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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_stratification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_stratification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Social stratification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_stratification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Circumcision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circumcision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Circumcision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circumcision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Female_genital_mutilation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Female_genital_mutilation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Female genital mutilation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Female_genital_mutilation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Foods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Soninke_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Soninke_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable Soninke people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Soninke_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Soninke people</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soninke_(volk)" title="Soninke (volk) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Soninke (volk)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%86%D9%83%D9%8A" title="السننكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="السننكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonink%C3%A9" title="Soninké – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Soninké" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%87%D9%84%D8%B1" title="سنینکهلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سنینکهلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soninke_m%C9%94g%C9%94w" title="Soninke mɔgɔw – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Soninke mɔgɔw" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%8D" title="Санінкэ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Санінкэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soninkes" title="Soninkes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Soninkes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soninke" title="Soninke – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Soninke" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonink%C3%A9" title="Soninké – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Soninké" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soninkoj" title="Soninkoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Soninkoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soninke" title="Soninke – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Soninke" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%87" title="مردمان سنینکه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردمان سنینکه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonink%C3%A9s" title="Soninkés – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Soninkés" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen_Soninke" title="Mutanen Soninke – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mutanen Soninke" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A5" title="Սոնինկե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սոնինկե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Soninke" title="Orang Soninke – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Soninke" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakoll%C3%A9" title="Sarakollé – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sarakollé" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%94" title="סונינקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סונינקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Soninke" title="Suku Soninke – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Suku Soninke" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="სონინკები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სონინკები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Сонинке – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сонинке" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Сонинкевлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Сонинкевлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soninkai" title="Soninkai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Soninkai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4ninke_(vahoaka)" title="Sôninke (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sôninke (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%86%D9%83%D9%89" title="السننكى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="السننكى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B1%E6%97%8F" title="ソニンケ族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソニンケ族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9B%DF%8F%DF%A3%DF%8C%DF%B2%DF%9E%DF%8B%DF%AB_%DF%A1%DF%8C%DF%99%DF%8C%DF%B2%DF%98%DF%8C" title="ߛߏߣߌ߲ߞߋ߫ ߡߌߙߌ߲ߘߌ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߛߏߣߌ߲ߞߋ߫ ߡߌߙߌ߲ߘߌ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonink%C3%A9_(folk)" title="Soninké (folk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Soninké (folk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soninke" title="Soninke – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Soninke" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soninqu%C3%AAs" title="Soninquês – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Soninquês" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Сонинке (народ) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сонинке (народ)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soninke" title="Soninke – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Soninke" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soninket" title="Soninket – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Soninket" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Сонінке – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сонінке" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sooninke" title="Sooninke – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Sooninke" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E5%AE%81%E5%85%8B%E4%BA%BA" title="索宁克人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="索宁克人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">West African ethnic group</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Soninke</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div>Sarakollé / Aswanik</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:SarrakholaisLaptot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/SarrakholaisLaptot.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="219" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="219" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A Portrait of a Soninke man (1890)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Over 2.0 million<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,124,000 (9.8%) <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Senegal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></th><td class="infobox-data">225,154 (1.4%) <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/23px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/35px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/45px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">142,606 (8.2%) <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Soninke_language" title="Soninke language">Soninke</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Yalunka_people" title="Yalunka people">Yalunka people</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Soninke (Sarakolleh) people</b> are a West African <a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a>-speaking ethnic group found in <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, eastern <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Fouta_Djallon" title="Fouta Djallon">Fouta Djallon</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They speak the <a href="/wiki/Soninke_language" title="Soninke language">Soninke language</a>, also called the Serakhulle or Azer language, which is one of the <a href="/wiki/Mande_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mande language">Mande languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dalby574_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dalby574-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soninke people were the founders of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">empire of Ghana or Wagadou</a> c. 200–1240 CE, Subgroups of Soninke include the <a href="/wiki/Jakhanke" title="Jakhanke">Jakhanke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Maraka">Maraka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soninke_Wangara" title="Soninke Wangara">Wangara</a>. When the Ghana empire was destroyed, the resulting <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> brought Soninkes to Mali, Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinée-Conakry, modern-day <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Ghana">Republic of Ghana</a>, Kano in Nigeria, and <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a> where some of this <a href="/wiki/Trading_diaspora" title="Trading diaspora">trading diaspora</a> was called Wangara,<sup id="cite_ref-Hunwick2003xxviii_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunwick2003xxviii-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to the saying “when Americans landed on the moon, a Soninke was already there” in <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, with other versions across West Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Predominantly Muslims, the Soninke were one of the early ethnic groups from West Africa to convert to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> in about the 10th century.<sup id="cite_ref-asante121_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asante121-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The contemporary population of Soninke people is estimated to be over 2 million.<sup id="cite_ref-DG2013soninke_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DG2013soninke-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cultural practices of Soninke people are similar to the <a href="/wiki/Mand%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandé">Mandé</a> peoples, and those of the <a href="/wiki/Imraguen_people" title="Imraguen people">Imraguen</a> of Mauritania. They include traditional Islamic rites of marriage,<sup id="cite_ref-Brand2001p69_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brand2001p69-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> circumcision,<sup id="cite_ref-Ouldzeidoune2013_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ouldzeidoune2013-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have social stratification.<sup id="cite_ref-gomez24_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gomez24-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bella1987_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bella1987-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnonym">Ethnonym</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soninke_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ethnonym"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Soninke people are also referred to as Aswanik, Dafing, Dafi, Dyakanke, Gadyaga, Maraka, Maraxa, Marka, Marka Soninké, Sarakolleh, Saracole, Zarakole, Zagha, Sarakolé, Sarakollé, Sarakule, Sarawule, Saraxole, Seraculeh, Serahuli, Serakhulle, Silabe, Soniake, Soninkés, Sonninké, Toubakai, Wakore, Wangara.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They refer to themselves by the word "Soninké", which is actually the singular of the word "Soninko",<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but are also called "Sarakholés" by the Wolofs, "Marakas" by the Bambaras, "Wangara" by the Mandinka, "Wangarawa" by the Hausa, "Wakoré" by the Songhais, or even "Toubakai". “Marka” is the name by which they are known in Mali in the region of <a href="/wiki/Kayes" title="Kayes">Kayes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koulikoro" title="Koulikoro">Koulikoro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikasso" title="Sikasso">Sikasso</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9gou" title="Ségou">Ségou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mopti" title="Mopti">Mopti</a> and in Burkina Faso in that of Dafina.<sup id="cite_ref-Olson1996p373_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson1996p373-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "Serakhulle," although often claimed to be a Wolof word, was used for the Soninke at least as far back as the 16th century and is used by peoples as far apart as The Gambia and <a href="/wiki/Hausaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Hausaland">Hausaland</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Jakhanke_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakhanke people">Jahankas</a>, a subgroup, refer to themselves as of Serakhulle extraction. Historically, the term "Soninke" carries negative connotations in the <a href="/wiki/Futa_Djallon" class="mw-redirect" title="Futa Djallon">Futa Djallon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senegambia" title="Senegambia">Senegambia</a>, hence the more common use of the term "Serakhulle."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soninke_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soninke_people" title="History of the Soninke people">History of the Soninke people</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_West_Africa" title="Prehistoric West Africa">Prehistoric West Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niger-Congo_homeland" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger-Congo homeland">Niger-Congo homeland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BakelDiob%C3%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/BakelDiob%C3%A9.jpg/220px-BakelDiob%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/BakelDiob%C3%A9.jpg/330px-BakelDiob%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/BakelDiob%C3%A9.jpg/440px-BakelDiob%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Diobé, ruler of Soninke colonial era town of <a href="/wiki/Bakel,_Senegal" title="Bakel, Senegal">Bakel</a>, with his advisors (1887-1888)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GuerriersSarrakholais.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/GuerriersSarrakholais.jpg/190px-GuerriersSarrakholais.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/GuerriersSarrakholais.jpg/285px-GuerriersSarrakholais.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/GuerriersSarrakholais.jpg/380px-GuerriersSarrakholais.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="697" /></a><figcaption>Soninke warriors</figcaption></figure> <p>Archaeological evidence suggests that the regions where Soninke people are found were inhabited in ancient times. These stone settlements were built on the rocky promontories of <a href="/wiki/Dhar_Tichitt" title="Dhar Tichitt">Tichit</a>-<a href="/wiki/Oualata" title="Oualata">Walata</a> and the Tagant cliffs of Southern Mauritania. Though there are no surviving records to suggest which ethnic group these people were, the settlers of this region by between 2500 BCE and 600 BCE were likely related to the Soninke and greater Mande people. A significant agro-pastoral society had developed in this prehistoric era.