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<div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Diet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_malabsorption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_malabsorption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Iron malabsorption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_malabsorption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pregnant_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pregnant_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Pregnant women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pregnant_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Children </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hepcidin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hepcidin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Hepcidin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hepcidin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Mechanism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Diagnosis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Diagnosis subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Blood_tests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blood_tests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Blood tests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood_tests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Screening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Screening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Screening </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Screening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Treatment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Epidemiology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Iron-deficiency anemia</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" > 41 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%82%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%85_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="فقر الدم الناجم عن عوز الحديد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فقر الدم الناجم عن عوز الحديد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%84%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%B5" title="Жалезадэфіцытнае малакроўе – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жалезадэфіцытнае малакроўе" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%84%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%B5" title="Жалезадэфіцытнае малакроўе – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Жалезадэфіцытнае малакроўе" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%A8mia_ferrop%C3%A8nica" title="Anèmia ferropènica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Anèmia ferropènica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenmangelan%C3%A4mie" title="Eisenmangelanämie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eisenmangelanämie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8D%DE%AD%DE%89%DE%A6%DE%8B%DE%AA%DE%88%DE%AA%DE%82%DE%B0_(%DE%8B%DE%A6%DE%8E%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%91%DE%AA_%DE%89%DE%A6%DE%8B%DE%AA%DE%88%DE%AA%DE%89%DE%AA%DE%82%DE%B0)" title="ލޭމަދުވުން (ދަގަނޑު މަދުވުމުން) – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ލޭމަދުވުން (ދަގަނޑު މަދުވުމުން)" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauavaegusaneemia" title="Rauavaegusaneemia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rauavaegusaneemia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Σιδηροπενική αναιμία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σιδηροπενική αναιμία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemia_por_deficiencia_de_hierro" title="Anemia por deficiencia de hierro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anemia por deficiencia de hierro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemia_ferropeniko" title="Anemia ferropeniko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Anemia ferropeniko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%82%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D9%87%D9%86" title="کم‌خونی فقر آهن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کم‌خونی فقر آهن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%A9mie_ferriprive" title="Anémie ferriprive – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anémie ferriprive" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%A0%EA%B2%B0%ED%95%8D%EC%84%B1_%EB%B9%88%ED%98%88" title="철결핍성 빈혈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="철결핍성 빈혈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A9_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Երկաթ պակասորդային սակավարյունություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երկաթ պակասորդային սակավարյունություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cr%E1%BB%8Ba_%E1%BB%A5k%E1%BB%8D_%E1%BB%8Dbara_na-enwegh%E1%BB%8B_ike_%E1%BB%8Bgba_%C3%ADgw%C3%A8" title="Ọrịa ụkọ ọbara na-enweghị ike ịgba ígwè – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ọrịa ụkọ ọbara na-enweghị ike ịgba ígwè" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemia_defisiensi_besi" title="Anemia defisiensi besi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Anemia defisiensi besi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemia_sideropenica" title="Anemia sideropenica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anemia sideropenica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%9C" title="אנמיה מחוסר ברזל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנמיה מחוסר ברזל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="რკინადეფიციტური ანემია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რკინადეფიციტური ანემია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Теміртапшылық анемия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Теміртапшылық анемия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemiya_k%C3%AAmhesiniy%C3%AA" title="Anemiya kêmhesiniyê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Anemiya kêmhesiniyê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%A8mia_%E1%B8%8Defisi%C3%A8nsi_bess%C3%A8" title="Anèmia ḍefisiènsi bessè – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Anèmia ḍefisiènsi bessè" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Железо-дефициентна анемија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Железо-дефициентна анемија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJzergebreksanemie" title="IJzergebreksanemie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="IJzergebreksanemie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%89%84%E6%AC%A0%E4%B9%8F%E6%80%A7%E8%B2%A7%E8%A1%80" title="鉄欠乏性貧血 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鉄欠乏性貧血" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jernmangelanemi" title="Jernmangelanemi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jernmangelanemi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%8C%E0%AC%B9-%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AC_%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A4_%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86" title="ଲୌହ-ଅଭାବ ଜନିତ ଆନିମିଆ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଲୌହ-ଅଭାବ ଜନିତ ଆନିମିଆ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemia_por_defici%C3%AAncia_de_ferro" title="Anemia por deficiência de ferro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anemia por deficiência de ferro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemie_feripriv%C4%83" title="Anemie feriprivă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anemie feriprivă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Железодефицитная анемия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Железодефицитная анемия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_deficiency_anemia" title="Iron deficiency anemia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Iron deficiency anemia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemija_zaradi_pomanjkanja_%C5%BEeleza" title="Anemija zaradi pomanjkanja železa – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Anemija zaradi pomanjkanja železa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%85%D8%AE%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%95%DA%BE%DB%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95" title="کەمخوێنی بەھۆی ئاسنەوە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کەمخوێنی بەھۆی ئاسنەوە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Reduced ability of the blood to carry oxygen due to a lack of iron</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Iron-deficiency anemia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Iron-deficiency anaemia, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">Fe</a>DA, Sideropenic Anemia</td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Redbloodcells.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Redbloodcells.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="144" data-file-height="166" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">Red blood cells</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hematology" title="Hematology">Hematology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatigue (medical)">Feeling tired</a>, weakness, <a href="/wiki/Dyspnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspnea">shortness of breath</a>, confusion, <a href="/wiki/Pallor" title="Pallor">pallor</a><a href="#cite_note-EBM2013-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">Complications</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">Heart failure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_arrhythmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart arrhythmia">arrhythmias</a>, frequent infections<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iron_deficiency" title="Iron deficiency">Iron deficiency</a><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Def-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Blood_tests" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood tests">Blood tests</a><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Diag-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data">Dietary changes, medications, surgery<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Def-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">Medication</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iron_supplements" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron supplements">Iron supplements</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blood_transfusion" title="Blood transfusion">blood transfusions</a><a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Tx-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">1.48 billion (2015)<a href="#cite_note-GBD2015Pre-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">54,200 (2015)<a href="#cite_note-GBD2015De-7">[7]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Iron-deficiency anemia is <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a> caused by a <a href="/wiki/Iron_deficiency" title="Iron deficiency">lack of iron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Def-3">[3]</a> Anemia is defined as a decrease in the number of <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</a> or the amount of <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Def-3">[3]</a> When onset is slow, symptoms are often vague such as <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatigue (medical)">feeling tired</a>, weak, <a href="/wiki/Dyspnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspnea">short of breath</a>, or having decreased ability to exercise.