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<span>Bahá'í</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahá'í-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Christianity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hamartiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hamartiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Hamartiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hamartiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Original_sin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Original_sin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Original sin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Original_sin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shinto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shinto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Shinto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shinto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes and references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 97 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-97" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">97 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dausa" title="Dausa – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Dausa" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonde" title="Sonde – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sonde" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9" title="خطيئة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خطيئة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pec%C3%A1u" title="Pecáu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pecáu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jucha" title="Jucha – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Jucha" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnah" title="Günah – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Günah" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA" title="পাপ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%85" title="Грэх – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Грэх" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%85" title="Грэх – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Грэх" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasalan" title="Kasalan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kasalan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8F%D1%85" title="Грях – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Грях" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pec%27hed" title="Pec'hed – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pec'hed" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D2%AF%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Нүгэл – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Нүгэл" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecat" title="Pecat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pecat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%99%C3%ADch" title="Hřích – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hřích" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitadzo" title="Chitadzo – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chitadzo" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechod" title="Pechod – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pechod" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synd" title="Synd – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Synd" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCnde" title="Sünde – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sünde" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patt" title="Patt – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Patt" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αμαρτία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αμαρτία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecado" title="Pecado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pecado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peko_(religio)" title="Peko (religio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Peko (religio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekatu" title="Bekatu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bekatu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%87" title="گناه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گناه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9ch%C3%A9" title="Péché – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Péché" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacadh" title="Peacadh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Peacadh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecado" title="Pecado – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pecado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B7%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐍆𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍆𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A3%84" title="죄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="죄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%B2%D6%84_(%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6)" title="Մեղք (կրոնական) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեղք (կրոնական)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA" title="पाप – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पाप" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grijeh" title="Grijeh – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Grijeh" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peko" title="Peko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Peko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosa" title="Dosa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dosa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peccato" title="Peccato – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Peccato" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peccato" title="Peccato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Peccato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%98%D7%90" title="חטא – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חטא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AA" title="ಪಾಪ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪಾಪ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%84%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%81" title="گۄناہ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="گۄناہ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhambi" title="Dhambi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Dhambi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guneh" title="Guneh – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Guneh" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD%D3%A9%D3%A9" title="Күнөө – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Күнөө" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peccatum" title="Peccatum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Peccatum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C4%93ks" title="Grēks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Grēks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuod%C4%97m%C4%97" title="Nuodėmė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nuodėmė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zung" title="Zung – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zung" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecad" title="Pecad – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pecad" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%B1n" title="Bűn – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bűn" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahotana" title="Fahotana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fahotana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%82" title="പാപം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പാപം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ونا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ونا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosa" title="Dosa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dosa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonde" title="Zonde – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zonde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA" title="पाप – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पाप" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E7%BD%AA" title="宗教における罪 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="宗教における罪" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synd" title="Synd – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Synd" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synd" title="Synd – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Synd" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecat" title="Pecat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pecat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunoh" title="Gunoh – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gunoh" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AA" title="ਪਾਪ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਾਪ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%81" title="گناہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گناہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grzech" title="Grzech – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Grzech" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecado" title="Pecado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pecado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%83cat" title="Păcat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Păcat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hucha" title="Hucha – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hucha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%A3%D1%85" title="Грѣх – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Грѣх" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85" title="Грех – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Грех" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8B%D1%8B" title="Аньыы – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Аньыы" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin" title="Sin – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ABkati" title="Mëkati – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mëkati" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccatu" title="Piccatu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Piccatu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin" title="Sin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hriech" title="Hriech – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hriech" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greh" title="Greh – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Greh" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%A3%D1%85%D1%8A" title="Грѣхъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Грѣхъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%BE" title="گوناھ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گوناھ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85" title="Грех – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Грех" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grijeh" title="Grijeh – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Grijeh" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synti" title="Synti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Synti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synd" title="Synd – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Synd" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasalanan" title="Kasalanan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kasalanan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பாவம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாவம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6nah" title="Gönah – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Gönah" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B" title="บาป – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บาป" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE%D2%B3_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D2%9B%D2%B3)" title="Гуноҳ (фиқҳ) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гуноҳ (фиқҳ)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnah" title="Günah – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Günah" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%96%D1%85" title="Гріх – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гріх" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%81" title="گناہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گناہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pec%C3%A0" title="Pecà – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Pecà" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%99i_l%E1%BB%97i" title="Tội lỗi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tội lỗi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasala" title="Kasala – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kasala" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%AA%EF%BC%88%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%EF%BC%89" title="罪（宗教） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="罪（宗教）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93" title="זינד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זינד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%AA_(%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99)" title="罪 (宗教) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="罪 (宗教)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grieks" title="Grieks – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Grieks" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%AA_(%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99)" title="罪 (宗教) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="罪 (宗教)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q60227#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sin" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Sin" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Transgression against divine law</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the religious concept. For the trigonometric function commonly written as sin, see <a href="/wiki/Sine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sine">Sine</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sin (disambiguation)">Sin (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sinful" and "Sinners" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sinful_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sinful (disambiguation)">Sinful (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sinners_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sinners (disambiguation)">Sinners (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Brueghel_de_Oude_en_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Het_aards_paradijs_met_de_zondeval_van_Adam_en_Eva.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Jan_Brueghel_de_Oude_en_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Het_aards_paradijs_met_de_zondeval_van_Adam_en_Eva.jpg/220px-Jan_Brueghel_de_Oude_en_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Het_aards_paradijs_met_de_zondeval_van_Adam_en_Eva.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Jan_Brueghel_de_Oude_en_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Het_aards_paradijs_met_de_zondeval_van_Adam_en_Eva.jpg/330px-Jan_Brueghel_de_Oude_en_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Het_aards_paradijs_met_de_zondeval_van_Adam_en_Eva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Jan_Brueghel_de_Oude_en_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Het_aards_paradijs_met_de_zondeval_van_Adam_en_Eva.jpg/440px-Jan_Brueghel_de_Oude_en_Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_Het_aards_paradijs_met_de_zondeval_van_Adam_en_Eva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3875" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of the sin of <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Garden_of_Eden_with_the_Fall_of_Man" title="The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man">The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Elder" title="Jan Brueghel the Elder">Jan Brueghel the Elder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Paul_Rubens" class="mw-redirect" title="Pieter Paul Rubens">Pieter Paul Rubens</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a> context, <b>sin</b> is a transgression against <a href="/wiki/Divine_law" title="Divine law">divine law</a> or a law of the <a href="/wiki/Deities" class="mw-redirect" title="Deities">deities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a> has its own interpretation of what it means to commit a sin. While sins are generally considered actions, any thought, word, or act considered immoral, selfish, shameful, harmful, or alienating might be termed "sinful".