<sup id="cite_ref-conrad23_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conrad23-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shillington2012p88_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shillington2012p88-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Neolithic_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neolithic-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HollA11985_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HollA11985-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Soninke <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a>, the ancestor of the Soninke was <a href="/wiki/Kaya_Magan_Cisse" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaya Magan Cisse">Dinga</a>, sometimes said to have come from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> (though such a story is unlikely, as the "Middle Eastern" tag came about subsequent to the Mande converting to Islam),<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spaulding._2003_p._27_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spaulding._2003_p._27-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mauny_1961_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mauny_1961-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His sons included Dyabe Sisse, the founder of the Wagadu kingdom with its capital at <a href="/wiki/Koumbi_Saleh" title="Koumbi Saleh">Kumbi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another Soninke tradition indicates that they migrated from <a href="/wiki/Aswan" title="Aswan">Aswan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However theories of foreign origin are almost entirely doubted/disregarded by scholars and are believed to result from later Eurasiatic cultural influences (Namely Arab and French).<sup id="cite_ref-Spaulding._2003_p._27_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spaulding._2003_p._27-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mauny_1961_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mauny_1961-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological evidence supports an evolution of the Ghana Empire and other Mande states from roots in preceding local ancestral Soninke cultures such as that of Dhar Tichitt, rather than from North Africa or the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-HollA11985_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HollA11985-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early written records about Soninke come from early Islamic historians. The Soninke, according to these records, were the founders of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana Empire</a> (not to be confused with modern Ghana), also called the Wagadu Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-conrad23_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conrad23-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The empire has its roots roughly between the (13 century BC to the 1st century BC) truly materializing within the (1st and 3rd) centuries CE but was destroyed by about the 12th century,<sup id="cite_ref-conrad23_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conrad23-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after the Muslim invasions of this region started in the 10th century.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shillington2012p88_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shillington2012p88-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics_and_distribution">Demographics and distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soninke_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Demographics and distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soninke.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Soninke.gif/220px-Soninke.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Soninke.gif/330px-Soninke.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Soninke.gif 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="308" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Soninke population centers in Mali</figcaption></figure> <p>In contemporary time, the total population of Soninke people is above 2 million.<sup id="cite_ref-DG2013soninke_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DG2013soninke-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soninke people are found throughout West Africa and in France, given their migration when Senegal and Mali were a part of the French colonial empire.<sup id="cite_ref-dalby574_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dalby574-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the Soninke people are found in the valley of the upper <a href="/wiki/Senegal_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Senegal river">Senegal river</a> and along the Mali–Senegal–Mauritania border between <a href="/wiki/Nara,_Mali" title="Nara, Mali">Nara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nioro_du_Sahel" title="Nioro du Sahel">Nioro du Sahel</a>. Migrations under <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French colonial rule</a> led many Soninke to build communities in <a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a>, other cities in Africa and in France. Soninke community were the early settlers in France, their community is found in <a href="/wiki/Paris,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris, France">Paris</a> and in southern French cities, and their language is the primary dialect spoken among many Muslim communities of France.<sup id="cite_ref-dalby574_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dalby574-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also many Soninke living in cities throughout <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a>, a population that includes new migrants as well as descendants of migration dating back to the 1800s, such as the <a href="/wiki/Laptot" title="Laptot">laptots</a> who represented French mercantile and colonial interests in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trade networks led by the <i>Wangara</i> mercantile confederations, spread Soninke people and culture throughout most of Mali and Senegal, southern Mauritania, northern Burkina Faso, as well as parts of <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">the Gambia</a>, and Guinea-Bissau. The Maraka-Soninke merchant communities and plantations (centered just north of the city of <a href="/wiki/Segou" class="mw-redirect" title="Segou">Segou</a>, Mali) were an economic mainspring under the <a href="/wiki/Bambara_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bambara Empire">Bambara Empire</a>, and built trade routes in the West Africa region.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soninke_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Soninke people were a coastal trade link between the Berber people of the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> region and the other Empires in West Africa. In their early history, they helped exchange salt from the north and western coast for gold found inland.<sup id="cite_ref-Shillington2012p90_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shillington2012p90-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This trade brought Muslim traders to them, particularly Arab traders interested in gold, after Islam arrived in North Africa. The earliest passing mention of Soninke people's Ghana Empire is found in the works of the 8th century Arab geographer <a href="/wiki/Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad_ibn_Ibr%C4%81h%C4%ABm_al-Faz%C4%81r%C4%AB" title="Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī">Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Fazārī</a> and a more complete record is found in works of another 11th century Arab geographer <a href="/wiki/Al-Bakri" title="Al-Bakri">Al-Bakri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shillington2012p90_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shillington2012p90-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rulers and Soninke people of the Ghana Empire converted to Islam in the 11th century, and they have been Muslim ever since. Some Islamic sources suggest that the conversion was triggered after the 1076 <a href="/wiki/Almoravid" class="mw-redirect" title="Almoravid">Almoravid</a> conquest of the Ghana Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-asante121_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asante121-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soninke people, like other Mande peoples, typically adhere to the <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soninke_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SarrakholaisCaravanier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/SarrakholaisCaravanier.jpg/220px-SarrakholaisCaravanier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/SarrakholaisCaravanier.jpg/330px-SarrakholaisCaravanier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/SarrakholaisCaravanier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="373" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption>A Soninke man <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1890, sketched by a French officer</figcaption></figure> <p>The Soninke society and its culture has historically many cultural practices with its neighboring ethnic groups, particularly the Mande peoples. This includes the religion of Islam, occupations, foods, the rites of passage, family structure, weddings and social stratification. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_stratification">Social stratification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soninke_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Social stratification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soninke society, like other groups in Mande, is shaped by various forms of social stratification.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bella1987_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bella1987-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Soninke strata have included a free category called <i>Horro</i> or <i>Horon</i>, a caste system category called <i>Namaxala</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Nyamakala" title="Nyamakala">Nyaxamalo</a></i>, and slaves called <i>Komo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-tal61_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tal61-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gomez24_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gomez24-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hanretta2009p37_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanretta2009p37-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Jaara subgroup of the Soninke people, the nobility called <i>Tunkanlenmu</i> was another strata.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanretta2009p37_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanretta2009p37-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soninke society became highly stratified after the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-tal61_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tal61-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The slaves were the largest stratum, one at the bottom among the Soninke like other West African ethnic groups, and constituted up to half of the population. The slaves among the Soninke people were hierarchically arranged into three strata.<sup id="cite_ref-Littlefield1991p79_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Littlefield1991p79-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The village slaves were a privileged servile group who lived apart from the village and took orders from the village chief. The domestic slaves lived with a family and could not be sold. The lowest level among slaves were the trade slaves who could be bought and sold. With time, each of these strata became <a href="/wiki/Endogamous" class="mw-redirect" title="Endogamous">endogamous</a>, states Daniel Littlefield, a professor of history.<sup id="cite_ref-Littlefield1991p79_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Littlefield1991p79-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Above the slaves were the castes of Soninke, which too were hereditary, endogamous, and had an embedded hierarchical status.<sup id="cite_ref-hoffman10_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoffman10-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They included, for example, the <span title="Soninke-language text"><i lang="snk">garanke</i></span> (leather workers) below the <span title="Soninke-language text"><i lang="snk">fune</i></span> (bard), the <span title="Soninke-language text"><i lang="snk">fune</i></span> below the <span title="Soninke-language text"><i lang="snk">gesere</i></span> or <span title="Soninke-language text"><i lang="snk">jeli</i></span> (griots, singers), and the <span title="Soninke-language text"><i lang="snk">jeli</i></span> below the <span title="Soninke-language text"><i lang="snk">tage</i></span> or <span title="Soninke-language text"><i lang="snk">numu</i></span> (smiths, pottery workers).<sup id="cite_ref-hoffman10_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoffman10-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The castes and serf system can be linked to the Mandé 'Nyamakalaw' (literally 'caste'). archaeological evidence shows that Arabs and Berbers would later participate in an already established and integrated trade and transport network with West Africa (trading in gold, salt, and some slaves to a lesser extent), building upon the pre-existing trade routes trading had extended into <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> and the western Atlantic coast by the 11th century trading systems became increasingly sophisticated in 13th and 14th century <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a> and 16th century <a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DeCorse2001p17_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeCorse2001p17-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the practice of slavery grew, so did the caste system. Tamari suggests that a corollary of the rising slavery system was the development and growth of the caste system among numerous ethnic groups of Africa by about the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-DeCorse2001p17_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeCorse2001p17-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tamari_1991p13c_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tamari_1991p13c-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McIntosh concurs with Tamari, but states that the emergence of caste systems likely occurred much earlier in West African societies such as Soninke, Mande, Malinke, Wolof, Serer, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-DeCorse2001p17_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeCorse2001p17-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She places the development and spread of castes in these societies to about the 10th century, because the slave capture, slave trade and slave holding by elite families was an established institution in West Africa by then, and slavery created a template for servile relationships and social stratification of human beings.