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Vous pouvez également envoyer un courriel à la file des <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">coordinateurs</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> à <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd>, en incluant tous les détails ci-dessus.</div></div><hr /> <p>Podètz veire e copiar lo contengut d'aquesta pagina. </p><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="oc" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">== La penetracion deis imperialismes europèus == De [[1692]] a [[1724]], lei relacions ambé leis Europèus se melhorèron e lo crestianisme fuguèt autorizat per leis autoritats gràcias a l'òbra de dos jesuitas que fuguèron leis autors principaus dei negociacions dau tractat de Nertchink. Pasmens, en causa de la reaccion ostila deis autrei cultes chinés, aquela autorizacion fuguèt rapidament suprimida e lei contactes venguèron tornarmai marrits. De mai, leis emperaires successius refusèron la signatura d'acòrds comerciaus ambé leis estats europèus maugrat la multiplicacion dei missions diplomaticas e solament lo pòrt de Canton fuguèt dubèrt ais Europèus en [[1759]]. Au sègle XVIII, aquelei relacions èran fòrça favorablas ai Chinés car leis exportacions (subretot de seda e de tè) èran importantas e leis importacions feblas car leis abitants de l'Empèri èran gaire interessats per lei produchs europèus. De mai, lei marchands europèus èran obligats de pagar ambé d'[[argent (metal)|argent]]. Per redurre aquelei dificultats, lei Britanics desvolopèron la cultura de [[Papaver somniferum|pavòt]] en [[Índia]] per produrre d'[[Òpi|òpi]] destinat au mercat chinés. Aquò entraïnèt pauc a pauc una crisi sociala dins lo sud de l'Empèri en causa de l'aumentacion de consomacion de [[dròga]], especialament au sen de la classa dei foncionaris de l'administracion imperiala, e un reequilibratge dei cambis monetaris. [[File:Destroying Chinese war junks, by E. Duncan (1843).jpg|thumb|right|Pintura de la [[segonda batalha de Chuenpee]] ont una flòta chinesa fuguèt anientada per una flòta britanica durant la [[Premiera guèrra de l'òpi]] lo 7 de genier de 1841.]] {{veire|Premiera guèrra de l'òpi}} Dins leis annadas 1830, lei dos país èran donc fòrça maucontents de sei relacions comercialas. En [[1839]], lo govèrn decidiguèt de destrurre de cargaments d'òpi dins lo pòrt de Canton. Lei Britanics reagiguèron e una guèrra vertadiera, dicha [[Premiera guèrra de l'òpi]], acomencèt. Una flòta britanica ataquèt divèrseis endrechs de la costat chinesa e eliminèt aisament lei temptativas de resisténcia d'una flòta chinesa tròp vièlha per menaçar de naviris modèrns. Lei Britanics capitèron finalament de conquistar Shangai entraïnant la fin de la guèrra e la signatura dau tractat de Nankin en [[1842]]. Lei condicions d'aquelei tractats autorizèron la dubertura de cinc pòrts au comèrci britanic, donèt un regim d'extraterritorialitat ai marchands britanics e limitèt la taxacion sus lei produchs britanics importats a 5%. De mai, lo [[Reialme Unit|Reiaume Unit]] annexèt [[Hong Kong]]. En [[1845]], de tractats similars fuguèron signats ambé leis [[Estats Units d'America]] e ambé [[França]]. {{veire|Revòuta Taiping}} Aquela premiera desfacha dei Qing en fàcia d'una armada europèa demeniguèt lo prestigi de la dinastia. Dins leis annadas 1840, una secta s'organizèt dins la region de Canton sota la direccion de Hong Xiuquan. En [[1851]], organizèt una insureccion majora dicha [[Revòuta Taiping]]. Lei rebèls prenguèron lo contraròtle de Nankin, creèron un estat dins sa region e organizèron una armada importanta. Fins a [[1864]], lei regions occidentalas de l'Empèri venguèron donc lo teatre d'un conflicte fòrça murtrier (entre 20 e 30 milions de mòrts) que va grèvament afeblir lei Qing. En fòra dau movement Taiping, quatre autrei revòutas importantas se debanèron au sud e au centre de l'Empèri de [[1850]] a [[1874]]. La repression fuguèt fòrça malaisada e permetèt ais Europèus de renfòrçar sei posicions. [[File:Empèri Qing (sègle XIX).png|thumb|Empèri Qing e imperialismes europèus e japonés au sègle XIX.]] [[File:Looting of the Yuan Ming Yuan by Anglo French forces in 1860.jpg|thumb|right|Pilhatge dau Palais d'Estiu deis emperaires Qing per lei tropas francoanglesas en [[1860]].]] {{veire|Tractats inegaus}} D'efèct, en [[1854]], una doana imperiala — en fach dirigit per d'Europèus — fuguèt creada a Shangai. Puei, de [[1856]] a [[1858]], se debanèt la [[Segonda guèrra de l'òpi]] entre lei Qing e una aliança francobritanica. La guèrra s'acabèt per una desfacha chinesa e la signatura dau tractat de Tianjin que permetèt l'installacion de missions diplomaticas europèas a [[Pequin]], la dubertura de desenaus de pòrts chinés au comèrci internacionau e la circulacion liura dei marchands e dei missionaris au sen de l'Empèri. Aprofichant lei dificultats Qing, lei Rus impausèron una frontiera sus lo fluvi Amor entre lei dos empèris. A partir d'aquela desfacha, lei « tractats inegaus » se multipliquèron e la sobeiranetat chinesa fuguèt menaçada. Ansin, en [[1860]], una expedicion francobritanica novèla entraïnèt lo pilhatge dau Palais d'Estiu de l'emperaire après una temptativa chinesa de refusar d'aplicar lei condicions dau tractat de Tianjin. Totjorn en [[1860]], lei Rus annexèron divèrsei territòris au sud d'Amor fins a la frontiera nòrd de Corèa e lei Britanics obtenguèron una aumentacion dau territòri de Hong Kong. A partir de [[1861]], la Cort Imperiala assaièt de reagir e sota la direccion de l'imperatritz Cixi, un grop de reformators prepausèt divèrsei reformas. De mai, après lei succès de 1858 e 1860, leis Europèus èran lèsts a sostenir una dinastia capabla d'assegurar lo mantenement de sei privilègis comerciaus. Ansin, fins a 1874, l'autoritat imperiala fuguèt pauc a pauc restaurada e leis insureccions regionalas esquichadas. Pasmens, en causa de resisténcias intèrnas, compres au sen dau govèrn, lei reformas se limitèron finalament subretot a la modernizacion d'una partida de l'armada chinesa. Pasmens, aquela restauracion empachèt la contuniacion de la penetracion deis imperialismes dins l'Empèri. De [[1881]] a [[1885]], lo refús chinés d'acceptar lo protectorat francés sus [[Vietnam]] entraïnèt una guèrra novèla còntra França que s'acabèt per una desfacha novèla. Dins aquò, lo perilh principau per l'independéncia chinesa apareguèt quand Japon acabèt sa modernizacion començada après la [[Restauracion Meiji]] ([[1868]]-[[1869]]). Desirós de formar un empèri coloniau asiatic, l'Empèri Japonés ataquèt la peninsula coreana, protectorat Qing, en [[1894]] e la flòta chinesa fuguèt destrucha a [[Batalha de Weihai|Weihai]]. En [[1895]], China perdiguèt Corea e Formosa e deguèt pagar una indemnitat de guèrra importanta. Aquò entraïnèt l'interès dei poissanças europèas demoradas en arrier. Per exemple, en [[1896]], leis [[Alemanha|Alemands]] « demandèron » la cession d'un territòri maritim dins la baia de Jioazhou per 50 ans. França, Reiaume Unit e Russia aprofichèron tanben aqueleis exigéncias per aumentar sei possessions e concessions. {{veire|Reforma dei Cent Jorns}} {{veire|Revòuta dei Boxers}} En fàcia d'aqueleis umiliacions, la revirada dei reformators entraïnèt l'aparicion de movements pus radicaus. En [[1898]], l'emperaire Guangxu formèt un govèrn dirigit per un cap radicau. Fuguèt l'experiéncia dei Cent Jorns. Lo govèrn assaièt d'impausar divèrsei reformas radicalas per modernizar lo país sus lo modèl occidentau. Pasmens, l'oposicion de la populacion e dei reformators de la generacion precendentas, sostenguts per Cixi, causèt la revirada dei reformas e una aumentacion dau maucontentament de la populacion encara renfòrçat a la fin de l'annada per lo partiment de China en zònas d'influéncia. En [[1899]], acomencèt la [[Revòuta dei Boxers]] ([[1899]]-[[1901]]) còntra la preséncia estrangiera. Lei Qing assaièron d'encoratjar l'insureccion mai fuguèron rapidament obligats de se sometre après la conquista de la capitala per l'[[Aliança deis Uech Nacions]] ([[Japon]], [[Russia]], lo [[Reialme Unit|Reiaume Unit]], [[França]], leis [[Estats Units d'America|Estats Units]], [[Alemanha]], [[Itàlia]] e [[Àustria-Ongria]]) e participar a la repression. </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"></div><p id="mw-returnto">Tornar a la pagina <a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria_de_China" title="Istòria de China">Istòria de China</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Recuperada de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istòria_de_China">https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istòria_de_China</a> »</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy/fr">Politica de confidencialitat</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:Avertiments_generals">Avertiments</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Còdi de conducta</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Desvolopaires</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/oc.wikipedia.org">Estatisticas</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Declaracion suls cookies</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//oc.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ist%C3%B2ria_de_China&action=edit&section=10&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Afichatge mobil</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-694cf4987f-t9nfh","wgBackendResponseTime":220,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.004","walltime":"0.005","ppvisitednodes":{"value":17,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":767,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":0,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":2,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":0,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 0.000 1 -total"]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-694cf4987f-t9nfh","timestamp":"20241126085042","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>