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From Middle English <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">sinne</i></span>, <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">synne</i></span>, <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">sunne</i></span>, <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">zen</i></span>, from Old English <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">synn</i></span> ("sin"), from Proto-West Germanic *sunnju, from Proto-Germanic *sunjō ('truth', 'excuse') and *sundī, *sundijō ("sin"), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁s-ónt-ih₂, from *h₁sónts ("being, true", implying a verdict of "truly guilty" against an accusation or charge), from *h₁es- ("to be"); compare Old English <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">sōþ</i></span> ("true"; see sooth). Doublet of suttee. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bahá'í"><span id="Bah.C3.A1.27.C3.AD"></span>Bahá'í</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bahá'í"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Bahá'í_faith"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_views_on_sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'í views on sin">Bahá'í views on sin</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sin" title="Special:EditPage/Sin">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p> Baháʼís consider humans to be naturally good, fundamentally spiritual beings. Human beings were created because of God's immeasurable love for us. However, the Baháʼí teachings compare the human heart to a mirror, which, if turned away from the light of the sun (i.e. God), is incapable of receiving God's love. It is only by turning unto God that spiritual advancement can be made. In this sense, "sinning" is to follow the inclinations of one's own lower nature, to turn the mirror of one's heart away from God. One of the main hindrances to spiritual development is the Baháʼí concept of the "insistent self" which is a self-serving inclination within all people. Baháʼís interpret this to be the true meaning of Satan, often referred to in the Baháʼí Writings as "the Evil One".</p><blockquote><p>Watch over yourselves, for the Evil One is lying in wait, ready to entrap you. Gird yourselves against his wicked devices, and, led by the light of the name of the All-Seeing God, make your escape from the darkness that surroundeth you. — <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Baháʼu'lláh">Baháʼu'lláh</a></p></blockquote><blockquote><p>This lower nature in humans is symbolized as Satan—the evil ego within us, not an evil personality outside.—<a href="/wiki/%CA%BBAbdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1" title="ʻAbdu'l-Bahá">ʻAbdu'l-Bahá</a></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_views_on_sin" title="Buddhist views on sin">Buddhist views on sin</a></div> <p>There are a few differing Buddhist views on sin. American <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> author <a href="/wiki/Brad_Warner" title="Brad Warner">Brad Warner</a> states that in Buddhism there is no concept of sin at all.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Buddha Dharma Education Association also expressly states "The idea of sin or original sin has no place in Buddhism."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">Ethnologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Christoph_von_F%C3%BCrer-Haimendorf" title="Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf">Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf</a> explained, "In Buddhist thinking the whole universe, men as well as gods, are subject to a reign of law. Every action, good or bad, has an inevitable and automatic effect in a long chain of causes, an effect that is independent of the will of any deity. Even though this may leave no room for the concept of 'sin' in the sense of an act of defiance against the authority of a personal god, Buddhists speak of 'sin' when referring to transgressions against the universal moral code."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, there are five heinous crimes in Buddhism that bring immediate disaster through <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karmic process</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Obeyesekere_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obeyesekere-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These five crimes are collectively referred to as <a href="/wiki/Anantarika-karma" title="Anantarika-karma">Anantarika-karma</a> in <a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Obeyesekere_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obeyesekere-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>pañcānantarya</i> (Pāli) in the <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <i>Sutra Preached by the Buddha on the Total Extinction of the Dharma</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The five crimes or sins are:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Injuring a <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddha</a></li> <li>Killing an <a href="/wiki/Arhat_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arhat (Buddhism)">Arhat</a></li> <li>Creating <a href="/wiki/Schism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Schism (religion)">schism</a> in the society of <a href="/wiki/Sangha_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangha (Buddhism)">Sangha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matricide" title="Matricide">Matricide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricide" title="Patricide">Patricide</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christianity">Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hamartiology">Hamartiology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hamartiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">Christian views on sin</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cath%C3%A9drale_d%27Amiens,_fa%C3%A7ade_-_d%C3%A9tail.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Cath%C3%A9drale_d%27Amiens%2C_fa%C3%A7ade_-_d%C3%A9tail.JPG/220px-Cath%C3%A9drale_d%27Amiens%2C_fa%C3%A7ade_-_d%C3%A9tail.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Cath%C3%A9drale_d%27Amiens%2C_fa%C3%A7ade_-_d%C3%A9tail.JPG/330px-Cath%C3%A9drale_d%27Amiens%2C_fa%C3%A7ade_-_d%C3%A9tail.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Cath%C3%A9drale_d%27Amiens%2C_fa%C3%A7ade_-_d%C3%A9tail.JPG/440px-Cath%C3%A9drale_d%27Amiens%2C_fa%C3%A7ade_-_d%C3%A9tail.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2672" /></a><figcaption>A sculpture depicting the judgment of sinners by <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> at <a href="/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">Amiens Cathedral</a>, France</figcaption></figure> <p>The doctrine of sin is central to Christianity, since its <a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">basic message</a> is about <a href="/wiki/Redemption_(theology)" title="Redemption (theology)">redemption</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Christ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christian <a href="/wiki/Hamartiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamartiology">hamartiology</a> describes sin as an act of offense against <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> by despising his <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">persons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_law_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical law in Christianity">Christian biblical law</a>, and by injuring others.