<sup id="cite_ref-DeCorse2001p17_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeCorse2001p17-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The linguistic evidence suggests that stratification structure relating to caste system and slavery likely were shared between the Manding and Soninke people, and possibly some others such as the Dogon people of West Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the linguistic differences between the caste and slave systems of the Soninke and Manding on one hand and northern ethnic groups of Africa such as the Tuareg people and Moors on the other, suggests that these evolved separately.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soninke_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boilat-22-Femme_sarackoull%C3%A9e.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Boilat-22-Femme_sarackoull%C3%A9e.jpg/180px-Boilat-22-Femme_sarackoull%C3%A9e.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Boilat-22-Femme_sarackoull%C3%A9e.jpg/270px-Boilat-22-Femme_sarackoull%C3%A9e.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Boilat-22-Femme_sarackoull%C3%A9e.jpg/360px-Boilat-22-Femme_sarackoull%C3%A9e.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>A Soninke woman, an 1853 sketch by <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Boilat" class="extiw" title="fr:David Boilat">David Boilat</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Marriage in Soninke society follows Islamic practices. Cousin marriages are common and preferred in Soninke culture, just as with the <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brand2001p69_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brand2001p69-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parents consent to marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-Brand2001p69_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brand2001p69-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A traditional proverb states, "Cousins are made for each other." The practice among Soninke merchants, states Saskia Brand, a professor of psychology and educational sciences, may be related to the cultural belief that cousin marriages "helps to keep the money in the family".<sup id="cite_ref-Brand2001p69_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brand2001p69-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If both families agree, the couple is engaged (<span title="Soninke-language text"><i lang="snk">i na tamma laga</i></span>) in a <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a>. Each month after the engagement, the man pays the woman's family a bridewealth <a href="/wiki/Dower" title="Dower">dower</a> (<span title="Soninke-language text"><i lang="snk">nakhafa</i></span>) for their food and other spending. The marriage, called <span title="Soninke-language text"><i lang="snk">futtu</i></span>, is complete with a marriage contract that mentions the dower, and is accompanied with a wedding event called <span title="Soninke-language text"><i lang="snk">karikompe</i></span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The newly married couple has advisors. The man's advisor is called the <span title="Soninke-language text"><i lang="snk">khoussoumanta-yougo</i></span> and the woman's is called <span title="Soninke-language text"><i lang="snk">khoussoumanta-yakhare</i></span>. After one week of celebration, the women meet to show the gifts that the couple received from their parents mostly from the woman's mother.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marriage across social strata and caste lines has been taboo, states Saskia Brand. But, in polygynous noble families, a noble could take a wife from the slave strata.<sup id="cite_ref-Brand2001p69_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brand2001p69-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Circumcision">Circumcision</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soninke_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Circumcision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Femmes_soninkees.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Femmes_soninkees.jpg/180px-Femmes_soninkees.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Femmes_soninkees.jpg/270px-Femmes_soninkees.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Femmes_soninkees.jpg/360px-Femmes_soninkees.jpg 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A Soninke woman and her daughter in Sélibaby, Mauritania</figcaption></figure> <p>The Soninke practise <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcision</a> and call it <i>birou</i>. Every afternoon, the boys who were circumcised the previous year organize <i>tam-tams</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2011)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> for the new boys in order to prepare them psychologically. Throughout the circumcision ceremony, the boys to be circumcised sit around the “tambour” called “daïné”. The other teenagers of the village, young girls, women, men, and slaves form a circle around the boys. During this time the boys are surrounded with beautiful scarves called <i>disa</i> sing.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The author Mamadou Soumare wrote “Above its traditional surgery, the ritual of circumcision makes in evidence, the physical endurance, the pain, the courage, in one word the personality of the child.” </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Female_genital_mutilation">Female genital mutilation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soninke_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Female genital mutilation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Soninke people have long carried out <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">female genital mutilation</a> (FGM), also called female circumcision.<sup id="cite_ref-Ouldzeidoune2013_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ouldzeidoune2013-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prevalence rate of FGM is higher among the Soninke than among neighbouring ethnic groups such as Wolof people and others.<sup id="cite_ref-Ouldzeidoune2013_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ouldzeidoune2013-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice is culturally done as a ritual of social acceptance, and sometimes assumed to be required for religious reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-Ouldzeidoune2013_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ouldzeidoune2013-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Mauritania and Senegal, FGM of a child is illegal in contemporary law but continues because it is culturally sanctioned for young girls as young as one year old.<sup id="cite_ref-Ouldzeidoune2013_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ouldzeidoune2013-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the 2009 Report on Human Rights Practices by the US State Department, FGM practice among Soninke has included the most dangerous Type III mutilations.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foods">Foods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soninke_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Foods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Breakfast foods include <span title="Soninke-language text"><i lang="snk">fonde</i></span>, porridge made of <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>, sugar, milk, and salt, and <span title="Soninke-language text"><i lang="snk">sombi</i></span>, porridge made of rice, millet or corn. For lunch <span title="Soninke-language text"><i lang="snk">demba tere</i></span> and <span title="Soninke-language text"><i lang="snk">takhaya</i></span> are very common, both containing rice and peanuts, frequent Soninke ingredients. <i>Dere</i>, a stew, is a mixture of millet and beans.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soninke_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Soninke traditionally engage in both trade and agriculture. During the rainy season, men and women both cultivate. However, women usually stay at home to cook and take care of their children. They also do other work, such as dyeing cotton material.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many early West African immigrants in France came from this ethnic group.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soninke are an influential ethnic group in the Gambia, Senegal, and Mali. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Soninke_people">Notable Soninke people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soninke_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notable Soninke people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Soninke_people" title="Special:EditPage/Soninke people">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Soninke+people%22">"Soninke people"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Soninke+people%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Soninke+people%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Soninke+people%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Soninke+people%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Soninke+people%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doussou_Bagayoko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doussou Bagayoko (page does not exist)">Doussou Bagayoko</a>, Malian musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamadou_Bagayoko" title="Mamadou Bagayoko">Mamadou Bagayoko</a>, Malian footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siaka_Bagayoko" title="Siaka Bagayoko">Siaka Bagayoko</a>, Malian footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdoulaye_Bathily" title="Abdoulaye Bathily">Abdoulaye Bathily</a>, Senegalese historian and politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djegui_Bathily" title="Djegui Bathily">Djegui Bathily</a>, Senegalese Judoka</li> <li>Lassana Bathily, Malian opportunist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germain_Berth%C3%A9" title="Germain Berthé">Germain Berthé</a>, Malian footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ousmane_Berth%C3%A9" title="Ousmane Berthé">Ousmane Berthé</a>, Malian footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassoun_Camara" title="Hassoun Camara">Hassoun Camara</a>, French footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khassa_Camara" title="Khassa Camara">Khassa Camara</a>, Mauritanian footballer</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soninke_Camara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soninke Camara (page does not exist)">Soninke Camara</a>, Malian musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoumana_Camara" title="Zoumana Camara">Zoumana Camara</a>, French footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaya_Magan_Ciss%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaya Magan Cissé">Kaya Magan Cissé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papiss_Ciss%C3%A9" title="Papiss Cissé">Papiss Cissé</a>, Senegalese footballer</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lassana_Hawa_Cissokho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lassana Hawa Cissokho (page does not exist)">Lassana Hawa Cissokho</a>, Malian musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moussa_Diagana" title="Moussa Diagana">Moussa Diagana</a>, Mauritanian writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%C3%ABl_Diakit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismaël Diakité">Ismaël Diakité</a>, Mauritanian footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souleymane_Diamout%C3%A9n%C3%A9" title="Souleymane Diamouténé">Souleymane Diamouténé</a>, Malian footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fousseni_Diawara" title="Fousseni Diawara">Fousseni Diawara</a>, Malian footballer</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaby_Doua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diaby Doua (page does not exist)">Diaby Doua</a>, Malian musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boubacari_Doucour%C3%A9" title="Boubacari Doucouré">Boubacari Doucouré</a>, French footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheick_Doucour%C3%A9" title="Cheick Doucouré">Cheick Doucouré</a>, Malian footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamory_Doumbia" title="Kamory Doumbia">Kamory Doumbia</a>, Malian footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moussa_Doumbia_(footballer,_born_1994)" title="Moussa Doumbia (footballer, born 1994)">Moussa Doumbia</a>, Malian footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boukary_Dram%C3%A9" title="Boukary Dramé">Boukary Dramé</a>, Senegalese footballer</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch%C3%A9ch%C3%A9_Dram%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chéché Dramé (page does not exist)">Chéché Dramé</a>, Malian musician</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamadou_Lamine_Dram%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mamadou Lamine Dramé (page does not exist)">Mamadou Lamine Dramé</a>, was a 19th century marabout who fought against French colonization</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demba_Ganda_Fadiga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demba Ganda Fadiga (page does not exist)">Demba Ganda Fadiga</a>, Malian musician</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diadia_Fadiga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diadia Fadiga (page does not exist)">Diadia Fadiga</a>, Malian musician</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ganda_Fadiga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ganda Fadiga (page does not exist)">Ganda Fadiga</a>, Malian griot</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalilou_Fadiga" title="Khalilou Fadiga">Khalilou Fadiga</a>, Senegalese footballer</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Babou_Fofana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Babou Fofana (page does not exist)">Babou Fofana</a>, Malian footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gue%C3%AFda_Fofana" title="Gueïda Fofana">Gueïda Fofana</a>, French footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guessouma_Fofana" title="Guessouma Fofana">Guessouma Fofana</a>, Mauritanian footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamine_Gassama" title="Lamine Gassama">Lamine Gassama</a>, Senegalese footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamoudou_Gassama" title="Mamoudou Gassama">Mamoudou Gassama</a>, undocumented migrant from Mali</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar%C3%A9_Gassama" title="Omaré Gassama">Omaré Gassama</a>, Mauritanian footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Gassama" title="Omar Gassama">Omar Gassama</a>, Gambian politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadio_Gassama" title="Sadio Gassama">Sadio Gassama</a>, Malian politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bingourou_Kamara" title="Bingourou Kamara">Bingourou