618-51">[48]</a> In regard to the authoritarian aspect of right-wing populism, political psychologist Shawn W. Rosenberg asserts that its "intellectual roots and underlying logic" are best seen as "a contemporary expression of the fascist ideologies of the early 20th century". <blockquote>Guided by its roots in ideological fascism ... and its affinity to the fascist governments of 1930s Germany and Italy, [right-wing populism] tends to delegate unusual power to its leadership, more specifically its key leader. This leader embodies the will of the people, renders it clear for everyone else and executes accordingly. Thus distinctions between the leadership, the people as a whole and individuals are blurred as their will is joined in a single purpose. (p.5) ... In this political cultural conception, individuals have a secondary and somewhat derivative status. They are rendered meaningful and valued insofar as they are part of the collective, the people and the nation. Individuals are thus constituted as a mass who share a single common significant categorical quality – they are nationals, members of the nation. ... In this conception, the individual and the nation are inextricably intertwined, the line between them blurred. As suggested by philosophers of fascism ... the state is realized in the people and the people are realized in the state. It is a symbiotic relation. Individuals are realized in their manifestation of the national characteristics and by their participation in the national mission. In so doing, individuals are at once defined and valued, recognized and glorified. (p.12)<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a></blockquote> According to Rosenberg, right-wing populism accepts the primacy of "the people", but rejects liberal democracy's protection of the rights of minorities, and favors ethno-nationalism over the legal concept of the nation as a polity, with the people as its members; in general, it rejects the rule of law. All of these attributes, as well as its favoring of strong political leadership, suggest right-wing populism's fascist leanings.<a href="#cite_note-rosenberg-53">[50]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Federico_Finchelstein" title="Federico Finchelstein">Federico Finchelstein</a> defines populism as a form of authoritarian democracy while fascism is an ultraviolent dictatorship.<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Motivations_and_methods">Motivations and methods</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Motivations and methods">edit</a>]</div> According to <a href="/wiki/Roger_Eatwell" title="Roger Eatwell">Roger Eatwell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Goodwin" title="Matthew Goodwin">Matthew Goodwin</a>, "National populists prioritize the culture and interests of the nation, and promise to give voice to a people who feel that they have been neglected, even held in contempt, by distant and often corrupt elites." They are part of a "growing revolt against mainstream politics and liberal values. This challenge is in general not anti-democratic. Rather, national populists are opposed to certain aspects of liberal democracy as it has evolved in the West. [...] [Their] 'direct' conception of democracy differs from the 'liberal' one that has flourished across the West following the defeat of fascism and which has gradually become more elitist in character." Furthermore, national populists question what they call the "erosion of the nation-state", "hyper ethnic change" and the "capacity to rapidly absorb [high] rates of immigration", the "highly unequal societies" of the West's current economic settlement. They are suspicious of "cosmopolitan and globalizing agendas".<a href="#cite_note-:2-3">[3]</a> Populist parties use crises in their domestic governments to enhance anti-globalist reactions; these include refrainment towards trade and anti-immigration policies. The support for these ideologies commonly comes from people whose employment might have low occupational mobility. This makes them more likely to develop an anti-immigrant and anti-globalization mentality that aligns with the ideals of the populist party.<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Camus" title="Jean-Yves Camus">Jean-Yves Camus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Lebourg" title="Nicolas Lebourg">Nicolas Lebourg</a> see "national populism" as an attempt to combine the socio-economical values of the left and political values of the right and the support for a <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendary</a> republic that would bypass traditional political divisions and institutions as they aim for the unity of the political (the demos), ethnic (the ethnos) and social (the working class) interpretations of the "people", national populists claim to defend the "average citizen" and "common sense", against the "betrayal of inevitably corrupt elites".<a href="#cite_note-:0-56">[53]</a> As Front National ideologue <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Duprat" title="François Duprat">François Duprat</a> put in the 1970s, inspired by the Latin American right of that time, right-populism aims to constitute a "national, social, and popular" ideology. If both left and right parties share <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populism</a> itself, their premises are indeed different in that right-wing populists perceive society as in a state of decadence, from which "only the healthy common people can free the nation by forming one national class from the different social classes and casting aside the corrupt elites".<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> Methodologically, by co-opting concepts from the left – such as <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">ethnopluralism</a>, which is espoused by the left as a means of preserving minority ethnic cultures within a pluralistic society – and then jettisoning their non-hierarchical essence, right-wing populists can, in the words of sociologist <a href="/wiki/Jens_Rydgren" title="Jens Rydgren">Jens Rydgren</a>, "mobilize on xenophobic and racist public opinions without being stigmatized as racists."<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Hande_Eslen-Ziya" title="Hande Eslen-Ziya">Hande Eslen-Ziya</a> argues that right-wing populist movements rely on "troll science", namely "(distorted) scientific arguments moulded into populist discourse" that creates an alternative narrative.<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> In addition to rhetorical methods, right-wing populist movements have also flourished by using tools of digital media, including websites and newsletters, social media groups and pages, as well as Youtube channels and messaging chat groups.<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-62">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_issues_and_immigration">Cultural issues and immigration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cultural issues and immigration">edit</a>]</div> While immigration is a common theme at the center of many national right-wing populist movements, the theme often crystallizes around cultural issues, such as religion, gender roles, and sexuality, as is the case with the transnational anti-gender theory movements.<a href="#cite_note-:3-62">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> A body of scholarship has also found populist movements to employ or be based around conspiracy theories, rumors, and falsehoods.<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> Some scholars argue that right-wing populism's association with conspiracy, rumor and falsehood may be more common in the digital era thanks to widely accessible means of content production and diffusion.<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> These media and communication developments in the context of specific historical shifts in immigration and cultural politics have led to the association of right-wing populism with <a href="/wiki/Post-truth_politics" title="Post-truth politics">post-truth politics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-62">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany_and_France_(1870–1900)">Germany and France (1870–1900)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Germany and France (1870–1900)">edit</a>]</div> German and French right-wing populism can be traced back to the period 1870–1900 in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>, with the nascence of two different trends in Germany and France: the <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boulangism" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulangism">Boulangism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-68">[65]</a> Völkischen represented a <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">romantic nationalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Racialism">racialist</a>, and from the 1900s, antisemitic tendency in German society, as they idealized a bio-mystical "original nation" that still could be found in their views in the rural regions, a form of "primitive democracy freely subjected to their natural elites".<a href="#cite_note-:1322-69">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-68">[65]</a> In France, the anti-parliamentarian <a href="/wiki/Ligue_des_Patriotes" title="Ligue des Patriotes">Ligue des Patriotes</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Georges_Ernest_Boulanger" title="Georges Ernest Boulanger">Boulanger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_D%C3%A9roul%C3%A8de" title="Paul Déroulède">Déroulède</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Barr%C3%A8s" title="Maurice Barrès">Barrès</a>, called for a "plebiscitary republic", with the president elected by <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>, and the popular will expressed not through elected representatives (the "corrupted elites"), but rather via "legislative plebiscites", another name for referendums.<a href="#cite_note-:1-68">[65]</a> It also evolved to antisemitism after the <a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a> (1894).<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denmark_and_Norway_(1970s)">Denmark and Norway (1970s)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Denmark and Norway (1970s)">edit</a>]</div> Modern national populism—what Pierro Ignazi called "post-industrial parties"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIgnazi200226-71">[68]</a>—emerged in the 1970s, in a dynamic sustained by voters' rejection of the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> and of the tax system, both deemed "confiscatory"; the rise of xenophobia against the backdrop of immigration which, because originating from outside Europe, was considered to be of a new kind; and finally, the end of the prosperity that had reigned since the post–World War II era, symbolized by the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">oil crisis of 1973</a>. Two precursor parties consequently appeared in the early 1970s: the <a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Denmark)" title="Progress Party (Denmark)">Progress Party</a>, the ancestor of the <a href="/wiki/Danish_People%27s_Party" title="Danish People's Party">Danish People's Party</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Norway)" title="Progress Party (Norway)">Anders Lange's Party</a> in Norway.<a href="#cite_note-:0-56">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands_and_France_(2001)">Netherlands and France (2001)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Netherlands and France (2001)">edit</a>]</div> A new wave of right-wing populism arose after the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>. "Neo-populists" are nationalist and Islamophobic politicians who aspire "to be the champions of freedoms for minorities (gays, Jews, women) against the Arab-Muslim masses"; a trend first embodied by the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Pim_Fortuyn_List" title="Pim Fortuyn List">Pim Fortuyn List</a> and later followed by <a href="/wiki/Geert_Wilders" title="Geert Wilders">Geert Wilders</a>' <a href="/wiki/Party_for_Freedom" title="Party for Freedom">Party for Freedom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Jean Marie</a> and his daughter <a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Marine Le Pen</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Rally_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Rally (France)">National Rally</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Camus" title="Jean-Yves Camus">Jean-Yves Camus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Lebourg" title="Nicolas Lebourg">Nicolas Lebourg</a>, those parties are not a real <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> of the left and right, as their ideology and voter base are interclassist.<a href="#cite_note-72">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a> Furthermore, neo-populist parties went from a critique of the welfare state to that of <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a>, and their priority demand remains the reduction of immigration.<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungary_(early_2000s)">Hungary (early 2000s)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hungary (early 2000s)">edit</a>]</div> The roots of the right-wing populist movement in Hungary are deep, and over the past few decades it has significantly influenced politics in the country. Right-wing populism is growing in Hungary at present because its origins can be found in the post-communist era, particularly in the economic and political chaos of the 1990s. In the early 2000s, the <a href="/wiki/Jobbik" title="Jobbik">Jobbik Party</a>, formally known as the Movement for a Better Hungary, emerged and rapidly became the country's most successful far-right political party. Jobbik, which was founded in 2003, exploited <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">anti-Semitic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Roma_racism_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Roma racism in Italy">anti-Roma</a> feelings to rally support, as well as strong nationalist rhetoric and hostility to capitalism and liberalism. The party's successful use of internet channels to attract and mobilize young people resulted in tremendous popularity and influence.<a href="#cite_note-:8-76">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Viktor Orbán</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fidesz" title="Fidesz">Fidesz Party</a> is also a prominent factor in Hungarian right-wing populism. Since taking office in 2010, Orbán has changed Fidesz from a center-right party to a right-wing populist organization. Under Orbán's leadership, the party has stressed national sovereignty, anti-immigrant policies, and conservative social values, frequently battling with the EU on a variety of topics. Orbán's administration has centralized authority, controlled media, and altered legal frameworks to keep power.<a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-76">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Movements_by_country">Movements by country</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Movements by country">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piero_Ignazi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piero Ignazi (page does not exist)">Piero Ignazi</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piero_Ignazi" class="extiw" title="it:Piero Ignazi">it</a>], an Italian <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political scientist</a>, divided right-wing populist parties, which he called "extreme right parties", into two categories: he placed traditional right-wing parties that had developed out of the historical right and post-industrial parties that had developed independently. He placed the <a href="/wiki/British_National_Party" title="British National Party">British National Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">National Democratic Party of Germany</a>, the <a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Union" title="German People's Union">German People's Union</a>, and the former Dutch <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Centre Party (Netherlands)">Centre Party</a> in the first category, whose prototype would be the disbanded <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Movement" title="Italian Social Movement">Italian Social Movement</a>. In contrast, he placed the French <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Front (France)">National Front</a>, the German <a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(Germany)" title="The Republicans (Germany)">Republicans</a>, the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Centre_Democrats_(Netherlands)" title="Centre Democrats (Netherlands)">Centre Democrats</a>, the former Belgian <a href="/wiki/Vlaams_Blok" title="Vlaams Blok">Vlaams Blok</a> (which would include certain aspects of traditional extreme right parties), the Danish <a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Denmark)" title="Progress Party (Denmark)">Progress Party</a>, the Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Norway)" title="Progress Party (Norway)">Progress Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_Austria" title="Freedom Party of Austria">Freedom Party of Austria</a> in the second category.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIgnazi200226-71">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-google-78">[74]</a> Right-wing populist parties in the English-speaking world include the <a href="/wiki/UK_Independence_Party" title="UK Independence Party">UK Independence Party</a> and Australia's <a href="/wiki/One_Nation_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="One Nation (Australia)">One Nation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris200568–69,_72-79">[75]</a> The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative Party of Canada</a> include right-wing populist factions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Africa">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a>. Sources do not closely match the text by discussing right-wing populism (or a synonym) when there are sources Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (May 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Tone plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Tone" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's tone or style may not reflect the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic tone</a> used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">guide to writing better articles</a> for suggestions. (May 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nigeria">Nigeria</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nigeria">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Rabiu_Kwankwaso" title="Rabiu Kwankwaso">Rabiu Kwankwaso</a>, as well as his <a href="/wiki/New_Nigeria_People%27s_Party" title="New Nigeria People's Party">New Nigeria People's Party</a>, are generally as <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populist</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism" title="Ultraconservatism">ultraconservative</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a> Styling himself off of <a href="/wiki/Aminu_Kano" title="Aminu Kano">Aminu Kano</a>, Kwankwaso has voiced support for the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> and building more universities, while also increasing the size of the <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Armed_Forces" title="Nigerian Armed Forces">Nigerian Armed Forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Police_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Police Force">Nigerian Police Force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a> Kwankwaso is seen as being strongly <a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">culturally conservative</a> and a deeply pious <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nigeria" title="Islam in Nigeria">Muslim</a>, although he is no <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a> Even with Kwankwaso's cultural conservatism, he has expressed support for <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a> <a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Nigeria#Feminism_in_Nigeria" title="Gender inequality in Nigeria">in Nigeria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: South Africa">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_South_Africa" title="Libertarianism in South Africa">Libertarianism in South Africa</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Synthesis plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ambox_question.svg/40px-Ambox_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ambox_question.svg/60px-Ambox_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ambox_question.svg/80px-Ambox_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Synthesis_of_published_material" title="Wikipedia:No original research">synthesis of material</a> which does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifiably mention</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_removal#Irrelevant_information" title="Wikipedia:Content removal">relate</a> to the main topic. Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Right-wing_populism##" title="Talk:Right-wing populism">talk page</a>. (May 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> According to <a href="/wiki/John_Campbell_(diplomat)" title="John Campbell (diplomat)">John Campbell</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Front_Plus" title="Freedom Front Plus">Freedom Front Plus</a> is a <a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans" title="White South Africans">white</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coloureds" title="Coloureds">coloured</a> dominated political party that promotes <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner nationalism</a>. The current party manifesto, written by <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Groenewald" title="Pieter Groenewald">Pieter Groenewald</a>, calls for an end to <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">affirmative action</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Economic_Empowerment" title="Black Economic Empowerment">Black Economic Empowerment</a> while supporting <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-85">[81]</a> Freedom Front Plus has always promoted policies which are conservative in nature and support <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans-speakers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_South_Africa" title="Christianity in South Africa">Christians</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Reformed Church of South Africa">Dutch Reformed Church of South Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-85">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uganda">Uganda</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Uganda">edit</a>]</div> President <a href="/wiki/Yoweri_Museveni" title="Yoweri Museveni">Yoweri Museveni</a> and his party, <a href="/wiki/National_Resistance_Movement" title="National Resistance Movement">National Resistance Movement</a>, are usually considered right-wing populist,<a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights opposition">anti-LGBT</a>,<a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Ugandan</a> <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a>. According to Corina Lacatus, "Museveni came to power in 1986 as a populist figure who adopted an authoritarian leadership style and converted over the years in an authoritarian leader. Over the years, he has continued to rely on a tried-and-tested populist discourse that granted him political success in the first place, to continue the advancement of his regime and to promote his election campaigns."<a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Americas">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Argentina">Argentina</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Argentina">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Presidente_Javier_Milei_2023-12-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Presidente_Javier_Milei_2023-12-10.jpg/150px-Presidente_Javier_Milei_2023-12-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Presidente_Javier_Milei_2023-12-10.jpg/225px-Presidente_Javier_Milei_2023-12-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Presidente_Javier_Milei_2023-12-10.jpg/300px-Presidente_Javier_Milei_2023-12-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/President_of_Argentina" title="President of Argentina">President of Argentina</a> Javier Milei</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Javier_Milei" title="Javier Milei">Javier Milei</a>, the incumbent president of Argentina, is known for his flamboyant personality, distinctive personal style, and strong media presence. Milei's views distinguish him in the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Argentina" title="Politics of Argentina">Argentine political landscape</a> and have garnered him significant public attention and polarizing reactions. He has been described politically as a <a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">right-wing libertarian</a> and right-wing populist, that supports <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> economics, aligning specifically with <a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">minarchist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">anarcho-capitalist</a> principles. Milei has proposed a comprehensive overhaul of the country's fiscal and structural policies. He supports <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_choice" title="Freedom of choice">freedom of choice</a> on drug policy, firearms, prostitution, same-sex marriage, sexual preference, and gender identity, while <a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements" title="Anti-abortion movements">opposing abortion</a> and euthanasia. In foreign policy, he advocates closer relations with the United States, supporting Ukraine in response to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of the country</a>. He is also distancing Argentina from geopolitical ties with China.<a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a> He has been variously described as far right,<a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a> far-right populist,<a href="#cite_note-95">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a> right-wing libertarian,<a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism" title="Ultraconservatism">ultraconservative</a>,<a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Market_fundamentalism" title="Market fundamentalism">ultra-liberal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a> A philosophical anarcho-capitalist who is for practical purposes a <a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">minarchist</a>, Milei advocates minimal government, focusing on justice and security,<a href="#cite_note-Il_Post_2023-107">[103]</a> with a philosophy rooted in life, liberty, and property, and <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> principles. He criticizes <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Cronista_2019-108">[104]</a> advocating <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization" title="Economic liberalization">economic liberalization</a> and the restructuring of government ministries.<a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a> He opposes the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Argentina" title="Central Bank of Argentina">Central Bank of Argentina</a> and current taxation policies.<a href="#cite_note-Centenera_&_Criales_2023-110">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a> Economically, Milei is influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_school_of_economics" title="Austrian school of economics">Austrian school of economics</a> and admires former president <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Menem" title="Carlos Menem">Carlos Menem</a>'s policies.<a href="#cite_note-Fiore_Viani_2021-112">[108]</a> He supports <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, viewing socialism as embodying envy and coercion.<a href="#cite_note-Cronista_2019-108">[104]</a> Milei proposes reducing government ministries and addressing economic challenges through spending cuts and fiscal reforms, criticizing previous administrations for excessive spending.<a href="#cite_note-Viriglio_2023-113">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a> He has praised the economic policies of former British prime minister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> and called her "a great leader".<a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazil">Brazil</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Brazil">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2020-03-24_Pronunciamento_do_Presidente_da_Rep%C3%BAblica,_Jair_Bolsonaro_em_Rede_Nacional_de_R%C3%A1dio_e_Televis%C3%A3o_-_49695919452_(cropped_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/2020-03-24_Pronunciamento_do_Presidente_da_Rep%C3%BAblica%2C_Jair_Bolsonaro_em_Rede_Nacional_de_R%C3%A1dio_e_Televis%C3%A3o_-_49695919452_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/170px-2020-03-24_Pronunciamento_do_Presidente_da_Rep%C3%BAblica%2C_Jair_Bolsonaro_em_Rede_Nacional_de_R%C3%A1dio_e_Televis%C3%A3o_-_49695919452_%28cropped_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/2020-03-24_Pronunciamento_do_Presidente_da_Rep%C3%BAblica%2C_Jair_Bolsonaro_em_Rede_Nacional_de_R%C3%A1dio_e_Televis%C3%A3o_-_49695919452_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/255px-2020-03-24_Pronunciamento_do_Presidente_da_Rep%C3%BAblica%2C_Jair_Bolsonaro_em_Rede_Nacional_de_R%C3%A1dio_e_Televis%C3%A3o_-_49695919452_%28cropped_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/2020-03-24_Pronunciamento_do_Presidente_da_Rep%C3%BAblica%2C_Jair_Bolsonaro_em_Rede_Nacional_de_R%C3%A1dio_e_Televis%C3%A3o_-_49695919452_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/340px-2020-03-24_Pronunciamento_do_Presidente_da_Rep%C3%BAblica%2C_Jair_Bolsonaro_em_Rede_Nacional_de_R%C3%A1dio_e_Televis%C3%A3o_-_49695919452_%28cropped_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2972" data-file-height="3963" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Jair Bolsonaro</a></figcaption></figure> In Brazil, right-wing populism began to rise roughly around the time <a href="/wiki/Dilma_Rousseff" title="Dilma Rousseff">Dilma Rousseff</a> won the <a href="/wiki/2014_Brazilian_general_election" title="2014 Brazilian general election">2014 presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[114]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2014_Brazilian_general_election" title="2014 Brazilian general election">Brazilian general election of 2014</a>, Levy Fidelix, from the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Labour_Renewal_Party" title="Brazilian Labour Renewal Party">Brazilian Labour Renewal Party</a>,<a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a> presented himself with a conservative speech and, according to him, the only right-wing candidate. He spoke for traditional <a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">family values</a> and opposed abortion, legalization of marijuana, and same-sex marriage and proposed that homosexual individuals be treated far away from the good citizens' and workers' families.<a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a> In the first round of the general election, Fidelix received 446,878 votes, representing 0.43% of the popular vote.<a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a> Fidelix ranked 7th out of 11 candidates. In the second round, Fidelix supported candidate <a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9cio_Neves" title="Aécio Neves">Aécio Neves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a> In addition, according to the political analyst of the Inter-Union Department of Parliamentary Advice, Antônio Augusto de Queiroz, the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" title="National Congress of Brazil">National Congress</a> <a href="/wiki/2014_Brazilian_general_election" title="2014 Brazilian general election">elected in 2014</a> may be considered the most conservative since the "re-democratization" movement, noting an increase in the number of parliamentarians linked to more conservative segments, such as <a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">ruralists</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Brazil">military</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Police_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Police of Brazil">police</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">religious right</a>. The subsequent economic crisis of 2015 and investigations of corruption scandals led to a right-wing movement that sought to rescue <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">fiscally</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">socially conservative</a> ideas in <a href="/wiki/Political_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Political opposition">opposition</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing policies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Brazil)" title="Workers' Party (Brazil)">Workers' Party</a>. At the same time, <a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">right-libertarians</a>, such as those that make up the <a href="/wiki/Free_Brazil_Movement" title="Free Brazil Movement">Free Brazil Movement</a>, emerged among many others. For Manheim (1952), within a single real generation, there may be several generations which he called "differentiated and antagonistic". For him, it is not the common birth date that marks a generation, though it matters, but rather the historical moment in which they live in common. In this case, the historical moment was the <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Dilma_Rousseff" title="Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff">impeachment of Dilma Rousseff</a>. They can be called the "post-Dilma generation".