<a href="#cite_note-EBM2013-1">[1]</a> Anemia that comes on quickly often has more severe symptoms, including <a href="/wiki/Decreased_level_of_consciousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Decreased level of consciousness">confusion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presyncope" class="mw-redirect" title="Presyncope">feeling like one is going to pass out</a> or increased thirst.<a href="#cite_note-EBM2013-1">[1]</a> Anemia is typically significant before a person becomes noticeably <a href="/wiki/Pallor" title="Pallor">pale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EBM2013-1">[1]</a> Children with iron deficiency anemia may have problems with growth and development.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Def-3">[3]</a> There may be additional symptoms depending on the underlying cause.<a href="#cite_note-EBM2013-1">[1]</a> Iron-deficiency anemia is caused by <a href="/wiki/Blood_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood loss">blood loss</a>, insufficient dietary intake, or <a href="/wiki/Malabsorption" title="Malabsorption">poor absorption</a> of iron from food.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Def-3">[3]</a> Sources of blood loss can include heavy <a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">periods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uterine_fibroid" title="Uterine fibroid">uterine fibroids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stomach_ulcers" class="mw-redirect" title="Stomach ulcers">stomach ulcers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colon_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon cancer">colon cancer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hematuria" title="Hematuria">urinary tract bleeding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Ca-8">[8]</a> Poor absorption of iron from food may occur as a result of an intestinal disorder such as <a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_disease" title="Inflammatory bowel disease">inflammatory bowel disease</a> or <a href="/wiki/Celiac_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Celiac disease">celiac disease</a>, or surgery such as a <a href="/wiki/Gastric_bypass" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastric bypass">gastric bypass</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Ca-8">[8]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Developing_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing world">developing world</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_worm" title="Parasitic worm">parasitic worms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a> increase the risk of iron deficiency anemia.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Diagnosis is confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Blood_tests" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood tests">blood tests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Diag-4">[4]</a> Iron deficiency anemia can be prevented by eating a diet containing sufficient amounts of iron or by iron supplementation.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Foods high in iron include meat, nuts, and foods made with iron-fortified flour.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Treatment may include dietary changes, <a href="/wiki/Iron_supplement" title="Iron supplement">iron supplements</a>, and dealing with underlying causes, for example medical treatment for parasites or surgery for ulcers.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Def-3">[3]</a> Supplementation with <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a> may be recommended due to its potential to aid iron absorption.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Tx-5">[5]</a> Severe cases may be treated with <a href="/wiki/Blood_transfusions" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood transfusions">blood transfusions</a> or iron infusions.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Def-3">[3]</a> Iron-deficiency anemia affected about 1.48 billion people in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-GBD2015Pre-6">[6]</a> A lack of dietary iron is estimated to cause approximately half of all anemia cases globally.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Women and young children are most commonly affected.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Def-3">[3]</a> In 2015, anemia due to iron deficiency resulted in about 54,000 deaths – down from 213,000 deaths in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-GBD2015De-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron-deficiency_anemia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms">edit</a>]</div> Iron-deficiency anemia may be present without a person experiencing symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-:10-14">[14]</a> It tends to develop slowly; therefore the body has time to adapt, and the disease often goes unrecognized for some time.<a href="#cite_note-:5-15">[15]</a> If symptoms present, patients may present with the sign of <a href="/wiki/Pallor" title="Pallor">pallor</a> (reduced <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin#Oxyhemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">oxyhemoglobin</a> in skin or mucous membranes),<a href="#cite_note-:14-16">[16]</a> and the symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Fatigue" title="Fatigue">feeling tired</a>, weak, dizziness, <a href="/wiki/Lightheadedness" title="Lightheadedness">lightheadedness</a>, poor physical exertion, headaches, decreased ability to concentrate, cold hands and feet, cold sensitivity, increased thirst and confusion.<a href="#cite_note-:10-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-16">[16]</a> None of these symptoms (or any of the others below) are <a href="/wiki/Sensitivity_and_specificity" title="Sensitivity and specificity">sensitive or specific</a>. In severe cases, shortness of breath can occur.<a href="#cite_note-:9-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pica_(disorder)" title="Pica (disorder)">Pica</a> may also develop; of which consumption of ice, known as <a href="/wiki/Pagophagia" title="Pagophagia">pagophagia</a>, has been suggested to be the most specific for iron deficiency anemia.<a href="#cite_note-:5-15">[15]</a> Other possible symptoms and signs of iron-deficiency anemia include:<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Def-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-18">[18]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koilonychia_iron_deficiency_anemia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Koilonychia_iron_deficiency_anemia.jpg/220px-Koilonychia_iron_deficiency_anemia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Koilonychia_iron_deficiency_anemia.jpg/330px-Koilonychia_iron_deficiency_anemia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Koilonychia_iron_deficiency_anemia.jpg/440px-Koilonychia_iron_deficiency_anemia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2713" data-file-height="1694" /></a><figcaption>Koilonychia (spoon-shaped nails)</figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irritability" title="Irritability">Irritability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angina" title="Angina">Angina</a> (chest pain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palpitations" title="Palpitations">Palpitations</a> (feeling that the heart is skipping beats or fluttering)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breathlessness" class="mw-redirect" title="Breathlessness">Breathlessness</a></li> <li>Tingling, <a href="/wiki/Numbness" class="mw-redirect" title="Numbness">numbness</a>, or burning sensations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossitis" title="Glossitis">Glossitis</a> (inflammation or infection of the tongue)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angular_cheilitis" title="Angular cheilitis">Angular cheilitis</a> (inflammatory lesions at the mouth's corners)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koilonychia" title="Koilonychia">Koilonychia</a> (spoon-shaped nails) or nails that are brittle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorexia_(symptom)" title="Anorexia (symptom)">Poor appetite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysphagia" title="Dysphagia">Dysphagia</a> (difficulty swallowing) due to formation of <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_web" title="Esophageal web">esophageal webs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plummer%E2%80%93Vinson_syndrome" title="Plummer–Vinson syndrome">Plummer–Vinson syndrome</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periorbital_hyperpigmentation" title="Periorbital hyperpigmentation">Periorbital hyperpigmentation</a> (darkening of the skin around the eyes), the cause is unknown and assumed to be related to the iron-deficiency induced worse blood oxygenation and vitamin B12<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restless_legs_syndrome" title="Restless legs syndrome">Restless legs syndrome</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid17368978-20">[20]</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Child_development">Child development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron-deficiency_anemia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Child development">edit</a>]</div> Iron-deficiency anemia is associated with poor neurological development, including decreased learning ability and altered motor functions.