Kamara</a>, Senegalese footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Kanout%C3%A9" title="Frédéric Kanouté">Frédéric Kanouté</a>, Malian footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadio_Kanout%C3%A9" title="Sadio Kanouté">Sadio Kanouté</a>, Malian footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Golo_Kant%C3%A9" title="N'Golo Kanté">N'Golo Kanté</a>, French footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahima_K%C3%A9b%C3%A9_(painter)" title="Ibrahima Kébé (painter)">Ibrahima Kébé</a>, Senegalese visual artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khouma_Babacar" title="Khouma Babacar">Babacar Khouma</a>, Senegalese footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9kou_Ko%C3%AFta" title="Sékou Koïta">Sékou Koïta</a>, Malian footballer</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mademba_Kont%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mademba Konté (page does not exist)">Mademba Konté</a>, Malian musician</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yimbi_Kumma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yimbi Kumma (page does not exist)">Yimbi Kumma</a>, Malian rapper</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linky_LK&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linky LK (page does not exist)">Linky LK</a>, Malian rapper</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamadou_Demba_Magassa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mamadou Demba Magassa (page does not exist)">Mamadou Demba Magassa</a>, Malian musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Magassouba" title="Mohamed Magassouba">Mohamed Magassouba</a>, Malian football coach</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moussa_Marega" title="Moussa Marega">Moussa Marega</a>, Malian footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moussa_Niakhat%C3%A9" title="Moussa Niakhaté">Moussa Niakhaté</a>, Senegalese footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falaye_Sacko" title="Falaye Sacko">Falaye Sacko</a>, Malian footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamine_Sakho" title="Lamine Sakho">Lamine Sakho</a>, Senegalese footballer</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harouna_Samak%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harouna Samaké (page does not exist)">Harouna Samaké</a>, Malian Kamale N’goni player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issaka_Samak%C3%A9" title="Issaka Samaké">Issaka Samaké</a>, Malian footballer</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soumaila_Samak%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soumaila Samaké (page does not exist)">Soumaila Samaké</a>, Malian basketball player</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y%C3%A9ah_Samak%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yéah Samaké (page does not exist)">Yéah Samaké</a>, Malian entrepreneur and politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamadou_Samassa_(footballer,_born_1990)" title="Mamadou Samassa (footballer, born 1990)">Mamadou Samassa</a>, Malian footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadie_Samass%C3%A9kou" title="Diadie Samassékou">Diadie Samassékou</a>, Malian footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oumou_Sangar%C3%A9" title="Oumou Sangaré">Oumou Sangaré</a>, Malian musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younousse_Sankhar%C3%A9" title="Younousse Sankharé">Younousse Sankharé</a>, Senegalese footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_Savan%C3%A9" title="Landing Savané">Landing Savané</a>, Senegalese politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitapha_Savan%C3%A9" title="Sitapha Savané">Sitapha Savané</a>, Senegalese basketball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibril_Sidib%C3%A9_(footballer,_born_1982)" title="Djibril Sidibé (footballer, born 1982)">Djibril Sidibé</a>, Malian footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabourey_Sidibe" title="Gabourey Sidibe">Gabourey Sidibe</a>, American actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamadou_Sidib%C3%A9" title="Mahamadou Sidibé">Mahamadou Sidibé</a>, Malian footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciss%C3%A9_Mariam_Ka%C3%AFdama_Sidib%C3%A9" title="Cissé Mariam Kaïdama Sidibé">Kaïdama Sidibé</a>, former Prime Minister of Mali</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammed_B._Sissoho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammed B. Sissoho (page does not exist)">Muhammed B. Sissoho</a>, Gambian Soninke Tv & Radio talk show host</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Sokhona" title="Sidney Sokhona">Sidney Sokhona</a>, Mauritanian filmmaker</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bintou_Soumbounou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bintou Soumbounou (page does not exist)">Bintou Soumbounou</a>, Malian musician</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maimouna_Soumbounou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maimouna Soumbounou (page does not exist)">Maimouna Soumbounou</a>, Malian musician</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fanta_Souroukou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fanta Souroukou (page does not exist)">Fanta Souroukou</a>, Malian musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youssouf_Sabaly" title="Youssouf Sabaly">Youssouf Sabaly</a>, Senegalese footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myriam_Soumar%C3%A9" title="Myriam Soumaré">Myriam Soumaré</a>, French track and field athlete</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yacouba_Sylla" title="Yacouba Sylla">Yacouba Sylla</a>, Malian footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abubacarr_Tambadou" title="Abubacarr Tambadou">Abubacarr Tambadou</a>, former Minister of Justice of the Gambia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adama_Tamboura" title="Adama Tamboura">Adama Tamboura</a>, Malian footballer</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%C3%AFce_Tamoura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aïce Tamoura (page does not exist)">Aïce Tamoura</a>, Malian musician</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demba_Tandia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demba Tandia (page does not exist)">Demba Tandia</a>, Malian musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamadou_Tandja" title="Mamadou Tandja">Mamadou Tandja</a>, former President of Niger from 1999 to 2010</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidy_Bonco_Tangoudia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sidy Bonco Tangoudia (page does not exist)">Sidy Bonco Tangoudia</a>, Malian musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djelimady_Tounkara" title="Djelimady Tounkara">Djelimady Tounkara</a>, Malian musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maakan_Tounkara" title="Maakan Tounkara">Maakan Tounkara</a>, French handball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamadou_Tounkara_(footballer,_born_1996)" title="Mamadou Tounkara (footballer, born 1996)">Mamadou Tounkara</a>, Spanish footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassala_Tour%C3%A9" title="Bassala Touré">Bassala Touré</a>, Malian footballer</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halima_Kissima_Tour%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halima Kissima Touré (page does not exist)">Halima Kissima Touré</a>, Malian musician</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balem%C3%A9_Kandji_Traor%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balemé Kandji Traoré (page does not exist)">Balemé Kandji Traoré</a>, Malian musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molla_Wagu%C3%A9" title="Molla Wagué">Molla Wagué</a>, Malian footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moussa_Wagu%C3%A9" title="Moussa Wagué">Moussa Wagué</a>, Senegalese footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moussa_Sissako" title="Moussa Sissako">Moussa Sissako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moustapha_Soumar%C3%A9" title="Moustapha Soumaré">Moustapha Soumaré</a>, Malian diplomat and <a href="/wiki/Special_Representative_of_the_Secretary-General" title="Special Representative of the Secretary-General">UN Special Representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myriam_Soumar%C3%A9" title="Myriam Soumaré">Myriam Soumaré</a>, French sprinter</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soninke_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soninke_language" title="Soninke language">Soninke language</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soninke_people&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mali/#people-and-society">"Mali"</a>. <i>www.cia.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cia.gov&rft.atitle=Mali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fmali%2F%23people-and-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoninke+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/senegal/#people-and-society">"Senegal"</a>. <i>www.cia.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 19,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cia.gov&rft.atitle=Senegal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fsenegal%2F%23people-and-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoninke+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211119145456/https://www.gbosdata.org/topics/population-and-demography/distribution-of-the-gambian-population-by-ethnicit">"Distribution of the Gambian population by ethnicity 1973, 1983, 1993, 2003 and 2013 Censuses - GBoS"</a>. <i>www.gbosdata.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbosdata.org/topics/population-and-demography/distribution-of-the-gambian-population-by-ethnicit">the original</a> on 2021-11-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gbosdata.org&rft.atitle=Distribution+of+the+Gambian+population+by+ethnicity+1973%2C+1983%2C+1993%2C+2003+and+2013+Censuses+-+GBoS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gbosdata.org%2Ftopics%2Fpopulation-and-demography%2Fdistribution-of-the-gambian-population-by-ethnicit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoninke+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalph_A._Austen1999" class="citation book cs1">Ralph A. Austen (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofsunjat00ralp"><i>In Search of Sunjata: The Mande Oral Epic as History, Literature and Performance</i></a></span>. Indiana University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofsunjat00ralp/page/143">143</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-33452-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-33452-7"><bdi>0-253-33452-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Sunjata%3A+The+Mande+Oral+Epic+as+History%2C+Literature+and+Performance&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-253-33452-7&rft.au=Ralph+A.+Austen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsearchofsunjat00ralp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoninke+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dalby574-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dalby574_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dalby574_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dalby574_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Dalby1998" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Dalby (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoflang00dalb"><i>Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages</i></a></span>. Columbia University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryoflang00dalb/page/574">574</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11568-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11568-1"><bdi>978-0-231-11568-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Languages%3A+The+Definitive+Reference+to+More+Than+400+Languages&rft.pages=574&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-231-11568-1&rft.au=Andrew+Dalby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryoflang00dalb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoninke+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hunwick2003xxviii-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hunwick2003xxviii_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_O._Hunwick2003" class="citation book cs1">John O. Hunwick (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kdEsWyzLnD8C"><i>Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Saʿdi's Taʾrīkh Al-Sūdān Down to 1613</i></a>. BRILL Academic. pp. xxviii with footnote 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12822-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12822-0"><bdi>90-04-12822-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Timbuktu+and+the+Songhay+Empire%3A+Al-Sa%CA%BFdi%27s+Ta%CA%BEr%C4%ABkh+Al-S%C5%ABd%C4%81n+Down+to+1613&rft.pages=xxviii+with+footnote+18&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=90-04-12822-0&rft.au=John+O.+Hunwick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkdEsWyzLnD8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoninke+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaris-Donnay2019" class="citation book cs1">Caris-Donnay, Sirio (2019). "Mali Empire". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-266#acrefore-9780190277734-e-266-div1-1"><i>African History</i></a>. Oxford Research Encyclopedias.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mali+Empire&rft.btitle=African+History&rft.pub=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedias&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Caris-Donnay&rft.aufirst=Sirio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Fafricanhistory%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190277734.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780190277734-e-266%23acrefore-9780190277734-e-266-div1-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoninke+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asante121-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-asante121_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-asante121_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Asante, Molefi Kete. <i>The History of Africa: The Quest for Eternal Harmony</i>. New York: Routledge, 2007. 121-2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DG2013soninke-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DG2013soninke_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DG2013soninke_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiagram_Group2013" class="citation book cs1">Diagram Group (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xJQuAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT825"><i>Encyclopedia of African Peoples</i></a>. Routledge. p. 825. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-96341-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-96341-5"><bdi>978-1-135-96341-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+Peoples&rft.pages=825&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-96341-5&rft.au=Diagram+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxJQuAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT825&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoninke+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brand2001p69-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brand2001p69_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brand2001p69_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brand2001p69_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brand2001p69_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brand2001p69_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaskia_Brand2001" class="citation book cs1">Saskia Brand (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RZdrxQRXE7AC&pg=PA69"><i>Mediating Means and Fate: A Socio-Political Analysis of Fertility and Demographic Change in Bamako, Mali</i></a>. BRILL Academic. pp. 69–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12033-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12033-5"><bdi>90-04-12033-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mediating+Means+and+Fate%3A+A+Socio-Political+Analysis+of+Fertility+and+Demographic+Change+in+Bamako%2C+Mali&rft.pages=69-71&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=90-04-12033-5&rft.au=Saskia+Brand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRZdrxQRXE7AC%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoninke+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ouldzeidoune2013-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ouldzeidoune2013_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ouldzeidoune2013_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ouldzeidoune2013_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ouldzeidoune2013_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ouldzeidoune2013_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOuldzeidouneKeatingBertrandRice2013" class="citation journal cs1">Ouldzeidoune, Nacerdine; Keating, Joseph; Bertrand, Jane; Rice, Janet (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3621896">"A Description of Female Genital Mutilation and Force-Feeding Practices in Mauritania: Implications for the Protection of Child Rights and Health"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>8</b> (4): e60594. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...860594O">2013PLoSO...860594O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0060594">10.1371/journal.pone.0060594</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3621896">3621896</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23593257">23593257</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=A+Description+of+Female+Genital+Mutilation+and+Force-Feeding+Practices+in+Mauritania%3A+Implications+for+the+Protection+of+Child+Rights+and+Health&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e60594&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3621896%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23593257&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0060594&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PLoSO...860594O&rft.aulast=Ouldzeidoune&rft.aufirst=Nacerdine&rft.au=Keating%2C+Joseph&rft.au=Bertrand%2C+Jane&rft.au=Rice%2C+Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3621896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoninke+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gomez24-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gomez24_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gomez24_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Gomez2002" class="citation book cs1">Michael Gomez (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gfhGouf7_TsC"><i>Pragmatism in the Age of Jihad: The Precolonial State of Bundu</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52847-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52847-4"><bdi>978-0-521-52847-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pragmatism+in+the+Age+of+Jihad%3A+The+Precolonial+State+of+Bundu&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52847-4&rft.au=Michael+Gomez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgfhGouf7_TsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoninke+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bella1987-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bella1987_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bella1987_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Monica Bella (1987), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.543.3564&rep=rep1&type=pdf">AFRICA STUDIES: THE EXPLORATION OF ALTERNATIVE LAND TENURE AND ORGANIZATIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE BAKEL SMALL IRRIGATED PERIMETERS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171118234652/http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.543.3564&rep=rep1&type=pdf">Archived</a> 2017-11-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States Agency for International Development, Quote:"Soninke society is not egalitarian, but rather is stratified into castes. At the top there is the noble or hore caste. The hore consist of debeaumme, nyinvaaumme, and the marabouts or religious leaders. The power of the marabouts is less than that of other nobles. Next are the artisan castes or nyakhamala. ...";<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdouard_François_Manchuelle1987" class="citation book cs1">Edouard François Manchuelle (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FDnxAAAAMAAJ"><i>Background to Black African Emigration to France: The Labor Migrations of the Soninke, 1848-1987</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. 50–52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Background+to+Black+African+Emigration+to+France%3A+The+Labor+Migrations+of+the+Soninke%2C+1848-1987&rft.pages=50-52&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Edouard+Fran%C3%A7ois+Manchuelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFDnxAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoninke+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">RAMEAU, <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BnF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://data.bnf.fr/11967435/soninke__peuple_d_afrique_/">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyerowitz" class="citation web cs1">Meyerowitz, Eva. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40458020?read-now=1&seq=11#page_scan_tab_contents">"The Origins of the "Sudanic" Civilization"</a>. <i>Jstor</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jstor&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+the+%22Sudanic%22+Civilization&rft.aulast=Meyerowitz&rft.aufirst=Eva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40458020%3Fread-now%3D1%26seq%3D11%23page_scan_tab_contents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoninke+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mamadou Dramé, « Cérémonies et rites chez les Soninké », dans <i>Peuples du Sénégal</i>, Sépia, Saint-Maur, 1996, p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olson1996p373-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Olson1996p373_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Stuart_Olsen1996" class="citation book cs1">James Stuart Olsen (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MdaAdBC-_S4C"><i>The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 373. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313-27-918-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313-27-918-8"><bdi>978-0313-27-918-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peoples+of+Africa%3A+An+Ethnohistorical+Dictionary&rft.pages=373&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0313-27-918-8&rft.au=James+Stuart+Olsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMdaAdBC-_S4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoninke+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanneh, Lamin. “Futa Jallon and the Jakhanke Clerical Tradition. Part I: The Historical Setting.” Journal of Religion in Africa, vol. 12, no. 1, 1981, pp. 38–64. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1581013. Accessed 2 Dec. 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-conrad23-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-conrad23_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-conrad23_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-conrad23_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_C._Conrad2009" class="citation book cs1">David C. Conrad (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mP2KSOvJHbMC&pg=PA25"><i>Empires of Medieval West Africa: Ghana, Mali, and Songhay</i></a>. Infobase. pp. 23–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60413-164-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60413-164-2"><bdi>978-1-60413-164-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+of+Medieval+West+Africa%3A+Ghana%2C+Mali%2C+and+Songhay&rft.pages=23-25&rft.pub=Infobase&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60413-164-2&rft.au=David+C.+Conrad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmP2KSOvJHbMC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoninke+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shillington2012p88-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shillington2012p88_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shillington2012p88_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_Shillington2012" class="citation book cs1">Kevin Shillington (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YdscBQAAQBAJ"><i>History of Africa</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 88–89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-00333-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-00333-1"><bdi>978-1-137-00333-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Africa&rft.pages=88-89&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-137-00333-1&rft.au=Kevin+Shillington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYdscBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoninke+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neolithic-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Neolithic_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoll" class="citation web cs1">Holl, Augustin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248548075">"Coping with uncertainty: Neolithic life in the Dhar Tichitt-Walata, Mauritania, ( ca. 4000–2300 BP)"</a>. <i>Research Gate</i>. Comptes Rendus Geosciences.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Research+Gate&rft.atitle=Coping+with+uncertainty%3A+Neolithic+life+in+the+Dhar+Tichitt-Walata%2C+Mauritania%2C+%28+ca.+4000%E2%80%932300+BP%29&rft.aulast=Holl&rft.aufirst=Augustin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F248548075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoninke+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoll1985" class="citation journal cs1">Holl, Augustin (1985-12-01). "Subsistence patterns of the Dhar Tichitt Neolithic, Mauritania". <i>African Archaeological Review</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 151–162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01117458">10.1007/BF01117458</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-0338">0263-0338</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162041986">162041986</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Archaeological+Review&rft.atitle=Subsistence+patterns+of+the+Dhar+Tichitt+Neolithic%2C+Mauritania&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=151-162&rft.date=1985-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162041986%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0263-0338&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01117458&rft.aulast=Holl&rft.aufirst=Augustin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoninke+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HollA11985-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HollA11985_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HollA11985_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoll1985" class="citation journal cs1">Holl A (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2558381">"Background to the Ghana Empire: archaeological investigations on the transition to statehood in the Dhar Tichitt region (Mauritania)"</a>. <i>Journal of Anthropological Archaeology</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0278-4165%2885%2990005-4">10.1016/0278-4165(85)90005-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Anthropological+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Background+to+the+Ghana+Empire%3A+archaeological+investigations+on+the+transition+to+statehood+in+the+Dhar+Tichitt+region+%28Mauritania%29&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=108&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0278-4165%2885%2990005-4&rft.aulast=Holl&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2558381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoninke+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_C._Conrad2009" class="citation book cs1">David C. Conrad (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mP2KSOvJHbMC&pg=PA25"><i>Empires of Medieval West Africa: Ghana, Mali, and Songhay</i></a>. Infobase. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60413-164-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60413-164-2"><bdi>978-1-60413-164-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+of+Medieval+West+Africa%3A+Ghana%2C+Mali%2C+and+Songhay&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Infobase&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60413-164-2&rft.au=David+C.+Conrad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmP2KSOvJHbMC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoninke+people" class="Z3988"></span>, Quote: "The legend often begins by describing how the ancestor Dinga came from somewhere in the Middle East."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ylwMAQAAMAAJ&q=dinga+cisse+middle+East">History in Africa, Volume 10</a></i>, by Africa Studies Association, p. 60, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1983</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spaulding._2003_p._27-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spaulding._2003_p._27_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spaulding._2003_p._27_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Levtzion and Spaulding. <i>Medieval West Africa: Views From Arab Scholars and Merchants</i> (2003), p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mauny_1961-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mauny_1961_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mauny_1961_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMauny1961" class="citation cs2">Mauny, Raymond (1961), <i>Tableau géographique de l'ouest africain au moyen age, d'après les sources écrites, la tradition et l'archéologie</i>, Dakar: Institut français d'Afrique Noire</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tableau+g%C3%A9ographique+de+l%27ouest+africain+au+moyen+age%2C+d%27apr%C3%A8s+les+sources+%C3%A9crites%2C+la+tradition+et+l%27arch%C3%A9ologie&rft.place=Dakar&rft.pub=Institut+fran%C3%A7ais+d%27Afrique+Noire&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Mauny&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoninke+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevtzion1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nehemia_Levtzion" title="Nehemia Levtzion">Levtzion, Nehemia</a> (1973). <i>Ancient Ghana and Mali</i>. New York: Methuen & Co Ltd. pp. 16–18, 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0841904316" title="Special:BookSources/0841904316"><bdi>0841904316</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Ghana+and+Mali&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=16-18%2C+21&rft.pub=Methuen+%26+Co+Ltd&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0841904316&rft.aulast=Levtzion&rft.aufirst=Nehemia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoninke+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexanderRucker2010" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, Leslie M.; Rucker, Walter C. Jr. (9 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uivtCqOlpTsC&q=cisse+aswan&pg=PA104"><i>Encyclopedia of African American History [3 volumes]</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851097746" title="Special:BookSources/9781851097746"><bdi>9781851097746</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2018</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+African+American+History+%5B3+volumes%5D&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010-02-09&rft.isbn=9781851097746&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Leslie+M.