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Christian views it is an <a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a> human act, which violates the rational nature of man as well as <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">God's nature</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Eternal_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Eternal law">eternal law</a>. According to the classical definition of <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">St. Augustine of Hippo</a> sin is "a word, deed, or desire in opposition to the eternal law of God."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, sin requires redemption, a metaphor alluding to atonement, in which the death of Jesus is the price that is paid to release the faithful from the bondage of sin.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some forms of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, it also requires reparation (see <a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">penance</a>). </p><p>Among some scholars, sin is understood mostly as a legal infraction or contract violation of non-binding philosophical frameworks and perspectives of <a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a>, and so <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">salvation</a> tends to be viewed in legal terms. Other Christian scholars understand sin to be fundamentally relational—a loss of love for the <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christian God</a> and an elevation of <a href="/wiki/Self-love" title="Self-love">self-love</a> ("concupiscence", in this sense), as was later propounded by Augustine in his debate with the <a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with the legal definition of sin, this definition also affects the understanding of <a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">Christian grace</a> and salvation, which are thus viewed in relational terms.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Original_sin">Original sin<span class="anchor" id="Original_sin"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Original sin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forbidden_fruit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Forbidden_fruit.jpg/250px-Forbidden_fruit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Forbidden_fruit.jpg/330px-Forbidden_fruit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Forbidden_fruit.jpg/500px-Forbidden_fruit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1758" data-file-height="770" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel" title="Sistine Chapel">Sistine Chapel</a> <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> depicts the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_from_the_Garden_of_Eden" title="Expulsion from the Garden of Eden">expulsion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> for <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">transgressing God's command</a> not to eat <a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit" title="Forbidden fruit">the fruit</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_the_knowledge_of_good_and_evil" title="Tree of the knowledge of good and evil">Tree of the knowledge of good and evil</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>This condition has been characterized in many ways, from the desire to commit wrongful action, referred to as a "sin nature", to <a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">total depravity</a> and "utter helplessness even to exercise a good will toward God apart from God's supernatural, assisting grace".<sup id="cite_ref-Burson2016_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burson2016-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of original sin was first alluded to in the 2nd century by <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Lyon">Bishop of Lyon</a> in his controversy with certain <a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">dualist</a> <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other church fathers such as <a href="/wiki/Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine">Augustine</a> also shaped and developed the doctrine,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> seeing it as based on the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> teaching of <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Romans</a> 5:12–21 and <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">1 Corinthians</a> 15:21–22) and the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> verse of <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> 51:5.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ambrosiaster" title="Ambrosiaster">Ambrosiaster</a> considered that humanity shares in Adam's sin, transmitted by human generation. <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine's</a> formulation of original sin after 412 CE was popular among <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant reformers</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>, who equated original sin with <a href="/wiki/Concupiscence" title="Concupiscence">concupiscence</a> (or "hurtful desire"), affirming that it persisted even after <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> and completely destroyed freedom to do good.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Before 412 CE, Augustine said that free will was weakened but not destroyed by original sin. But after 412 CE this changed to a loss of free will except to sin.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calvinism holds the later <a href="/wiki/Augustinian_soteriology" title="Augustinian soteriology">Augustinian soteriology</a> view. The <a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenist</a> movement, which the Catholic Church declared to be heretical, also maintained that original sin destroyed <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">freedom of will</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead the Catholic Church declares that Baptism erases original sin.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Methodist_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist theology">Methodist theology</a> teaches that original sin is eradicted through <a href="/wiki/Entire_sanctification" class="mw-redirect" title="Entire sanctification">entire sanctification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Whidden2005_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whidden2005-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islam">Islam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_sin" title="Islamic views on sin">Islamic views on sin</a></div> <p>Sin (khiṭʾ) is an important concept in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Islamic ethics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> see sin as anything that goes against the commands of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a> (<a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>), a breach of the laws and norms laid down by religion.<sup id="cite_ref-oxfordislamicstudies_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxfordislamicstudies-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> teaches that sin is an act and not a state of being. It is believed that God weighs an individual's good deeds against his or her sins on the <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Day of Judgement</a> and punishes those individuals whose evil deeds outweigh their good deeds. These individuals are thought to be sentenced to an afterlife in the fires of <i><a href="/wiki/Jahannam" title="Jahannam">jahannam</a></i> (Hell).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Islamic terms for sin include <i>dhanb</i> and <i>khaṭīʾa</i>, which are synonymous and refer to intentional sins; <i>khiṭʾ</i>, which means simply a sin; and <i>ithm</i>, which is used for grave sins.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judaism">Judaism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_sin" title="Jewish views on sin">Jewish views on sin</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> regards the violation of any of the 613 commandments as a sin. Judaism teaches that sin is a part of life, since there is no perfect man and everyone has an inclination to do evil. Sin has many classifications and degrees, but the principal classification is that of "missing the mark" (cheit in Hebrew).