<a href="#cite_note-auto-123">[119]</a> Centrist interim President <a href="/wiki/Michel_Temer" title="Michel Temer">Michel Temer</a> took office following the impeachment of <a href="/wiki/Dilma_Rousseff" title="Dilma Rousseff">President Rousseff</a>. Temer held 3% approval ratings in October 2017,<a href="#cite_note-phillips2-124">[120]</a> facing a corruption scandal after accusations of obstructing justice and <a href="/wiki/Racketeering" title="Racketeering">racketeering</a> against him.<a href="#cite_note-watson2-125">[121]</a> He managed to avoid trial thanks to the support of the right-wing parties in the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" title="National Congress of Brazil">National Congress of Brazil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-phillips2-124">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-watson2-125">[121]</a> On the other hand, President of the Senate <a href="/wiki/Renan_Calheiros" title="Renan Calheiros">Renan Calheiros</a>, acknowledged as one of the key figures behind Rousseff's destitution and a member of the centrist <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Democratic_Movement" title="Brazilian Democratic Movement">Brazilian Democratic Movement</a>, was removed from office after facing <a href="/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">embezzlement</a> charges.<a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a> In March 2016, after entering the <a href="/wiki/Social_Christian_Party_(Brazil)" title="Social Christian Party (Brazil)">Social Christian Party</a>, far-right congressman <a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Jair Bolsonaro</a> decided to run for President of the Republic. In 2017, he tried to become the presidential nominee of <a href="/wiki/Patriota" title="Patriota">Patriota</a>, but, eventually, Bolsonaro entered the <a href="/wiki/Social_Liberal_Party_(Brazil)" title="Social Liberal Party (Brazil)">Social Liberal Party</a> and, supported by the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Labour_Renewal_Party" title="Brazilian Labour Renewal Party">Brazilian Labour Renewal Party</a>, he won the <a href="/wiki/2018_Brazilian_general_election" title="2018 Brazilian general election">2018 presidential election</a>, followed by left-wing former <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of São Paulo">Mayor of São Paulo</a> <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Haddad" title="Fernando Haddad">Fernando Haddad</a> of <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a>'s Workers' Party.<a href="#cite_note-CN10918-127">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a> Lula was banned from running after being convicted on criminal corruption charges and imprisoned.<a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a> Bolsonaro has been accused of racist,<a href="#cite_note-Gavin_Fernando-132">[128]</a> xenophobic,<a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a> misogynistic,<a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a> and homophobic rhetoric. His campaign was centered on opposition to crime, political corruption, and queer identity, and support for tax cuts, <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">militarism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholicity" title="Catholicity">catholicity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelicalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> Canada has a history of right-wing populist protest parties and politicians, most notably in Western Canada, partly due to the idea of <a href="/wiki/Western_alienation" title="Western alienation">Western alienation</a>. The highly successful <a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Canada" title="Social Credit Party of Canada">Social Credit Party of Canada</a> consistently won seats in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, Alberta, and <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> but fell into obscurity by the 1970s. In the late 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada" title="Reform Party of Canada">Reform Party of Canada</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Preston_Manning" title="Preston Manning">Preston Manning</a>, became another right-wing populist movement formed due to the policies of the center-right <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Progressive Conservative Party of Canada">Progressive Conservative Party of Canada</a>, which alienated many <a href="/wiki/Blue_Tory" title="Blue Tory">Blue Tories</a> and led to a feeling of neglect in the West of Canada. Initially motivated by a single-issue desire to give a voice to Western Canada, the Reform Party expanded its platform to include a blend of <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">socially conservative</a> and right-wing populist policies. It grew from a fringe party into a major political force in the 1990s and became the official opposition party before reforming itself as the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Alliance" title="Canadian Alliance">Canadian Alliance</a>. The Alliance ultimately merged with the Progressive Conservative Party to form the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative Party of Canada</a>, after which the Alliance faction dropped some of its populist and socially conservative ideas. In recent years, right-wing populist elements have existed within the Conservative Party of Canada and mainstream provincial parties and have most notably been espoused by Ontario MP <a href="/wiki/Kellie_Leitch" title="Kellie Leitch">Kellie Leitch</a>; businessman <a href="/wiki/Kevin_O%27Leary" title="Kevin O'Leary">Kevin O'Leary</a>; <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Quebec" title="Premier of Quebec">Quebec Premier</a> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Legault" title="François Legault">François Legault</a>; the former <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Toronto" title="Mayor of Toronto">Mayor of Toronto</a> <a href="/wiki/Rob_Ford" title="Rob Ford">Rob Ford</a>; and his brother, <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Ontario" title="Premier of Ontario">Ontario Premier</a> <a href="/wiki/Doug_Ford" title="Doug Ford">Doug Ford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-dford-139">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-economist-140">[136]</a> In August 2018, Conservative MP <a href="/wiki/Maxime_Bernier" title="Maxime Bernier">Maxime Bernier</a> left the party, and the following month he founded the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_of_Canada" title="People's Party of Canada">People's Party of Canada</a>, which has self-described as "smart populism" and been described as a "right of centre, populist" movement.<a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a> Bernier lost his seat in the 2019 Canadian federal elections, and the People's Party scored just above 1% of the vote; however, in the 2021 election, it saw improved performance and climbed to nearly 5% of the popular vote.<a href="#cite_note-complex-142">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Poilievre" title="Pierre Poilievre">Pierre Poilievre</a>, who has been described as populist by some journalists,<a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-populism1-144">[140]</a> won the <a href="/wiki/2022_Conservative_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election" title="2022 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election">2022 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election</a> and became the leader of both the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">Official Opposition</a>. Some journalists have compared Poilievre to American <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> populists such as <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a>,<a href="#cite_note-populism1-144">[140]</a> however many journalists have dismissed these comparisons due to Poilievre's pro-choice, pro-immigration, and pro-same-sex marriage positions.<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Costa_Rica">Costa Rica</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Costa Rica">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/2018_Costa_Rican_general_election" title="2018 Costa Rican general election">2018 political campaign</a>, both Evangelical Christian candidate <a href="/wiki/Fabricio_Alvarado_Mu%C3%B1oz" title="Fabricio Alvarado Muñoz">Fabricio Alvarado Muñoz</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a> and right-wing anti-establishment candidate <a href="/wiki/Juan_Diego_Castro_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Juan Diego Castro Fernández">Juan Diego Castro Fernández</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a> were described as examples of right-wing populists. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (October 2021)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In the United States, right-wing populism is frequently aligned with <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical Christianity</a>,<a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a> <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">segregationism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ElvingBryanTrump-158">[154]</a> <a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">nativism</a><a href="#cite_note-ElvingBryanTrump-158">[154]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">anti-intellectualism</a><a href="#cite_note-ElvingBryanTrump-158">[154]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">anti-Semitism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RightWingPopAtlantic-159">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party (United States)</a>, particularly supporters of Donald Trump, includes right-wing populist factions.<a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a> Moore (1996) argues that "populist opposition to the growing power of political, economic, and cultural elites" helped shape "conservative and right-wing movements" since the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> Historical right-wing populist figures in both major parties in the United States have included <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Watson" title="Thomas E. Watson">Thomas E. Watson</a> (D-GA), <a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Strom Thurmond</a>,<a href="#cite_note-163">[e]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">Joseph McCarthy</a> (R-WI), <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> (R-AZ), <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a> (D-AL), and <a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Pat Buchanan</a> (R-VA).<a href="#cite_note-RightWingPopAtlantic-159">[155]</a> Several of the prominent members of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">Populist Party</a> of the 1890s and 1900s, while economically liberal, supported social aspects of right-wing populism.<a href="#cite_note-ElvingBryanTrump-158">[154]</a> Watson, the Vice-Presidential nominee of the Populist Party in 1896 and presidential nominee in 1900, eventually embraced <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">anti-Semitism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NGE-164">[159]</a> William Jennings Bryan, the 1896 Populist presidential nominee, was socially and theologically conservative, supporting creationism, Prohibition and other aspects of Christian fundamentalism. Bradley J. Longfield posits Bryan was a "theologically conservative <a href="/wiki/Social_Gospel" title="Social Gospel">Social Gospeler</a>".<a href="#cite_note-ElvingBryanTrump-158">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[160]</a> An article by <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">National Public Radio</a>'s Ron Elving likens the populism of Bryan to the later right-wing populism of Trump.<a href="#cite_note-ElvingBryanTrump-158">[154]</a> In 2010, Rasmussen and Schoen characterized the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a> as "a right-wing anti-systemic populist movement". They added: "Today our country is in the midst of a...new populist revolt that has emerged overwhelmingly from the right – manifesting itself as the Tea Party movement".<a href="#cite_note-166">[161]</a> In 2010, <a href="/wiki/David_Barstow" title="David Barstow">David Barstow</a> wrote in The New York Times: "The Tea Party movement has become a platform for conservative populist discontent".<a href="#cite_note-167">[162]</a> Some political figures closely associated with the Tea Party, such as U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a> and former U.S. Representative <a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a>, have been described as appealing to right-wing populism.<a href="#cite_note-168">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[165]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a>, associated with the Tea Party movement, has been described as right-wing populist.<a href="#cite_note-171">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[167]</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign">2016 presidential campaign</a>, noted for its <a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">anti-establishment</a>, anti-immigration, and <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionist</a> rhetoric, was characterized as right-wing populist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDolgert2016Greven2016-173">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[169]</a> The ideology of Trump's former Chief Strategist, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Steve Bannon</a>, has also been described as such.<a href="#cite_note-175">[170]</a> Donald Trump's policies and rhetoric as have been frequently described as right-wing populist by academics and political commentators.<a href="#cite_note-176">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia-Pacific_countries">Asia-Pacific countries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Asia-Pacific countries">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pauline_Hanson_at_the_Kurri_Kurri_Nostalgia_Festival_in_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Pauline_Hanson_at_the_Kurri_Kurri_Nostalgia_Festival_in_2011.jpg/150px-Pauline_Hanson_at_the_Kurri_Kurri_Nostalgia_Festival_in_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Pauline_Hanson_at_the_Kurri_Kurri_Nostalgia_Festival_in_2011.jpg/225px-Pauline_Hanson_at_the_Kurri_Kurri_Nostalgia_Festival_in_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Pauline_Hanson_at_the_Kurri_Kurri_Nostalgia_Festival_in_2011.jpg/300px-Pauline_Hanson_at_the_Kurri_Kurri_Nostalgia_Festival_in_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="849" data-file-height="1140" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Hanson" title="Pauline Hanson">Pauline Hanson</a>, leader of <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Hanson%27s_One_Nation" title="Pauline Hanson's One Nation">Pauline Hanson's One Nation</a></figcaption></figure> Right-wing populism has also been represented by <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Hanson%27s_One_Nation" title="Pauline Hanson's One Nation">Pauline Hanson's One Nation</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Hanson" title="Pauline Hanson">Pauline Hanson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Senator</a> for <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[173]</a> and typically <a href="/wiki/Two-party-preferred_vote" title="Two-party-preferred vote">preferences votes</a> to the mainstream <a href="/wiki/Coalition_(Australia)" title="Coalition (Australia)">Liberal-National Coalition</a>.,<a href="#cite_note-179">[174]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Katter%27s_Australian_Party" title="Katter's Australian Party">Katter's Australian Party</a>, led by Queensland <a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">MP</a> <a href="/wiki/Bob_Katter" title="Bob Katter">Bob Katter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[176]</a> Furthermore, the main center-right party the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_(Australia)" title="Coalition (Australia)">Coalition</a> has certain members belonging to the right-wing populist faction known as <a href="/wiki/National_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="National Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">National Right</a> including the current opposition leader <a href="/wiki/Peter_Dutton" title="Peter Dutton">Peter Dutton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Refugees of the Syrian civil war">The wave of refugees caused by the Syrian crisis</a> has caused a wave of anti-immigration sentiment on the <a href="/wiki/Internet_in_China" title="Internet in China">Chinese internet</a>, and many narratives very similar to those of the populist right have since been observed, such as anti-"<a href="/wiki/Baizuo" title="Baizuo">western leftism</a>", <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_China" title="Islamophobia in China">Islamophobia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">anti-multiculturalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bhartiya_Janata_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhartiya Janata Party">Bhartiya Janata Party</a></div> Right-wing politics in India primarily centers around nationalism, cultural conservatism, and economic reform aimed at self-reliance and growth. The <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)</a>, led by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a>, is the leading right-wing party, closely associated with the <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a> (RSS), a Hindu nationalist organization. The BJP and the RSS promote the idea of Hindutva, or “Hinduness,” which emphasizes India’s Hindu cultural heritage. This ideology is often contrasted with secularism and is sometimes seen as favoring policies that strengthen Hindu identity in the nation’s cultural and political fabric. Key figures in right-wing Indian politics include <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a>, known for his policies on economic reform, digital infrastructure, and a strong stance on national security, and <a href="/wiki/Amit_Shah" title="Amit Shah">Amit Shah</a>, the BJP’s chief strategist. The party’s policies often prioritize military modernization, anti-corruption measures, and regional development projects. The <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> has successfully gained support through welfare programs aimed at the rural population, as well as through appeals to traditional values and the narrative of a strong, unified India. This approach has reshaped Indian politics by shifting the focus toward nationalist and development-oriented policies, making the BJP a dominant force in recent decades. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Israel">Israel</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Israel">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo-Zionism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Japan">edit</a>]</div> Right-wing populism in Japan encompasses two distinct factions. One faction includes conservatives such as <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Ishin_no_Kai" class="mw-redirect" title="Nippon Ishin no Kai">Nippon Ishin no Kai</a>, who are either unaffiliated with or opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)">Liberal Democratic Party</a>'s (LDP) <a href="/wiki/1955_System" title="1955 System">1955 System</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[179]</a> The other faction resembles Western far-right populists[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">how?</a>] and includes parties such as <a href="/wiki/Japan_First_Party" title="Japan First Party">Japan First Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanseit%C5%8D" title="Sanseitō">Sanseito</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Japan" title="Conservative Party of Japan">Conservative Party of Japan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: New Zealand">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Populism_in_New_Zealand" title="Populism in New Zealand">Populism in New Zealand</a></div> Right-wing populism is thought to have emerged in New Zealand with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Muldoon" title="Robert Muldoon">Robert Muldoon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party" title="New Zealand National Party">New Zealand National Party</a> prime minister from 1975 to 1984. A <a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">economic nationalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">social conservative</a>, Muldoon has been cited as having appealed to the masses through his animosity towards the media and leftists and his own abrasive and colourful public persona.<a href="#cite_note-:4-186">[181]</a> He also often made rude or unusually frank comments about foreign leaders, including American president <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> and Australian prime minister <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Fraser" title="Malcolm Fraser">Malcolm Fraser</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:4-186">[181]</a> whom he ridiculed and even bullied.<a href="#cite_note-187">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Pakistan">edit</a>]</div> In Pakistan, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Tehreek-e-Insaf" title="Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf">Pakistan Tehreek Insaaf</a> (PTI) has recently been described as centrist-populist while sharing some characteristics with right-wing populists.<a href="#cite_note-Daily_Times-188">[183]</a> Its leader <a href="/wiki/Imran_Khan" title="Imran Khan">Imran Khan</a> has furiously attacked traditional politicians and made people believe that only he has the solutions.<a href="#cite_note-Daily_Times-188">[183]</a> British journalist <a href="/wiki/Ben_Judah" title="Ben Judah">Ben Judah</a>, in an interview, compared Imran Khan with <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> on his populist rhetoric.<a href="#cite_note-The_limits_of_populism-189">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: South Korea">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_and_Hong_Jun-pyo_at_the_Japanese_Prime_Minister%27s_Office_(cropped_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_and_Hong_Jun-pyo_at_the_Japanese_Prime_Minister%27s_Office_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/150px-Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_and_Hong_Jun-pyo_at_the_Japanese_Prime_Minister%27s_Office_%28cropped_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Shinz%C5%8D_Abe_and_Hong_Jun-pyo_at_the_Japanese_Prime_Minister%27s_Office_%28cropped_2%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="191" data-file-height="255" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hong_Joon-pyo" title="Hong Joon-pyo">Hong Joon-pyo</a>, former leader of the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Korea_Party" title="Liberty Korea Party">Liberty Korea Party</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Conservatism in South Korea">Conservatism in South Korea</a> has traditionally been more inclined toward <a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">elitism</a> than <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populism</a>. However, since the <a href="/wiki/2016_South_Korean_political_scandal" title="2016 South Korean political scandal">2016 South Korean political scandal</a>, Korean conservative forces have changed their political lines to populism as the distrust of the elite spread among the Korean public.<a href="#cite_note-190">[185]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Joon-pyo" title="Hong Joon-pyo">Hong Joon-pyo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lee_Un-ju" title="Lee Un-ju">Lee Un-ju</a> of the <a href="/wiki/People_Power_Party_(South_Korea)" title="People Power Party (South Korea)">People Power Party</a> are leading right-wing populists advocating <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">anti-homosexuality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">anti-immigration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">social conservative</a> views.<a href="#cite_note-191">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yoon_Suk_Yeol" title="Yoon Suk Yeol">Yoon Suk Yeol</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Korea" title="President of South Korea">president of South Korea</a> and candidate for the PPP in the <a href="/wiki/2022_South_Korean_presidential_election" title="2022 South Korean presidential election">2022 South Korean presidential election</a>, has been criticized as a "populist" for using hostile sentiment toward <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a> and proposing unrealistic economic policies.<a href="#cite_note-193">[188]</a> South Korean right-wing circles insist that <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Park_Geun-hye" title="Impeachment of Park Geun-hye">the impeachment</a> of former president <a href="/wiki/Park_Geun-hye" title="Park Geun-hye">Park Geun-hye</a> is wrong, stimulating conservative public nostalgia for the <a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park Chung Hee</a> administration.<a href="#cite_note-194">[189]</a> It also shows a radical anti-<a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">anti-Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communist</a> stance.<a href="#cite_note-195">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Taiwan">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>'s right-wing populists tend to deny the independent identity of their country's 'Taiwan' and emphasize their identity as a 'Republic of China'. Taiwan's <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">left-wing</a> <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Taiwanese nationalism">Taiwanese nationalists</a> have strong pro-American tendencies, so Taiwan's major and minor conservatives are critical of this.<a href="#cite_note-196">[191]</a> In particular, Taiwan's right-wing populists demand that economic growth and right-wing <a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese nationalist</a> issues be more important than <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a> and that they become closer to the People's Republic of China. Some of Taiwan's leading right-wing populists include <a href="/wiki/Terry_Gou" title="Terry Gou">Terry Gou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Han_Kuo-yu" title="Han Kuo-yu">Han Kuo-yu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chang_Ya-chung" title="Chang Ya-chung">Chang Ya-chung</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KMT01-197">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-KMT02-198">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_countries">European countries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: European countries">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">Radical right (Europe)</a></div> In May 2019, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a> magazine described Ireland, Malta and Portugal as the only three European Union countries without far-right populist parties in their parliament.<a href="#cite_note-n374-200">[195]</a> Portugal subsequently elected the <a href="/wiki/Chega_(political_party)" title="Chega (political party)">Chega</a> party to its parliament in <a href="/wiki/2019_Portuguese_legislative_election" title="2019 Portuguese legislative election">October 2019</a>.<a href="#cite_note-z985-201">[196]</a> The French-speaking Belgian region of <a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a> is also described as a rare place in Europe without a significant right-wing populism presence, in part due to a media <a href="/wiki/Cordon_sanitaire_(politics)" title="Cordon sanitaire (politics)">cordon sanitaire</a> which prohibits far-right candidates from live media appearances.<a href="#cite_note-n010-202">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-b581-203">[198]</a> In 2016, Senior European Union diplomats cited growing anxiety in Europe about Russian financial support for far-right and populist movements and told the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a> that the intelligence agencies of "several" countries had scrutinized possible links with Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-204">[199]</a> Also in 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> warned that Russia was trying to "<a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">divide and conquer</a>" the European Union by supporting right-wing populist politicians across the bloc.<a href="#cite_note-205">[200]</a> However, as there in the United States of America, there seems to be an underlying problem that is not massively discussed in the media. That underlying problem is that of housing. A 2019 study shows an immense correlation between the price of housing and voting for populist parties.<a href="#cite_note-206">[201]</a> In that study, it was revealed that the French citizens that saw the price of their houses stagnate or drop were much more likely to vote for <a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Marine Le Pen</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2017_French_presidential_election" title="2017 French presidential election">2017 French presidential election</a>. Those who saw the price of their house rise were much more likely to vote for <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a>. The same pattern emerged in the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum</a>, in which those that saw the price of their house rise voted to Remain. Whereas those that saw it flatline or drop voted to Leave. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Austria">Austria</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Austria">edit</a>]</div> The Austrian <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_Austria" title="Freedom Party of Austria">Freedom Party</a> (FPÖ), established in 1955, claims to represent a "Third Camp" (Drittes Lager) beside the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Austria" title="Social Democratic Party of Austria">Socialist Party</a> and the social Catholic <a href="/wiki/Austrian_People%27s_Party" title="Austrian People's Party">Austrian People's Party</a>. It succeeded the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Independents" title="Federation of Independents">Federation of Independents</a> founded after World War II, adopting the pre-war heritage of <a href="/wiki/German_nationalism_in_Austria" title="German nationalism in Austria">German nationalism</a>, although it did not advocate Nazism and placed itself in the political center. Though it did not gain much popularity for decades, it exercised a considerable <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(parliament)" title="Balance of power (parliament)">balance of power</a> by supporting several <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Austria" title="Government of Austria">federal governments</a>, be it right-wing or left-wing, e.g., the Socialist <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Kreisky" title="Bruno Kreisky">Kreisky</a> cabinet of 1970 (see <a href="/wiki/Kreisky%E2%80%93Peter%E2%80%93Wiesenthal_affair" title="Kreisky–Peter–Wiesenthal affair">Kreisky–Peter–Wiesenthal affair</a>). <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinz-Christian_Strache_-_Wahlkampfauftakt_am_29._Aug._2020_(4).