&rft.au=Rucker%2C+Walter+C.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuivtCqOlpTsC%26q%3Dcisse%2Baswan%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoninke+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunson1980" class="citation cs2">Munson, Patrick J. (1980), "Archaeology and the prehistoric origins of the Ghana Empire", <i>The Journal of African History</i>, <b>21</b> (4): 457–466, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0021853700018685">10.1017/s0021853700018685</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/182004">182004</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161981607">161981607</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+African+History&rft.atitle=Archaeology+and+the+prehistoric+origins+of+the+Ghana+Empire&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=457-466&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161981607%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F182004%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0021853700018685&rft.aulast=Munson&rft.aufirst=Patrick+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoninke+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Soninke">Soninke people</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161105232659/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Soninke">Archived</a> 2016-11-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica, Quote: "The Soninke were the founders of the ancient empire of Ghana, which was destroyed after the invasions of Muslim conquerors in the 10th century".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrançois_Manchuelle1997" class="citation book cs1">François Manchuelle (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohioswallow.com/book/Willing+Migrants"><i>Willing Migrants: Soninke Labor Diasporas, 1848-1960</i></a>. Ohio University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171002022744/http://www.ohioswallow.com/book/Willing+Migrants">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-10-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Willing+Migrants%3A+Soninke+Labor+Diasporas%2C+1848-1960&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Fran%C3%A7ois+Manchuelle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohioswallow.com%2Fbook%2FWilling%2BMigrants&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoninke+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shillington2012p90-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shillington2012p90_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shillington2012p90_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_Shillington2012" class="citation book cs1">Kevin Shillington (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YdscBQAAQBAJ"><i>History of Africa</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 90–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-00333-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-00333-1"><bdi>978-1-137-00333-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Africa&rft.pages=90-92&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-137-00333-1&rft.au=Kevin+Shillington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYdscBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoninke+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_A._Shoup2011" class="citation book cs1">John A. Shoup (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC"><i>Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 183–184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-362-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-362-0"><bdi>978-1-59884-362-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+Africa+and+the+Middle+East%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=183-184&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-362-0&rft.au=John+A.+Shoup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSPBfnT_E1mgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoninke+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaddy_Tunkara-Bah2016" class="citation journal cs1">Haddy Tunkara-Bah (2016). "Sociocultural factors influencing fertility among the Soninke". <i>African Renaissance</i>. <b>13</b> (1–2): 31–44.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Renaissance&rft.atitle=Sociocultural+factors+influencing+fertility+among+the+Soninke&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=31-44&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Haddy+Tunkara-Bah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoninke+people" class="Z3988"></span>, Quote: "The Soninke society in the Gambia is primarily rural and highly gender-stratified culture. (...) In the Soninke social organization everyone occupies a place."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTal_Tamari1991" class="citation journal cs1">Tal Tamari (1991). "The Development of Caste Systems in West Africa". <i>The Journal of African History</i>. <b>32</b> (2). Cambridge University Press: 221–250. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0021853700025718">10.1017/s0021853700025718</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/182616">182616</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162509491">162509491</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+African+History&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+Caste+Systems+in+West+Africa&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=221-250&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162509491%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F182616%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0021853700025718&rft.au=Tal+Tamari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoninke+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tal61-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tal61_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tal61_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTal_Tamari1995" class="citation book cs1">Tal Tamari (1995). David C. Conrad and Barbara E. Frank (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JzeVS6pYS7YC"><i>Status and Identity in West Africa: Nyamakalaw of Mande</i></a>. Indiana University Press. pp. 61–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-11264-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-11264-8"><bdi>0-253-11264-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Status+and+Identity+in+West+Africa%3A+Nyamakalaw+of+Mande&rft.pages=61-63&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-253-11264-8&rft.au=Tal+Tamari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJzeVS6pYS7YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoninke+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanretta2009p37-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hanretta2009p37_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanretta2009p37_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSean_Hanretta2009" class="citation book cs1">Sean Hanretta (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Fj79QbyRJUC&pg=PA37"><i>Islam and Social Change in French West Africa: History of an Emancipatory Community</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 37 with footnote 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89971-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89971-0"><bdi>978-0-521-89971-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+Social+Change+in+French+West+Africa%3A+History+of+an+Emancipatory+Community&rft.pages=37+with+footnote+23&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89971-0&rft.au=Sean+Hanretta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Fj79QbyRJUC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoninke+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mamadou Lamine Diawara (1990), La Graine de la Parole: dimension sociale et politique des traditions orales du royaume de Jaara (Mali) du XVème au milieu du XIXème siècle, volume 92, Franz Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden GmbH, pages 35-37, 41-45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Littlefield1991p79-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Littlefield1991p79_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Littlefield1991p79_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_C._Littlefield1991" class="citation book cs1">Daniel C. Littlefield (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEO5lLG95lMC&pg=PA79"><i>Rice and Slaves</i></a>. University of Illinois Press. pp. 79 footnote 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06214-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06214-8"><bdi>978-0-252-06214-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rice+and+Slaves&rft.pages=79+footnote+11&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-252-06214-8&rft.au=Daniel+C.+Littlefield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZEO5lLG95lMC%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoninke+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hoffman10-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hoffman10_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoffman10_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_G._Hoffman2001" class="citation book cs1">Barbara G. Hoffman (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N420DztTNJMC"><i>Griots at War: Conflict, Conciliation, and Caste in Mande</i></a>. Indiana University Press. pp. 8, 10–12, 30–31, 35–36, 235–240, 246, 269–270 note 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-10893-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-10893-4"><bdi>0-253-10893-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Griots+at+War%3A+Conflict%2C+Conciliation%2C+and+Caste+in+Mande&rft.pages=8%2C+10-12%2C+30-31%2C+35-36%2C+235-240%2C+246%2C+269-270+note+31&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-253-10893-4&rft.au=Barbara+G.+Hoffman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN420DztTNJMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoninke+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeCorse2001p17-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DeCorse2001p17_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeCorse2001p17_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeCorse2001p17_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeCorse2001p17_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusan_McIntosh2001" class="citation book cs1">Susan McIntosh (2001). Christopher R. DeCorse (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Fcr1HSZXNgC"><i>West Africa During the Atlantic Slave Trade: Archaeological Perspectives</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 17–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7185-0247-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7185-0247-8"><bdi>978-0-7185-0247-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=West+Africa+During+the+Atlantic+Slave+Trade%3A+Archaeological+Perspectives&rft.pages=17-18&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7185-0247-8&rft.au=Susan+McIntosh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Fcr1HSZXNgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoninke+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tamari_1991p13c-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tamari_1991p13c_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamari1991" class="citation journal cs1">Tamari, Tal (1991). "The Development of Caste Systems in West Africa". <i>The Journal of African History</i>. <b>32</b> (2). Cambridge University Press: 221–250. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0021853700025718">10.1017/s0021853700025718</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162509491">162509491</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+African+History&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+Caste+Systems+in+West+Africa&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=221-250&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0021853700025718&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162509491%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tamari&rft.aufirst=Tal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoninke+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTal_Tamari1995" class="citation book cs1">Tal Tamari (1995). David C. Conrad and Barbara E. Frank (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JzeVS6pYS7YC"><i>Status and Identity in West Africa: Nyamakalaw of Mande</i></a>. Indiana University Press. pp. 65–67, 71–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-11264-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-11264-8"><bdi>0-253-11264-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Status+and+Identity+in+West+Africa%3A+Nyamakalaw+of+Mande&rft.pages=65-67%2C+71-73&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-253-11264-8&rft.au=Tal+Tamari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJzeVS6pYS7YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoninke+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTal_Tamari1995" class="citation book cs1">Tal Tamari (1995). David C. 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Indiana University Press. pp. 68–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-11264-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-11264-8"><bdi>0-253-11264-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Status+and+Identity+in+West+Africa%3A+Nyamakalaw+of+Mande&rft.pages=68-69&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-253-11264-8&rft.au=Tal+Tamari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJzeVS6pYS7YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoninke+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumareh" class="citation web cs1">Sumareh, Muhammed F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mfsumareh.weebly.com/history-of-soninke.html">"the history of soninke(sarahule) and culture"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=the+history+of+soninke%28sarahule%29+and+culture&rft.aulast=Sumareh&rft.aufirst=Muhammed+F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmfsumareh.weebly.com%2Fhistory-of-soninke.