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-22">[22]</a> This is because iron deficiency impacts the development of the cells of the brain called <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a>. When the body is low on iron, the <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</a> get priority on iron, and it is shifted away from the <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a> of the brain. Exact causation has not been established, but there is a possible long-term impact from these neurological issues.<a href="#cite_note-:6-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cause">Cause</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron-deficiency_anemia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cause">edit</a>]</div> A diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia requires further investigation into its cause.<a href="#cite_note-:3-23">[23]</a> It can be caused by increased iron demand, increased iron loss, or decreased iron intake.<a href="#cite_note-npsnews-24">[24]</a> Increased iron demand often occurs during periods of growth, such as in children and pregnant women.<a href="#cite_note-:13-25">[25]</a> For example, during stages of rapid growth, babies and adolescents may outpace their dietary intake of iron which can result in deficiency in the absence of disease or a grossly abnormal diet.<a href="#cite_note-npsnews-24">[24]</a> Iron loss is typically from blood loss.<a href="#cite_note-:13-25">[25]</a> One example of blood loss is by chronic <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_bleeding" title="Gastrointestinal bleeding">gastrointestinal blood loss</a>, which could be linked to a possible <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-23">[23]</a> In women of childbearing age, <a href="/wiki/Menorrhagia" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorrhagia">heavy menstrual periods</a> can be a source of blood loss causing iron-deficiency anemia.<a href="#cite_note-:3-23">[23]</a> People who do not consume much iron in their diet, such as vegans or vegetarians, are also at increased risk of developing iron deficiency anemia.<a href="#cite_note-:10-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parasitic_disease">Parasitic disease</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron-deficiency_anemia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Parasitic disease">edit</a>]</div> The leading cause of iron-deficiency anemia worldwide is a <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_disease" title="Parasitic disease">parasitic disease</a> known as a <a href="/wiki/Helminthiasis" title="Helminthiasis">helminthiasis</a> caused by infestation with parasitic worms (<a href="/wiki/Helminths" class="mw-redirect" title="Helminths">helminths</a>); specifically, <a href="/wiki/Hookworm" title="Hookworm">hookworms</a>. The hookworms most commonly responsible for causing iron-deficiency anemia include <a href="/wiki/Ancylostoma_duodenale" title="Ancylostoma duodenale">Ancylostoma duodenale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancylostoma_ceylanicum" title="Ancylostoma ceylanicum">Ancylostoma ceylanicum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Necator_americanus" title="Necator americanus">Necator americanus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-26">[26]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> estimates that approximately two billion people are infected with <a href="/wiki/Soil-transmitted_helminth" title="Soil-transmitted helminth">soil-transmitted helminths</a> worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Parasitic worms cause both inflammation and chronic blood loss by binding to a human's <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small-intestinal</a> <a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">mucosa</a>, and through their means of feeding and degradation, they can ultimately cause iron-deficiency anemia.<a href="#cite_note-:5-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blood_loss">Blood loss</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron-deficiency_anemia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Blood loss">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">Red blood cells</a> contain iron, so blood loss also leads to iron loss. There are several causes of blood loss, including menstrual bleeding, gastrointestinal bleeding, stomach ulcers, and bleeding disorders.<a href="#cite_note-Ganz_2016-28">[28]</a> The bleeding may occur quickly or slowly. Slow, chronic blood loss within the body – such as from a <a href="/wiki/Peptic_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Peptic ulcer">peptic ulcer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angiodysplasia" title="Angiodysplasia">angiodysplasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_disease" title="Inflammatory bowel disease">inflammatory bowel disease</a>, a colon polyp or gastrointestinal cancer (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Colon_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon cancer">colon cancer</a>) – can cause iron-deficiency anemia.<a href="#cite_note-Rockey-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Menstrual_bleeding">Menstrual bleeding</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron-deficiency_anemia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Menstrual bleeding">edit</a>]</div> Menstrual bleeding is a common cause of iron deficiency anemia in women of childbearing age.<a href="#cite_note-Ganz_2016-28">[28]</a> Women with <a href="/wiki/Menorrhagia" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorrhagia">menorrhagia</a> (heavy menstrual periods) are at risk of iron deficiency anemia because they are at higher than normal risk of losing more iron during menstruation than is replaced in their diet. Most women lose about 40 mL of blood per cycle. Some birth control methods, such as pills and <a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_device" title="Intrauterine device">IUDs</a>, may decrease the amount of blood and therefore iron lost during a menstrual cycle.<a href="#cite_note-Ganz_2016-28">[28]</a> Intermittent iron supplementation may be as effective a treatment in these cases as daily supplements and reduce some of the adverse effects of long-term daily supplements.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gastrointestinal_bleeding">Gastrointestinal bleeding</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron-deficiency_anemia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gastrointestinal bleeding">edit</a>]</div> The most common cause of iron deficiency anemia in men and <a href="/wiki/Post_menopausal" class="mw-redirect" title="Post menopausal">post-menopausal</a> women is gastrointestinal bleeding.<a href="#cite_note-Ganz_2016-28">[28]</a> There are many sources of gastrointestinal tract bleeding, including the stomach, <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small intestine</a>, and the large intestine (<a href="/wiki/Large_intestine" title="Large intestine">colon</a>). Gastrointestinal bleeding can result from regular use of some medications, such as <a href="/wiki/Non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs">non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">aspirin</a>), as well as <a href="/wiki/Antiplatelet" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiplatelet">antiplatelets</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Clopidogrel" title="Clopidogrel">clopidogrel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">anticoagulants</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Warfarin" title="Warfarin">warfarin</a>; however, these are required in some patients, especially those with states causing <a href="/wiki/Thrombophilia" title="Thrombophilia">a tendency to form blood clots</a>. <a href="/wiki/Colorectal_cancer" title="Colorectal cancer">Colon cancer</a>, which typically occurs in older individuals, is another potential cause of gastrointestinal bleeding.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In addition, some bleeding disorders, such as <a href="/wiki/Von_Willebrand_disease" title="Von Willebrand disease">von Willebrand disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polycythemia_vera" title="Polycythemia vera">polycythemia vera</a>, can cause gastrointestinal bleeding.<a href="#cite_note-Ganz_2016-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blood_donation">Blood donation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron-deficiency_anemia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Blood donation">edit</a>]</div> Frequent blood donors are also at risk for developing iron deficiency anemia.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Whole_blood_donation" class="mw-redirect" title="Whole blood donation">whole blood</a> is donated, approximately 200 mg of iron is lost from the body.<a href="#cite_note-Ganz_2016-28">[28]</a> The blood bank screens people for anemia before drawing blood for donation. If the patient has anemia, blood is not drawn.<a href="#cite_note-Ganz_2016-28">[28]</a> Less iron is lost if the person is donating <a href="/wiki/Platelet" title="Platelet">platelets</a> or <a href="/wiki/White_blood_cell" title="White blood cell">white blood cells</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ganz_2016-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron-deficiency_anemia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Diet">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Various_grains.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Various_grains.jpg/220px-Various_grains.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Various_grains.jpg/330px-Various_grains.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Various_grains.jpg/440px-Various_grains.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1825" /></a><figcaption>In many countries, wheat flour is fortified with iron.