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Heinz-Christian_Strache_-_Wahlkampfauftakt_am_29._Aug._2020_%284%29.JPG/180px-Heinz-Christian_Strache_-_Wahlkampfauftakt_am_29._Aug._2020_%284%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Heinz-Christian_Strache_-_Wahlkampfauftakt_am_29._Aug._2020_%284%29.JPG/270px-Heinz-Christian_Strache_-_Wahlkampfauftakt_am_29._Aug._2020_%284%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Heinz-Christian_Strache_-_Wahlkampfauftakt_am_29._Aug._2020_%284%29.JPG/360px-Heinz-Christian_Strache_-_Wahlkampfauftakt_am_29._Aug._2020_%284%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3750" data-file-height="5000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Heinz-Christian_Strache" title="Heinz-Christian Strache">Heinz-Christian Strache</a>, former leader of the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_Austria" title="Freedom Party of Austria">Freedom Party of Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vice-Chancellor_of_Austria" title="Vice-Chancellor of Austria">Vice-Chancellor of Austria</a></figcaption></figure> From 1980, the Freedom Party adopted a more moderate stance. Upon the <a href="/wiki/1983_Austrian_legislative_election" title="1983 Austrian legislative election">1983 federal election</a>, it entered a <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition government</a> with the Socialist Party, whereby party chairman <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Steger" title="Norbert Steger">Norbert Steger</a> served as <a href="/wiki/Vice-Chancellor_of_Austria" title="Vice-Chancellor of Austria">Vice-Chancellor of Austria</a>. The liberal interlude, however, ended when <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Haider" title="Jörg Haider">Jörg Haider</a> was elected chairman in 1986. Haider re-integrated the party's nationalist base voters through his down-to-earth manners and patriotic attitude. Nevertheless, he also obtained votes from large sections of the population disenchanted with politics by publicly denouncing the corruption and <a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">nepotism</a> of the Austrian <a href="/wiki/Proporz" title="Proporz">Proporz</a> system. The electoral success was boosted by Austria's <a href="/wiki/1995_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="1995 enlargement of the European Union">accession to the European Union</a> in 1995. Upon the <a href="/wiki/1999_Austrian_legislative_election" title="1999 Austrian legislative election">1999 federal election</a>, the Freedom Party (FPÖ), with 26.9% of the votes cast, became the second strongest party in the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_(Austria)" title="National Council (Austria)">National Council</a> parliament. Having entered a coalition government with the People's Party, Haider had to face the disability of several FPÖ ministers and the impossibility of agitation against members of his cabinet. In 2005, he finally countered the FPÖ's loss of reputation with the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Future_of_Austria" title="Alliance for the Future of Austria">Alliance for the Future of Austria</a> (BZÖ) relaunch to carry on his government. The remaining FPÖ members elected <a href="/wiki/Heinz-Christian_Strache" title="Heinz-Christian Strache">Heinz-Christian Strache</a> chairman, but since the <a href="/wiki/2006_Austrian_legislative_election" title="2006 Austrian legislative election">2006 federal election</a>, both right-wing parties have run separately. After Haider was killed in a car accident in 2008, the BZÖ lost a measurable amount of support. The FPÖ regained much of its support in subsequent elections. Its candidate <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Hofer" title="Norbert Hofer">Norbert Hofer</a> made it into the runoff in the <a href="/wiki/2016_Austrian_presidential_election" title="2016 Austrian presidential election">2016 presidential election</a>, though he narrowly lost the election. After the <a href="/wiki/2017_Austrian_legislative_election" title="2017 Austrian legislative election">2017 legislative elections</a>, the FPÖ formed a <a href="/wiki/First_Kurz_government" title="First Kurz government">government coalition</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_People%27s_Party" title="Austrian People's Party">Austrian People's Party</a> but lost seats in <a href="/wiki/2019_Austrian_legislative_election" title="2019 Austrian legislative election">2019</a>. The FPÖ won <a href="/wiki/2024_Austrian_legislative_election" title="2024 Austrian legislative election">2024 legislative elections</a> for the first time in history with over 29% of vote. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Belgium">Belgium</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Belgium">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vlaams_Blok_Flag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Vlaams_Blok_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="119" data-file-height="120" /></a><figcaption>Flag used by the now-defunct <a href="/wiki/Vlaams_Blok" title="Vlaams Blok">Vlaams Blok</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Vlaams_Blok" title="Vlaams Blok">Vlaams Blok</a>, established in 1978, operated on a platform of law and order, anti-immigration (with a particular focus on Islamic immigration), and secession of the <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> region of the country. The secession was originally planned to end in the annexation of Flanders by the culturally and linguistically similar <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> until the plan was abandoned due to the multiculturalism in that country. In the elections to the Flemish Parliament in June 2004, the party received 24.2% of the vote, within less than 2% of being the largest party.<a href="#cite_note-belgium-207">[202]</a> However, in November of the same year, the party was ruled illegal under <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Anti-Racism_Law" title="Belgian Anti-Racism Law">the country's anti-racism law</a> for, among other things, advocating segregated schools for citizens and immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-208">[203]</a> In less than a week, the party was re-established under the name <a href="/wiki/Vlaams_Belang" title="Vlaams Belang">Vlaams Belang</a>, initially with a near-identical ideology before moderating parts of its statute. It advocates the adoption of the Flemish culture and language by immigrants who wish to stay in the country. It also calls for a zero-tolerance stance on illegal immigration and the reinstatement of border controls.<a href="#cite_note-vlaamsbelang-209">[204]</a> Despite some accusations of <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> from Belgium's Jewish population, the party has demonstrated a staunch pro-Israel stance as part of its opposition to Islam.<a href="#cite_note-haaretz-210">[205]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, sections of the city's significant Jewish population have begun to support the party.<a href="#cite_note-211">[206]</a> With 23 of 124 seats, Vlaams Belang leads the opposition in the Flemish Parliament<a href="#cite_note-vlaamsparlement-212">[207]</a> and holds 11 out of the 150 seats in the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Representatives_(Belgium)" title="Chamber of Representatives (Belgium)">Belgian Chamber of Representatives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[208]</a> The Flemish nationalist and <a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">conservative liberal</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Flemish_Alliance" title="New Flemish Alliance">New Flemish Alliance</a> party has been described as populist or containing right-wing populist elements by foreign media such as the German <a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a> magazine. However, the party has rebutted the term and does not label itself as such.<a href="#cite_note-214">[209]</a> In the French-speaking <a href="/wiki/Wallonia" title="Wallonia">Wallonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mischa%C3%ABl_Modrikamen" title="Mischaël Modrikamen">Mischaël Modrikamen</a>, an associate of <a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Steve Bannon</a>, was chairman of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Belgium)" title="People's Party (Belgium)">Parti Populaire (PP)</a>, which contested elections in Wallonia. Political analysts have generally observed that right-wing populist parties tend to perform better with the Flemish electorate over French-speaking Belgian voters, on the whole, owing to the Flemish vote moving to the right in recent decades and Flemish parties intertwining Flemish nationalism with other issues.<a href="#cite_note-CN10918-127">[123]</a> As of the 2019 federal, regional, and European elections, <a href="/wiki/Vlaams_Belang" title="Vlaams Belang">Vlaams Belang</a> has surged from 248,843 votes in 2014 to 783,977 on 26 May 2019.<a href="#cite_note-215">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Bulgaria">edit</a>]</div> There are several right-wing populist parties in Bulgaria, including <a href="/wiki/VMRO_%E2%80%93_Bulgarian_National_Movement" title="VMRO – Bulgarian National Movement">VMRO – Bulgarian National Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Bulgaria" title="Conservative Bulgaria">Conservative Bulgaria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Attack_(political_party)" title="Attack (political party)">Attack</a>. For the <a href="/wiki/2017_Bulgarian_parliamentary_election" title="2017 Bulgarian parliamentary election">2017 Bulgarian parliamentary election</a>, they formed the <a href="/wiki/United_Patriots" title="United Patriots">United Patriots</a> electoral alliance, which won 27 seats in Parliament. United Patriots entered a coalition with <a href="/wiki/GERB" title="GERB">GERB</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Third_Borisov_Government" title="Third Borisov Government">Third Borisov Government</a>. <a href="/wiki/Volya_Movement" title="Volya Movement">Volya Movement</a>, another right-wing populist party with 12 seats in Parliament, also supported the government. Following the <a href="/wiki/2021_Bulgarian_general_election" title="2021 Bulgarian general election">2021 Bulgarian general election</a>, another right-wing populist party, <a href="/wiki/Revival_(Bulgarian_political_party)" title="Revival (Bulgarian political party)">Revival</a>, entered Parliament, while VMRO, Conservative Bulgaria, Attack, and the Volya Movement failed to win any seats. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cyprus">Cyprus</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Cyprus">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Right-wing_populism" title="Special:EditPage/Right-wing populism">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (February 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/ELAM_(Cyprus)" title="ELAM (Cyprus)">ELAM</a> was formed in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-katsouridis_elam-216">[211]</a> Its platform includes advocating for Unification with Greece, opposition to further European integration, immigration, and the status quo that remains due to Turkey's invasion of a third of the island (and the international community's lack of intention to solve the issue).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Denmark">Denmark</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Denmark">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pia_Kjaersgaard,_Bornholm_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Pia_Kjaersgaard%2C_Bornholm_2011.jpg/220px-Pia_Kjaersgaard%2C_Bornholm_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Pia_Kjaersgaard%2C_Bornholm_2011.jpg/330px-Pia_Kjaersgaard%2C_Bornholm_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Pia_Kjaersgaard%2C_Bornholm_2011.jpg/440px-Pia_Kjaersgaard%2C_Bornholm_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2565" data-file-height="2071" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pia_Kj%C3%A6rsgaard" title="Pia Kjærsgaard">Pia Kjærsgaard</a>, former leader of the <a href="/wiki/Danish_People%27s_Party" title="Danish People's Party">Danish People's Party</a> from 1995 to 2012. She held the prestigious post of <a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_Folketing" title="List of speakers of the Folketing">Speaker of the Folketing</a> from 2015 to 2019</figcaption></figure> In the early 1970s, the home of the strongest right-wing populist party in Europe was in Denmark, the <a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Denmark)" title="Progress Party (Denmark)">Progress Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rydgren-217">[212]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/1973_Danish_general_election" title="1973 Danish general election">1973 election</a>, it received almost 16% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-teg-218">[213]</a> In the following years, its support dwindled, but the <a href="/wiki/Danish_People%27s_Party" title="Danish People's Party">Danish People's Party</a> replaced it in the 1990s, becoming an important support party for the governing coalition in the 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-219">[214]</a> At the height of its popularity, it won 21% of the vote (corresponding to 37 seats) in the <a href="/wiki/2015_Danish_general_election" title="2015 Danish general election">2015 Danish general election</a>,<a href="#cite_note-220">[215]</a> becoming the second-largest party in the Folketing and serving once again as support party for two minority governments 2015–2019 before being reduced to 16 seats in the <a href="/wiki/2019_Danish_general_election" title="2019 Danish general election">2019 Danish general election</a> and 5 seats (2.6% of the vote) in <a href="/wiki/2022_Danish_general_election" title="2022 Danish general election">2022</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DST-221">[216]</a> In 2015 the <a href="/wiki/New_Right_(Denmark)" title="New Right (Denmark)">New Right</a> party was founded,<a href="#cite_note-222">[217]</a> which gained six seats (3.7% of the vote) at the 2022 election.<a href="#cite_note-DST-221">[216]</a> In 2022 the <a href="/wiki/Denmark_Democrats" title="Denmark Democrats">Denmark Democrats</a> were founded as the most recent right-wing populist party in the Folketing, gaining 8% of the vote and 14 seats at the 2022 general election.<a href="#cite_note-223">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Finland">Finland</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Finland">edit</a>]</div> In Finland, the most popular right wing to far-right party is the <a href="/wiki/Finns_Party" title="Finns Party">Finns Party</a>. The <a href="/wiki/2023_Finnish_parliamentary_election" title="2023 Finnish parliamentary election">most recent parliamentary election</a> took place on 2 April 2023. After the 2023 election the <a href="/wiki/Orpo_cabinet" title="Orpo cabinet">Orpo Cabinet</a> was formed by the <a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_Party" title="National Coalition Party">National Coalition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finns_Party" title="Finns Party">Finns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_People%27s_Party_of_Finland" title="Swedish People's Party of Finland">Swedish People's Party</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democrats_(Finland)" title="Christian Democrats (Finland)">Christian Democrats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%B5_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD_(28-01-2022)_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%B5_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD_%2828-01-2022%29_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%B5_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD_%2828-01-2022%29_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%B5_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD_%2828-01-2022%29_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/270px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%B5_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD_%2828-01-2022%29_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%B5_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD_%2828-01-2022%29_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/360px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%B5_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD_%2828-01-2022%29_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="1338" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Marine Le Pen</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally">National Rally</a> and <a href="/wiki/2017_French_presidential_election" title="2017 French presidential election">2017</a> and <a href="/wiki/2022_French_presidential_election" title="2022 French presidential election">2022 presidential candidate</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a> is considered part of (right-wing) populism because it is based on <a href="/wiki/Charisma" title="Charisma">charisma</a>, popular mobilization, <a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French nationalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Exceptionalism" title="Exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a>. Gaullism is deeply embedded in modern right-wing politics in France.<a href="#cite_note-228">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[224]</a> France's <a href="/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally">National Front</a> (NF) – renamed in 2018 as the "National Rally" – has been cited as the "prototypical populist radical right-wing party".<a href="#cite_note-short-40">[37]</a> The party was founded in 1972 by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Jean-Marie Le Pen</a> as the unification of several French nationalist movements of the time; he developed it into a well-organized party.<a href="#cite_note-short-40">[37]</a> After struggling for a decade, the party reached its first peak in 1984. By 2002, Le Pen received more votes than the Socialist candidate in the first round of voting for the French presidency, becoming the first NF candidate to qualify for a presidential <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">runoff election</a>. After Le Pen's daughter, <a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Marine Le Pen</a>, took over as the head of the party in 2011, the National Front established itself as one of the main political parties in France. Marine Le Pen's policy of "de-demonizing" or normalizing the party resulted in her father, Jean-Marie Le Pen, being first suspended and then ejected from the party in 2015. Marine Le Pen finished second in the <a href="/wiki/2017_French_presidential_election" title="2017 French presidential election">2017 election</a> and lost in the second round of voting versus <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a>, which was held on 7 May 2017. However, polls published in 2018 showed that a majority of the French population considers the party to be a threat to democracy.<a href="#cite_note-Nossiter-230">[225]</a> Right-wing populism in France has also congealed around cultural issues such as the anti-gay marriage and anti-gender theory movements exemplified by <a href="/wiki/La_Manif_pour_tous" title="La Manif pour tous">La Manif pour tous</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-62">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AfD_Logo_2021.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/AfD_Logo_2021.svg/220px-AfD_Logo_2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/AfD_Logo_2021.svg/330px-AfD_Logo_2021.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/AfD_Logo_2021.svg/440px-AfD_Logo_2021.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="242" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> is a political party, founded in 2013 and now led by <a href="/wiki/Alice_Weidel" title="Alice Weidel">Alice Weidel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tino_Chrupalla" title="Tino Chrupalla">Tino Chrupalla</a>, which is now Germany's leading right-wing populist party</figcaption></figure> Since 2013, the most popular right-wing populist party in Germany has been <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a>, which managed to finish third in the <a href="/wiki/2017_German_federal_election" title="2017 German federal election">2017 German federal election</a>, making it the first right-wing populist party to enter the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a>, Germany's national parliament. Before, right-wing populist parties had gained seats in <a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_German_state_parliaments" title="Composition of the German state parliaments">German State Parliaments</a> only. <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">Left-wing populism</a> is represented in the Bundestag by <a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> party. Right-wing populist movements like <a href="/wiki/Pro_NRW" title="Pro NRW">Pro NRW</a> and <a href="/wiki/Citizens_in_Rage" title="Citizens in Rage">Citizens in Rage</a> (Bürger in Wut, BIW) sporadically attract some support. In 1989, <a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(Germany)" title="The Republicans (Germany)">The Republicans</a> (Die Republikaner), led by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Sch%C3%B6nhuber" title="Franz Schönhuber">Franz Schönhuber</a>, entered the <a href="/wiki/Abgeordnetenhaus_of_Berlin" title="Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin">Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin</a> and achieved more than 7% of the German votes cast in the <a href="/wiki/1989_European_Parliament_election_in_West_Germany" title="1989 European Parliament election in West Germany">1989 European election</a>, with six seats in the European Parliament. The party also won seats in the <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Landtag of Baden-Württemberg">Landtag of Baden-Württemberg</a> twice in 1992 and 1996. However, after 2000 the Republicans' support eroded in favor of the far-right <a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Union" title="German People's Union">German People's Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazi</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">National Democratic Party of Germany</a> (NPD), which in the <a href="/wiki/2009_German_federal_election" title="2009 German federal election">2009 federal election</a> held 1.5% of the popular vote (winning up to 9% in regional <a href="/wiki/Landtag" title="Landtag">Landtag</a> parliamentary elections). In 2005, a nationwide <a href="/wiki/Pro_Germany_Citizens%27_Movement" title="Pro Germany Citizens' Movement">Pro Germany Citizens' Movement</a> (pro Deutschland) was founded in <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Pro-movement" title="Pro-movement">Pro-movement</a> appeared as a conglomerate of numerous small parties, voters' associations, and societies, distinguishing themselves by campaigns against <a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">extremism</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[226]</a> and immigrants. Its representatives claim a <a href="/wiki/Zero_tolerance" title="Zero tolerance">zero-tolerance</a> policy and combat corruption. Their politics extend to far-right positions with the denial of a multiethnic society (<a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cberfremdung" title="Überfremdung">Überfremdung</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">spread of Islam</a>. Other minor right-wing populist parties include the <a href="/wiki/German_Freedom_Party" title="German Freedom Party">German Freedom Party</a>, founded in 2010, the former East German <a href="/wiki/German_Social_Union_(East_Germany)" title="German Social Union (East Germany)">German Social Union</a> (DSU), and the dissolved <a href="/wiki/Party_for_a_Rule_of_Law_Offensive" title="Party for a Rule of Law Offensive">Party for a Rule of Law Offensive</a> ("Schill party"). The AfD has grown in popularity, particularly in eastern Germany, where it has benefited from economic dissatisfaction and immigration fears. According to studies, the AfD will be the second most popular party in Germany by 2023, with rising influence at both the national and provincial levels.Their stance has gotten more radical, advocating for Germany's exit from the EU and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and opposing climate protection measures.<a href="#cite_note-232">[227]</a> The party's popularity might be attributed to internal disputes and policy debates inside Germany's ruling coalition, which have eroded public trust in traditional parties.<a href="#cite_note-233">[228]</a> In 2024, AfD won state election in Thuringia and finished closely second in Saxony and Brandenburg. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greece">Greece</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Greece">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panos_Kammenos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Panos_Kammenos.jpg/180px-Panos_Kammenos.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Panos_Kammenos.jpg/270px-Panos_Kammenos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Panos_Kammenos.jpg/360px-Panos_Kammenos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Panos_Kammenos" title="Panos Kammenos">Panos Kammenos</a>, leader of <a href="/wiki/Independent_Greeks" title="Independent Greeks">Independent Greeks</a> and Greek <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_National_Defence_(Greece)" title="Minister for National Defence (Greece)">Minister for National Defence</a></figcaption></figure> The most prominent right-wing populist party in Greece is the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Greeks" title="Independent Greeks">Independent Greeks (ANEL)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stefanova2014-234">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-KarnerMertens2013-235">[230]</a> Despite being smaller than the more extreme Golden Dawn party, after the <a href="/wiki/January_2015_Greek_legislative_election" title="January 2015 Greek legislative election">January 2015 legislative elections</a>, ANEL formed a governing coalition with the left-wing <a href="/wiki/Syriza" title="Syriza">Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA)</a>, thus making the party a governing party and giving it a place in the <a href="/wiki/First_Cabinet_of_Alexis_Tsipras" title="First Cabinet of Alexis Tsipras">Cabinet of Alexis Tsipras</a>.<a href="#cite_note-236">[231]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazi</a> <a href="/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(Greece)" title="Golden Dawn (Greece)">Golden Dawn</a> has grown significantly in Greece during the economic downturn, gaining 7% of the vote and 18 out of 300 seats in the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Parliament" title="Hellenic Parliament">Hellenic Parliament</a>. The party's ideology includes <a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">annexing</a> territory in Albania and Turkey, including the Turkish cities of <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-todayszaman-237">[232]</a> Controversial measures by the party included a poor people's kitchen in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, which only supplied Greek citizens and was shut down by the police.<a href="#cite_note-238">[233]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Popular_Orthodox_Rally" title="Popular Orthodox Rally">Popular Orthodox Rally</a> is not represented in the Greek legislature but supplied 2 of the country's 22 MEPS until 2014. It supports <a href="/wiki/Anti-globalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-globalisation">anti-globalization</a>, lower taxes for small businesses, and opposition to <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Turkey to the European Union">Turkish accession to the European Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">Republic of Macedonia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_naming_dispute" title="Macedonia naming dispute">use of the name Macedonia</a> and immigration only for Europeans.<a href="#cite_note-239">[234]</a> Its participation in government has been one of the reasons why it became unpopular with its voters who turned to <a href="/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(Greece)" title="Golden Dawn (Greece)">Golden Dawn</a> in Greece's 2012 elections.<a href="#cite_note-carleton-240">[235]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Greek_Solution" title="Greek Solution">Greek Solution</a> is right-wing to far-right and has been described as ideologically <a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">ultranationalist</a> and right-wing populist. The party garnered 3.7% of the vote in the <a href="/wiki/2019_Greek_legislative_election" title="2019 Greek legislative election">2019 Greek legislative election</a>, winning 10 out of the 300 seats in the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Parliament" title="Hellenic Parliament">Hellenic Parliament</a> and 4.18% of the vote in the <a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_Greece" title="2019 European Parliament election in Greece">2019 European Parliament election in Greece</a>, winning one seat in the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hungary">Hungary</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Hungary">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n_2018.jpg/180px-Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n_2018.jpg/270px-Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n_2018.jpg/360px-Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1521" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Viktor Orbán</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fidesz" title="Fidesz">Fidesz</a>-<a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_People%27s_Party_(Hungary)" title="Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)">KDNP</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Hungary" title="Prime Minister of Hungary">Prime Minister of Hungary</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/2018_Hungarian_parliamentary_election" title="2018 Hungarian parliamentary election">2018 Hungarian parliamentary election</a> result was a victory for the <a href="/wiki/Fidesz" title="Fidesz">Fidesz</a>–<a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_People%27s_Party_(Hungary)" title="Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)">KDNP</a> alliance, preserving its two-thirds majority, with <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Viktor Orbán</a> remaining prime minister. Orbán and Fidesz campaigned primarily on the issues of immigration and foreign meddling, and the election was seen as a victory for right-wing populism in Europe.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy">Italy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Italy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silvio_Berlusconi_(2010)_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Silvio_Berlusconi_%282010%29_cropped.jpg/180px-Silvio_Berlusconi_%282010%29_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Silvio_Berlusconi_%282010%29_cropped.jpg/270px-Silvio_Berlusconi_%282010%29_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Silvio_Berlusconi_%282010%29_cropped.jpg/360px-Silvio_Berlusconi_%282010%29_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Silvio Berlusconi</a>, leader of the liberal-conservative <a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia_(2013)" title="Forza Italia (2013)">Forza Italia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister of Italy</a></figcaption></figure> In Italy, the most prominent right-wing populist party in the last twenty years was <a href="/wiki/Lega_(political_party)" title="Lega (political party)">Lega</a>, formerly <a href="/wiki/Lega_Nord" title="Lega Nord">Lega Nord</a> (Northern League),<a href="#cite_note-spiegel-241">[236]</a> whose leaders reject the right-wing label,<a href="#cite_note-ilfoglio-242">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-asca-243">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-termometropolitico-244">[239]</a> though not the "populist" one.<a href="#cite_note-leganord-245">[240]</a> The League is a <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">regionalist</a>, and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Secessionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Secessionist">secessionist</a> party, founded in 1991 as a federation of several regional parties of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Italy" title="Central Italy">Central Italy</a>, most of which had arisen and expanded during the 1980s. LN's program advocates the transformation of Italy into a federal state, fiscal federalism, and greater regional autonomy, especially for the Northern regions. At times, the party has advocated for the secession of the North, which it calls <a href="/wiki/Padania" title="Padania">Padania</a>. The party generally takes an anti-<a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italian</a> stance as members are known for opposing Southern Italian emigration to Northern Italian cities, stereotyping Southern Italians as welfare abusers and detrimental to Italian society, and attributing Italy's economic troubles and the disparity of the <a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_divide_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="North–South divide in Italy">North–south divide in the Italian economy</a> to supposed inherent negative characteristics of the Southern Italians, such as laziness, lack of education, or criminality.