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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">General-purpose input/output</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6" title="وحدات الإدخال والإخراج متعددة الأغراض – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وحدات الإدخال والإخراج متعددة الأغراض" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Purpose_Input/Output" title="General Purpose Input/Output – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="General Purpose Input/Output" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPIO" title="GPIO – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="GPIO" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPIO" title="GPIO – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="GPIO" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPIO" title="GPIO – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="GPIO" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPIO" title="GPIO – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="GPIO" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPIO" title="GPIO – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="GPIO" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPIO" title="GPIO – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="GPIO" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Purpose_Input/Output" title="General Purpose Input/Output – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="General Purpose Input/Output" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPIO" title="GPIO – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="GPIO" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%93" title="जीपीआईओ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जीपीआईओ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Purpose_Input/Output" title="General Purpose Input/Output – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="General Purpose Input/Output" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Purpose_Input/Output" title="General Purpose Input/Output – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="General Purpose Input/Output" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPIO" title="GPIO – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="GPIO" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wej%C5%9Bcie-wyj%C5%9Bcie_og%C3%B3lnego_przeznaczenia" title="Wejście-wyjście ogólnego przeznaczenia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wejście-wyjście ogólnego przeznaczenia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Purpose_Input/Output" title="General Purpose Input/Output – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="General Purpose Input/Output" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPIO" title="GPIO – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="GPIO" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPIO" title="GPIO – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="GPIO" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPIO" title="GPIO – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="GPIO" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPIO" title="GPIO – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="GPIO" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPIO" title="GPIO – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="GPIO" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q260798#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> 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href="/w/index.php?title=GPIO&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="GPIO">GPIO</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">User-controllable digital signal pin on an integrated circuit</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>A <b>general-purpose input/output</b> (<b>GPIO</b>) is an uncommitted digital signal <a href="/wiki/Pin_(electronics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pin (electronics)">pin</a> on an <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuit</a> or electronic circuit (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">MCUs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">MPUs</a>) board which may be used as an input or output, or both, and is controllable by software. </p><p>GPIOs have no predefined purpose and are unused by default.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If used, the purpose and behavior of a GPIO is defined and implemented by the designer of higher assembly-level circuitry: the circuit board designer in the case of integrated circuit GPIOs, or system integrator in the case of board-level GPIOs. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Integrated_circuit_GPIOs">Integrated circuit GPIOs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=General-purpose_input/output&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Integrated circuit GPIOs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Integrated circuit (IC) GPIOs are implemented in a variety of ways. Some ICs provide GPIOs as a primary function whereas others include GPIOs as a convenient "accessory" to some other primary function. Examples of the former include the <a href="/wiki/Intel_8255" title="Intel 8255">Intel 8255</a>, which interfaces 24 GPIOs to a <a href="/wiki/Parallel_communication" title="Parallel communication">parallel communication</a> bus, and various GPIO <i>expander</i> ICs, which interface GPIOs to <a href="/wiki/Serial_communication" title="Serial communication">serial communication</a> buses such as <a href="/wiki/I%C2%B2C" title="I²C">I²C</a> and <a href="/wiki/SMBus" class="mw-redirect" title="SMBus">SMBus</a>. An example of the latter is the <a href="/wiki/Realtek" title="Realtek">Realtek</a> ALC260 IC, which provides eight GPIOs along with its main function of <a href="/wiki/Audio_codec" title="Audio codec">audio codec</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">Microcontroller</a> ICs