<a href="#cite_note-FFI-33">[33]</a></figcaption></figure> The body normally gets the iron it requires from food. If a person consumes too little iron, or iron that is poorly absorbed (non-heme iron), they can become iron deficient over time. Examples of iron-rich foods include meat, eggs, <a href="/wiki/Leafy_green_vegetables" class="mw-redirect" title="Leafy green vegetables">leafy green vegetables</a> and iron-fortified foods. For proper growth and development, infants and children need dietary iron.<a href="#cite_note-MayoClinic-34">[34]</a> For children, a high intake of cow's milk is associated with an increased risk of iron-deficiency anemia.<a href="#cite_note-Dec2014-35">[35]</a> Other risk factors include low meat intake and low intake of iron-fortified products.<a href="#cite_note-Dec2014-35">[35]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine" title="National Academy of Medicine">National Academy of Medicine</a> updated Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) in 2001. The current EAR for iron for women ages 14–18 is 7.9 mg/day, 8.1 for ages 19–50, and 5.0 thereafter (post menopause). For men the EAR is 6.0 mg/day for ages 19 and up. The RDA is 15.0 mg/day for women ages 15–18, 18.0 for 19–50, and 8.0 thereafter; for men, 8.0 mg/day for ages 19 and up. (Recommended Dietary Allowances are higher than Estimated Average Requirements so as to cover people with higher than average requirements.) The RDA for pregnancy is 27 mg/day, and during lactation, 9 mg/day. For children ages 1–3 years it is 7 mg/day, 10 for ages 4–8 and 8 for ages 9–13.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Food_Safety_Authority" title="European Food Safety Authority">European Food Safety Authority</a> refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values, with Population Reference Intakes instead of RDAs, and Average Requirements instead of EARs. For women the Population Reference Intake is 13 mg/day ages 15–17 years, 16 mg/day for women ages 18 and up who are premenopausal, and 11 mg/day postmenopausal; for pregnancy and lactation, 16 mg/day. For men the Population Reference Intake is 11 mg/day ages 15 and older. For children ages 1 to 14 the Population Reference Intake increases from 7 to 11 mg/day. The Population Reference Intakes are higher than the US RDAs, with the exception of pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_malabsorption">Iron malabsorption</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron-deficiency_anemia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Iron malabsorption">edit</a>]</div> Iron from food is absorbed into the bloodstream in the small intestine, primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Iron <a href="/wiki/Malabsorption" title="Malabsorption">malabsorption</a> is a less common cause of iron-deficiency anemia, but many gastrointestinal disorders can reduce the body's ability to absorb iron.<a href="#cite_note-:0-39">[39]</a> There are different mechanisms that may be present. In <a href="/wiki/Coeliac_disease" title="Coeliac disease">coeliac disease</a>, abnormal changes in the structure of the duodenum can decrease iron absorption.<a href="#cite_note-:1-40">[40]</a> Abnormalities or <a href="/wiki/Gastrectomy" title="Gastrectomy">surgical removal of the stomach</a> can also lead to malabsorption by altering the acidic environment needed for iron to be converted into its absorbable form.<a href="#cite_note-:0-39">[39]</a> If there is insufficient production of <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> in the stomach, hypochlorhydria/<a href="/wiki/Achlorhydria" title="Achlorhydria">achlorhydria</a> can occur (often due to chronic <a href="/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori" title="Helicobacter pylori">H. pylori</a> infections or long-term <a href="/wiki/Proton-pump_inhibitor" title="Proton-pump inhibitor">proton-pump inhibitor</a> therapy), inhibiting the conversion of ferric iron to the absorbable ferrous iron.<a href="#cite_note-:1-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bariatric_surgery" title="Bariatric surgery">Bariatric surgery</a> is associated with an increased risk of iron deficiency anemia due to malabsorption of iron.<a href="#cite_note-Camaschella-41">[41]</a> During a <a href="/wiki/Gastric_bypass_surgery#Variations" title="Gastric bypass surgery">Roux-en-Y anastamosis</a>, which is commonly performed for weight management and diabetes control, the stomach is made into a small pouch and this is connected directly to the small intestines further downstream (bypassing the duodenum as a site of digestion). About 17–45% of people develop iron deficiency after a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pregnant_women">Pregnant women</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron-deficiency_anemia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pregnant women">edit</a>]</div> Without iron supplementation, iron-deficiency anemia occurs in many pregnant women because their iron stores need to serve their own increased blood volume and be a source of hemoglobin for the growing baby and placental development.<a href="#cite_note-MayoClinic-34">[34]</a> Other less common causes are intravascular <a href="/wiki/Hemolysis" title="Hemolysis">hemolysis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobinuria" title="Hemoglobinuria">hemoglobinuria</a>. Iron deficiency in pregnancy appears to cause long-term and irreversible cognitive problems in the baby.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Iron deficiency affects maternal well-being by increasing risks for infections and complications during pregnancy.<a href="#cite_note-:16-44">[44]</a> Some of these complications include <a href="/wiki/Pre-eclampsia" title="Pre-eclampsia">pre-eclampsia</a>, bleeding problems, and perinatal infections.<a href="#cite_note-:16-44">[44]</a> Iron deficiency can lead to improper development of fetal tissues.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Oral iron supplementation during the early stages of pregnancy, specifically the first trimester, is suggested to decrease the adverse effects of iron-deficiency anemia throughout pregnancy and to decrease the negative impact that iron deficiency has on fetal growth.<a href="#cite_note-:16-44">[44]</a> Iron supplements may lead to a risk for gestational diabetes, so pregnant women with adequate hemoglobin levels are recommended not to take iron supplements.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Iron deficiency can lead to premature labor and to problems with neural functioning, including delays in language and motor development in the infant.<a href="#cite_note-:16-44">[44]</a> Some studies show that women pregnant during their teenage years can be at greater risk of iron-deficiency anemia due to an already increased need for iron and other nutrients during adolescent growth spurts.<a href="#cite_note-:16-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children">Children</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron-deficiency_anemia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Children">edit</a>]</div> Babies are at increased risk of developing iron deficiency anemia due to their rapid growth.<a href="#cite_note-:13-25">[25]</a> Their need for iron is greater than they are getting in their diet.<a href="#cite_note-:13-25">[25]</a> Babies are born with iron stores; however, these iron stores typically run out by 4–6 months of age. In addition, infants who are given cow's milk too early can develop anemia due to gastrointestinal blood loss.<a href="#cite_note-:13-25">[25]</a> Children who are at risk for iron-deficiency anemia include:<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <ul><li>Preterm infants</li> <li>Low birth weight infants</li> <li>Infants fed with cow's milk under 12 months of age</li> <li>Breastfed infants who have not received iron supplementation after age 6 months, or those receiving non-iron-fortified formulas</li> <li>Children between the ages of 1 and 5 years old who receive more than 24 ounces (700 mL) of cow milk per day</li> <li>Children with low socioeconomic status</li> <li>Children with special health care needs</li> <li>Children of Hispanic ethnicity<a href="#cite_note-:11-48">[48]</a></li> <li>Children who are overweight<a href="#cite_note-:11-48">[48]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hepcidin">Hepcidin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron-deficiency_anemia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hepcidin">edit</a>]</div> Decreased levels of serum and urine <a href="/wiki/Hepcidin" title="Hepcidin">hepcidin</a> are early indicators of iron deficiency.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Hepcidin concentrations are also connected to the complex relationship between malaria and iron deficiency.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism">Mechanism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron-deficiency_anemia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mechanism">edit</a>]</div> Anemia can result from significant <a href="/wiki/Iron_deficiency" title="Iron deficiency">iron deficiency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-39">[39]</a> When the body has sufficient iron to meet its needs (functional iron), the remainder is stored for later use in cells, mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">bone marrow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-39">[39]</a> These stores are called <a href="/wiki/Ferritin" title="Ferritin">ferritin</a> complexes and are part of the <a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">human</a> (and other animals) iron metabolism systems. Men store about 3.5 g of iron in their body, and women store about 2.5 g.<a href="#cite_note-:10-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hepcidin" title="Hepcidin">Hepcidin</a> is a peptide hormone produced in the liver that is responsible for regulating iron levels in the body. Hepcidin decreases the amount of iron available for erythropoesis (red blood cell production).<a href="#cite_note-Camaschella-41">[41]</a> Hepcidin binds to and induces the degradation of <a href="/wiki/Ferroportin" title="Ferroportin">ferroportin</a>, which is responsible for exporting iron from cells and mobilizing it to the bloodstream.<a href="#cite_note-Camaschella-41">[41]</a> Conditions such as high levels of erythropoesis, iron deficiency and tissue hypoxia inhibit hepcidin expression.<a href="#cite_note-Camaschella-41">[41]</a> Whereas systemic infection or inflammation (especially involving the cytokine IL-6) or increased circulating iron levels stimulate hepcidin expression.