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (July 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some sins are punishable with death by the court, others with death by heaven, others with lashes, and others without such punishment, but no sins committed with willful intentions go without consequence. Sins committed out of lack of knowledge are not considered sins, since sin cannot be a sin if the one who committed it did not know it was wrong. Unintentional sins are considered less severe sins.<sup id="cite_ref-jewishvirtuallibrary.org_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishvirtuallibrary.org-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sins between people are considered much more serious in Judaism than sins between man and God. <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a>, the main day of repentance in Judaism, can atone for sins between man and God, but not for sins between man and his fellow, that is until he has appeased his friend.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eleazar_ben_Azariah" title="Eleazar ben Azariah">Eleazar ben Azariah</a> derived [this from the verse]: "From all your sins before God you shall be cleansed" (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Book of Leviticus</a>, 16:30) – for sins between man and God Yom Kippur atones, but for sins between man and his fellow Yom Kippur does not atone until he appeases his fellow.<sup id="cite_ref-Schuster_1986_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schuster_1986-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple</a> yet stood in Jerusalem, people would offer <a href="/wiki/Korbanot" class="mw-redirect" title="Korbanot">Korbanot</a> (sacrifices) for their misdeeds. The atoning aspect of <i>korbanot</i> is carefully circumscribed. For the most part, <i>korbanot</i> only expiates unintentional sins, that is, sins committed because a person forgot that this thing was a sin or by mistake. No atonement is needed for violations committed under duress or through lack of knowledge, and for the most part, <i>korbanot</i> cannot atone for a malicious, deliberate sin. In addition, <i>korbanot</i> have no expiating effect unless the person making the offering sincerely <a href="/wiki/Repentance_in_Judaism" title="Repentance in Judaism">repents</a> of his or her actions before making the offering, and makes restitution to any person who was harmed by the violation.<sup id="cite_ref-jewishvirtuallibrary.org_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishvirtuallibrary.org-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Judaism teaches that all willful sin has consequences. The completely righteous suffer for their sins (by humiliation, poverty, and suffering that God sends them) in this world and receive their reward in the world to come. The in-between (not completely righteous or completely wicked), suffer for and repent their sins after death and thereafter join the righteous. The very evil do not repent even at the gates of hell. Such people prosper in this world to receive their reward for any good deed, but cannot be cleansed by and hence cannot leave <i><a href="/wiki/Gehenna" title="Gehenna">gehinnom</a></i>, because they do not or cannot repent. This world can therefore seem unjust where the righteous suffer, while the wicked prosper. Many great thinkers have contemplated this.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shinto">Shinto</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Shinto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Shinto concept of sin is inexorably linked to concepts of purity and pollution. Shinto does not have a concept of original sin and instead believes that all human beings are born pure.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sin, also called <a href="/wiki/Tsumi" title="Tsumi">Tsumi</a>, is anything that makes people impure (i.e. anything that separates them from the <i>kami</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Shinto does not believe this impurity is the result of human actions, but rather the result of evil spirits or other external factors.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sin can have a variety of consequences in Japan, including disaster and disease.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, purification rituals, or <a href="/wiki/Harae" title="Harae">Harae</a>, are viewed as important not just to the spiritual and physical health of the individual but also to the well-being of the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actual_sin" title="Actual sin">Actual sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Ethics in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haram" title="Haram">Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_sin" title="Internal sin">Internal sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">Religious law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_offering" title="Sin offering">Sin offering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">Taboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice" title="Vice">Vice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickedness" title="Wickedness">Wickedness</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170704101243/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/sin">"sin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/sin">the original</a> on 4 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=sin&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fsin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oed.com/view/Entry/180030?isAdvanced=false&result=1&rskey=9Bb3P3&">"sin"</a>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=sin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F180030%3FisAdvanced%3Dfalse%26result%3D1%26rskey%3D9Bb3P3%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWarner2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brad_Warner" title="Brad Warner">Warner, Brad</a> (2003). <i><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_Zen" title="Hardcore Zen">Hardcore Zen: Punk Rock, Monster Movies & the Truth About Reality</a></i>. Wisdom Publications. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86171-380-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-86171-380-X"><bdi>0-86171-380-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hardcore+Zen%3A+Punk+Rock%2C+Monster+Movies+%26+the+Truth+About+Reality&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-86171-380-X&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Brad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWarner2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brad_Warner" title="Brad Warner">Warner, Brad</a> (2010). <i><a href="/wiki/Sex,_Sin,_and_Zen" title="Sex, Sin, and Zen">Sex, Sin, and Zen: A Buddhist Exploration of Sex from Celibacy to Polyamory and Everything in Between</a></i>. New World Library. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57731-910-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57731-910-8"><bdi>978-1-57731-910-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex%2C+Sin%2C+and+Zen%3A+A+Buddhist+Exploration+of+Sex+from+Celibacy+to+Polyamory+and+Everything+in+Between&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=New+World+Library&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-57731-910-8&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Brad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/snapshot01.htm">"Buddhism: Major Differences"</a>. Buddha Dharma Education Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buddhism%3A+Major+Differences&rft.pub=Buddha+Dharma+Education+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhanet.net%2Fe-learning%2Fsnapshot01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvon_Fürer-Haimendorf1974" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">von Fürer-Haimendorf, Christoph (1974). "The Sense of Sin in Cross-Cultural Perspective". <i>Man</i>. New Series 9.4: <span class="nowrap">539–</span>556.