<a href="#cite_note-tambini-246">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-bullaro-247">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-willey-248">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-pullella-249">[244]</a> Certain LN members have been known to publicly deploy the offensive slur "<a href="/wiki/Terrone" title="Terrone">terrone</a>", a common pejorative term for Southern Italians evocative of negative Southern Italian stereotypes.<a href="#cite_note-tambini-246">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-bullaro-247">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-garau-250">[245]</a> As a federalist, regionalist, populist party of the North, LN is also highly critical of the centralized power and political importance of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, sometimes adopting to a lesser extent an anti-Roman stance in addition to an anti-Southern stance. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giorgia_Meloni_Official_2023_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Giorgia_Meloni_Official_2023_crop.jpg/180px-Giorgia_Meloni_Official_2023_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Giorgia_Meloni_Official_2023_crop.jpg/270px-Giorgia_Meloni_Official_2023_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Giorgia_Meloni_Official_2023_crop.jpg/360px-Giorgia_Meloni_Official_2023_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="869" data-file-height="1239" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Giorgia_Meloni" title="Giorgia Meloni">Giorgia Meloni</a>, leader of the national-conservative <a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Italy" title="Brothers of Italy">Brothers of Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister of Italy</a></figcaption></figure> With the rise of immigration into Italy since the late 1990s, LN has increasingly turned its attention to criticizing mass immigration to Italy. The LN, which also opposes <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal immigration</a>, is critical of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and proposes Italy's exit from the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a> and is considered a <a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">Eurosceptic</a> movement and, as such, is a part of the <a href="/wiki/Identity_and_Democracy" title="Identity and Democracy">Identity and Democracy</a>(ID) group in the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>. LN was or is part of the national government in 1994, 2001–2006, 2008–2011, and 2018–2019. Most recently, the party, including among its members the presidents of <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a>, won 17.4% of the vote in the <a href="/wiki/2018_Italian_general_election" title="2018 Italian general election">2018 general election</a>, becoming the third-largest party in Italy (largest within the <a href="/wiki/Centre-right_coalition_(Italy)" title="Centre-right coalition (Italy)">centre-right coalition</a>). In the <a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_Italy" title="2014 European Parliament election in Italy">2014 European election</a>, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Salvini" title="Matteo Salvini">Matteo Salvini</a>, it took 6.2% of votes. Under Salvini, the party has, to some extent, embraced <a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian nationalism</a> and emphasized Euroscepticism, opposition to immigration, and other "populist" policies while allying with right-wing populist parties in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-251">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[248]</a> <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Silvio Berlusconi</a>, leader of <a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia_(2013)" title="Forza Italia (2013)">Forza Italia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister of Italy</a> from 1994 to 1995, 2001–2006, and 2008–2011, has sometimes been described as a right-wing populist, although his party is not typically described as such.<a href="#cite_note-254">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[250]</a> Between the late 2010s and the early 2020s, another right-wing populist movement emerged within the <a href="/wiki/Centre-right_coalition_(Italy)" title="Centre-right coalition (Italy)">centre-right coalition</a>. The nationalist and national-conservative <a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Italy" title="Brothers of Italy">Brothers of Italy</a> (FdI), led by <a href="/wiki/Giorgia_Meloni" title="Giorgia Meloni">Giorgia Meloni</a>, gained 4.4% of votes in the <a href="/wiki/2018_Italian_general_election" title="2018 Italian general election">2018 election</a> and, four years later, it became the most voted party in the <a href="/wiki/2022_Italian_general_election" title="2022 Italian general election">2022 general election</a>, gaining 26% of votes. Meloni was appointed prime minister on 22 October, at the head of what it was considered as the most rightist Italian government since 1945.<a href="#cite_note-256">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[252]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">national conservative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a>, and arguably right-wing populist parties are strong, especially in <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a>, the region around <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a>. Most of them originated due to the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Movement" title="Italian Social Movement">Italian Social Movement</a> (a <a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">national-conservative</a> party whose best result was 8.7% of the vote in the <a href="/wiki/1972_Italian_general_election" title="1972 Italian general election">1972 general election</a>) and its successor <a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Italy)" title="National Alliance (Italy)">National Alliance</a> (which reached 15.7% of the vote in the <a href="/wiki/1996_Italian_general_election" title="1996 Italian general election">1996 general election</a>). In addition to Brothers of Italy, they include <a href="/wiki/New_Force_(Italy)" title="New Force (Italy)">New Force</a> (0.3%), <a href="/wiki/CasaPound" title="CasaPound">CasaPound</a> (0.1%), <a href="/wiki/Tricolour_Flame" title="Tricolour Flame">Tricolour Flame</a> (0.1%), <a href="/wiki/Social_Idea_Movement" title="Social Idea Movement">Social Idea Movement</a> (0.01%) and Progetto Nazionale (0.01%). Additionally, in the German-speaking <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>, the local second-largest party, <a href="/wiki/Die_Freiheitlichen" title="Die Freiheitlichen">Die Freiheitlichen</a>, is often described as a right-wing populist party. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Netherlands">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geert_WILDERS_European_Parliament_EP-022080_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Geert_WILDERS_European_Parliament_EP-022080_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Geert_WILDERS_European_Parliament_EP-022080_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Geert_WILDERS_European_Parliament_EP-022080_%28cropped%29.jpg/270px-Geert_WILDERS_European_Parliament_EP-022080_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Geert_WILDERS_European_Parliament_EP-022080_%28cropped%29.jpg/360px-Geert_WILDERS_European_Parliament_EP-022080_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2350" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Geert_Wilders" title="Geert Wilders">Geert Wilders</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Party_for_Freedom" title="Party for Freedom">Party for Freedom</a></figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, right-wing populism was represented in the 150-seat <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Netherlands)" title="House of Representatives (Netherlands)">House of Representatives</a> in 1982 when the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Centre Party (Netherlands)">Centre Party</a> won a single seat. During the 1990s, a splinter party, the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Democrats_(Netherlands)" title="Centre Democrats (Netherlands)">Centre Democrats</a>, was slightly more successful, although its significance was still marginal. Not before 2002 did a right-wing populist party break through in the Netherlands, when the <a href="/wiki/Pim_Fortuyn_List" title="Pim Fortuyn List">Pim Fortuyn List</a> (LPF) won 26 seats and subsequently formed a coalition with the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Appeal" title="Christian Democratic Appeal">Christian Democratic Appeal</a> (CDA) and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_for_Freedom_and_Democracy" title="People's Party for Freedom and Democracy">People's Party for Freedom and Democracy</a> (VVD). <a href="/wiki/Pim_Fortuyn" title="Pim Fortuyn">Fortuyn</a>, who had strong views against immigration, particularly by Muslims, was assassinated in May 2002, two weeks before the election. Ideologically, the LPF differed somewhat from other European right-wing populist movements by holding more liberal stances on certain social issues such as abortion, gay rights, and euthanasia (Fortuyn himself was openly gay) while maintaining an uncompromising stance on immigration, law and order, and the European Union. Fortuyn was also credited with shifting the Dutch political landscape by bringing the topics of multiculturalism, immigration, and the integration of immigrants into the political mainstream.<a href="#cite_note-258">[253]</a> However, the coalition had broken up by 2003, and the LPF went into steep decline until it was dissolved. Since 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Party_for_Freedom" title="Party for Freedom">Party for Freedom</a> (PVV) has been represented in the House of Representatives and described as inheriting the mantle of the Pim Fortuyn List. Following the 2010 general election, it has been in a pact with the <a href="/wiki/2010_Dutch_cabinet_formation#Formateur_Opstelten" title="2010 Dutch cabinet formation">right-wing minority government of CDA and VVD</a> after it won 24 seats in the House of Representatives. The party is <a href="/wiki/Euroscepticism" title="Euroscepticism">Eurosceptic</a> and plays a leading role in the changing stance of the Dutch government towards <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a> as they came second in the <a href="/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_the_Netherlands" title="2009 European Parliament election in the Netherlands">2009 European Parliament election</a>, winning 4 out of 25 seats. The party's main program revolves around strong <a href="/wiki/Party_for_Freedom#Party_programme" title="Party for Freedom">criticism of Islam</a>, restrictions on migration from new European Union countries and Islamic countries, pushing for cultural assimilation of migrants into Dutch society, opposing the <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Turkey to the European Union">accession of Turkey to the European Union</a>, advocating for the Netherlands to withdraw from the European Union and advocating for a return to the <a href="/wiki/Guilder" title="Guilder">guilder</a> and abandoning the euro.<a href="#cite_note-259">[254]</a> From 2017 onwards, the <a href="/wiki/Forum_for_Democracy" title="Forum for Democracy">Forum for Democracy</a> (FvD) emerged as another right-wing populist force in the Netherlands. The FvD also advocates a stricter immigration policy and a referendum on Dutch membership of the EU.<a href="#cite_note-Heinrich_Böll_Foundation-260">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[256]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Farmer%E2%80%93Citizen_Movement" title="Farmer–Citizen Movement">Farmer–Citizen Movement</a>, described as a right-wing populist party,<a href="#cite_note-262">[257]</a> won the <a href="/wiki/2023_Dutch_provincial_elections" title="2023 Dutch provincial elections">2023 Dutch provincial elections</a>, winning the popular vote and receiving the most seats in all twelve provinces.<a href="#cite_note-263">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poland">Poland</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Poland">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski_i_Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n_w_Sejmie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski_i_Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n_w_Sejmie.jpg/260px-Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski_i_Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n_w_Sejmie.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski_i_Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n_w_Sejmie.jpg/390px-Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski_i_Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n_w_Sejmie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski_i_Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n_w_Sejmie.jpg/520px-Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski_i_Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n_w_Sejmie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="1824" /></a><figcaption>Poland's <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice" title="Law and Justice">Law and Justice</a> (PiS) leader <a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Jarosław Kaczyński</a> with Hungarian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Viktor Orbán</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[260]</a></figcaption></figure> The largest right-wing populist party in Poland is <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice" title="Law and Justice">Law and Justice</a>, which currently holds the presidency. It combines <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">social conservatism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">criticism of immigration</a> with strong support for <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Market_intervention" title="Market intervention">interventionist economic</a> policy.<a href="#cite_note-266">[261]</a> The Polish <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_New_Right" title="Congress of the New Right">Congress of the New Right</a>, headed by Michał Marusik, aggressively promotes <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">fiscally conservative</a> concepts like radical tax reductions preceded by the abolishment of social security, universal public healthcare, state-sponsored education, and Communist Polish 1944 agricultural reform as a way to dynamical economic and welfare growth.<a href="#cite_note-nczas-267">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-nowaprawicajkm-268">[263]</a> The party is considered populist both by right-wing and left-wing publicists.<a href="#cite_note-wsieci-269">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-lewica-270">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romania">Romania</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Romania">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Union_of_Romanians" title="Alliance for the Union of Romanians">Alliance for the Union of Romanians</a> (AUR), a right-wing populist party,<a href="#cite_note-ro-271">[266]</a> became the fourth-largest political force in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> after the <a href="/wiki/2020_Romanian_parliamentary_election" title="2020 Romanian parliamentary election">2020 Romanian parliamentary election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-272">[267]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Russia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruscism" title="Ruscism">Ruscism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spain">Spain</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Spain">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acto_de_Vox_en_Vistalegre_(44248342555)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Acto_de_Vox_en_Vistalegre_%2844248342555%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Acto_de_Vox_en_Vistalegre_%2844248342555%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Acto_de_Vox_en_Vistalegre_%2844248342555%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Abascal" title="Santiago Abascal">Santiago Abascal</a>, leader of <a href="/wiki/Vox_(political_party)" title="Vox (political party)">VOX</a>, during the party conference in October 2018.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Homenaje_a_Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Blanco_2019_(Isabel_D%C3%ADaz_Ayuso).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Homenaje_a_Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Blanco_2019_%28Isabel_D%C3%ADaz_Ayuso%29.jpg/180px-Homenaje_a_Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Blanco_2019_%28Isabel_D%C3%ADaz_Ayuso%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Homenaje_a_Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Blanco_2019_%28Isabel_D%C3%ADaz_Ayuso%29.jpg/270px-Homenaje_a_Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Blanco_2019_%28Isabel_D%C3%ADaz_Ayuso%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Homenaje_a_Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Blanco_2019_%28Isabel_D%C3%ADaz_Ayuso%29.jpg/360px-Homenaje_a_Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Blanco_2019_%28Isabel_D%C3%ADaz_Ayuso%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2536" data-file-height="3319" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Isabel_D%C3%ADaz_Ayuso" title="Isabel Díaz Ayuso">Isabel Díaz Ayuso</a>, president of <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Madrid" title="Community of Madrid">Madrid</a>, at an event in 2019.</figcaption></figure> In Spain, the appearance of right-wing populism began to gain strength after the December 2018 <a href="/wiki/2018_Andalusian_regional_election" title="2018 Andalusian regional election">election</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Andalusia" title="Parliament of Andalusia">Parliament of Andalusia</a>, in which the right-wing populist party <a href="/wiki/Vox_(political_party)" title="Vox (political party)">VOX</a> managed to obtain 12 seats<a href="#cite_note-273">[268]</a> and agreed to support a coalition government of the parties of the right <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)" title="People's Party (Spain)">People's Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Citizens_(Spanish_political_party)" title="Citizens (Spanish political party)">Citizens</a>, even though the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Spanish Socialist Workers' Party">Socialist Party</a> won the elections.<a href="#cite_note-274">[269]</a> VOX, which has been frequently described as far-right, both by the left parties and by Spanish or international press,<a href="#cite_note-275">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[271]</a> promotes characteristic policies of the populist right,<a href="#cite_note-277">[272]</a> such as the expulsion of all illegal immigrants from the country -even of legal immigrants who commit crimes-, a generalized criminal tightening, combined with traditional claims of right-wing conservatives, such as the centralization of the State and the suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous Communities</a>, and has harshly criticized the laws against <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">gender violence</a>, approved by the socialist government of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Zapatero" title="José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero">José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero</a>, but later maintained by the PP executive of <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Rajoy" title="Mariano Rajoy">Mariano Rajoy</a>, accusing the people and institutions that defend them of applying "gender totalitarianism".<a href="#cite_note-278">[273]</a> Party official <a href="/wiki/Javier_Ortega_Smith" title="Javier Ortega Smith">Javier Ortega Smith</a> is being investigated for alleged <a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">hate speech</a> after Spanish prosecutors admitted a complaint by an Islamic association in connection with a rally that talked about "the Islamist invasion".<a href="#cite_note-279">[274]</a> The party election manifesto that was finally published merged classic far-right-inspired policies with <a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">right-libertarianism</a> in tax and social security matters. After months of political uncertainty and protests against the party in <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[275]</a> and other regions,<a href="#cite_note-281">[276]</a> in the <a href="/wiki/April_2019_Spanish_general_election" title="April 2019 Spanish general election">2019 Spanish general election</a>, VOX managed to obtain 24 deputies in the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Deputies" title="Congress of Deputies">Congress of Deputies</a>, with 10.26% of the vote, falling short of expectations<a href="#cite_note-282">[277]</a> after an intense electoral campaign in which VOX gathered big crowds of people at their events. Although the People's Party and Citizens leaders, <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Casado" title="Pablo Casado">Pablo Casado</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Rivera" title="Albert Rivera">Albert Rivera</a>, had admitted repeatedly during the campaign that they would again agree with VOX to reach the government,<a href="#cite_note-283">[278]</a> the sum of all their seats finally left them far from any possibility, giving the government to the social democrat <a href="/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro Sánchez (politician)">Pedro Sánchez</a>.<a href="#cite_note-284">[279]</a> <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Madrid" title="Community of Madrid">Madrilenian</a> president <a href="/wiki/Isabel_D%C3%ADaz_Ayuso" title="Isabel Díaz Ayuso">Isabel Díaz Ayuso</a>, despite being a member of the centre-right <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)" title="People's Party (Spain)">People's Party</a>, has been sustained in government by VOX and adopted many policies championed by the party.<a href="#cite_note-285">[280]</a> She has embraced populist rhetoric,<a href="#cite_note-286">[281]</a> defended Spanish imperialism,<a href="#cite_note-287">[282]</a> dismissed <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>,<a href="#cite_note-288">[283]</a> and opposed Covid-19 lockdowns.<a href="#cite_note-289">[284]</a> She has been to compared to <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> by several of her critics.<a href="#cite_note-290">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-291">[286]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sweden">Sweden</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Sweden">edit</a>]</div> In Sweden, the first openly populist movement to be represented in the <a href="/wiki/Riksdag" title="Riksdag">Riksdag</a> (Swedish parliament), <a href="/wiki/New_Democracy_(Sweden)" title="New Democracy (Sweden)">New Democracy</a> was founded in 1994 by businessman <a href="/wiki/Bert_Karlsson" title="Bert Karlsson">Bert Karlsson</a> and aristocrat <a href="/wiki/Ian_Wachtmeister" title="Ian Wachtmeister">Ian Wachtmeister</a>. Although New Democracy promoted economic issues as its foremost concern, it also advocated restrictions on immigration and <a href="/wiki/Welfare_chauvinism" title="Welfare chauvinism">welfare chauvinism</a>. The party saw a sharp rise in support in 1994 before declining soon after.<a href="#cite_note-r3334-292">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-r54-293">[288]</a> In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Sweden_Democrats" title="Sweden Democrats">Sweden Democrats</a> entered parliament for the first time. The Sweden Democrats originally had connections to <a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">white nationalism</a> during its early days but later began expelling hardline members and moderated its platform to transform itself into a more mainstream movement. The party calls for more robust immigration and asylum policies, compulsory measures to assimilate immigrants into Swedish society, and stricter law and order policies. The <a href="/wiki/Sweden_Democrats" title="Sweden Democrats">Sweden Democrats</a> are currently the second largest party in Sweden, with 20.5% of the popular vote in the <a href="/wiki/2022_Swedish_general_election" title="2022 Swedish general election">2022 Swedish general election</a>, and the second most seats in the <a href="/wiki/Riksdag" title="Riksdag">Swedish parliament</a> with 72 seats.<a href="#cite_note-Rydgren-217">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-telegraphboots-294">[289]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Switzerland">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Switzerland" title="Far-right politics in Switzerland">Far-right politics in Switzerland</a></div> In Switzerland, the right-wing populist <a href="/wiki/Swiss_People%27s_Party" title="Swiss People's Party">Swiss People's Party</a> (SVP) reached an all-time high in the <a href="/wiki/2015_Swiss_federal_election" title="2015 Swiss federal election">2015 elections</a>. The party is mainly considered <a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">national conservative</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkenderovic2009p._124:_"..._and_prefers_to_use_terms_such_as_'national-conservative'_or_'conservative-right'_in_defining_the_SVP._In_particular,_'national-conservative'_has_gained_prominence_among_the_definitions_used_in_Swiss_research_on_the_SVP"_295-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkenderovic2009p._124:_"..._and_prefers_to_use_terms_such_as_'national-conservative'_or_'conservative-right'_in_defining_the_SVP._In_particular,_'national-conservative'_has_gained_prominence_among_the_definitions_used_in_Swiss_research_on_the_SVP"-295">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeden200695-296">[291]</a> but it has also variously been identified as "extreme right"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIgnazi2006234-297">[292]</a> and "radical right-wing populist",<a href="#cite_note-298">[293]</a> reflecting a spectrum of ideologies among its members. Its far-right wing includes members such as <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Schl%C3%BCer" title="Ulrich Schlüer">Ulrich Schlüer</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pascal_Junod&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pascal Junod (page does not exist)">Pascal Junod</a>, who heads a <a href="/wiki/Neue_Rechte" title="Neue Rechte">New Right</a> study group and has been linked to <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a> and neo-Nazism.<a href="#cite_note-tau.ac.il-299">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[295]</a> In Switzerland, radical right populist parties held close to 10% of the popular vote in 1971, were reduced to below 2% by 1979, and grew to more than 10% in 1991. Since 1991, these parties (the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Democrats" title="Swiss Democrats">Swiss Democrats</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Freedom_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Freedom Party">Swiss Freedom Party</a>) have been absorbed by the SVP. During the 1990s, the SVP grew from the fourth largest party to the largest and gained a second seat in the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Federal Council">Swiss Federal Council</a> in 2003 with the prominent politician and businessman <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Blocher" title="Christoph Blocher">Christoph Blocher</a>. In 2015, the SVP received 29.4% of the vote, the highest vote ever recorded for a single party throughout Swiss parliamentary history.<a href="#cite_note-301">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[299]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turkey">Turkey</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Turkey">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">Justice and Development Party</a> (AKP) and its leader <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> have been in power since 2002. The <a href="/wiki/Victory_Party_(Turkey)" title="Victory Party (Turkey)">Victory Party</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationalism" title="Turkish nationalism">patriotic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalist</a> political party in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> founded on 26 August 2021, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cmit_%C3%96zda%C4%9F" title="Ümit Özdağ">Ümit Özdağ</a>. It is represented in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly of Turkey</a> by two deputies. The party is the continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Ayy%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_Movement" title="Ayyıldız Movement">Ayyıldız Movement</a> initiated by <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cmit_%C3%96zda%C4%9F" title="Ümit Özdağ">Ümit Özdağ</a>, the founding petition of the party was submitted to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of the Interior (Turkey)">Ministry of the Interior</a> on 26 August 2021, and then the party was officially established. The party leader Özdağ and his deputies aim to re-institute <a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationalism" title="Turkish nationalism">Turkish nationalist</a> ideologies in the government and aim to send back refugees to their homelands. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nigel_Farage_(45718080574)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Nigel_Farage_%2845718080574%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Nigel_Farage_%2845718080574%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Nigel_Farage_%2845718080574%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/270px-Nigel_Farage_%2845718080574%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Nigel_Farage_%2845718080574%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/360px-Nigel_Farage_%2845718080574%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2784" data-file-height="3561" /></a><figcaption>Nigel Farage of Reform UK</figcaption></figure> The Scholarly authors Breeze, Bale, Ashkenas and Aisch, and Clarke et al. characterised the <a href="/wiki/UK_Independence_Party" title="UK Independence Party">UK Independence Party</a> (UKIP), then led by <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Nigel Farage</a>, as a right-wing populist party.<a href="#cite_note-305">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[303]</a> UKIP campaigned for an <a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">exit</a> from the European Union prior to the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">2016 European membership referendum</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[304]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Points-based_immigration_system_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Points-based immigration system (United Kingdom)">points-based immigration system</a> similar to that used in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwinMilazzo2015172,_231Heywood2015139-310">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-311">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-mirror-312">[307]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">2019 general election</a>, UKIP entered candidates in 44 of the 650 available seats, winning none of them, and achieving 0.1% of the popular vote.<a href="#cite_note-313">[308]</a> In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a>, which along with the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a> governed from 2010 to 2015 as a <a href="/wiki/Cameron%E2%80%93Clegg_coalition" title="Cameron–Clegg coalition">coalition government</a>, saw local party campaigners pledging support for UKIP over issues related to the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="United Kingdom–European Union relations">European Union</a> and gay marriage.<a href="#cite_note-314">[309]</a> The role of UKIP in the UK underwent a rapid transformation post-<a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a>, with Nigel Farage leading the initiative to establish the Brexit Party, which was subsequently rebranded as <a href="/wiki/Reform_UK" title="Reform UK">Reform UK</a>. These entities have consistently been identified as extensions of UKIP,<a href="#cite_note-315">[310]</a> sharing common populist ideological elements.