<a href="#cite_note-Camaschella-41">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> is a mineral that is important in the formation of <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</a> in the body, particularly as a critical component of <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-23">[23]</a> About 70% of the iron found in the body is bound to hemoglobin.<a href="#cite_note-:10-14">[14]</a> Iron is primarily absorbed in the small intestine, in particular the duodenum and jejunum. Certain factors increase or decrease absorption of iron. For example, taking Vitamin C with a source of iron is known to increase absorption. Some medications such as tetracyclines and antacids can decrease absorption of iron.<a href="#cite_note-:10-14">[14]</a> After being absorbed in the <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small intestine</a>, iron travels through blood, bound to <a href="/wiki/Transferrin" title="Transferrin">transferrin</a>, and eventually ends up in the <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">bone marrow</a>, where it is involved in <a href="/wiki/Erythropoiesis" title="Erythropoiesis">red blood cell formation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-23">[23]</a> When red blood cells are degraded, the iron is recycled by the body and stored.<a href="#cite_note-:3-23">[23]</a> When the amount of iron needed by the body exceeds the amount of iron that is readily available, the body can use iron stores (<a href="/wiki/Ferritin" title="Ferritin">ferritin</a>) for a period of time, and <a href="/wiki/Erythropoiesis" title="Erythropoiesis">red blood cell formation</a> continues normally.<a href="#cite_note-:0-39">[39]</a> However, as these stores continue to be used, iron is eventually depleted to the point that red blood cell formation is abnormal.<a href="#cite_note-:0-39">[39]</a> Ultimately, anemia ensues, which by definition is a <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> lab value below normal limits.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Def-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron-deficiency_anemia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Diagnosis">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AnemiaFrote.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/AnemiaFrote.jpg/220px-AnemiaFrote.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/AnemiaFrote.jpg/330px-AnemiaFrote.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/AnemiaFrote.jpg/440px-AnemiaFrote.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Blood smear of a person with iron-deficiency anemia at 40X enhancement</figcaption></figure> Conventionally, a definitive diagnosis requires a demonstration of depleted body iron stores obtained by <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow_aspiration" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone marrow aspiration">bone marrow aspiration</a>, with the marrow stained for iron.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> However, with the availability of reliable blood tests that can be more readily collected for iron-deficiency anemia diagnosis, a bone marrow aspiration is usually not obtained.<a href="#cite_note-:7-53">[53]</a> Furthermore, a study published in April 2009 questions the value of stainable bone marrow iron following <a href="/wiki/Parenteral_iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Parenteral iron">parenteral iron</a> therapy.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Once iron deficiency anemia is confirmed, gastrointestinal blood loss is presumed to be the cause until proven otherwise since it can be caused by an otherwise asymptomatic <a href="/wiki/Colon_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon cancer">colon cancer</a>. The initial evaluation must include <a href="/wiki/Esophagogastroduodenoscopy" title="Esophagogastroduodenoscopy">esophagogastroduodenoscopy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colonoscopy" title="Colonoscopy">colonoscopy</a> to evaluate for cancer or bleeding of the gastrointestinal tract.<a href="#cite_note-Rockey-29">[29]</a> A thorough medical history is important to the diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia. The history can help to differentiate common causes of the condition such as menstruation in women or blood in the stool.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> A travel history to areas in which hookworms and whipworms are endemic may also help guide certain stool tests for parasites or their eggs.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Although symptoms can play a role in identifying iron-deficiency anemia, they are often vague, which may limit their contribution to determining the diagnosis.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blood_tests">Blood tests</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron-deficiency_anemia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Blood tests">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Change in lab values in iron deficiency anemia </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Change </th> <th>Parameter </th></tr> <tr> <td>↓ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ferritin" title="Ferritin">ferritin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mean_corpuscular_volume" title="Mean corpuscular volume">mean corpuscular volume</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mean_corpuscular_hemoglobin" title="Mean corpuscular hemoglobin">mean corpuscular hemoglobin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>↑ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Total_iron-binding_capacity" title="Total iron-binding capacity">total iron-binding capacity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transferrin" title="Transferrin">transferrin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell_distribution_width" title="Red blood cell distribution width">red blood cell distribution width</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Anemia is often discovered by routine blood tests. A sufficiently low <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> by definition makes the diagnosis of anemia, and a low <a href="/wiki/Hematocrit" title="Hematocrit">hematocrit</a> value is also characteristic of anemia. Further studies will be undertaken to determine the anemia's cause. If the anemia is due to iron deficiency, one of the first abnormal values to be noted on a complete blood count, as the body's iron stores begin to be depleted, will be a high <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell_distribution_width" title="Red blood cell distribution width">red blood cell distribution width</a>, reflecting an increased variability in the size of <a href="/wiki/Erythrocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Erythrocytes">red blood cells</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-23">[23]</a> A low <a href="/wiki/Mean_corpuscular_volume" title="Mean corpuscular volume">mean corpuscular volume</a> also appears during the course of body iron depletion. It indicates a high number of abnormally small red blood cells. A low mean corpuscular volume, a low <a href="/wiki/Mean_corpuscular_hemoglobin" title="Mean corpuscular hemoglobin">mean corpuscular hemoglobin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mean_corpuscular_hemoglobin_concentration" title="Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration">mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration</a>, and the corresponding appearance of red blood cells on visual examination of a <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_blood_smear" class="mw-redirect" title="Peripheral blood smear">peripheral blood smear</a> narrows the problem to a <a href="/wiki/Microcytic_anemia" title="Microcytic anemia">microcytic anemia</a> (literally, a small red blood cell anemia).<a href="#cite_note-:5-15">[15]</a> The blood smear of a person with iron-deficiency anemia shows many <a href="/wiki/Hypochromic_anemia" title="Hypochromic anemia">hypochromic</a> (pale, relatively colorless) and small red blood cells, and may also show <a href="/wiki/Poikilocytosis" title="Poikilocytosis">poikilocytosis</a> (variation in shape) and <a href="/wiki/Anisocytosis" title="Anisocytosis">anisocytosis</a> (variation in size).<a href="#cite_note-:5-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-53">[53]</a> With more severe iron-deficiency anemia, the peripheral blood smear may show hypochromic, pencil-shaped cells and, occasionally, small numbers of nucleated red blood cells.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The platelet count may be slightly above the high limit of normal in iron-deficiency anemia (termed a mild <a href="/wiki/Thrombocytosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrombocytosis">thrombocytosis</a>), but severe cases can present with <a href="/wiki/Thrombocytopenia" title="Thrombocytopenia">thrombocytopenia</a> (low platelet count).<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Iron-deficiency anemia is confirmed by tests that include <a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">serum</a> <a href="/wiki/Ferritin" title="Ferritin">ferritin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serum_iron" title="Serum iron">serum iron</a> level, serum <a href="/wiki/Transferrin" title="Transferrin">transferrin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Total_iron_binding_capacity" class="mw-redirect" title="Total iron binding capacity">total iron binding capacity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> A low serum ferritin is most commonly found. However, serum ferritin can be elevated by any type of chronic inflammation and thus is not consistently decreased in iron-deficiency anemia.<a href="#cite_note-:3-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Serum_iron" title="Serum iron">Serum iron</a> levels may be measured, but serum iron concentration is not as reliable as the measurement of both serum iron and <a href="/wiki/Total_iron-binding_capacity" title="Total iron-binding capacity">serum iron-binding protein levels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-18">[18]</a> The percentage of <a href="/wiki/Iron_saturation" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron saturation">iron saturation</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Transferrin_saturation" title="Transferrin saturation">transferrin saturation</a> index or percent) can be measured by dividing the level of serum iron by total iron binding capacity and is a value that can help to confirm the diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia; however, other conditions must also be considered, including other types of <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-18">[18]</a> Another finding that can be used is the level of red blood cell distribution width.