usually include GPIOs. Depending on the application, a microcontroller's GPIOs may comprise its primary interface to external circuitry or they may be just one type of I/O used among several, such as <a href="/wiki/Analog_signal" title="Analog signal">analog signal</a> I/O, counter/timer, and serial communication. </p><p>In some ICs, particularly microcontrollers, a GPIO pin may be capable of other functions than GPIO. Often in such cases it is necessary to configure the pin to operate as a GPIO (vis-à-vis its other functions) in addition to configuring the GPIO's behavior. Some microcontroller devices (e.g., Microchip dsPIC33 family) incorporate internal signal routing circuitry that allows GPIOs to be programmatically mapped to device pins. <a href="/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_array" title="Field-programmable gate array">Field-programmable gate arrays</a> (FPGA) extend this ability by allowing GPIO pin mapping, instantiation and architecture to be programmatically controlled. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ic-photo-Intel--D8255.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Parallel bus interface to 24 GPIOs (Intel 8255)"><img alt="Parallel bus interface to 24 GPIOs (Intel 8255)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ic-photo-Intel--D8255.JPG/120px-Ic-photo-Intel--D8255.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ic-photo-Intel--D8255.JPG/180px-Ic-photo-Intel--D8255.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ic-photo-Intel--D8255.JPG/240px-Ic-photo-Intel--D8255.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="312" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Parallel bus interface to 24 GPIOs (<a href="/wiki/Intel_8255" title="Intel 8255">Intel 8255</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rockwell_R6522P_Versatile_Interface_Adapter.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A "versatile interface adapter", which combines 20 GPIOs with other general-purpose interfaces (MOS Technology 6522)"><img alt="A "versatile interface adapter", which combines 20 GPIOs with other general-purpose interfaces (MOS Technology 6522)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Rockwell_R6522P_Versatile_Interface_Adapter.jpg/120px-Rockwell_R6522P_Versatile_Interface_Adapter.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Rockwell_R6522P_Versatile_Interface_Adapter.jpg/180px-Rockwell_R6522P_Versatile_Interface_Adapter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Rockwell_R6522P_Versatile_Interface_Adapter.jpg/240px-Rockwell_R6522P_Versatile_Interface_Adapter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A "versatile interface adapter", which combines 20 GPIOs with other general-purpose interfaces (<a href="/wiki/MOS_Technology_6522" title="MOS Technology 6522">MOS Technology 6522</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIC18F8720.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A PIC microcontroller with 29 remappable GPIOs (Microchip Technology PIC24FJ256)"><img alt="A PIC microcontroller with 29 remappable GPIOs (Microchip Technology PIC24FJ256)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/PIC18F8720.jpg/120px-PIC18F8720.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/PIC18F8720.jpg/180px-PIC18F8720.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/PIC18F8720.jpg/240px-PIC18F8720.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="425" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/PIC_microcontrollers" title="PIC microcontrollers">PIC microcontroller</a> with 29 remappable GPIOs (<a href="/wiki/Microchip_Technology" title="Microchip Technology">Microchip Technology</a> PIC24FJ256)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Board-level_GPIOs">Board-level GPIOs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=General-purpose_input/output&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Board-level GPIOs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many circuit boards expose board-level GPIOs to external circuitry through integrated electrical connectors. Usually, each such GPIO is accessible via a dedicated connector pin. </p><p>Like IC-based GPIOs, some boards merely include GPIOs as a convenient, auxiliary resource that augments the board's primary function, whereas in other boards the GPIOs are the central, primary function of the board. Some boards, which are classified usually as multi-function I/O boards, are a combination of both; such boards provide GPIOs along with other types of general-purpose I/O. GPIOs are also found on embedded controller boards and <a href="/wiki/Single_board_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Single board computer">Single board computers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Arduino" title="Arduino">Arduino</a>, <a href="/wiki/BeagleBone" class="mw-redirect" title="BeagleBone">BeagleBone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Raspberry_Pi" title="Raspberry Pi">Raspberry Pi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Board-level GPIOs are often given abilities which IC-based GPIOs usually lack. For example, <a href="/wiki/Schmitt-trigger" class="mw-redirect" title="Schmitt-trigger">Schmitt-trigger</a> inputs, high-current output drivers, <a href="/wiki/Optical_isolator" title="Optical isolator">optical isolators</a>, or combinations of these, may be used to buffer and condition the GPIO signals and to protect board circuitry. Also, higher-level functions are sometimes implemented, such as input <a href="/wiki/Debounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Debounce">debounce</a>, input <a href="/wiki/Signal_edge" title="Signal edge">signal edge</a> detection, and <a href="/wiki/Pulse-width_modulation" title="Pulse-width modulation">pulse-width modulation</a> (PWM) output. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BPI-R1-GPIO.