<a href="#cite_note-316">[311]</a> In the Conservative Party, <a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a> had right-wing populist elements, including <a href="/wiki/British_nationalism" title="British nationalism">nationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">social conservatism</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[312]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> has been characterised by some scholars as a right-wing populist politician in the UK,<a href="#cite_note-Gifford_2006_851–869-318">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-319">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-320">[315]</a> this has been disputed by other scholars due to its applicability in the context of the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-321">[316]</a> Others contend that Thatcher's role was pivotal in steering the party's ideology towards a more populist direction.<a href="#cite_note-322">[317]</a> The phenomenon is commonly referred to as "Thatcherite populism".<a href="#cite_note-323">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gifford_2006_851–869-318">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-324">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-325">[320]</a> Other prominent right-wing populists in the party include past prime minister <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a><a href="#cite_note-326">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[323]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Rees-Mogg" title="Jacob Rees-Mogg">Jacob Rees-Mogg</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Business,_Energy_and_Industrial_Strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy">Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-329">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-330">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-331">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-332">[327]</a> Ingle and Swanson, et al. consider the Northern Ireland <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">Democratic Unionist Party</a> (DUP) to be a right-wing populist party.<a href="#cite_note-dup-333">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-Swanson-334">[329]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Right-wing_populist_political_parties">Right-wing populist political parties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Right-wing populist political parties">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_populists" title="List of populists">List of populists</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_right-wing_populist_parties_or_parties_with_right-wing_populist_factions">Current right-wing populist parties or parties with right-wing populist factions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Current right-wing populist parties or parties with right-wing populist factions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Represented_in_national_legislatures">Represented in national legislatures</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Represented in national legislatures">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Argentina – <a href="/wiki/La_Libertad_Avanza" title="La Libertad Avanza">La Libertad Avanza</a><a href="#cite_note-335">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[332]</a></li> <li>Australia – <a href="/wiki/Liberal%E2%80%93National_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal–National Coalition">Liberal–National Coalition</a> (Factions including <a href="/wiki/National_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="National Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">National Right</a>),<a href="#cite_note-338">[333]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Hanson%27s_One_Nation" title="Pauline Hanson's One Nation">Pauline Hanson's One Nation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-aus-339">[334]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Australia_Party_(2013)" title="United Australia Party (2013)">United Australia Party</a>,</li> <li>Austria – <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_Austria" title="Freedom Party of Austria">Freedom Party of Austria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Bieling2015-340">[335]</a> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_People%27s_Party" title="Austrian People's Party">Austrian People's Party</a> (factions)<a href="#cite_note-341">[336]</a></li> <li>Bangladesh – <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e-Islami</a>,<a href="#cite_note-342">[337]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Nationalist_Party" title="Bangladesh Nationalist Party">Bangladesh Nationalist Party</a>,<a href="#cite_note-343">[338]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jatiya_Party_(Ershad)" title="Jatiya Party (Ershad)">Jatiya Party</a>,<a href="#cite_note-344">[339]</a></li> <li>Belgium – <a href="/wiki/Vlaams_Belang" title="Vlaams Belang">Vlaams Belang</a><a href="#cite_note-StarkeKaasch2013-345">[340]</a></li> <li>Brazil – <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Brazil,_2006)" title="Liberal Party (Brazil, 2006)">Liberal Party</a> (factions), <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Renewal_Party_(Brazil)" title="Democratic Renewal Party (Brazil)">Democratic Renewal Party</a></li> <li>Bulgaria – <a href="/wiki/Revival_(Bulgarian_political_party)" title="Revival (Bulgarian political party)">Revival</a>,<a href="#cite_note-346">[341]</a> <a href="/wiki/There_is_Such_a_People" title="There is Such a People">There is Such a People</a><a href="#cite_note-347">[342]</a></li> <li>Canada – <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative Party</a><a href="#cite_note-348">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[344]</a><a href="#cite_note-350">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-351">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-352">[347]</a></li> <li>Chile – <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(Chile,_2019)" title="Republican Party (Chile, 2019)">Republican Party</a><a href="#cite_note-353">[348]</a></li> <li>Costa Rica – <a href="/wiki/National_Restoration_Party_(Costa_Rica)" title="National Restoration Party (Costa Rica)">National Restoration Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Republic_Party_(Costa_Rica)" title="New Republic Party (Costa Rica)">New Republic Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Integration_Party_(Costa_Rica)" title="National Integration Party (Costa Rica)">National Integration Party</a><a href="#cite_note-354">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-355">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-356">[351]</a><a href="#cite_note-357">[352]</a></li> <li>Croatia – <a href="/wiki/Homeland_Movement_(Croatia)" title="Homeland Movement (Croatia)">Homeland Movement</a><a href="#cite_note-358">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-Standard-359">[354]</a></li> <li>Cyprus – <a href="/wiki/ELAM_(Cyprus)" title="ELAM (Cyprus)">ELAM</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Haaretz-360">[355]</a> <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_Movement_(Cyprus)" title="Solidarity Movement (Cyprus)">Solidarity Movement</a></li> <li>Czech Republic – <a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Direct_Democracy" title="Freedom and Direct Democracy">Freedom and Direct Democracy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-361">[356]</a> <a href="/wiki/ANO_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="ANO 2011">ANO 2011</a></li> <li>Denmark – <a href="/wiki/Danish_People%27s_Party" title="Danish People's Party">Danish People's Party</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Zeit-362">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bieling2015-340">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-CaramaniMény2005-363">[358]</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Right_(Denmark)" title="New Right (Denmark)">New Right</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark_Democrats" title="Denmark Democrats">Denmark Democrats</a></li> <li>Estonia – <a href="/wiki/Conservative_People%27s_Party_of_Estonia" title="Conservative People's Party of Estonia">Conservative People's Party of Estonia</a><a href="#cite_note-364">[359]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zeit-362">[357]</a></li> <li>European Union – <a href="/wiki/Patriots.eu" title="Patriots.eu">Patriots.eu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europe_of_Sovereign_Nations_(party)" title="Europe of Sovereign Nations (party)">Europe of Sovereign Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Party" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Party">European Conservatives and Reformists Party</a> (factions), <a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a> (factions)</li> <li>Finland – <a href="/wiki/Finns_Party" title="Finns Party">Finns Party</a><a href="#cite_note-Bieling2015-340">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zeit-362">[357]</a></li> <li>France – <a href="/wiki/National_Rally_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Rally (France)">National Rally</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Bieling2015-340">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-CaramaniMény2005-363">[358]</a> <a href="/wiki/Debout_la_France" title="Debout la France">Debout la France</a>,<a href="#cite_note-365">[360]</a> <a href="/wiki/Reconqu%C3%AAte" title="Reconquête">Reconquête</a></li> <li>Germany – <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a><a href="#cite_note-Zeit-362">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bieling2015-340">[335]</a></li> <li>Greece – <a href="/wiki/Greek_Solution" title="Greek Solution">Greek Solution</a>,<a href="#cite_note-366">[361]</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Democracy_(Greece)" title="New Democracy (Greece)">New Democracy</a> (factions),<a href="#cite_note-367">[362]</a> <a href="/wiki/Spartans_(Greek_political_party)" title="Spartans (Greek political party)">Spartans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victory_(Greek_political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victory (Greek political party)">Victory</a></li> <li>Hungary – <a href="/wiki/Fidesz" title="Fidesz">Fidesz</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Bieling2015-340">[335]</a> <a href="/wiki/Our_Homeland_Movement" title="Our Homeland Movement">Our Homeland Movement</a><a href="#cite_note-Zeit-362">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-368">[363]</a></li> <li>India – <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Wodak_2013_23-369">[364]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shiv_Sena_(1966%E2%80%932022)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiv Sena (1966–2022)">Shiv Sena</a><a href="#cite_note-370">[365]</a></li> <li>Indonesia – <a href="/wiki/Gerindra_Party" title="Gerindra Party">Gerindra Party</a>,<a href="#cite_note-371">[366]</a> <a href="/wiki/Prosperous_Justice_Party" title="Prosperous Justice Party">Prosperous Justice Party</a></li> <li>Italy – <a href="/wiki/Lega_(political_party)" title="Lega (political party)">Lega</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Bieling2015-340">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-RuzzaFella2009-372">[367]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Italy" title="Brothers of Italy">Brothers of Italy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Zeit-362">[357]</a> <a href="/wiki/Five_Star_Movement" title="Five Star Movement">Five Star Movement</a> (factions),<a href="#cite_note-Zeit-362">[357]</a> <a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia_(2013)" title="Forza Italia (2013)">Forza Italia</a> (factions)<a href="#cite_note-373">[368]</a></li> <li>Israel – <a href="/wiki/Likud" title="Likud">Likud</a>,<a href="#cite_note-374">[369]</a><a href="#cite_note-ukisrael-375">[370]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yamina" title="Yamina">Yamina</a>,<a href="#cite_note-376">[371]</a><a href="#cite_note-377">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-378">[373]</a> <a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionist_Party" title="Religious Zionist Party">Religious Zionist Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otzma_Yehudit" title="Otzma Yehudit">Otzma Yehudit</a></li> <li>Japan – <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)">Liberal Democratic Party</a>,<a href="#cite_note-379">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-380">[375]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Ishin_no_Kai" class="mw-redirect" title="Nippon Ishin no Kai">Nippon Ishin no Kai</a>,<a href="#cite_note-381">[376]</a><a href="#cite_note-382">[377]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sanseit%C5%8D" title="Sanseitō">Sanseitō</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pop-383">[378]</a> <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Japan" title="Conservative Party of Japan">Conservative Party of Japan</a><a href="#cite_note-384">[379]</a><a href="#cite_note-385">[380]</a></li> <li>Latvia – <a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Latvia)" title="National Alliance (Latvia)">National Alliance</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AuersKase-386">[381]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zeit-362">[357]</a> <a href="/wiki/Latvia_First" title="Latvia First">Latvia First</a></li> <li>Liechtenstein – <a href="/wiki/Democrats_for_Liechtenstein" title="Democrats for Liechtenstein">Democrats for Liechtenstein</a><a href="#cite_note-387">[382]</a></li> <li>Luxembourg – <a href="/wiki/Alternative_Democratic_Reform_Party" title="Alternative Democratic Reform Party">Alternative Democratic Reform Party</a><a href="#cite_note-388">[383]</a></li> <li>Netherlands – <a href="/wiki/Party_for_Freedom" title="Party for Freedom">Party for Freedom</a>,<a href="#cite_note-StarkeKaasch2013-345">[340]</a> <a href="/wiki/Forum_for_Democracy_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Forum for Democracy (Netherlands)">Forum for Democracy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Heinrich_Böll_Foundation-260">[255]</a> <a href="/wiki/JA21" title="JA21">JA21</a>,<a href="#cite_note-389">[384]</a> <a href="/wiki/Farmer-Citizen_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmer-Citizen Movement">Farmer-Citizen Movement</a>,<a href="#cite_note-390">[385]</a><a href="#cite_note-391">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-BB-NL-392">[387]</a></li> <li>New Zealand – <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_First" title="New Zealand First">New Zealand First</a><a href="#cite_note-393">[388]</a></li> <li>North Macedonia – <a href="/wiki/VMRO-DPMNE" title="VMRO-DPMNE">VMRO-DPMNE</a><a href="#cite_note-394">[389]</a></li> <li>Norway – <a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Norway)" title="Progress Party (Norway)">Progress Party</a><a href="#cite_note-Nordsieck_Norway-395">[390]</a></li> <li>Panama – <a href="/wiki/Realizing_Goals" title="Realizing Goals">Realizing Goals</a></li> <li>Paraguay – <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Ethical_Citizens" title="National Union of Ethical Citizens">National Union of Ethical Citizens</a><a href="#cite_note-396">[391]</a></li> <li>Peru – <a href="/wiki/Popular_Renewal" title="Popular Renewal">Popular Renewal</a><a href="#cite_note-397">[392]</a></li> <li>Philippines – <a href="/wiki/Nacionalista_Party" title="Nacionalista Party">Nacionalista Party</a></li> <li>Poland – <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Law and Justice (Poland)">Law and Justice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confederation_Liberty_and_Independence" title="Confederation Liberty and Independence">Confederation</a> (<a href="/wiki/KORWiN_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="KORWiN (Poland)">New Hope</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BPB-398">[393]</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Movement_(Poland)" title="National Movement (Poland)">National Movement</a>)</li> <li>Portugal – <a href="/wiki/Enough_(Portuguese_political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enough (Portuguese political party)">Chega</a><a href="#cite_note-399">[394]</a></li> <li>Romania – <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Union_of_Romanians" title="Alliance for the Union of Romanians">Alliance for the Union of Romanians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ro-271">[266]</a> <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Nationhood_Party" title="Romanian Nationhood Party">Romanian Nationhood Party</a></li> <li>Russia – <a href="/wiki/United_Russia" title="United Russia">United Russia</a> (factions),<a href="#cite_note-400">[395]</a> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_Russia" title="Liberal Democratic Party of Russia">Liberal Democratic Party of Russia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Nordsieck_Russia-401">[396]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rodina_(political_party)" title="Rodina (political party)">Rodina</a><a href="#cite_note-402">[397]</a></li> <li>Serbia – <a href="/wiki/United_Serbia" title="United Serbia">United Serbia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-403">[398]</a> <a href="/wiki/Serbian_People%27s_Party_(2014)" title="Serbian People's Party (2014)">Serbian People's Party</a><a href="#cite_note-404">[399]</a></li> <li>Slovakia – <a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Party" title="Slovak National Party">Slovak National Party</a></li> <li>Slovenia – <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Democratic_Party" title="Slovenian Democratic Party">Slovenian Democratic Party</a></li> <li>South Africa – <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Front_Plus" title="Freedom Front Plus">Freedom Front Plus</a><a href="#cite_note-405">[400]</a></li> <li>Spain – <a href="/wiki/Vox_(political_party)" title="Vox (political party)">Vox</a><a href="#cite_note-406">[401]</a></li> <li>Sweden – <a href="/wiki/Sweden_Democrats" title="Sweden Democrats">Sweden Democrats</a><a href="#cite_note-Bieling2015-340">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zeit-362">[357]</a></li> <li>Switzerland – <a href="/wiki/Swiss_People%27s_Party" title="Swiss People's Party">Swiss People's Party</a>,<a href="#cite_note-407">[402]</a> <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Citizens%27_Movement" title="Geneva Citizens' Movement">Geneva Citizens' Movement</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Swissinfo_2009-10-11-408">[403]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cloud-409">[404]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ticino_League" title="Ticino League">Ticino League</a><a href="#cite_note-410">[405]</a></li> <li>Taiwan – <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (factions),<a href="#cite_note-KMT01-197">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-KMT02-198">[193]</a></li> <li>Thailand – <a href="/wiki/Pheu_Thai_Party" title="Pheu Thai Party">Pheu Thai Party</a> (faction), <a href="/wiki/United_Thai_Nation_Party" title="United Thai Nation Party">United Thai Nation Party</a></li> <li>Turkey – <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">Justice and Development Party</a>,<a href="#cite_note-411">[406]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Movement_Party" title="Nationalist Movement Party">Nationalist Movement Party</a>,<a href="#cite_note-412">[407]</a><a href="#cite_note-413">[408]</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Welfare_Party" title="New Welfare Party">New Welfare Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_Cause_Party" title="Free Cause Party">Free Cause Party</a></li> <li>Ukraine – <a href="/wiki/Svoboda_(political_party)" title="Svoboda (political party)">Svoboda</a><a href="#cite_note-Kuzio_2010_6,_15-414">[409]</a><a href="#cite_note-415">[410]</a></li> <li>United Kingdom – <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> (faction: <a href="/wiki/Blue_Collar_Conservatism" title="Blue Collar Conservatism">Blue Collar Conservatives</a>), <a href="/wiki/Reform_UK" title="Reform UK">Reform UK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">Democratic Unionist Party</a><a href="#cite_note-dup-333">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-Swanson-334">[329]</a></li> <li>United States – <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a><a href="#cite_note-rw_politics-416">[411]</a><a href="#cite_note-417">[412]</a><a href="#cite_note-418">[413]</a> (faction: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a>)<a href="#cite_note-419">[414]</a></li> <li>Uruguay – <a href="/wiki/Open_Cabildo_(Uruguay)" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Cabildo (Uruguay)">Open Cabildo</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Not_represented_in_national_legislatures">Not represented in national legislatures</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Not represented in national legislatures">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Albania – <a href="/wiki/Red_and_Black_Alliance" title="Red and Black Alliance">Red and Black Alliance</a>,<a href="#cite_note-420">[415]</a> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_National_Front_Party" title="Albanian National Front Party">Albanian National Front Party</a></li> <li>Australia – <a href="/wiki/Shooters,_Fishers_and_Farmers_Party" title="Shooters, Fishers and Farmers Party">Shooters, Fishers and Farmers Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Protectionist_Party" title="Australian Protectionist Party">Australian Protectionist Party</a></li> <li>Austria – <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_the_Future_of_Austria" title="Alliance for the Future of Austria">Alliance for the Future of Austria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Micklin2015-421">[416]</a> <a href="/wiki/Free_Party_Salzburg" title="Free Party Salzburg">Free Party Salzburg</a></li> <li>Bangladesh – <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami">Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami</a><a href="#cite_note-422">[417]</a></li> <li>Belgium – <a href="/wiki/Libertair,_Direct,_Democratisch" title="Libertair, Direct, Democratisch">Libertair, Direct, Democratisch</a>,<a href="#cite_note-MuddeKaltwasser2012-423">[418]</a><a href="#cite_note-nsd.uib.no-424">[419]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chez_Nous_(Belgian_political_party)" title="Chez Nous (Belgian political party)">Chez Nous</a>, <a href="/wiki/VLOTT" title="VLOTT">VLOTT</a></li> <li>Botswana – <a href="/wiki/Botswana_Movement_for_Democracy" title="Botswana Movement for Democracy">Botswana Movement for Democracy</a><a href="#cite_note-425">[420]</a></li> <li>Brazil – <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Brazil" title="Alliance for Brazil">Alliance for Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Labour_Renewal_Party" title="Brazilian Labour Renewal Party">Brazilian Labour Renewal Party</a></li> <li>Bulgaria – <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_Without_Censorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgaria Without Censorship">Bulgaria Without Censorship</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Zeit-362">[357]</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_the_Salvation_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria">National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/IMRO_%E2%80%93_Bulgarian_National_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="IMRO – Bulgarian National Movement">IMRO – Bulgarian National Movement</a>,<a href="#cite_note-426">[421]</a> <a href="/wiki/Attack_(political_party)" title="Attack (political party)">Attack</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Magone-427">[422]</a> <a href="/wiki/Volya_(Bulgarian_political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Volya (Bulgarian political party)">Volya</a></li> <li>Canada – <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_of_Canada" title="People's Party of Canada">People's Party of Canada</a>,<a href="#cite_note-complex-142">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Coalition_Avenir_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Coalition Avenir Québec">Coalition Avenir Québec</a>,<a href="#cite_note-KerriganDeLima2023-428">[423]</a> <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_Party" title="Saskatchewan Party">Saskatchewan Party</a><a href="#cite_note-Cartigny2009-429">[424]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smith2018-430">[425]</a></li> <li>Chile – <a href="/wiki/National_Force_(Chile)" title="National Force (Chile)">National Force</a></li> <li>Croatia – <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Party_of_Rights" title="Croatian Party of Rights">Croatian Party of Rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Party_of_Rights_Dr._Ante_Star%C4%8Devi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian Party of Rights Dr. Ante Starčević">Croatian Party of Rights Dr. Ante Starčević</a>, <a href="/wiki/Independents_for_Croatia" title="Independents for Croatia">Independents for Croatia</a></li> <li>Czech Republic – <a href="/wiki/Law,_Respect,_Expertise" title="Law, Respect, Expertise">Law, Respect, Expertise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motorists_for_Themselves" title="Motorists for Themselves">Motorists for Themselves</a>,<a href="#cite_note-431">[426]</a><a href="#cite_note-432">[427]</a> <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Social_Justice" title="Workers' Party of Social Justice">Workers' Party of Social Justice</a><a href="#cite_note-433">[428]</a></li> <li>Denmark – <a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Denmark)" title="Progress Party (Denmark)">Progress Party</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hainsworth-434">[429]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hard_Line_(political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard Line (political party)">Hard Line</a></li> <li>Finland – <a href="/wiki/Blue_and_White_Front" title="Blue and White Front">Blue and White Front</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seven_Star_Movement" title="Seven Star Movement">Seven Star Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Reform">Blue Reform</a></li> <li>France – <a href="/wiki/Alsace_First" title="Alsace First">Alsace First</a></li> <li>Germany – <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">The Homeland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Liang2013-435">[430]</a> <a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Movement_Pro_Chemnitz" title="Citizens' Movement Pro Chemnitz">Citizens' Movement Pro Chemnitz</a>,<a href="#cite_note-436">[431]</a><a href="#cite_note-437">[432]</a> <a href="/wiki/German_Social_Union_(East_Germany)" title="German Social Union (East Germany)">German Social Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(Germany)" title="The Republicans (Germany)">The Republicans</a></li> <li>Greece – <a href="/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Dawn (political party)">Golden Dawn</a>,<a href="#cite_note-euroscrepticism5-438">[433]</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Popular_Consciousness" title="National Popular Consciousness">National Popular Consciousness</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Party_-_Hellenes" class="mw-redirect" title="National Party - Hellenes">National Party - Hellenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Popular_Orthodox_Rally" title="Popular Orthodox Rally">Popular Orthodox Rally</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Gemenis-439">[434]</a><a href="#cite_note-Art-440">[435]</a> <a href="/wiki/Independent_Greeks" title="Independent Greeks">Independent Greeks</a><a href="#cite_note-Zeit-362">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stefanova2014-234">[229]</a></li> <li>Iceland – <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_National_Front" title="Icelandic National Front">Icelandic National Front</a></li> <li>India – <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_Navnirman_Sena" title="Maharashtra Navnirman Sena">Maharashtra Navnirman Sena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a><a href="#cite_note-441">[436]</a></li> <li>Ireland – <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(Ireland,_2016)" title="National Party (Ireland, 2016)">National Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Freedom_Party" title="Irish Freedom Party">Irish Freedom Party</a></li> <li>Israel – <a href="/wiki/Zehut" title="Zehut">Zehut</a></li> <li>Italy – <a href="/wiki/Tricolour_Flame" title="Tricolour Flame">Tricolour Flame</a>, <a href="/wiki/Die_Freiheitlichen" title="Die Freiheitlichen">Die Freiheitlichen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Nordsieck-442">[437]</a> <a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Union_for_South_Tyrol" title="Citizens' Union for South Tyrol">Citizens' Union for South Tyrol</a>,<a href="#cite_note-443">[438]</a><a href="#cite_note-444">[439]</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_Freedom" title="South Tyrolean Freedom">South Tyrolean Freedom</a><a href="#cite_note-445">[440]</a></li> <li>Latvia – <a href="/wiki/For_a_Humane_Latvia" title="For a Humane Latvia">For a Humane Latvia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-henningsen-446">[441]</a> <a href="/wiki/Platform_21" title="Platform 21">Platform 21</a><a href="#cite_note-447">[442]</a><a href="#cite_note-448">[443]</a></li> <li>Liechtenstein – <a href="/wiki/The_Independents_(Liechtenstein)" title="The Independents (Liechtenstein)">The Independents</a></li> <li>Lithuania – <a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Lithuania)" title="National Alliance (Lithuania)">National Alliance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Union_(Lithuania)" title="Christian Union (Lithuania)">Christian Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Young_Lithuania" title="Young Lithuania">Young Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Order_and_Justice" title="Order and Justice">Order and Justice</a><a href="#cite_note-Zeit-362">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-449">[444]</a></li> <li>Malta – <a href="/wiki/Moviment_Patrijotti_Maltin" title="Moviment Patrijotti Maltin">Moviment Patrijotti Maltin</a></li> <li>Montenegro – <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Serb_Radicals" title="Party of Serb Radicals">Party of Serb Radicals</a>, <a href="/wiki/True_Montenegro" title="True Montenegro">True Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serb_List_(2012)" title="Serb List (2012)">Serb List</a></li> <li>Netherlands – <a href="/wiki/Forza!