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Man&rft.atitle=The+Sense+of+Sin+in+Cross-Cultural+Perspective&rft.volume=New+Series+9.4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E539-%3C%2Fspan%3E556&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=von+F%C3%BCrer-Haimendorf&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Obeyesekere-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Obeyesekere_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Obeyesekere_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGananath_Obeyesekere1990" class="citation cs2">Gananath Obeyesekere (1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-nLv_IiMTA4C&pg=PA305"><i>The Work of Culture: Symbolic Transformation in Psychoanalysis and Anthropology</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61599-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-61599-8"><bdi>978-0-226-61599-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Work+of+Culture%3A+Symbolic+Transformation+in+Psychoanalysis+and+Anthropology&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-226-61599-8&rft.au=Gananath+Obeyesekere&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-nLv_IiMTA4C%26pg%3DPA305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHodousSoothill1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Hodous" title="Lewis Hodous">Hodous, Lewis</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Soothill" title="William Edward Soothill">Soothill, William Edward</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3lHag-M0quUC&pg=PA128"><i>A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms: With Sanskrit and English Equivalents and a Sanskrit-Pali Index</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700703555" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700703555"><bdi>978-0700703555</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Chinese+Buddhist+Terms%3A+With+Sanskrit+and+English+Equivalents+and+a+Sanskrit-Pali+Index&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0700703555&rft.aulast=Hodous&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rft.au=Soothill%2C+William+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3lHag-M0quUC%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRām_Garg1992" class="citation book cs1">Rām Garg, Gaṅgā (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofh0000garg/page/433"><i>Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World</i></a></span>. Concept Publishing Company. p. 433. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170223757" title="Special:BookSources/9788170223757"><bdi>9788170223757</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Hindu+World&rft.pages=433&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9788170223757&rft.aulast=R%C4%81m+Garg&rft.aufirst=Ga%E1%B9%85g%C4%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopaediaofh0000garg%2Fpage%2F433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rahner, p. 1588</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sabourin, p. 696</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Contra Faustum Manichaeum</i>, 22, 27; <a href="/wiki/Patrologia_Latina" title="Patrologia Latina">PL</a> 42, 418; cf. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">STh</a> I–II q71 a6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mc Guinness, p. 241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gruden, Wayne. Systemic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine, Nottingham: Intervarsity Press, p. 580</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>On Grace and Free Will</i> (see <i>Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers</i>, trans. P.Holmes, vol. 5; 30–31 [14–15]).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a historical review of this understanding, see R.N.Frost, "Sin and Grace", in Paul L. Metzger, <i>Trinitarian Soundings</i>, T&T Clark, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burson2016-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burson2016_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurson2016" class="citation book cs1">Burson, Scott R. (13 September 2016). <i>Brian McLaren in Focus: A New Kind of Apologetic</i>. ACU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89112-650-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89112-650-8"><bdi>978-0-89112-650-8</bdi></a>. <q>...affirms the total depravity of human beings and their utter helplessness even to exercise a good will toward God apart from God's supernatural, assisting grace.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brian+McLaren+in+Focus%3A+A+New+Kind+of+Apologetic&rft.pub=ACU+Press&rft.date=2016-09-13&rft.isbn=978-0-89112-650-8&rft.aulast=Burson&rft.aufirst=Scott+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrodd2003" class="citation book cs1">Brodd, Jeffrey (2003). <i>World Religions</i>. Winona, MN: Saint Mary's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88489-725-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88489-725-5"><bdi>978-0-88489-725-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Religions&rft.place=Winona%2C+MN&rft.pub=Saint+Mary%27s+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-88489-725-5&rft.aulast=Brodd&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In the person of the first Adam we offend God, disobeying His precept" (Haeres., V, xvi, 3).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patte, Daniel. The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity. Ed. Daniel Patte. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 892</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Nathan" class="citation web cs1">Peter Nathan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vision.org/visionmedia/article.aspx?id=227">"The Original View of Original Sin"</a>. <i>Vision.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vision.org&rft.atitle=The+Original+View+of+Original+Sin&rft.au=Peter+Nathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vision.org%2Fvisionmedia%2Farticle.aspx%3Fid%3D227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philvaz.com/apologetics/num54.htm">"Original Sin Explained and Defended: Reply to an Assemblies of God Pastor"</a>. <i>Philvaz.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philvaz.com&rft.atitle=Original+Sin+Explained+and+Defended%3A+Reply+to+an+Assemblies+of+God+Pastor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philvaz.com%2Fapologetics%2Fnum54.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nazarene.org/ministries/administration/visitorcenter/articles/">Preamble and Articles of Faith</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131020030856/http://nazarene.org/ministries/administration/visitorcenter/articles/">Archived</a> 20 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – V. Sin, Original and Personal – Church of the Nazarene. Retrieved 13 October 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.topicalbiblestudies.com/original-sin.php">Are Babies Born with Sin?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021173528/http://www.topicalbiblestudies.com/original-sin.php">Archived</a> 21 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Topical Bible Studies. Retrieved 13 October 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/resource/55992/original-sin">"Original Sin: Psalm 51:5"</a>. <i>Catholic News Agency</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Original+Sin%3A+Psalm+51%3A5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnewsagency.com%2Fresource%2F55992%2Foriginal-sin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilson2018" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Kenneth (2018). <i>Augustine's Conversion from Traditional Free Choice to "Non-free Free Will": A Comprehensive Methodology</i>. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. pp. <span class="nowrap">16–</span>18, <span class="nowrap">157–</span>187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783161557538" title="Special:BookSources/9783161557538"><bdi>9783161557538</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustine%27s+Conversion+from+Traditional+Free+Choice+to+%22Non-free+Free+Will%22%3A+A+Comprehensive+Methodology&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E18%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E157-%3C%2Fspan%3E187&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9783161557538&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08285a.htm">"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Jansenius and Jansenism"</a>. <i>Newadvent.org</i>. 