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> During haemoglobin synthesis, trace amounts of zinc will be incorporated into protoporphyrin in the place of iron which is lacking. Protoporphyrin can be separated from its zinc moiety and measured as free erythrocyte protoporphyrin, providing an indirect measurement of the zinc-protoporphyrin complex. The level of free erythrocyte protoporphyrin is expressed in either μg/dl of whole blood or μg/dl of red blood cells. An iron insufficiency in the bone marrow can be detected very early by a rise in free erythrocyte protoporphyrin.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Further testing may be necessary to differentiate iron-deficiency anemia from other disorders, such as <a href="/wiki/Thalassemia_minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Thalassemia minor">thalassemia minor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> It is very important not to treat people with thalassemia with an iron supplement, as this can lead to <a href="/wiki/Hemochromatosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemochromatosis">hemochromatosis</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin_electrophoresis" title="Hemoglobin electrophoresis">hemoglobin electrophoresis</a> provides useful evidence for distinguishing these two conditions, along with iron studies.<a href="#cite_note-:4-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Screening">Screening</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron-deficiency_anemia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Screening">edit</a>]</div> It is unclear if screening pregnant women for iron-deficiency anemia during pregnancy improves outcomes in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The same holds true for screening children who are 6 to 24 months old.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Even so, screening is a <a href="/wiki/Level_B_recommendation" class="mw-redirect" title="Level B recommendation">Level B recommendation</a> suggested by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Preventive_Services_Task_Force" title="United States Preventive Services Task Force">US Preventative Services Task Force</a> in pregnant women without symptoms and in infants considered high risk. Screening is done with either a <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hematocrit" title="Hematocrit">hematocrit</a> lab test.<a href="#cite_note-:11-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron-deficiency_anemia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Treatment">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Iron_deficiency" title="Iron deficiency">Iron deficiency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucky_iron_fish" title="Lucky iron fish">Lucky iron fish</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ascorbic-acid-from-xtal-1997-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ascorbic-acid-from-xtal-1997-3D-balls.png/150px-Ascorbic-acid-from-xtal-1997-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ascorbic-acid-from-xtal-1997-3D-balls.png/225px-Ascorbic-acid-from-xtal-1997-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Ascorbic-acid-from-xtal-1997-3D-balls.png/300px-Ascorbic-acid-from-xtal-1997-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="862" /></a><figcaption>Ascorbic acid</figcaption></figure> Treatment should take into account the cause and severity of the condition.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Tx-5">[5]</a> If the iron-deficiency anemia is a result of blood loss or another underlying cause, treatment is geared toward addressing the underlying cause.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Tx-5">[5]</a> Most cases of iron deficiency anemia are treated with oral iron supplements.<a href="#cite_note-:12-65">[65]</a> In severe acute cases, treatment measures are taken for immediate management in the interim, such as blood transfusions or <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous iron">intravenous iron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Tx-5">[5]</a> For less severe cases, treatment of iron-deficiency anemia includes dietary changes to incorporate iron-rich foods into regular oral intake and oral iron supplementation.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Tx-5">[5]</a> Foods rich in <a href="/wiki/Ascorbic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascorbic acid">ascorbic acid</a> (vitamin C) can also be beneficial, since <a href="/wiki/Ascorbic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascorbic acid">ascorbic acid</a> enhances iron absorption.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Tx-5">[5]</a> Oral iron supplements are available in multiple forms. Some are in the form of pills and some are drops for children.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Tx-5">[5]</a> Most forms of oral iron replacement therapy are absorbed well by the <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small intestine</a>; however, there are certain preparations of iron supplements that are designed for <a href="/wiki/Extended_release" class="mw-redirect" title="Extended release">longer release</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small intestine</a> than other preparations.<a href="#cite_note-:12-65">[65]</a> Oral iron supplements are best taken up by the body on an empty stomach because food can decrease the amount of iron absorbed from the <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small intestine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:12-65">[65]</a> The dosing of oral iron replacement therapy is as much as 100–200 mg per day in adults and 3–6 mg per kilogram in children.<a href="#cite_note-Camaschella-41">[41]</a> This is generally spread out as 3–4 pills taken throughout the day.<a href="#cite_note-:12-65">[65]</a> The various forms of treatment are not without possible adverse side effects. <a href="/wiki/Iron_supplement" title="Iron supplement">Iron supplementation</a> by mouth commonly causes negative gastrointestinal effects, including <a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">constipation</a>, nausea, vomiting, metallic taste to the oral iron and dark colored stools.<a href="#cite_note-:2-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Camaschella-41">[41]</a> Constipation is reported by 15–20% of patients taking oral iron therapy.<a href="#cite_note-:12-65">[65]</a> Preparations of iron therapy that take longer to be absorbed by the small intestine (<a href="/wiki/Extended_release" class="mw-redirect" title="Extended release">extended release</a> iron therapy) are less likely to cause constipation.<a href="#cite_note-:12-65">[65]</a> It can take six months to one year to get blood levels of iron up to a normal range and provide the body with iron stores.<a href="#cite_note-:12-65">[65]</a> Oral iron replacement may not be effective in cases of iron deficiency due to malabsorption, such as <a href="/wiki/Celiac_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Celiac disease">celiac disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_disease" title="Inflammatory bowel disease">inflammatory bowel disease</a>, or <a href="/wiki/H._pylori" class="mw-redirect" title="H. pylori">H. pylori</a> infection; these cases would require treatment of the underlying disease to increase oral absorption or intravenous iron replacement.<a href="#cite_note-Camaschella-41">[41]</a> As iron-deficiency anemia becomes more severe, if the anemia does not respond to oral treatments, or if the treated person does not tolerate oral iron supplementation, then other measures may become necessary.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014Tx-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-66">[66]</a> Two options are intravenous iron injections and blood transfusion.<a href="#cite_note-:12-65">[65]</a> Intravenous can be for people who do not tolerate oral iron, who are unlikely to respond to oral iron, or who require iron on a long-term basis.<a href="#cite_note-:12-65">[65]</a> For example, people receiving <a href="/wiki/Kidney_dialysis" title="Kidney dialysis">dialysis</a> treatment who are also getting <a href="/wiki/Erythropoietin" title="Erythropoietin">erythropoietin</a> or another <a href="/wiki/Erythropoiesis-stimulating_agent" title="Erythropoiesis-stimulating agent">erythropoiesis-stimulating agent</a> are given parenteral iron, which helps the body respond to the <a href="/wiki/Erythropoietin" title="Erythropoietin">erythropoietin</a> agents to produce red blood cells.<a href="#cite_note-:2-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Camaschella-41">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous iron">Intravenous iron</a> can induce an allergic response that can be as serious as <a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">anaphylaxis</a>, although different <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_formulation" title="Pharmaceutical formulation">formulations</a> have decreased the likelihood of this adverse effect.<a href="#cite_note-:2-66">[66]</a> In certain cases intravenous iron is both safer and more effective than the oral route.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> For patients with severe anemia such as from blood loss, or who have severe symptoms such as cardiovascular instability, a <a href="/wiki/Blood_transfusion" title="Blood transfusion">blood transfusion</a> may be considered.