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoninke+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060113021254/http://www.soninkara.com/main.php3?f=accueil">"Culture Et Tradition"</a>. 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Government Printing Office. p. 554.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Country+Reports+on+Human+Rights+Practices+2009&rft.pages=554&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=2010&rft.au=US+State+Department&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7NMXABwIjyAC%26pg%3DPA554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoninke+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soninkara.org/societe-soninkara/cuisine-soninke/index.php">"Soninke Recipes"</a>. Soninkara.com. 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070220154506/http://www.soninkara.org/societe-soninkara/cuisine-soninke/index.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-02-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-04-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soninke+Recipes&rft.pub=Soninkara.com&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soninkara.org%2Fsociete-soninkara%2Fcuisine-soninke%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoninke+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeadows1999" class="citation news cs1">Meadows, R. Darrell (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924051356/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2005/is_1_33/ai_56027336">"Willing Migrants: Soninke Labor Diasporas, 1848-1960"</a>. <i>Journal of Social History</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2005/is_1_33/ai_56027336">the original</a> on 2015-09-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-04-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+History&rft.atitle=Willing+Migrants%3A+Soninke+Labor+Diasporas%2C+1848-1960&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Meadows&rft.aufirst=R.+Darrell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.findarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m2005%2Fis_1_33%2Fai_56027336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoninke+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soninke_people&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> François Manchuelle, <i>Origins of Black African Emigration to France : the Labor Migrations of the Soninke, 1948-1987</i>, Santa Barbara, University of California, 1987 (Thèse)</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> M. T. Abéla de la Rivière, <i>Les Sarakolé et leur émigration vers la France</i>, Paris, Université de Paris V, 1977 (Thèse de 3 cycle)</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Amadou Diallo, <i>L’éducation en milieu sooninké dans le cercle de Bakel : 1850-1914</i>, Dakar, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, 1994, 36 p. (Mémoire de DEA)</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Alain Gallay, « La poterie en pays Sarakolé (Mali, Afrique Occidentale) », <i>Journal de la Société des Africanistes</i>, Paris, CNRS, 1970, tome XL, n° 1, p. 7-84</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Joseph Kerharo, « La pharmacopée sénégalaise : note sur quelques traitements médicaux pratiqués par les Sarakolé du Cercle de Bakel », <i>Bulletin et mémoires de la Faculté mixte de médecine et de pharmacie de Dakar</i>, t. XII, 1964, p. 226-229</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nianguiry_Kant%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nianguiry Kanté (page does not exist)">Nianguiry Kanté</a>, <i>Contribution à la connaissance de la migration "soninké" en France</i>, Paris, Université de Paris VIII, 1986, 726 p. (Thèse de 3 cycle)</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Michael Samuel, <i>Les Migrations Soninke vers la France</i>, Paris, Université de Paris. (Thèse de 3 cycle)</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Badoua Siguine, <i>La tradition épique des forgerons soninké</i>, Dakar, Université de Dakar, 198?, (Mémoire de Maîtrise)</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Badoua Siguine, <i>Le surnaturel dans les contes soninké</i>, Dakar, Université de Dakar, 1983, 215 p. (Mémoire de Maîtrise)</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Mahamet Timera, <i>Les Soninké en France : d'un histoire à l'autre</i>, Karthala, 1996, 244 p. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-86537-701-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-86537-701-6">2-86537-701-6</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a href="/wiki/Louis_L%C3%A9on_C%C3%A9sar_Faidherbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Léon César Faidherbe">Louis Léon César Faidherbe</a>, <i>Vocabulaire d'environ 1,500 mots français avec leurs correspondents en ouolof de Saint-Louis, en poular (toucouleur) du Fouta, en soninké (sarakhollé) de Bakel</i>, 1864, Saint-Louis, Imprimerie du Gouvernement, 1864, 70 p.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Louis Léon César Faidherbe, <i>Langues sénégalaises : wolof, arabe-hassania, soninké, sérère, notions grammaticales, vocabulaires et phrases</i>, E. Leroux, 1887, 267 p.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Christian Girier, <i>Parlons soninké</i>, l'Harmattan, Paris, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7384-3769-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-7384-3769-9">2-7384-3769-9</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Rhonda L. Hartell, Alphabets de langues africaines, Unesco et Summer Institute of Linguistics, Dakar, 1993;</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Direction de la promotion des langues nationales du Sénégal, Livret d'auto-formation en Soninké, éditions Kalaama-Edicef, 2001.</li></ul> <p>commune of Diawara, Sénégal] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061208034619/http://www.diawara.org/soninkara/soninkara.php">Archived</a> 2006-12-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </p> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soobe.8m.net/fran_index.htm">Soobe</a> - Association culturelle de Soninké en Egypte</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diaguily.org">Diaguily</a> - Portail de Diaguily, ville soninké du sud de la Mauritanie</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=snk">Ethnologue</a> - Soninké language at Ethnologue</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soninkara.com/">Soninkara.com</a> - Portail de la communauté soninké</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soninkara.org/">Soninkara.org</a> - Société et Culture Soninké - Soninké News</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asawan.org/">Asawan.org</a> - Soninke literature - free online library/bookstore</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em 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groups in Burkina Faso"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Burkina Faso"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Burkina_Faso" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Burkina_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Burkina Faso">Ethnic groups in Burkina Faso</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bissa_people" title="Bissa people">Bissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobo_people" title="Bobo people">Bobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwa_people" title="Bwa people">Bwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagaaba_people" title="Dagaaba people">Dagaaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djimini_people" title="Djimini people">Djimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyula_people" title="Dyula people">Dyula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulse_people" title="Fulse people">Fulse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouin_people" title="Gouin people">Gouin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurma_people" title="Gurma people">Gurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurunsi_people" title="Gurunsi people">Gurunsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwellemmedan_people" title="Iwellemmedan people">Iwellemmedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakhanke" title="Jakhanke">Jakhanke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassena" title="Kassena">Kassena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusasi_people" title="Kusasi people">Kusasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobi_people" title="Lobi people">Lobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandinka_people" title="Mandinka people">Mandinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossi_people" title="Mossi people">Mossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senufo_people" title="Senufo people">Senufo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soninke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turka_people" title="Turka people">Turka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarse" title="Yarse">Yarse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarma_people" title="Zarma people">Zarma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_the_Gambia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li 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href="/wiki/Bainuk_people" title="Bainuk people">Bainuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanta_people" title="Balanta people">Balanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassari_people" title="Bassari people">Bassari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biafada_people" title="Biafada people">Biafada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakhanke_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakhanke people">Jakhanke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jola_people" title="Jola people">Jola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandinka_people" title="Mandinka people">Mandinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjak_people" title="Manjak people">Manjak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankanya_people" title="Mankanya people">Mankanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serer-Laalaa" title="Serer-Laalaa">Laalaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer-Ndut_people" title="Serer-Ndut people">Ndut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niominka_people" title="Niominka people">Niominka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer-Noon" title="Serer-Noon">Noon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palor_people" title="Palor people">Palor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saafi_people" title="Saafi people">Saafi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soninke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolof_people" title="Wolof people">Wolof</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/16px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/24px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg/32px-Flag_of_The_Gambia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:The_Gambia" title="Portal:The Gambia">The Gambia portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Ghana" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_of_Ghana" title="Template:Ethnic groups of Ghana"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_of_Ghana" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups of Ghana"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_of_Ghana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups of Ghana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Ghana" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Ghana" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Ghana">Ethnic groups in Ghana</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adele_people" title="Adele people">Adele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agave_people" title="Agave people">Agave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_people" title="Akan people">Akan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abidji_people" title="Abidji people">Abidji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahafo" title="Ahafo">Ahafo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akyem" title="Akyem">Akyem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anyi_people" title="Anyi people">Anyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahanta_people" title="Ahanta people">Ahanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asante_people" title="Asante people">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assin" title="Assin">Assin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatime_people" title="Avatime people">Avatime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bono_people" title="Bono people">Bono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evalue_people" title="Evalue people">Evalue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fante_people" title="Fante people">Fante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzema_people" title="Nzema people">Nzema</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moba_people" title="Moba people">Bimoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bissa_people" title="Bissa people">Bissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumburu" title="Chumburu">Chumburu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagaaba_people" title="Dagaaba people">Dagaaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagomba_people" title="Dagomba people">Dagomba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyula_people" title="Dyula people">Dyula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewe_people" title="Ewe people">Ewe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anlo_Ewe" title="Anlo Ewe">Anlo Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avenor_Ewe" title="Avenor Ewe">Avenor Ewe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frafra_people" title="Frafra people">Frafra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga-Adangbe_people" title="Ga-Adangbe people">Ga-Adangbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guang_people" title="Guang people">Guang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Efutu_people" title="Efutu people">Efutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonja_people" title="Gonja people">Gonja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyode_people" title="Kyode people">Kyode</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurunsi_people" title="Gurunsi people">Gurunsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakhanke" title="Jakhanke">Jakhanke</a></li> <li>Karamogo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassena" title="Kassena">Kassena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkomba_people" title="Konkomba people">Konkomba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krobo_people" title="Krobo people">Krobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusasi_people" title="Kusasi people">Kusasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logba_people" title="Logba people">Logba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamprusi_people" title="Mamprusi people">Mamprusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafana_people" title="Nafana