1 October 1910<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newadvent.org&rft.atitle=CATHOLIC+ENCYCLOPEDIA%3A+Jansenius+and+Jansenism&rft.date=1910-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F08285a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catholic Church. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p2s2c1a1.htm">"The Seven Sacraments of the Church."</a> <i>Catechism of the Catholic Church</i>. <i>LA Santa Sede</i>. 19 November 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whidden2005-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Whidden2005_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhidden2005" class="citation web cs1">Whidden, Woodrow W. (18 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adventistbiblicalresearch.org/es/node/203">"Adventist Theology: The Wesleyan Connection"</a>. Biblical Research Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adventist+Theology%3A+The+Wesleyan+Connection&rft.pub=Biblical+Research+Institute&rft.date=2005-04-18&rft.aulast=Whidden&rft.aufirst=Woodrow+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fadventistbiblicalresearch.org%2Fes%2Fnode%2F203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxfordislamicstudies-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oxfordislamicstudies_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180116193723/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2211">"Oxford Islamic Studies Online"</a>. <i>Sin</i>. Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2211">the original</a> on 16 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sin&rft.atitle=Oxford+Islamic+Studies+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft125%2Fe2211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWensinck,_A._J.2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wensinck, A. J. (2012). "K̲h̲aṭīʾa". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (2nd ed.). Brill. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2214-871X_ei1_SIM_4141">10.1163/2214-871X_ei1_SIM_4141</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=K%CC%B2h%CC%B2a%E1%B9%AD%C4%AB%CA%BEa&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2214-871X_ei1_SIM_4141&rft.au=Wensinck%2C+A.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Silver, Jonathan, host. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tikvahfund.org/library/podcast-david-bashevkin-on-sin-and-failure-in-jewish-thought/">"Podcast: David Bashevkin on Sin and Failure in Jewish Thought."</a> <i>The Tikvah Podcast</i>, The <a href="/wiki/Tikvah_Fund" title="Tikvah Fund">Tikvah Fund</a>, 3 Oct. 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jewishvirtuallibrary.org-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jewishvirtuallibrary.org_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewishvirtuallibrary.org_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/qorbanot.html">"Sacrifices and Offerings (Karbanot)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sacrifices+and+Offerings+%28Karbanot%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FJudaism%2Fqorbanot.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoma" title="Yoma">Yoma</a>, 8:9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schuster_1986-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schuster_1986_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simon and Schuster, 1986, Nine Questions People Ask About Judaism, New York: Touchstone book.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thetorah.com/historical-uniqueness-and-centrality-of-yom-kippur/">"The Historical Uniqueness and Centrality of Yom Kippur"</a>. thetorah.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Uniqueness+and+Centrality+of+Yom+Kippur&rft.pub=thetorah.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthetorah.com%2Fhistorical-uniqueness-and-centrality-of-yom-kippur%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0017_0_16693.html">"Reward and Punishment"</a>. <i>Jewish Virtual Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reward+and+Punishment&rft.btitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fjudaica%2Fejud_0002_0017_0_16693.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200211140138/http://www.tsurugaoka-hachimangu.jp/shinto_is/shinto_concept.html">"Shinto Concept of Sin (Tsumi) and Impurity (Kegare)｜TSURUGAOKA HACHIMANGU"</a>. <i>www.tsurugaoka-hachimangu.jp</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tsurugaoka-hachimangu.jp/shinto_is/shinto_concept.html">the original</a> on 11 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tsurugaoka-hachimangu.jp&rft.atitle=Shinto+Concept+of+Sin+%28Tsumi%29+and+Impurity+%28Kegare%29%EF%BD%9CTSURUGAOKA+HACHIMANGU&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tsurugaoka-hachimangu.jp%2Fshinto_is%2Fshinto_concept.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/shinto/beliefs/purity.shtml">"BBC – Religions – Shinto: Purity in Shinto"</a>. <i>www.bbc.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+Religions+%E2%80%93+Shinto%3A+Purity+in+Shinto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fshinto%2Fbeliefs%2Fpurity.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBellarmine1902" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Bellarmine, Robert</a> (1902). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Sermons from the Latins/Sermon 22"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sermons_from_the_Latins/Sermon_22">"The Malice of Sin." </a></span>. <i>Sermons from the Latins</i>. Benziger Brothers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Malice+of+Sin.&rft.btitle=Sermons+from+the+Latins&rft.pub=Benziger+Brothers&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Bellarmine&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeharbe1912" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Deharbe" title="Joseph Deharbe">Deharbe, Joseph</a> (1912). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:A Complete Catechism of the Catholic Religion/Chap. IV. The Violation of the Commandments"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Complete_Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Religion/Chap._IV._The_Violation_of_the_Commandments">"Chap. IV. The Violation of the Commandments" </a></span>. <i>A Complete Catechism of the Catholic Religion</i>. Translated by Rev. John Fander. Schwartz, Kirwin & Fauss.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chap.+IV.+The+Violation+of+the+Commandments&rft.btitle=A+Complete+Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Religion&rft.pub=Schwartz%2C+Kirwin+%26+Fauss&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Deharbe&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde_la_Puente1852" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_la_Puente" title="Luis de la Puente">de la Puente, Lius</a> (1852). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Meditations On The Mysteries Of Our Holy Faith/Volume 1/On Sin"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Meditations_On_The_Mysteries_Of_Our_Holy_Faith/Volume_1/On_Sin">"On Sin" </a></span>. <i>Meditations On The Mysteries Of Our Holy Faith</i>. Richarson and Son.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+Sin&rft.btitle=Meditations+On+The+Mysteries+Of+Our+Holy+Faith&rft.pub=Richarson+and+Son&rft.date=1852&rft.aulast=de+la+Puente&rft.aufirst=Lius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Fredriksen, Paula. <i>Sin: The Early History of an Idea.</i> Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12890-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12890-0">978-0-691-12890-0</a>.</li> <li>Granoff; P E; Shinohara, Koichi; eds. (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fBJozjfU1YAC&dq=Kensh%C5%8Dkai&pg=PA147">Sins and Sinners: Perspectives from Asian Religions</a>. Brill. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004229469" title="Special:BookSources/9004229469">9004229469</a>.</li> <li>Hein, David. "Regrets Only: A Theology of Remorse." <i>The Anglican</i> 33, no. 4 (October 2004): 5–6.