_Nederland" title="Forza! Nederland">Forza! Nederland</a></li> <li>New Zealand – <a href="/wiki/New_Conservative_Party_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="New Conservative Party (New Zealand)">New Conservative Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Advance_New_Zealand" title="Advance New Zealand">Advance New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vision_NZ" title="Vision NZ">Vision NZ</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Public_Party" title="New Zealand Public Party">New Zealand Public Party</a></li> <li>Poland – <a href="/wiki/Kukiz%2715" title="Kukiz'15">Kukiz'15</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_New_Right" title="Congress of the New Right">Congress of the New Right</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BPB-398">[393]</a> <a href="/wiki/Real_Politics_Union" title="Real Politics Union">Real Politics Union</a></li> <li>Portugal – <a href="/wiki/National_Renovator_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="National Renovator Party">National Renovator Party</a></li> <li>Romania – <a href="/wiki/National_Identity_Bloc_in_Europe" title="National Identity Bloc in Europe">National Identity Bloc in Europe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania_Party" title="Greater Romania Party">Greater Romania Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Romania_Party" title="United Romania Party">United Romania Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noua_Dreapt%C4%83" title="Noua Dreaptă">Noua Dreaptă</a>), <a href="/wiki/New_Generation_Party_(Romania)" title="New Generation Party (Romania)">New Generation Party</a>,<a href="#cite_note-450">[445]</a> <a href="/wiki/M10_(political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="M10 (political party)">M10</a></li> <li>Serbia – <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Radical_Party" title="Serbian Radical Party">Serbian Radical Party</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Nordsieck_Serbia-451">[446]</a><a href="#cite_note-452">[447]</a><a href="#cite_note-453">[448]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dveri" title="Dveri">Dveri</a>,<a href="#cite_note-454">[449]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Hope_Movement" title="Hungarian Hope Movement">Hungarian Hope Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enough_is_Enough_(party)" title="Enough is Enough (party)">Enough is Enough</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Serbia_(political_party)" title="New Serbia (political party)">New Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Freedom_Movement_(Serbia)" title="People's Freedom Movement (Serbia)">People's Freedom Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leviathan_Movement" title="Leviathan Movement">Leviathan Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Right" title="Serbian Right">Serbian Right</a>, Love, Faith, Hope, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Party_Oathkeepers" title="Serbian Party Oathkeepers">Serbian Party Oathkeepers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Healthy_Serbia" title="Healthy Serbia">Healthy Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dveri" title="Dveri">Dveri</a>,<a href="#cite_note-455">[450]</a></li> <li>Slovakia – <a href="/wiki/Republic_(Slovakia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic (Slovakia)">Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/We_Are_Family_(Slovakia)" title="We Are Family (Slovakia)">We Are Family</a>,<a href="#cite_note-456">[451]</a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_Our_Slovakia" title="People's Party Our Slovakia">People's Party Our Slovakia</a><a href="#cite_note-457">[452]</a><a href="#cite_note-458">[453]</a></li> <li>South Korea – <a href="/wiki/New_Pro-Park_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="New Pro-Park Party">New Pro-Park Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Republican_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty Republican Party">Liberty Republican Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dawn_of_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawn of Liberty">Dawn of Liberty</a></li> <li>Sweden – <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Sweden" title="Alternative for Sweden">Alternative for Sweden</a></li> <li>Switzerland – <a href="/wiki/Federal_Democratic_Union_of_Switzerland" title="Federal Democratic Union of Switzerland">Federal Democratic Union of Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Freedom Party of Switzerland">Freedom Party of Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Democrats" title="Swiss Democrats">Swiss Democrats</a></li> <li>Taiwan – <a href="/wiki/New_Party_(Taiwan)" title="New Party (Taiwan)">New Party</a></li> <li>Transnistria – <a href="/wiki/Obnovlenie" title="Obnovlenie">Obnovlenie</a></li> <li>Ukraine – <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Ukrainian_Nationalists" title="Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists">Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists</a></li> <li>United Kingdom – <a href="/wiki/British_National_Party" title="British National Party">British National Party</a>,<a href="#cite_note-459">[454]</a><a href="#cite_note-460">[455]</a> <a href="/wiki/For_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="For Britain">For Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/UK_Independence_Party" title="UK Independence Party">UK Independence Party</a><a href="#cite_note-461">[456]</a></li> <li>United States – <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_or_disbanded_right-wing_populist_parties">Former or disbanded right-wing populist parties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Former or disbanded right-wing populist parties">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Austria – <a href="/wiki/Team_Stronach" title="Team Stronach">Team Stronach</a><a href="#cite_note-Micklin2015-421">[416]</a></li> <li>Belgium – <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Belgium)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Front (Belgium)">National Front</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vlaams_Blok" title="Vlaams Blok">Vlaams Blok</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Belgium)" title="People's Party (Belgium)">People's Party</a></li> <li>Canada – <a href="/wiki/Union_Nationale_(Quebec)" title="Union Nationale (Quebec)">Union Nationale (Quebec)</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Langlois1992-462">[457]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ralliement_national" title="Ralliement national">Ralliement national</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Stevenson2004-463">[458]</a> <a href="/wiki/Action_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Action démocratique du Québec">Action démocratique du Québec</a>,<a href="#cite_note-MarmorFreeman2009-464">[459]</a> <a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada" title="Reform Party of Canada">Reform Party of Canada</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Abedi2004-465">[460]</a> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Alliance" title="Canadian Alliance">Canadian Alliance</a>,<a href="#cite_note-GouldPaquino2001-466">[461]</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Canada" title="Social Credit Party of Canada">Social Credit Party</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BudgeRobertsonHearl1987-467">[462]</a> <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Social_Credit_Party" title="British Columbia Social Credit Party">British Columbia Social Credit Party</a><a href="#cite_note-Pilon2015-468">[463]</a></li> <li>Cyprus – <a href="/wiki/New_Horizons_(Cyprus)" title="New Horizons (Cyprus)">New Horizons</a><a href="#cite_note-469">[464]</a><a href="#cite_note-470">[465]</a></li> <li>Croatia – <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Democratic_Alliance_of_Slavonia_and_Baranja" title="Croatian Democratic Alliance of Slavonia and Baranja">Croatian Democratic Alliance of Slavonia and Baranja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Democratic_Union" title="Croatian Democratic Union">Croatian Democratic Union</a> (factions)<a href="#cite_note-471">[466]</a></li> <li>Czech Republic – <a href="/wiki/Public_Affairs_(political_party)" title="Public Affairs (political party)">Public Affairs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-472">[467]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dawn_-_National_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawn - National Coalition">Dawn - National Coalition</a><a href="#cite_note-economistp-473">[468]</a></li> <li>Denmark – <a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Denmark)" title="Progress Party (Denmark)">Progress Party</a><a href="#cite_note-Hainsworth2008-474">[469]</a></li> <li>Germany – Citizens' Movement Pro Cologne,<a href="#cite_note-475">[470]</a> <a href="/wiki/German_Freedom_Party" title="German Freedom Party">German Freedom Party</a>,<a href="#cite_note-476">[471]</a> <a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Union" title="German People's Union">German People's Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pro_Germany_Citizens%27_Movement" title="Pro Germany Citizens' Movement">Pro Germany Citizens' Movement</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOCUS-477">[472]</a><a href="#cite_note-Morgenpost-478">[473]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pro_NRW" title="Pro NRW">Pro NRW</a>,<a href="#cite_note-479">[474]</a> <a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a></li> <li>European Union – <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_a_Europe_of_Liberties_and_Democracy" title="Movement for a Europe of Liberties and Democracy">Movement for a Europe of Liberties and Democracy</a><a href="#cite_note-Nordsieck-442">[437]</a></li> <li>Iceland – <a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Party_(Iceland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizens' Party (Iceland)">Citizens' Party</a><a href="#cite_note-Bergqvist1999-480">[475]</a></li> <li>India – <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Jana Sangh">Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a> (Succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>)</li> <li>Italy – <a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Italy)" title="National Alliance (Italy)">National Alliance</a><a href="#cite_note-481">[476]</a></li> <li>Japan – <a href="/wiki/Japan_Restoration_Party" title="Japan Restoration Party">Japan Restoration Party</a><a href="#cite_note-482">[477]</a><a href="#cite_note-483">[478]</a><a href="#cite_note-484">[479]</a></li> <li>Netherlands – <a href="/wiki/Centre_Democrats_(Netherlands)" title="Centre Democrats (Netherlands)">Centre Democrats</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Art2011-485">[480]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pim_Fortuyn_List" title="Pim Fortuyn List">Pim Fortuyn List</a><a href="#cite_note-StarkeKaasch2013-345">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-Art2011-485">[480]</a><a href="#cite_note-Andeweg,_R_p.49-486">[481]</a></li> <li>Portugal – <a href="/wiki/Portugal_Pro-Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Portugal Pro-Life">Portugal Pro-Life</a></li> <li>Serbia – <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Patriotic_Alliance" title="Serbian Patriotic Alliance">Serbian Patriotic Alliance</a>,<a href="#cite_note-487">[482]</a></li> <li>South Korea – <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republican_Party_(South_Korea)" title="Democratic Republican Party (South Korea)">Democratic Republican Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Korea_Party" title="Liberty Korea Party">Liberty Korea Party</a>,<a href="#cite_note-488">[483]</a> <a href="/wiki/Onward_for_Future_4.0" title="Onward for Future 4.0">Onward for Future 4.0</a></li> <li>Spain – <a href="/wiki/Platform_for_Catalonia" title="Platform for Catalonia">Platform for Catalonia</a><a href="#cite_note-md-489">[484]</a></li> <li>Sweden – <a href="/wiki/New_Democracy_(Sweden)" title="New Democracy (Sweden)">New Democracy</a><a href="#cite_note-Bergqvist1999-480">[475]</a></li> <li>Switzerland – <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Farmers,_Traders_and_Independents" title="Party of Farmers, Traders and Independents">Party of Farmers, Traders and Independents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republican_Movement_(Switzerland)" title="Republican Movement (Switzerland)">Republican Movement</a></li> <li>Syria – <a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Movement" title="Arab Liberation Movement">Arab Liberation Movement</a></li> <li>Thailand – <a href="/wiki/Thai_Rak_Thai_Party" title="Thai Rak Thai Party">Thai Rak Thai Party</a></li> <li>United Kingdom – <a href="/wiki/National_Democrats_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Democrats (United Kingdom)">National Democrats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veterans_and_People%27s_Party" title="Veterans and People's Party">Veterans and People's Party</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li></ul></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Criticism of multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morenazi" title="Morenazi">Morenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_liberalism" title="National liberalism">National liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Right-wing authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_antiscience" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing antiscience">Right-wing antiscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_terrorism" title="Right-wing terrorism">Right-wing terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_backlash" title="White backlash">White backlash</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> On the whole, the "right-wing populism" in <a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">United States</a> are almost identical to "right-wing nationalism", but in Asia and other non-Western regions, "right-wing populism" and "right-wing nationalism" do not necessarily coincide. Japan's former prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Shinzo Abe</a>, is described by experts as a right-wing 'nationalist', but at the same time as not a (right-wing) 'populist'.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>'s right-wing <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Myanmar" title="Provisional Government of Myanmar">nationalist military regime</a> is cracking down on the activities of the <a href="/wiki/National_League_for_Democracy" title="National League for Democracy">largest populist political party</a> supporting democratization. Some right-wing populist movements in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a> are based on <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a>, some of which reject Western ideologies, including nationalism. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Cas_Mudde" title="Cas Mudde">Mudde</a>: authoritarianism "is the belief in a strictly ordered society, in which infringements of authority are to be punished severely. In this interpretation, [it] includes law and order and "punitive conventional moralism". It does not necessarily mean an anti-democratic attitude, but neither does it preclude one. In addition, the authoritarian's submission to authority, established or not, is "not absolute, automatic, nor blind". In other words, while authoritarians will be more inclined to accept (established) authority than non-authoritarians, they can and will rebel under certain circumstances." </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> "Maximal" right-wing populists here give a preference for the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tat_l%C3%A9gal" title="État légal">état légal</a>—which gives primacy to the law as expressed by the general will via election or referendum; against the <a href="/wiki/Rechtsstaat" title="Rechtsstaat">Rechtsstaat</a>—which limits the power of the democratic state (the majority) to protect the rights of minorities. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Neo-populists, contrary to the Marxist worldview, do not oppose the "working class" to the "bourgeoisie" and capitalists, but rather the "people" to the "elites" and immigrants. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Thurmond was a <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">segregationist</a> from South Carolina and began as member of the Democratic Party, but in 1964 switched to becoming a member of the Republican Party until his death in 2003. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Berman-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Berman_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBerman2021" class="citation journal cs1">Berman, Sheri (11 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-041719-102503">"The Causes of Populism in the West"</a>. Annual Review of Political Science. 24 (1): 71–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-041719-102503">10.1146/annurev-polisci-041719-102503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=The+Causes+of+Populism+in+the+West&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=71-88&rft.date=2021-05-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-polisci-041719-102503&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=Sheri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev-polisci-041719-102503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamusLebourg2017" class="citation book cs1">Camus, Jean-Yves; Lebourg, Nicolas (20 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_j5YDgAAQBAJ">Far-Right Politics in Europe</a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 12–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-97153-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-97153-0"><bdi>978-0-674-97153-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Far-Right+Politics+in+Europe&rft.pages=12-13&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2017-03-20&rft.isbn=978-0-674-97153-0&rft.aulast=Camus&rft.aufirst=Jean-Yves&rft.au=Lebourg%2C+Nicolas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_j5YDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEatwellGoodwin2018" class="citation book cs1">Eatwell, Roger; Goodwin, Matthew (25 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pFZaDwAAQBAJ">National Populism: The Revolt Against Liberal Democracy</a>. Penguin UK. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-31201-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-31201-8"><bdi>978-0-241-31201-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Populism%3A+The+Revolt+Against+Liberal+Democracy&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2018-10-25&rft.isbn=978-0-241-31201-8&rft.aulast=Eatwell&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Goodwin%2C+Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpFZaDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IHJsoCAREsg&feature=youtu.be">Japan's rising right-wing nationalism</a> Vox (26 May 2017). </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZembylas" class="citation book cs1">Zembylas, Michalinos. Affect and the Rise of Right-Wing Populism.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Affect+and+the+Rise+of+Right-Wing+Populism.&rft.aulast=Zembylas&rft.aufirst=Michalinos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Akkerman, Agnes (2003) "Populism and Democracy: Challenge or Pathology?" <a href="/wiki/Acta_Politica" title="Acta Politica">Acta Politica</a> n.38, pp.147–159 </li> <li id="cite_note-JODweyland2-8"><a href="#cite_ref-JODweyland2_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeyland2013" class="citation journal cs1">Weyland, Kurt (July 2013). "Latin America's Authoritarian Drift". Journal of Democracy. 24 (3): 18–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjod.2013.0045">10.1353/jod.2013.0045</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154433853">154433853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Democracy&rft.atitle=Latin+America%27s+Authoritarian+Drift&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=18-32&rft.date=2013-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjod.2013.0045&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154433853%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Weyland&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorrisInglehart2018" class="citation book cs1">Norris, Pippa; Inglehart, Ronald (2018). 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New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-42607-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-42607-7"><bdi>978-1-108-42607-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+backlash%3A+Trump%2C+Brexit%2C+and+the+rise+of+authoritarian-populism&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-108-42607-7&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=Pippa&rft.au=Inglehart%2C+Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_10-1">b</a> Eatwell, Roger (2017) "Populism and Fascism" in Kaltwasser, Cristóbal Rovira; Taggart, Paul; Espejo, Paulina Ochoa; and Ostiguy, Pierre eds. The Oxford Handbook of Populism. 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Populism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 34–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-023487-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-023487-4"><bdi>978-0-19-023487-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Populism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=34-35&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-023487-4&rft.aulast=Mudde&rft.aufirst=Cas&rft.au=Kaltwasser%2C+Crist%C3%B3bal+Rovira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Federico Finchelstein, Federico (2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h4qdDwAAQBAJ&dq=from%20fascism%20to%20populism%20in%20history%20pdf&pg=PA5">From Fascism to Populism in History</a> Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp.5–6 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-30935-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-30935-7">978-0-520-30935-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Berggren, Erik and Neergard, Andres <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GFWsCQAAQBAJ&dq=%22right-wing+populism%22+xenophobic+racist+nativist&pg=PA179">"Populism: Protest, democratic challenge and right wing sxtremism"</a> in Dahlstedt, Magnus and Neergaard, Andres eds. (2015) International Migration and Ethnic Relations: Critical Perspectives/ New York: Routledge. p.179. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-65590-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-65590-9">978-1-317-65590-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Shenkman, Rick (8 September 2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2019/09/08/shawn-rosenberg-democracy-228045">"The Shocking Paper Predicting the End of Democracy"</a> <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico Magazine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRydgren2018" class="citation book cs1">Rydgren, Jens (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XD9FDwAAQBAJ">The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027455-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027455-9"><bdi>978-0-19-027455-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Radical+Right&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-027455-9&rft.aulast=Rydgren&rft.aufirst=Jens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXD9FDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRooduijn2014" class="citation journal cs1">Rooduijn, Matthijs (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dare.uva.nl/personal/pure/en/publications/vox-populismus-a-populist-radical-right-attitude-among-the-public(22286a6b-7e6a-4689-9a71-41ed47923500).html">"Vox populismus: a populist radical right attitude among the public?"</a>. Nations and Nationalism. 20 (1): 82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnana.12054">10.1111/nana.12054</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-8129">1469-8129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nations+and+Nationalism&rft.atitle=Vox+populismus%3A+a+populist+radical+right+attitude+among+the+public%3F&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=82&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fnana.12054&rft.issn=1469-8129&rft.aulast=Rooduijn&rft.aufirst=Matthijs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdare.uva.nl%2Fpersonal%2Fpure%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fvox-populismus-a-populist-radical-right-attitude-among-the-public%2822286a6b-7e6a-4689-9a71-41ed47923500%29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaplanWeinberg199810–11-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaplanWeinberg199810–11_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaplanWeinberg1998">Kaplan & Weinberg 1998</a>, pp. 10–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2016/06/25/483400958/from-brexit-to-trump-nationalist-movements-gain-momentum-around-world">"From 'Brexit' To Trump, Nationalist Movements Gain Momentum Around World"</a>. NPR.org. Retrieved 24 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=From+%27Brexit%27+To+Trump%2C+Nationalist+Movements+Gain+Momentum+Around+World&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2016%2F06%2F25%2F483400958%2Ffrom-brexit-to-trump-nationalist-movements-gain-momentum-around-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris200544-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorris200544_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorris2005">Norris 2005</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-d214-49"><a href="#cite_ref-d214_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAKGEMCİ2022" class="citation journal cs1">AKGEMCİ, Esra (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27130875">"Authoritarian Populism as a Response to Crisis: The Case of Brazil"</a>. Uluslararası İlişkiler / International Relations. 19 (74). Uluslararası İlişkiler Konseyi İktisadi İşletmesi: 37–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.33458%2Fuidergisi.1113367">10.33458/uidergisi.1113367</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1304-7310">1304-7310</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27130875">27130875</a>. Retrieved 24 October 2024. <q>One could argue that authoritarian populism can also be combined with left-wing social policy. Still, I assert that the phenomenon was born to address specific conditions in which far-right leaders appealed to the "people" with populist attitudes to promote authoritarian measures. A leftist leader can also be both authoritarian and populist, but the term "authoritarian populism," which Stuart Hall coined, can be applied as a distinctive version of far-right populism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Uluslararas%C4%B1+%C4%B0li%C5%9Fkiler+%2F+International+Relations&rft.atitle=Authoritarian+Populism+as+a+Response+to+Crisis%3A+The+Case+of+Brazil&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=74&rft.pages=37-51&rft.date=2022&rft.issn=1304-7310&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27130875%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.33458%2Fuidergisi.1113367&rft.aulast=AKGEMC%C4%B0&rft.aufirst=Esra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27130875&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-u165-50"><a href="#cite_ref-u165_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iea.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/TAPI_2024_digital_2024-04-15-compressed.pdf">"Authoritarian Populism Index 2024"</a> (PDF). Timbro. 2024. p. 12. Retrieved 24 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Timbro&rft.atitle=Authoritarian+Populism+Index+2024&rft.pages=12&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiea.org.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F04%2FTAPI_2024_digital_2024-04-15-compressed.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-y618-51"><a href="#cite_ref-y618_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorrales2024" class="citation journal cs1">Corrales, Javier (19 August 2024). "Why Populism is the Sugar, Salt, and Fat of Our Politics. . . with Variations: A Reflection". American Behavioral Scientist. SAGE Publications. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00027642241268275">10.1177/00027642241268275</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7642">0002-7642</a>. <q>For comparable arguments for left-wing authoritarian populism, see Corrales (2011, 2018),. Carrión (2021), Cleary and Öztürk (2022).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Behavioral+Scientist&rft.atitle=Why+Populism+is+the+Sugar%2C+Salt%2C+and+Fat+of+Our+Politics.+.+.+with+Variations%3A+A+Reflection&rft.date=2024-08-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F00027642241268275&rft.issn=0002-7642&rft.aulast=Corrales&rft.aufirst=Javier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Rosenberg cites Gentile, G. (1928) The philosophic basis of fascism. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a>, v.6, n.2 pp.290–304 </li> <li id="cite_note-rosenberg-53"><a href="#cite_ref-rosenberg_53-0">^</a> Rosenberg, Shawn W. (2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/38564962/Democracy_Devouring_Itself_The_Rise_of_the_Incompetent_Citizen_and_the_Appeal_of_Populism.docx">"Democracy Devouring Itself: The Rise of the Incompetent Citizen and the Appeal of Right Wing Populism"</a> in Hur, Domenico Uhng and Sabucedo, José Manuel eds. (forthcoming) Psychology of Political and Everyday Extremisms </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinchelstein2019" class="citation book cs1">Finchelstein, Federico (2019). From Fascism to populism in history: with a new preface (First ed.). Oakland, California: University of California Press. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-30935-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-30935-7"><bdi>978-0-520-30935-7</bdi></a>. <q>Populism is a form of authoritarian democracy, while Fascism is an ultraviolet dictatorship.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Fascism+to+populism+in+history%3A+with+a+new+preface&rft.place=Oakland%2C+California&rft.pages=6&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-520-30935-7&rft.aulast=Finchelstein&rft.aufirst=Federico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBisbeeMosleyPepinskyRosendorff2020" class="citation journal cs1">Bisbee, James; Mosley, Layna; Pepinsky, Thomas B.; Rosendorff, B. Peter (2 July 2020). "Decompensating domestically: the political economy of anti-globalism". Journal of European Public Policy. 27 (7): 1090–1102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13501763.2019.1678662">10.1080/13501763.2019.1678662</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211341396">211341396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+European+Public+Policy&rft.atitle=Decompensating+domestically%3A+the+political+economy+of+anti-globalism&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1090-1102&rft.date=2020-07-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13501763.2019.1678662&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A211341396%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bisbee&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Mosley%2C+Layna&rft.au=Pepinsky%2C+Thomas+B.&rft.au=Rosendorff%2C+B.+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamusLebourg2017" class="citation book cs1">Camus, Jean-Yves; Lebourg, Nicolas (20 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_j5YDgAAQBAJ">Far-Right Politics in Europe</a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 12–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-97153-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-97153-0"><bdi>978-0-674-97153-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Far-Right+Politics+in+Europe&rft.pages=12-14&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2017-03-20&rft.isbn=978-0-674-97153-0&rft.aulast=Camus&rft.aufirst=Jean-Yves&rft.au=Lebourg%2C+Nicolas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_j5YDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamusLebourg2017" class="citation book cs1">Camus, Jean-Yves; Lebourg, Nicolas (20 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_j5YDgAAQBAJ">Far-Right Politics in Europe</a>. 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Retrieved 3 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Argentina+election%3A+What%27s+next+after+Javier+Milei%27s+victory%3F&rft.date=2023-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F11%2F20%2Fargentina-election-whats-next-after-javier-mileis-victory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeredith2023" class="citation web cs1">Meredith, Sam (21 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2023/11/21/milei-china-says-it-would-be-a-huge-mistake-for-argentina-to-cut-ties.html">"China says it stands ready to work with Argentina despite Milei criticism"</a>. CNBC. 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El País English. 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Retrieved 3 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo+Finance&rft.atitle=Who+is+Javier+Milei%2C+Argentina%27s+new+hard-right+president%3F&rft.date=2023-11-20&rft.aulast=Bulbul&rft.aufirst=Nuray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fca.finance.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2Fjavier-milei-argentinas-hard-president-142340903.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGenoux2023" class="citation news cs1">Genoux, Flora (8 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/11/08/argentina-ultraliberal-candidate-javier-milei-leaves-the-business-community-skeptical_6235644_4.html">"Argentina: Far-right candidate Javier Milei leaves the business community skeptical"</a>. 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Retrieved 3 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=Argentina%3A+Far-right+candidate+Javier+Milei+leaves+the+business+community+skeptical&rft.date=2023-11-08&rft.aulast=Genoux&rft.aufirst=Flora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fen%2Finternational%2Farticle%2F2023%2F11%2F08%2Fargentina-ultraliberal-candidate-javier-milei-leaves-the-business-community-skeptical_6235644_4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFest2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fest, Sebastián (19 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elmundo.es/internacional/2023/11/20/655a9a8cfdddffc8b48b4578.html">"Javier Milei, el ultraliberal que promete poner patas arriba a Argentina y llevar a mínimos el vínculo con España"</a>. 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Retrieved 3 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Who+is+Javier+Milei%2C+Argentina%27s+new+%27shock+therapy%27+libertarian+President%3F&rft.date=2023-11-20&rft.aulast=Chitre&rft.aufirst=Manjiri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fworld-news%2Fwho-is-javier-milei-argentinas-new-shock-therapy-libertarian-president-101700441962055.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Il_Post_2023-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Il_Post_2023_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilpost.it/2023/08/14/chi-e-javier-milei-il-leader-di-estrema-destra-che-ha-vinto-le-primarie-in-argentina">"Javier Milei, il leader di estrema destra che ha vinto le primarie in Argentina"</a>. 