<a href="#cite_note-:12-65">[65]</a> Low-certainty evidence suggests that IBD-related anemia treatment with <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_iron_infusion" title="Intravenous iron infusion">Intravenous (IV) iron infusion</a> may be more effective than <a href="/wiki/Oral_iron" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral iron">oral iron therapy</a>, with fewer people needing to stop treatment early due to adverse effects. <a href="#cite_note-:02-69">[69]</a> The type of iron preparation may be an important determinant of clinical benefit. Moderate-certainty evidence suggests response to treatment may be higher when IV <a href="/wiki/Ferric_carboxymaltose" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferric carboxymaltose">ferric carboxymaltose</a>, rather than IV <a href="/wiki/Iron_sucrose" title="Iron sucrose">iron sucrose</a> preparation is used, despite very-low certainty evidence of increased adverse effects, including bleeding, in those receiving ferric carboxymaltose treatment. <a href="#cite_note-:02-69">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ferric_maltol" title="Ferric maltol">Ferric maltol</a>, marketed as Accrufer and Ferracru, is available in oral and IV preparations. When used as a treatment for IBD-related anemia, very low certainty evidence suggests a marked benefit with oral ferric maltol compared with placebo. However it was unclear whether the IV preparation was more effective than oral ferric maltol. <a href="#cite_note-:03-70">[70]</a> A Cochrane review of controlled trials comparing <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_iron_infusion" title="Intravenous iron infusion">intravenous (IV) iron therapy</a> with <a href="/wiki/Iron_supplement" title="Iron supplement">oral iron</a> supplements in people with <a href="/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease" title="Chronic kidney disease">chronic kidney disease</a>, found low-certainty evidence that people receiving IV-iron treatment were 1.71 times as likely to reach their target <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> levels.<a href="#cite_note-:15-71">[71]</a> Overall, hemoglobin was 0.71g/dl higher than those treated with oral iron supplements. Iron stores in the liver, estimated by serum <a href="/wiki/Ferritin" title="Ferritin">ferritin</a>, were also 224.84 μg/L higher in those receiving IV-iron.<a href="#cite_note-:15-71">[71]</a> However there was also low-certainty evidence that allergic reactions were more likely following IV-iron therapy. It was unclear whether type of iron therapy administration affects the risk of death from any cause, including cardiovascular, nor whether it may alter the number of people who may require a blood transfusion or dialysis.<a href="#cite_note-:15-71">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ferric_derisomaltose" title="Ferric derisomaltose">Ferric derisomaltose</a> (Monoferric) was approved in the United States in January 2020, for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Monoferric_FDA_label-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron-deficiency_anemia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Epidemiology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron-deficiency_anaemia_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Iron-deficiency_anaemia_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/290px-Iron-deficiency_anaemia_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Iron-deficiency_anaemia_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/435px-Iron-deficiency_anaemia_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Iron-deficiency_anaemia_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg/580px-Iron-deficiency_anaemia_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Deaths due to iron-deficiency anaemia per million persons in 2012: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 10em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  No data</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  0</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  1</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  2–3</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  4–5</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  6–8</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  9–12</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  13–19</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  20–30</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  31–74</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  75-381</div></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron-deficiency_anaemia_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Iron-deficiency_anaemia_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/290px-Iron-deficiency_anaemia_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Iron-deficiency_anaemia_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/435px-Iron-deficiency_anaemia_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Iron-deficiency_anaemia_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg/580px-Iron-deficiency_anaemia_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Disability-adjusted_life_year" title="Disability-adjusted life year">Disability-adjusted life year</a> for iron-deficiency anemia per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004:<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 10em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  No data</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Less than 50</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  50–100</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  100–150</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  150–200</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  200–250</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  250–300</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  300–350</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  350–400</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  400–450</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  450–500</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  500–1000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  More than 1000</div> </div></figcaption></figure> A moderate degree of iron-deficiency anemia affects approximately 610 million people worldwide or 8.8% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-LancetEpi2012-75">[75]</a> It is slightly more common in females (9.9%) than males (7.8%).<a href="#cite_note-LancetEpi2012-75">[75]</a> Up to 15% of children ages 1–3 years have iron deficiency anemia.<a href="#cite_note-:11-48">[48]</a> Mild iron deficiency anemia affects another 375 million.<a href="#cite_note-LancetEpi2012-75">[75]</a> Iron deficiency affects up to 52% of pregnant women worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-:16-44">[44]</a> The prevalence of iron deficiency as a cause of anemia varies among countries; in the groups in which anemia is most common, including young children and a subset of non-pregnant women, iron deficiency accounts for a fraction of anemia cases in these groups (25% and 37%, respectively).<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Iron deficiency is common in pregnant women.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Within the United States, iron-deficiency anemia affects about 2% of adult males, 10.5% of White women, and 20% of African-American and Mexican-American women.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> A new study in 2024 suggests that nearly 1 in 3 Americans may have undiagnosed iron deficiency, which can cause fatigue, brain fog, and concentration problems. The analysis of data from over 8,000 U.S. adults found that 14% had low iron levels, known as absolute iron deficiency, while 15% had normal iron levels but their bodies couldn’t effectively use the mineral, a condition called functional iron deficiency.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> A map provides a country-by-country listing of what nutrients are fortified into specified foods. Some of the Sub-Saharan countries shown in the deaths from iron-deficiency anemia map from 2012 are as of 2018 fortifying foods with iron.<a href="#cite_note-FFI-33">[33]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron-deficiency_anemia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EBM2013-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EBM2013_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBM2013_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBM2013_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBM2013_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBM2013_1-4">e</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJanzJohnsonRubenstein2013" class="citation journal cs1">Janz TG, Johnson RL, Rubenstein SD (November 2013). 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American Family Physician. 75 (5): 671–8. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17375513">17375513</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160311012646/http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/0301/p671.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Family+Physician&rft.atitle=Iron+deficiency+anemia&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=671-8&rft.date=2007-03&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17375513&rft.aulast=Killip&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Bennett%2C+JM&rft.au=Chambers%2C+MD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aafp.org%2Fafp%2F2007%2F0301%2Fp671.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIron-deficiency+anemia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTawfikBillingsleyBhattAboelsaad2024" class="citation journal cs1">Tawfik YM, Billingsley H, Bhatt AS, Aboelsaad I, Al-Khezi OS, Lutsey PL, Buckley LF (2024-09-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/article-abstract/2823909?&utm_source=BulletinHealthCare&utm_medium=email&utm_term=092524&utm_content=NON-MEMBER&utm_campaign=article_alert-morning_rounds_daily&utm_uid=5590102&utm_effort=DAMR01#google_vignette">"Absolute and Functional Iron Deficiency in the US, 2017-2020"</a>. JAMA Network Open. 7 (9): e2433126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjamanetworkopen.2024.33126">10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.33126</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2574-3805">2574-3805</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11423176">11423176</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39316402">39316402</a>.