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Network router with three GPIOs (Banana Pi R1)"><img alt="Network router with three GPIOs (Banana Pi R1)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/BPI-R1-GPIO.jpg/120px-BPI-R1-GPIO.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/BPI-R1-GPIO.jpg/180px-BPI-R1-GPIO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/BPI-R1-GPIO.jpg/240px-BPI-R1-GPIO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Network router with three GPIOs (Banana Pi R1)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HP_82940A_GPIO_Interface_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="GPIO interface for Hewlett-Packard Series 80 computers (HP 82940A)"><img alt="GPIO interface for Hewlett-Packard Series 80 computers (HP 82940A)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/HP_82940A_GPIO_Interface_interior.jpg/120px-HP_82940A_GPIO_Interface_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/HP_82940A_GPIO_Interface_interior.jpg/180px-HP_82940A_GPIO_Interface_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/HP_82940A_GPIO_Interface_interior.jpg/240px-HP_82940A_GPIO_Interface_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1753" data-file-height="1169" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">GPIO interface for Hewlett-Packard Series 80 computers (HP 82940A)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:48_GPIO_Ethernet_interface.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ethernet interface to 48 GPIOs (Sensoray 2410)"><img alt="Ethernet interface to 48 GPIOs (Sensoray 2410)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/48_GPIO_Ethernet_interface.jpg/112px-48_GPIO_Ethernet_interface.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/48_GPIO_Ethernet_interface.jpg/168px-48_GPIO_Ethernet_interface.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/48_GPIO_Ethernet_interface.jpg/224px-48_GPIO_Ethernet_interface.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2964" data-file-height="3179" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ethernet interface to 48 GPIOs (Sensoray 2410)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asus_Tinker_Board.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Color coded GPIOs (top) on an Asus Tinker Board"><img alt="Color coded GPIOs (top) on an Asus Tinker Board" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Asus_Tinker_Board.jpg/120px-Asus_Tinker_Board.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Asus_Tinker_Board.jpg/180px-Asus_Tinker_Board.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Asus_Tinker_Board.jpg/240px-Asus_Tinker_Board.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Color coded GPIOs (top) on an <a href="/wiki/Asus_Tinker_Board" title="Asus Tinker Board">Asus Tinker Board</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=General-purpose_input/output&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>GPIOs are used in a diverse variety of applications, limited only by the electrical and timing specifications of the GPIO interface and the ability of software to interact with GPIOs in a sufficiently timely manner. </p><p>GPIOs usually employ standard logic levels and cannot supply significant current to output loads. When followed by an appropriate high-current output <a href="/wiki/Digital_buffer" title="Digital buffer">buffer</a> (or mechanical or solid-state relay), a GPIO may be used to control high-power devices such as lights, solenoids, heaters, and motors (e.g., fans and blowers). Similarly, an input buffer, relay or opto-isolator is often used to translate an otherwise incompatible signal (e.g., high voltage) to the logic levels required by a GPIO. </p><p>Integrated circuit GPIOs are commonly used to control or monitor other circuitry (including other ICs) on a board. Examples of this include enabling and disabling the operation of (or power to) other circuitry, reading the states of on-board switches and configuration shunts, and driving <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">light-emitting diode</a> (LED) status indicators. In the latter case, a GPIO can, in many cases, supply enough output current to directly power an LED without using an intermediate buffer. </p><p>Multiple GPIOs are sometimes used together as a <a href="/wiki/Bit_banging" title="Bit banging">bit banging</a> communication interface. For example, two GPIOs may be used to implement a serial communication bus such as Inter-Integrated Circuit (<a href="/wiki/I%C2%B2C" title="I²C">I²C</a>), and four GPIOs can be used to implement a <a href="/wiki/Serial_Peripheral_Interface" title="Serial Peripheral Interface">Serial Peripheral Interface</a> (SPI) bus; these are usually used to facilitate serial communication with ICs and other devices which have compatible serial interfaces, such as sensors (e.g., temperature sensors, pressure sensors, <a href="/wiki/Accelerometer" title="Accelerometer">accelerometers</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Motor_controller" title="Motor controller">motor controllers</a>. Taken to the extreme, this method may be used to implement an entire parallel bus, thus allowing communication with bus-oriented ICs or circuit boards. </p><p>Although GPIOs are fundamentally digital in nature, they are often used to control analog processes. For example, a GPIO may be used to control motor speed, light intensity, or temperature. Usually, this is done via PWM, in which the duty cycle of the GPIO output signal determines the effective magnitude of the process control signal. For example, when controlling light intensity, the light may be dimmed by reducing the GPIO duty cycle. Some analog processes require an analog control voltage. In such cases, it may be feasible to connect a GPIO, which is operated as a PWM output, to an RC filter to create a simple, low cost <a href="/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converter" title="Digital-to-analog converter">digital-to-analog