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Retrieved 23 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Il+Post&rft.atitle=Javier+Milei%2C+il+leader+di+estrema+destra+che+ha+vinto+le+primarie+in+Argentina&rft.date=2023-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilpost.it%2F2023%2F08%2F14%2Fchi-e-javier-milei-il-leader-di-estrema-destra-che-ha-vinto-le-primarie-in-argentina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cronista_2019-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cronista_2019_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cronista_2019_108-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cronista.com/infotechnology/online/La-charla-TEDx-de-Milei-donde-explica-la-belleza-del-capitalismo-20190212-0002.html">"La charla TEDx de Milei donde explica la 'belleza' del capitalismo"</a>. Cronista (in Spanish). 12 February 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230819174443/https://www.cronista.com/infotechnology/online/La-charla-TEDx-de-Milei-donde-explica-la-belleza-del-capitalismo-20190212-0002.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cronista&rft.atitle=La+charla+TEDx+de+Milei+donde+explica+la+%27belleza%27+del+capitalismo&rft.date=2019-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cronista.com%2Finfotechnology%2Fonline%2FLa-charla-TEDx-de-Milei-donde-explica-la-belleza-del-capitalismo-20190212-0002.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lanacion.com.ar/economia/punto-por-punto-el-plan-de-gobierno-que-presento-javier-milei-nid02082023/">"Punto por punto: el plan de gobierno que presentó Javier Milei"</a>. La Nación (in Spanish). 4 August 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231030105011/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/economia/punto-por-punto-el-plan-de-gobierno-que-presento-javier-milei-nid02082023/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 5 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Naci%C3%B3n&rft.atitle=Punto+por+punto%3A+el+plan+de+gobierno+que+present%C3%B3+Javier+Milei&rft.date=2023-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lanacion.com.ar%2Feconomia%2Fpunto-por-punto-el-plan-de-gobierno-que-presento-javier-milei-nid02082023%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Centenera_&_Criales_2023-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Centenera_&_Criales_2023_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCenteneraCriales2023" class="citation web cs1">Centenera, Mar; Criales, José Pablo (14 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-08-14/ultra-conservative-javier-milei-capitalizes-on-the-protest-vote-and-wins-argentinas-primaries.html">"Ultra-conservative Javier Milei capitalizes on the protest vote and wins Argentina's primaries"</a>. El País English. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230815234239/https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-08-14/ultra-conservative-javier-milei-capitalizes-on-the-protest-vote-and-wins-argentinas-primaries.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2023. 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Retrieved 25 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Conservative+frontrunner+deploys+populist+strike+on+Ottawa%27s+elites&rft.date=2022-05-25&rft.aulast=Blatchford&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F05%2F25%2Fpierre-poilievre-pm-canada-trudeau-00034809&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-populism1-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-populism1_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-populism1_144-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCBS_News2018" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/pierre-poilievre-canada-conservatives-elect-right-wing-populist-vs-justin-trudeau/">"Canadian Conservatives elect "right-wing populist" Pierre Poilievre to lead fight against Justin Trudeau"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>. 12 September 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Canadian+Conservatives+elect+%22right-wing+populist%22+Pierre+Poilievre+to+lead+fight+against+Justin+Trudeau&rft.date=2022-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fpierre-poilievre-canada-conservatives-elect-right-wing-populist-vs-justin-trudeau%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/opinion/np-view-the-unstoppable-pierre-poilievre">"NP View: The unstoppable Pierre Poilievre"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Post" title="National Post">National Post</a>. 5 August 2022. <q>Trying to demonize Poilievre as a "populist" or as Canada's Trump, or implying that he is a white supremacist or opposed to women's rights is unlikely to succeed. He is pro-choice, pro-immigration and has forcefully denounced white replacement theory and all of "that kind of thinking."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=NP+View%3A+The+unstoppable+Pierre+Poilievre&rft.date=2022-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalpost.com%2Fopinion%2Fnp-view-the-unstoppable-pierre-poilievre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForrest2022" class="citation web cs1">Forrest, Maura (12 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/2022/09/12/canada-conservative-leader-poilievre-00056205">"The quick take on Canada's new Conservative leader"</a>. Politico. <q>He has been compared to former President Donald Trump for his populist overtures, but in terms of substance, he has largely confined himself to pocketbook issues. He is pro-immigration — his wife is a Venezuelan immigrant — and now calls himself pro-choice.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=The+quick+take+on+Canada%27s+new+Conservative+leader&rft.date=2022-09-12&rft.aulast=Forrest&rft.aufirst=Maura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F09%2F12%2Fcanada-conservative-leader-poilievre-00056205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehub.ca/2022-08-09/is-there-any-room-for-centrists-in-the-current-conservative-party-tasha-kheiriddin-on-the-right-path-forward-for-conservatives-in-canada/">"Is there room for centrists in the current Conservative Party?: Tasha Kheiriddin on the right path forward for Conservatives in Canada"</a>. The Hub. 9 August 2022. <q>And second, what parts of his program—which, to be fair to him, he is pro-immigration, pro-same-sex marriage, and pro-choice—do you take exception to?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hub&rft.atitle=Is+there+room+for+centrists+in+the+current+Conservative+Party%3F%3A+Tasha+Kheiriddin+on+the+right+path+forward+for+Conservatives+in+Canada&rft.date=2022-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehub.ca%2F2022-08-09%2Fis-there-any-room-for-centrists-in-the-current-conservative-party-tasha-kheiriddin-on-the-right-path-forward-for-conservatives-in-canada%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcConkey2022" class="citation web cs1">McConkey, David (23 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brandonsun.com/opinion/2022/10/24/pierre-poilievre-populist-politician">"Pierre Poilievre, populist politician?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Brandon_Sun" title="The Brandon Sun">The Brandon Sun</a>. <q>In several ways, Poilievre does not fit the mould of a new populist. For one, Poilievre is not new. He was a cabinet minister in the Stephen Harper government and he has been a member of Parliament for almost 20 years. For another, he is not your stereotypical reactionary. He is at ease with the non-traditional family, he is pro-choice, he is pro-immigration.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Brandon+Sun&rft.atitle=Pierre+Poilievre%2C+populist+politician%3F&rft.date=2022-10-23&rft.aulast=McConkey&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brandonsun.com%2Fopinion%2F2022%2F10%2F24%2Fpierre-poilievre-populist-politician&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2022" class="citation web cs1">Campbell, Clark (16 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-the-making-of-pierre-poilievre-conservative-proselytizer/">"The making of Pierre Poilievre, conservative proselytizer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a>. <q>But he is no Donald Trump in tenets or temperament. He doesn't echo the anti-immigrant rhetoric, and abhors Mr. Trump's gargantuan deficits. He is so calculated that he could never be the erratic bundle of impulses that rambles at a Trump rally.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=The+making+of+Pierre+Poilievre%2C+conservative+proselytizer&rft.date=2022-09-16&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Clark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fpolitics%2Farticle-the-making-of-pierre-poilievre-conservative-proselytizer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2022/09/15/canadas-conservatives-pick-a-brainy-brawler-as-leader">"Canada's Conservatives pick a brainy brawler as leader"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. 15 September 2022. <q>His rhetorical style evokes populists such as Donald Trump. But his enemies list is more circumscribed. Unlike Mr Trump, he favours immigration.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Canada%27s+Conservatives+pick+a+brainy+brawler+as+leader&rft.date=2022-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fthe-americas%2F2022%2F09%2F15%2Fcanadas-conservatives-pick-a-brainy-brawler-as-leader&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2022" class="citation web cs1">Moore, Samuel (4 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cherwell.org/2022/11/04/pierre-poilievre-canadas-next-pm/">"Pierre Poilievre: Canada's next Prime Minister?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cherwell_(newspaper)" title="Cherwell (newspaper)">Cherwell</a>. <q>Moreover, in a way that distinguishes him from Trump and other right-wing populists, Poilievre's social policies are progressive. He is pro-choice and pro-LGBT rights and has actually criticised the Trudeau ministry for not being pro-immigration enough, belittling the inefficiencies of the current immigration system as yet another example of big government "gatekeeping".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cherwell&rft.atitle=Pierre+Poilievre%3A+Canada%27s+next+Prime+Minister%3F&rft.date=2022-11-04&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcherwell.org%2F2022%2F11%2F04%2Fpierre-poilievre-canadas-next-pm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver2022" class="citation web cs1">Oliver, Joe (7 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://financialpost.com/opinion/joe-oliver-liberals-risk-drowning-in-the-poilievre-wave">"Liberals risk drowning in the Poilievre wave"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Financial_Post" title="Financial Post">Financial Post</a>. <q>The "Trump North" label has failed to stick because he has been consistently pro-choice, supports gay marriage and favours immigration.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Post&rft.atitle=Liberals+risk+drowning+in+the+Poilievre+wave&rft.date=2022-09-07&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinancialpost.com%2Fopinion%2Fjoe-oliver-liberals-risk-drowning-in-the-poilievre-wave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEditorial_Board2018" class="citation news cs1">Editorial Board (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/costa-rica-shows-an-admirable-resistance-to-demagoguery/2018/04/03/93336b1e-3766-11e8-9c0a-85d477d9a226_story.html?noredirect=on">"Costa Rica shows an admirable resistance to demagoguery"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved 10 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Costa+Rica+shows+an+admirable+resistance+to+demagoguery&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Editorial+Board&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fopinions%2Fcosta-rica-shows-an-admirable-resistance-to-demagoguery%2F2018%2F04%2F03%2F93336b1e-3766-11e8-9c0a-85d477d9a226_story.html%3Fnoredirect%3Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenley2018" class="citation news cs1">Henley, Jon (2 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/costa-rica-quesada-wins-presidency-in-vote-fought-on-gay-rights">"Costa Rica: Carlos Alvarado wins presidency in vote fought on gay rights"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 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Retrieved 10 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Costa+Rica%27s+Election%3A+It+Wasn%27t+the+Economy%2C+Stupid%21&rft.date=2018-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqcostarica.com%2Fcosta-ricas-election-it-wasnt-the-economy-stupid%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArco2018" class="citation news cs1">Arco, Eduardo (9 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/24159/costa-rica-s-rollercoaster-election-was-about-more-than-gay-marriage">"Costa Rica's Rollercoaster Election Was About More Than Gay Marriage"</a>. WPR. 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Understanding Rural Support for Right-Wing Politics and Looking for Progressive Solutions"</a>. Sociologia Ruralis. 60 (4): 710–731. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fsoru.12291">10.1111/soru.12291</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-0199">0038-0199</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213444041">213444041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociologia+Ruralis&rft.atitle=Populism%2C+Neoliberalism+and+Agrarian+Movements+in+Europe.+Understanding+Rural+Support+for+Right-Wing+Politics+and+Looking+for+Progressive+Solutions&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=710-731&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213444041%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0038-0199&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fsoru.12291&rft.aulast=Mamonova&rft.aufirst=Natalia&rft.au=Franquesa%2C+Jaume&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fsoru.12291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gifford_2006_851–869-318">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gifford_2006_851–869_318-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gifford_2006_851–869_318-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGifford2006" class="citation journal cs1">Gifford, Chris (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2006.00638.x">"The rise of post-imperial populism: The case of right-wing Euroscepticism in Britain"</a>. European Journal of Political Research. 45 (5): 851–869. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-6765.2006.00638.x">10.1111/j.1475-6765.2006.00638.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0304-4130">0304-4130</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Political+Research&rft.atitle=The+rise+of+post-imperial+populism%3A+The+case+of+right-wing+Euroscepticism+in+Britain&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=851-869&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1475-6765.2006.00638.x&rft.issn=0304-4130&rft.aulast=Gifford&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1475-6765.2006.00638.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenny,_SueIfe,_JimWestoby,_Peter2014" class="citation book cs1">Kenny, Sue; Ife, Jim; Westoby, Peter, eds. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6u8CEAAAQBAJ&dq=populism+Thatcherism&pg=PT213">Populism, Democracy and Community Development</a>. <a href="/wiki/Policy_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Policy Press">Policy Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4473-5387-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4473-5387-4"><bdi>978-1-4473-5387-4</bdi></a>. <q>The most recognised right-wing UK populist politician of recent time was Margaret Thatcher, who became leader of the Conservative Party in 1975, and in 1979 the first British woman prime minister.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Populism%2C+Democracy+and+Community+Development&rft.pub=Policy+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4473-5387-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6u8CEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dpopulism%2BThatcherism%26pg%3DPT213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTournier-Sol2021" class="citation book cs1">Tournier-Sol, Karine (5 January 2021). 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Retrieved 8 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Javier+Milei.+Un+fen%C3%B3meno+libertario+con+pr%C3%A9dica+antisistema&rft.date=2021-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lanacion.com.ar%2Fsociedad%2Fjavier-milei-un-fenomeno-libertario-con-predica-antisistema-nid13122021%2F.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/who-s-who-in-the-liberals-left-right-and-centre-factions-20210303-p577gv.html">"Who's who in the Liberals' left, right and centre factions?"</a>. 20 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who%27s+who+in+the+Liberals%27+left%2C+right+and+centre+factions%3F&rft.date=2021-03-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fpolitics%2Ffederal%2Fwho-s-who-in-the-liberals-left-right-and-centre-factions-20210303-p577gv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aus-339"><a href="#cite_ref-aus_339-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/the-mice-that-may-yet-roar-who-are-the-minor-right-wing-parties-17305">"The mice that may yet roar: who are the minor right-wing parties?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)" title="The Conversation (website)">The Conversation</a>. 28 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=The+mice+that+may+yet+roar%3A+who+are+the+minor+right-wing+parties%3F&rft.date=2013-08-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fthe-mice-that-may-yet-roar-who-are-the-minor-right-wing-parties-17305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bieling2015-340">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bieling2015_340-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bieling2015_340-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bieling2015_340-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bieling2015_340-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bieling2015_340-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bieling2015_340-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bieling2015_340-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bieling2015_340-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHans-Jürgen_Bieling2015" class="citation book cs1">Hans-Jürgen Bieling (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JJsGCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA110">"Uneven development and 'European crisis constitutionalism', or the reasons for and conditions of a 'passive revolution in trouble'"</a>. 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Foundation for European Progressive Studies. 19 June 2024. <q>the right-wing populist party of former TV host Slavi Trifonov</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foundation+for+European+Progressive+Studies&rft.atitle=The+monster+within%3A+how+Bulgaria%27s+political+crisis+is+evolving&rft.date=2024-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffeps-europe.eu%2Fthe-monster-within-how-bulgarias-political-crisis-is-evolving%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macleans.ca/politics/how-kellie-leitch-touched-off-a-culture-war/">"How Kellie Leitch touched off a culture war – Macleans.ca"</a>. macleans.ca. 23 September 2016. 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JoongAng Ilbo. Retrieved 5 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JoongAng+Ilbo&rft.atitle=Liberty+Korea+Party%2C+conservative+populism+has+no+future&rft.date=2018-04-04&rft.au=Jang+Hoon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.joins.com%2Farticle%2F22508544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-md-489"><a href="#cite_ref-md_489-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minutodigital.com/noticias/2010/04/22/josep-anglada-ser-populista-identitario-es-ser-hondamente-democratico/">Anglada: "Being populist and identitarian is being honestly democratic"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111003071247/http://www.minutodigital.com/noticias/2010/04/22/josep-anglada-ser-populista-identitario-es-ser-hondamente-democratico/">Archived</a> 3 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Minuto Digital (Spanish) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Berlet, Chip and Matthew N. Lyons. 2000. Right-Wing Populism in America: Too Close for Comfort. New York: Guilford Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57230-568-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-57230-568-1">1-57230-568-1</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57230-562-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-57230-562-2">1-57230-562-2</a>.</li> <li>Betz, Hans-Georg. Radical right-wing populism in Western Europe. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1994 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-08390-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-08390-4">0-312-08390-4</a>.</li> <li>Betz, Hans-Georg and Immerfall, Stefan. The New Politics of the Right: Neo-Populist Parties and Movements in Established Democracies. Houndsmill, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK, Macmillan Press Ltd., 1998 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-21338-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-21338-1">978-0-312-21338-1</a>,</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolgert2016" class="citation journal cs1">Dolgert, Stefan (2016). "The Praise of Ressentiment: Or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Donald Trump". New Political Science. 38 (3): 354–370. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07393148.2016.1189030">10.1080/07393148.2016.1189030</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147965459">147965459</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Political+Science&rft.atitle=The+Praise+of+Ressentiment%3A+Or%2C+How+I+Learned+to+Stop+Worrying+and+Love+Donald+Trump&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=354-370&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07393148.2016.1189030&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147965459%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dolgert&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Fielitz, Maik; Laloire, Laura Lotte (eds.) (2016). Trouble on the Far Right. Contemporary Right-Wing Strategies and Practices in Europe. Bielefeld: transcript. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8376-3720-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8376-3720-5">978-3-8376-3720-5</a>.</li> <li>Fritzsche, Peter. 1990. Rehearsals for Fascism: Populism and Political Mobilization in Weimar Germany. New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-505780-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-505780-5">0-19-505780-5</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeden2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Geden, Oliver (2006). Diskursstrategien im Rechtspopulismus: Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs und Schweizerische Volkspartei zwischen Opposition und Regierungsbeteiligung [Discourse Strategies in Right-Wing Populism: Freedom Party of Austria and Swiss People's Party between Opposition and Government Participation] (in German). Wiesbaden, Germany: VS Verlag. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-531-90430-6">10.1007/978-3-531-90430-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-531-15127-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-531-15127-4"><bdi>978-3-531-15127-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diskursstrategien+im+Rechtspopulismus%3A+Freiheitliche+Partei+%C3%96sterreichs+und+Schweizerische+Volkspartei+zwischen+Opposition+und+Regierungsbeteiligung&rft.place=Wiesbaden%2C+Germany&rft.pub=VS+Verlag&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-531-90430-6&rft.isbn=978-3-531-15127-4&rft.aulast=Geden&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodwinMilazzo2015" class="citation book cs1">Goodwin, Matthew; Milazzo, Caitlin (2015). UKIP: Inside the Campaign to Redraw the Map of British Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873611-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873611-0"><bdi>978-0-19-873611-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UKIP%3A+Inside+the+Campaign+to+Redraw+the+Map+of+British+Politics&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-873611-0&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Milazzo%2C+Caitlin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreven2016" class="citation book cs1">Greven, Thomas (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fesdc.org/fileadmin/user_upload/publications/RightwingPopulism.pdf">The Rise of Right-wing Populism in Europe and the United States: A Comparative Perspective</a> (PDF). Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. Retrieved 9 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Right-wing+Populism+in+Europe+and+the+United+States%3A+A+Comparative+Perspective&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Greven&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fesdc.org%2Ffileadmin%2Fuser_upload%2Fpublications%2FRightwingPopulism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeywood2015" class="citation book cs1">Heywood, Andrew (2015). Essentials of UK Politics (3rd ed.). London: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-53074-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-53074-5"><bdi>978-1-137-53074-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+UK+Politics&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-137-53074-5&rft.aulast=Heywood&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIgnazi2002" class="citation book cs1">Ignazi, Piero (2002). "The Extreme Right: Defining the Object and Assessing the Causes". In Schain, Martin; Zolberg, Aristide R.; Hossay, Patrick (eds.). Shadows over Europe: The Development and Impact of the Extreme Right in Western Europe. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-29593-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-29593-6"><bdi>978-0-312-29593-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Extreme+Right%3A+Defining+the+Object+and+Assessing+the+Causes&rft.btitle=Shadows+over+Europe%3A+The+Development+and+Impact+of+the+Extreme+Right+in+Western+Europe&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-312-29593-6&rft.aulast=Ignazi&rft.aufirst=Piero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIgnazi2006" class="citation book cs1"> ———  (2006) [2003]. Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe. Comparative Politics. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929159-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929159-5"><bdi>978-0-19-929159-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extreme+Right+Parties+in+Western+Europe&rft.series=Comparative+Politics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-929159-5&rft.aulast=Ignazi&rft.aufirst=Piero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplanWeinberg1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Kaplan_(academic)" title="Jeffrey Kaplan (academic)">Kaplan, Jeffrey</a>; Weinberg, Leonard (1998). The Emergence of a Euro-American Radical Right. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-2564-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-2564-8"><bdi>978-0-8135-2564-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+a+Euro-American+Radical+Right&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-2564-8&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft.au=Weinberg%2C+Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorris2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pippa_Norris" title="Pippa Norris">Norris, Pippa</a> (2005). Radical Right: Voters and Parties in the Electoral Market. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84914-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84914-2"><bdi>978-0-521-84914-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radical+Right%3A+Voters+and+Parties+in+the+Electoral+Market&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84914-2&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=Pippa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkenderovic2009" class="citation book cs1">Skenderovic, Damir (2009). The Radical Right in Switzerland: Continuity and Change, 1945–2000. New York: Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt9qcntn">10.2307/j.ctt9qcntn</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-580-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-580-4"><bdi>978-1-84545-580-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qcntn">j.ctt9qcntn</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152401505">152401505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Radical+Right+in+Switzerland%3A+Continuity+and+Change%2C+1945%E2%80%932000&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt9qcntn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152401505%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt9qcntn%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-1-84545-580-4&rft.aulast=Skenderovic&rft.aufirst=Damir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARight-wing+populism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Wodak, Ruth. The politics of fear: What right-wing populist discourses mean. London: Sage, 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4462-4700-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4462-4700-6">978-1-4462-4700-6</a>.</li> <li>Goldwag, Arthur. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Hate:_A_History_of_Fear_and_Loathing_on_the_Populist_Right" class="mw-redirect" title="The New Hate: A History of Fear and Loathing on the Populist Right">The New Hate: A History of Fear and Loathing on the Populist Right</a>. Pantheon, February 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-37969-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-37969-6">978-0-307-37969-6</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Right-wing_populism&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Right-wing_populism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Right-wing populism">Right-wing populism</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.channel4.com/news/factcheck/factcheck-the-rise-of-right-wing-populism-in-europe">"Fact check: The rise of right-wing populism in Europe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a> News (UK). 28 September 2017.