</cite><span 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class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron-deficiency_anemia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954674" class="extiw" title="d:Q954674">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">11</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1577750667">3A00</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/D50">D50</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=280">280</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D018798">D018798</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb6947.htm">6947</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000584.htm">000584</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/med/1188-overview">med/1188</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004090137/http://www.irontherapy.org/iron-essentials/importance-iron">The Importance of Iron</a> – From IronTherapy.Org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ironatlas.com/en.html/">Interactive material on Iron Metabolism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160529182654/http://www.ironatlas.com/en.html">Archived</a> 2016-05-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – From IronAtlas.com</li> <li>Approach to chronic anemia : <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ashpublications.org/hematology/article/2012/1/183/83845/How-to-approach-chronic-anemia">https://ashpublications.org/hematology/article/2012/1/183/83845/How-to-approach-chronic-anemia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080917200428/http://www.anemia.org/patients/information-handouts/iron-deficiency/">Handout: Iron Deficiency Anemia</a> – From the National Anemia Action Council</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.org.au/health_professionals/publications/nps_news/current/iron_anaemia">NPS News 70: Iron deficiency anaemia: NPS – Better choices, Better health</a> – From the National Prescribing Service</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diseases_of_red_blood_cells" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Polycythemia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polycythemia" title="Polycythemia">Polycythemia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polycythemia_vera" title="Polycythemia vera">Polycythemia vera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">↓</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Anemia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">Anemia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_anemia" title="Nutritional anemia">Nutritional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microcytic_anemia" title="Microcytic anemia">Micro-</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iron-deficiency anemia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plummer%E2%80%93Vinson_syndrome" title="Plummer–Vinson syndrome">Plummer–Vinson syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macrocytic_anemia" title="Macrocytic anemia">Macro-</a>: <a href="/wiki/Megaloblastic_anemia" title="Megaloblastic anemia">Megaloblastic anemia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pernicious_anemia" title="Pernicious anemia">Pernicious anemia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemolytic_anemia" title="Hemolytic anemia">Hemolytic</a> (mostly <a href="/wiki/Normocytic_anemia" title="Normocytic anemia">normo-</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Congenital_hemolytic_anemia" title="Congenital hemolytic anemia">Hereditary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enzymopathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzymopathy">enzymopathy</a>: <a href="/wiki/Glucose-6-phosphate_dehydrogenase_deficiency" title="Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency">Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycolysis" title="Glycolysis">glycolysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyruvate_kinase_deficiency" title="Pyruvate kinase deficiency">pyruvate kinase deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triosephosphate_isomerase_deficiency" title="Triosephosphate isomerase deficiency">triosephosphate isomerase deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexokinase_deficiency" title="Hexokinase deficiency">hexokinase deficiency</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemoglobinopathy" title="Hemoglobinopathy">hemoglobinopathy</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thalassemia" title="Thalassemia">Thalassemia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-thalassemia" title="Alpha-thalassemia">alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_thalassemia" title="Beta thalassemia">beta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta-thalassemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta-thalassemia">delta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickle_cell_disease" title="Sickle cell disease">Sickle cell disease</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sickle_cell_trait" title="Sickle cell trait">trait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin_C_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemoglobin C disease">Hemoglobin C disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell#Membranes_and_surface_proteins" title="Red blood cell">membrane</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_spherocytosis" title="Hereditary spherocytosis">Hereditary spherocytosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minkowski%E2%80%93Chauffard_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Minkowski–Chauffard syndrome">Minkowski–Chauffard syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_elliptocytosis" title="Hereditary elliptocytosis">Hereditary elliptocytosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_ovalocytosis" title="Southeast Asian ovalocytosis">Southeast Asian ovalocytosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_stomatocytosis" title="Hereditary stomatocytosis">Hereditary stomatocytosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acquired_hemolytic_anemia" title="Acquired hemolytic anemia">Acquired</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="AIHA" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_hemolytic_anemia" title="Autoimmune hemolytic anemia">AIHA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warm_antibody_autoimmune_hemolytic_anemia" title="Warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia">Warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_agglutinin_disease" title="Cold agglutinin disease">Cold agglutinin disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donath%E2%80%93Landsteiner_hemolytic_anemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Donath–Landsteiner hemolytic anemia">Donath–Landsteiner hemolytic anemia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paroxysmal_cold_hemoglobinuria" title="Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria">Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_autoimmune_hemolytic_anemia" title="Mixed autoimmune hemolytic anemia">Mixed autoimmune hemolytic anemia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell#Membranes_and_surface_proteins" title="Red blood cell">membrane</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paroxysmal_nocturnal_hemoglobinuria" title="Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria">paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microangiopathic_hemolytic_anemia" title="Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia">Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrombotic_microangiopathy" title="Thrombotic microangiopathy">Thrombotic microangiopathy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemolytic%E2%80%93uremic_syndrome" title="Hemolytic–uremic syndrome">Hemolytic–uremic syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug-induced_autoimmune_hemolytic_anemia" title="Drug-induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia">Drug-induced autoimmune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug-induced_nonautoimmune_hemolytic_anemia" title="Drug-induced nonautoimmune hemolytic anemia">Drug-induced nonautoimmune</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn" title="Hemolytic disease of the newborn">Hemolytic disease of the newborn</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aplastic_anemia" title="Aplastic anemia">Aplastic</a> (mostly <a href="/wiki/Normocytic_anemia" title="Normocytic anemia">normo-</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_hypoplastic_anemia" title="Congenital hypoplastic anemia">Hereditary</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fanconi_anemia" title="Fanconi anemia">Fanconi anemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond%E2%80%93Blackfan_anemia" title="Diamond–Blackfan anemia">Diamond–Blackfan anemia</a></li> <ul><li>Acquired: <a href="/wiki/Pure_red_cell_aplasia" title="Pure red cell aplasia">Pure red cell aplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sideroblastic_anemia" title="Sideroblastic anemia">Sideroblastic anemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myelophthisic_anemia" title="Myelophthisic anemia">Myelophthisic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell_indices" title="Red blood cell indices">Blood tests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mean_corpuscular_volume" title="Mean corpuscular volume">Mean corpuscular volume</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Normocytic_anemia" title="Normocytic anemia">normocytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcytic_anemia" title="Microcytic anemia">microcytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrocytic_anemia" title="Macrocytic anemia">macrocytic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_corpuscular_hemoglobin_concentration" title="Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration">Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Normochromic_anemia" title="Normochromic anemia">normochromic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypochromic_anemia" title="Hypochromic anemia">hypochromic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methemoglobinemia" title="Methemoglobinemia">Methemoglobinemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfhemoglobinemia" title="Sulfhemoglobinemia">Sulfhemoglobinemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticulocytopenia" title="Reticulocytopenia">Reticulocytopenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_persistence_of_fetal_hemoglobin" title="Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin">Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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