converter</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation">Implementation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=General-purpose_input/output&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Implementation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>GPIO interfaces vary widely. In some cases, they are simple—a group of pins that can switch as a group to either input or output. In others, each pin can be set up to accept or source different logic voltages, with configurable drive strengths and <a href="/wiki/Pull-up_resistor" title="Pull-up resistor">pull ups/downs</a>. Input and output voltages are usually, but not always, limited to the supply voltage of the device with the GPIOs, and may be damaged by greater voltages. </p><p>A GPIO pin's state may be exposed to the software developer through one of a number of different interfaces, such as a <a href="/wiki/Memory-mapped_I/O" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory-mapped I/O">memory-mapped I/O</a> peripheral, or through dedicated IO port instructions. Some GPIOs have 5 V tolerant inputs: even when the device has a low supply voltage (such as 2 V), the device can accept 5 V without damage. </p><p>A GPIO port is a group of GPIO pins (often 8 pins, but it may be less) arranged in a group and controlled as a group. </p><p>GPIO abilities may include:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>GPIO pins can be configured to be input or output</li> <li>GPIO pins can be enabled/disabled</li> <li>Input values are readable (usually <a href="/wiki/Binary_number" title="Binary number">high or low</a>)</li> <li>Output values are writable/readable</li> <li>Input values can often be used as <a href="/wiki/Interrupt" title="Interrupt">IRQs</a> (usually for wakeup events)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=General-purpose_input/output&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programmed_input/output" class="mw-redirect" title="Programmed input/output">Programmed input/output</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SGPIO" title="SGPIO">SGPIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_input/output" title="Special input/output">Special input/output</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=General-purpose_input/output&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWhite2016" class="citation book cs1">White, Jon, ed. (2016). <i>Raspberry Pi – The Complete Manual</i> (7th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Bournemouth" title="Bournemouth">Bournemouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: <a href="/wiki/Imagine_Publishing" title="Imagine Publishing">Imagine Publishing</a>. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1785463709" title="Special:BookSources/978-1785463709"><bdi>978-1785463709</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raspberry+Pi+%E2%80%93+The+Complete+Manual&rft.place=Bournemouth%2C+England%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=36&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Imagine+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1785463709&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral-purpose+input%2Foutput" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.oracle.com/javame/8.0/me-dev-guide/gpio.htm">"General Purpose Input/Output"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.oracle.com/javame/8.0/me-dev-guide/toc.htm"><i>Oracle Java ME Embedded Developer's Guide</i></a> (8 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation</a>. 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=General+Purpose+Input%2FOutput&rft.btitle=Oracle+Java+ME+Embedded+Developer%27s+Guide&rft.edition=8&rft.pub=Oracle+Corporation&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.oracle.com%2Fjavame%2F8.0%2Fme-dev-guide%2Fgpio.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral-purpose+input%2Foutput" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/hardware/raspberrypi/gpio/README.md">"GPIO – Raspberry Pi Documentation"</a>. <i>Raspberry Pi Foundation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Raspberry+Pi+Foundation&rft.atitle=GPIO+%E2%80%93+Raspberry+Pi+Documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.raspberrypi.org%2Fdocumentation%2Fhardware%2Fraspberrypi%2Fgpio%2FREADME.md&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeneral-purpose+input%2Foutput" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=General-purpose_input/output&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.freebsd.org/FreeBSD/GPIO">GPIO framework for FreeBSD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170905184124/https://wiki.freebsd.org/FreeBSD/GPIO">Archived</a> 5 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?gpio(3)">FreeBSD gpio(3) API manual</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?gpioctl(8)">FreeBSD gpioctl(8) manual</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?gpio(4)">FreeBSD gpio(4) manual</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spinics.net/lists/alsa-devel/msg03646.html">ALSA Development List</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/driver-api/gpio/">Linux Kernel Doc on GPIO</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linuxtv.org/wiki/index.php/GPIO_pins">LinuxTV GPIO Pins Info</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General-purpose_input/output&oldid=1241875251">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General-purpose_input/output&oldid=1241875251</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Computer_buses" title="Category:Computer buses">Computer buses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Integrated_circuits" title="Category:Integrated circuits">Integrated circuits</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2024">Use dmy dates from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 August 2024, at 16:33<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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