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservatism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_navbox" title="Template:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_navbox" title="Template talk:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservatism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Corporatist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_conservatism" title="Pragmatic conservatism">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactionism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism" title="Ultraconservatism">Ultra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Asia" title="Conservatism">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#China" title="Conservatism">China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism#Mainland_New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoauthoritarianism_(China)" title="Neoauthoritarianism (China)">Neoauthoritarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iran" title="Conservatism">Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Iran" title="Monarchism in Iran">Monarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Principlists">Principlist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Conservatism in Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_fundamentalism" title="Jewish fundamentalism">Fundamentalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Conservatism in Japan">Japan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minzoku" class="mw-redirect" title="Minzoku">Minzoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_in_Japan" title="Neoconservatism in Japan">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi" title="Nippon Kaigi">Nippon Kaigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Shōwa Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Conservatism in South Korea">South Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right_(South_Korea)" title="New Right (South Korea)">New Right</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Turkey" title="Conservatism in Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_democracy" title="Conservative democracy">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fanism" title="Erdoğanism">Erdoğanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Ottomanism" title="Neo-Ottomanism">Neo-Ottomanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Bangladesh" title="Conservatism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_India" title="Conservatism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Malaysia" title="Conservatism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Pakistan" title="Conservatism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Singapore" title="Conservatism">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Europe" title="Conservatism">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_France" title="Conservatism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarkozysm" title="Sarkozysm">Sarkozysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_conservatism_in_Germany" title="Agrarian conservatism in Germany">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Hegelians" title="Right Hegelians">Hegelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">Historical School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Rechte" title="Neue Rechte">Neue Rechte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_cameralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian cameralism">Cameralistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian socialism">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution#Young_conservatives" title="Conservative Revolution">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritter_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritter School">Ritter School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Socialism_(Germany)" title="State Socialism (Germany)">State Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">Völkisch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Italy" title="Conservatism in Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Right" title="Historical Right">Historical Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_school_of_elitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian school of elitism">Italian school of elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Bourbonism" title="Neo-Bourbonism">Neo-Bourbonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanfedismo" title="Sanfedismo">Sanfedismo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Poland" title="Conservatism">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Liberty" title="Golden Liberty">Golden Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaczyzm" title="Kaczyzm">Kaczyzm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Poland)" title="National Democracy (Poland)">National Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatism" title="Sarmatism">Sarmatism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duginism" class="mw-redirect" title="Duginism">Duginism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">Eurasianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Monarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hundreds" title="Black Hundreds">Black-hundredism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavophilia" title="Slavophilia">Slavophilia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pochvennichestvo" title="Pochvennichestvo">Pochvennichestvo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Spain)" title="Traditionalism (Spain)">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonsism" title="Alfonsism">Alfonsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carloctavismo" title="Carloctavismo">Carloctavismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo-francoism" title="Carlo-francoism">Carlo-francoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrism_(Spain)" title="Integrism (Spain)">Integrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellismo" title="Mellismo">Mellismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurism" title="Maurism">Maurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocat%C3%B3licos" title="Neocatólicos">Neocatholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic conservatism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular liberalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Jacobite_Revival" title="Neo-Jacobite Revival">Neo-Jacobite Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_neoconservatism" title="British neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">One-nationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_socialism" title="Tory socialism">Social</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Austria" title="Conservatism">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Belgium" title="Conservatism">Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party" title="Rexist Party">Rexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Denmark" title="Conservatism">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Finland" title="Conservatism">Finland</a></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Georgia" title="Monarchism in Georgia">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Greece">Populist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Hungary" title="Conservatism">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iceland" title="Conservatism">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Luxembourg" title="Conservatism">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Netherlands" title="Conservatism">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Norway" title="Conservatism">Norway</a></li> <li>Portugal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralismo_Lusitano" title="Integralismo Lusitano">Integralismo Lusitano</a></li></ul></li> <li>Romania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Romania" title="Monarchism in Romania">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Serbia" title="Conservatism in Serbia">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Serbia" title="Monarchism in Serbia">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Sweden" title="Conservatism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Switzerland" title="Conservatism">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Ukraine" title="Conservatism">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Argentina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Peronism" title="Federal Peronism">Federal Peronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme_in_Argentina" title="Maurrassisme in Argentina">Maurrasismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menemism" title="Menemism">Menemism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Brazil" title="Conservatism in Brazil">Brazil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolsonarism" title="Bolsonarism">Bolsonarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronelism" title="Coronelism">Coronelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" title="Brazilian Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janismo" title="Janismo">Janismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Brazil" title="Monarchism in Brazil">Monarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrianovism" title="Patrianovism">Patrianovism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Brazil">Populism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Chile" title="Conservatism">Chile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gremialismo" title="Gremialismo">Gremialismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Belize" title="Conservatism in North America">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Colombia" title="Conservatism in Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Rojas_Pinilla#Ideology" title="Gustavo Rojas Pinilla">Rojismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uribism" class="mw-redirect" title="Uribism">Uribism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Cuba" title="Conservatism in North America">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Guatemala" title="Conservatism in North America">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Mexico" title="Conservatism in North America">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cristero" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristero">Cristero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Panama" title="Conservatism in North America">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Peru" title="Conservatism in Peru">Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Manuel_A._Odr%C3%ADa#1948_Peruvian_coup_d’etat_and_Presidency" title="Manuel A. Odría">Odriismo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Uruguay <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herrerism" title="Herrerism">Herrerism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez#Legacy" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Perezjimenismo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America" title="Conservatism in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_Canada" title="Populism in Canada">Populism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Trumpism in Canada">Trumpism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerico-nationalism" title="Clerico-nationalism">Clerico-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_Canada" title="Social conservatism in Canada">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Tory" title="Blue Tory">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Pink</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaganism">Reaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Oceania" title="Conservatism">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="Centre Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">Centre Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="National Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">National Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_conservatism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic conservatism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Ancestral worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">Consociationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_identity" title="Collective identity">Collective identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)#Cultural_values" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Cultural values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements" title="Anti-abortion movements">Pro-Life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Ethical order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_monarchy" title="Traditional monarchy">Traditionalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_order_(philosophy)" title="Natural order (philosophy)">Natural Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Norms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_religion" title="Organized religion">Organized religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Philosophical realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Moral realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Social institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intellectuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Barruel" title="Augustin Barruel">Barruel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fardid" title="Ahmad Fardid">Fardid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Gentz" title="Friedrich von Gentz">Gentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens">Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Leontiev" title="Konstantin Leontiev">Leontiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelino_Men%C3%A9ndez_y_Pelayo" title="Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo">Menéndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plinio_Corr%C3%AAa_de_Oliveira" title="Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira">Corrêa de Oliveira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Rivarol" title="Antoine de Rivarol">Rivarol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Uvarov" title="Sergey Uvarov">Uvarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservative_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservative parties">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Party" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Party">European Conservatives and Reformists Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_and_Democracy" title="Identity and Democracy">Identity and Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democrat_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Democrat Union">International Democrat Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monarchist_League" title="International Monarchist League">International Monarchist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition,_Family,_Property" title="Tradition, Family, Property">Tradition, Family, Property</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Andreotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Berlusconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">GW Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Le Pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Mannerheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Menzies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Pérez Jiménez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enric_Prat_de_la_Riba" title="Enric Prat de la Riba">Prat de la Riba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin" title="Pyotr Stolypin">Stolypin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo" title="Rafael Trujillo">Trujillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">de Valera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Zemmour" title="Éric Zemmour">Zemmour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Religious_conservatism" title="Conservatism">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics#Conservatism" title="Christianity and politics">Christian politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theonomy" title="Theonomy">Theonomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theoconservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoconservatism">Theoconservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Islamic economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancien_r%C3%A9gime" title="Ancien régime">Ancien régime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restauration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_of_Europe" title="Concert of Europe">Concert of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Order" title="Conservative Order">Conservative Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Alliance" title="Holy Alliance">Holy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ideologies" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Black conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecularization" title="Desecularization">Desecularization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postsecularism" title="Postsecularism">Postsecularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservative_feminisms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservative feminisms">Conservative feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_wave" title="Conservative wave">Conservative wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">Counter-revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_conservatism" title="LGBTQ conservatism">LGBTQ conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-feudalism" title="Neo-feudalism">Neo-feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-medievalism" title="Neo-medievalism">Neo-medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Radical right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Neo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_realism" title="Right realism">Right realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-c_conservative" title="Small-c conservative">Small-c conservatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nationalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nationalism" title="Template:Nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nationalism" title="Template talk:Nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nationalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">Colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_flag" title="National flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_emblem" class="mw-redirect" title="Floral emblem">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_god" title="National god">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">Myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbol" title="National symbol">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_treasure" title="National treasure">Treasure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_nationalism" title="Blind nationalism">Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_nationalism" title="Bourgeois nationalism">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_nationalism" title="Business nationalism">Business</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_chauvinism" title="Welfare chauvinism">Welfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_patriotism" title="Constitutional patriotism">Constitutional patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate nationalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber-nationalism">Cyber-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-nationalism" title="Eco-nationalism">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionist_nationalism" title="Expansionist nationalism">Expansionist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">Palingenetic ultranationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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1,\n [\"CITEREFCas_MuddeCristóbal_Rovira_Kaltwasser2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCassidy2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCenteneraCriales2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharles_W._Smith2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChiappa2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChitre2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristian_KarnerBram_Mertens2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristina_Bergqvist1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristina_Schori_Liang2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarkeWhiteleyBorgesSanders2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollinsEvansDurantWeinel2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooper2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorder2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorrales2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCottle2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCowen2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCriales2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaniele_CaramaniYves_Mény2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Art2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_French2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Lange2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDenis_Pilon2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDolgert2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrake2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEM-electomania.es2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEPE2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEatwellGoodwin2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEddy2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEditorial_Board2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdsall2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnggistPinggera2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEric_Micklin2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEslen-Ziya2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEzeama2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaber2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeatherstoneKaraliotas2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeffer2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeldman2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFest2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinchelstein2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFiore_Viani2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlorence_Cartigny2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFonsecaGimenesKaniakDionísio2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFontanaParsons2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForrest2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoster2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFry1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarau2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarth_Stevenson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGavin_Fernando2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeden2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGenoux2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeoffrey_K._RobertsBill_JonesPatricia_Hogwood2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGifford2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillespieTobías2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGivens2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolder2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGonzález2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGoodwinMilazzo2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGould2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoñi2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreven2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGross2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGunes2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGálvez2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHans-Jürgen_Bieling2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarsin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarsin2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeath2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenceroth2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenley2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenningsenEtzoldHanne2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHernández-Morales2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeywood2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHockenos2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHofmann2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunt2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIan_BudgeDavid_RobertsonDerek_Hearl1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIgnazi2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIgnazi2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIngle2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIvaldi2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIvaldi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJake_Wallis_Simons2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJamin2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJang_Hoon\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJang_Hoon2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJudis2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJönsson2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKahn2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKallis2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaltwasser2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaplanWeinberg1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKasteel2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatsourides2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKayZiegelmuellerMinch1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKazeem2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenny,_SueIfe,_JimWestoby,_Peter2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlausmann2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKosiara-Pedersen2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuharPaternotte2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuhrt2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumar2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuzio2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLacatus2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLacatusMeibauer2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambert2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangford2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevitz2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiang2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLiphshiz2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLjupcho_Petkovski\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLongfield1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoucaides2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoweMatthewsAM2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLucioSáizPaís2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMach2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadrid2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaltsev2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMammoneGodinJenkins2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMamonovaFranquesa\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcia_Pally2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcosSáizBlasJunquera2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatlack2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthew_N._Lyons\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMazzoleni2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcConkey2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCurry2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGrath2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcManus2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeredith2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerrickRentoul2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMouffe2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMudde,_C.2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMudde2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuddeKaltwasser2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNarayanan_Ganesan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNathalie_Tocci2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNathan_KerriganPhilomena_de_Lima2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeiwert2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNordsieck2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNordsieck2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorris2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorrisInglehart2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorth\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNossiter2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOliver2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlurounbi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOner2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanitch2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPardo2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPassarelli2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatrik_HermanssonDavid_LawrenceJoe_Mulhall2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_Hainsworth2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPausch2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPavelka2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPepe_Escobar2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_StarkeAlexandra_KaaschFranca_Van_Hooren2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPierannunzi2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrakash2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrnjak2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPullella2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuinn2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReid2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRene_Remond2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRippon2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiviera2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodríguez2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogenhoferPanievsky2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRon_Elving2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRooduijn2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRusso_Bullaro2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRydgren2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarmadi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharpe\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimon_LangloisJean-Paul_BaillargeonGary_CaldwellGuy_Fréchet1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimon_Romero2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkenderovic2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmilovaSmilovGanev2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoares2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoble2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSquires2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStark1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStefan_Engert2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStéphane_François2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwansonGherghina2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTamadonfar2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTambini2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaraktaşEsenUskudarli2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTessa_Szyszkowitz2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTheodore_R._MarmorRichard_FreemanKieke_G._H._Okma2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTheulingsvan_Oost2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTournier-Sol2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTraub\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValdésMora2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValk2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFViriglio2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVlaams_Belang2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatts2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWay2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeyland2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilley2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWingfield-Hayes2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWodak\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWodak2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWodakMral2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolfram_Nordsieck\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWolfram_Nordsieck2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorth2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWölfl\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZembylas\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFZhang2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZúñiga_Umaña2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Jonge2021\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 5,\n [\"Citation\"] = 17,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 88,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 45,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 134,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite tweet\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 163,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism\"] = 1,\n [\"Conservatism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Right-Wing Populism\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 5,\n [\"Div col\"] = 4,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 4,\n [\"Efn\"] = 5,\n [\"How\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 10,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Isbn\"] = 2,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Long dash\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Main article\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Nationalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Nationalism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Not a typo\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Original research\"] = 1,\n [\"Populism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 8,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 9,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Synthesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Tone\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 1,\n [\"Update inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Update section\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Oxford spelling\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","360","14.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","360","14.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","340","13.9"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","140","5.7"],["recursiveClone 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