people">Nafana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallensi" title="Tallensi">Tallensi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tem_people" title="Tem people">Tem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tshi" title="Tshi">Tshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wala_people" title="Wala people">Wala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeji" title="Yeji">Yeji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossi_people" title="Mossi people">Mossi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soninke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarma_people" title="Zarma people">Zarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Arabs" title="Ghanaian Arabs">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Ghana" title="Chinese people in Ghana">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_Euro-Africans" title="Gold Coast Euro-Africans">Gold Coast Euro-Africans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Indian" title="Ghanaian Indian">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabom_people" title="Tabom people">Tabom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Mali" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Mali" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Mali"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Mali" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Mali"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Mali" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Mali"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Mali" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mali#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Mali">Ethnic groups in Mali</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arma_people" title="Arma people">Arma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambara_people" title="Bambara people">Bambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozo_people" title="Bozo people">Bozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwa_people" title="Bwa people">Bwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djimini_people" title="Djimini people">Djimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_people" title="Dogon people">Dogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyula_people" title="Dyula people">Dyula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaksahak_people" title="Idaksahak people">Idaksahak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igdalen_people" title="Igdalen people">Igdalen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwellemmedan_people" title="Iwellemmedan people">Iwellemmedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakhanke_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakhanke people">Jakhanke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khassonk%C3%A9_people" title="Khassonké people">Khassonké</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunta_(tribe)" title="Kunta (tribe)">Kunta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurtey_people" title="Kurtey people">Kurtey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandinka_people" title="Mandinka people">Mandinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marka_people" title="Marka people">Marka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senufo_people" title="Senufo people">Senufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhai_people" title="Songhai people">Songhai</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soninke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susu_people" title="Susu people">Susu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellem" title="Tellem">Tellem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toucouleur_people" title="Toucouleur people">Toucouleur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toloy" title="Toloy">Toloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Mauritania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Mauritania" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Mauritania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Mauritania" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Mauritania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Mauritania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Mauritania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Mauritania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Mauritania" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Mauritania">Ethnic groups in Mauritania</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bafour" title="Bafour">Bafour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbers_in_Mauritania" title="Berbers in Mauritania">Berbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dom_people" title="Dom people">Dom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haratin" title="Haratin">Haratin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imraguen_people" title="Imraguen people">Imraguen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakhanke_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakhanke people">Jakhanke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunta_(tribe)" title="Kunta (tribe)">Kunta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandinka_people" title="Mandinka people">Mandinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reguibat_tribe" title="Reguibat tribe">Reguibat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahrawi people">Sahrawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soninke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toucouleur_people" title="Toucouleur people">Toucouleur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolof_people" title="Wolof people">Wolof</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Senegal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Senegal" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Senegal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Senegal" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Senegal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Senegal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Senegal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Senegal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Senegal" title="Ethnic groups in Senegal">Ethnic groups in Senegal</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bainuk_people" title="Bainuk people">Bainuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanta_people" title="Balanta people">Balanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassari_people" title="Bassari people">Bassari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedick_people" title="Bedick people">Bedick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biafada_people" title="Biafada people">Biafada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyula_people" title="Dyula people">Dyula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakhanke_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakhanke people">Jakhanke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jola_people" title="Jola people">Jola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoninka_people" title="Karoninka people">Karoninka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konyagui_people" title="Konyagui people">Konyagui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebu_people" title="Lebu people">Lebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandinka_people" title="Mandinka people">Mandinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjak_people" title="Manjak people">Manjak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankanya_people" title="Mankanya people">Mankanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papel_people" title="Papel people">Papel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serer-Laalaa" title="Serer-Laalaa">Laalaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer-Ndut_people" title="Serer-Ndut people">Ndut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niominka_people" title="Niominka people">Niominka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer-Noon" title="Serer-Noon">Noon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palor_people" title="Palor people">Palor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saafi_people" title="Saafi people">Saafi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soninke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susu_people" title="Susu people">Susu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toucouleur_people" title="Toucouleur people">Toucouleur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolof_people" title="Wolof people">Wolof</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mandé_peoples" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mand%C3%A9_peoples" title="Template:Mandé peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mand%C3%A9_peoples" title="Template talk:Mandé peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mand%C3%A9_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mandé peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mandé_peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mand%C3%A9_peoples" title="Mandé peoples">Mandé peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boko_language" title="Boko language">Boko people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobo_people" title="Bobo people">Bobo people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpee_language" title="Kpee language">Kpee people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samo_language_(Burkina)" title="Samo language (Burkina)">Samo people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sembla_language" title="Sembla language">Seenku people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beng_language" title="Beng language">Beng people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gagu language">Gban people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_people" title="Dan people">Dan people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goo_language" title="Goo language">Goo people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guro_language" title="Guro language">Guro people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeri_language" title="Jeri language">Jeri people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwan_language" title="Mwan language">Mwan people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tura_language" title="Tura language">Tura people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wan_language" title="Wan language">Wan people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaure_language" title="Yaure language">Yaure people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bissa_people" title="Bissa people">Bissa people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyula_people" title="Dyula people">Dyula people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligbi_language" title="Ligbi language">Ligbi people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soninke_Wangara" title="Soninke Wangara">Wangara people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jakhanke_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakhanke people">Jakhanke people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakabe_language" title="Kakabe language">Kakabe people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lele_language_(Guinea)" title="Lele language (Guinea)">Lele people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_people" title="Loma people">Loma people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixifore_language" title="Mixifore language">Mogofin people</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Susu_people" title="Susu people">Susu people</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yalunka_people" title="Yalunka people">Yalunka people</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zialo_people" title="Zialo people">Zialo people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dan_people" title="Dan people">Dan people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gbandi_people" title="Gbandi people">Gbandi people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_people" title="Mano people">Mano people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_people" title="Vai people">Vai people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bambara_people" title="Bambara people">Bambara people</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banka_language" title="Banka language">Banka people</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bozo_people" title="Bozo people">Bozo people</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duun_language" title="Duun language">Duun people</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dyula_people" title="Dyula people">Dyula people</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jowulu_language" title="Jowulu language">Jowulu people</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mandinka_people" title="Mandinka people">Malinke people</a></b></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soninke people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marka_people" title="Marka people">Marka people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soninke_Wangara" title="Soninke Wangara">Wangara people</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Busa_language_(Mande)" title="Busa language (Mande)">Busa people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyenga_language" title="Kyenga language">Kyenga people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanga_language" title="Shanga language">Shangawa people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>/<a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Mandinka_people" title="Mandinka people">Mandinka people</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kono_people" title="Kono people">Kono people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpelle_people" title="Kpelle people">Kpelle people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuranko_language" title="Kuranko language">Kuranko people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loko_people" title="Loko people">Loko people</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mandingo_people_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Mandingo people of Sierra Leone">Mandingo people</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_people" title="Mende people">Mende people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Ethnic groups whose languages are in the <a href="/wiki/Manding_languages" title="Manding languages">Manding</a> group of Mandé are in <b>Bold</b>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1146970#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1146970#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1146970#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85125226">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Soninkové"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph728648&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007558331505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027684113">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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