</li> <li>Lewis, C.S. <i>"Miserable Offenders": An Interpretation of [sinfulness and] Prayer Book Language [about it],</i> in series, <i>The Advent Papers</i>. Cincinnati, Ohio: Forward Movement Publications, [196-].</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Neil1912" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">O'Neil, Arthur Charles (1912). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Sin"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Sin">"Sin" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 14. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sin&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=O%27Neil&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPadua1865" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Padua, St. Anthony of</a> (1865). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Moral Concordances of Saint Anthony of Padua/Book 1#27"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Moral_Concordances_of_Saint_Anthony_of_Padua/Book_1#27">"Book I: First Part (Against sin)" </a></span>. <i>The Moral Concordances of Saint Anthony of Padua</i>. J.T. Hayes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+I%3A+First+Part+%28Against+sin%29&rft.btitle=The+Moral+Concordances+of+Saint+Anthony+of+Padua&rft.pub=J.T.+Hayes&rft.date=1865&rft.aulast=Padua&rft.aufirst=St.+Anthony+of&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Pieper, Josef. <i>The Concept of Sin</i>. Edward T. Oakes SJ (translation from German). South Bend, Indiana: St. Augustine's Press, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-890318-08-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-890318-08-6">1-890318-08-6</a></li> <li>Schumacher, Meinolf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pub.uni-bielefeld.de/download/1860038/2914809"><i>Sündenschmutz und Herzensreinheit: Studien zur Metaphorik der Sünde in lateinischer und deutscher Literatur des Mittelalters</i></a>. Munich: Fink, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7705-3127-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-7705-3127-2">3-7705-3127-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpirago1904" class="citation book cs1">Spirago, Francis (1904). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Anecdotes and Examples Illustrating The Catholic Catechism/lesson6"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Anecdotes_and_Examples_Illustrating_The_Catholic_Catechism/lesson6">"Lesson 6: On Sin and its Kinds" </a></span>. <i>Anecdotes and Examples Illustrating The Catholic Catechism</i>. Translated by James Baxter. Benzinger Brothers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lesson+6%3A+On+Sin+and+its+Kinds&rft.btitle=Anecdotes+and+Examples+Illustrating+The+Catholic+Catechism&rft.pub=Benzinger+Brothers&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Spirago&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSlater_S.J.1925" class="citation book cs1">Slater S.J., Thomas (1925). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:A manual of moral theology for English-speaking countries/Book 4"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_manual_of_moral_theology_for_English-speaking_countries/Book_4">"Book 4: On Sin" </a></span>. <i>A manual of moral theology for English-speaking countries</i>. Burns Oates & Washbourne Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+4%3A+On+Sin&rft.btitle=A+manual+of+moral+theology+for+English-speaking+countries&rft.pub=Burns+Oates+%26+Washbourne+Ltd.&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Slater+S.J.&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sin+in+Christian+Thought&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.au=Kevin+Timpe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fsin-christian%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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sin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_order_of_God%27s_decrees" title="Logical order of God's decrees">Logical order of God's decrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total depravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peccatism" title="Peccatism">Peccatism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background:#ddd;"><div> <ul><li>See also <a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Soteriology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_demonology" title="Christian demonology">Demonology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Theology115" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Theology" title="Template:Theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Theology" title="Template talk:Theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Theology115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Conceptions_of_God115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystheism" title="Dystheism">Dystheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urmonotheismus" title="Urmonotheismus">Urmonotheismus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polydeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_finitism" title="Theistic finitism">Theistic finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theopanism" title="Theopanism">Theopanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">Divinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_of_God" title="Gender of God">Gender of God</a> <i>and gods</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numen" title="Numen">Numen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Singular god</a><br />theologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By faith</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Tenrikyo" title="God in Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">Emanationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">God as</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good" title="Good">Good</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Father_of_Greatness" title="Father of Greatness">Father of Greatness</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinitarianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_Comma" title="Johannine Comma">Comma Johanneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">Consubstantiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoousion" title="Homoousion">Homoousian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoiousian" title="Homoiousian">Homoiousian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">Hypostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perichoresis" title="Perichoresis">Perichoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_of_the_Trinity" title="Shield of the Trinity">Shield of the Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarianism_in_the_Church_Fathers" title="Trinitarianism in the Church Fathers">Trinity of the Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_universalism" title="Trinitarian universalism">Trinitarian universalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fate_of_the_unlearned" title="Fate of the unlearned">Fate of the unlearned</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fitra" title="Fitra">Fitra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_religion11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Incantations_Scripture" title="Divine Incantations Scripture">Taoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hinduism" title="Women in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_women" title="Mormonism and women">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddesses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes of God in Christianity</a> / <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binitarianism" title="Binitarianism">Binitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_presence" title="Divine presence">Divine presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egotheism" title="Egotheism">Egotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotheology" title="Exotheology">Exotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_hermeneutics" title="Theological hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godhead_in_Christianity" title="Godhead in Christianity">Godhead in Christianity</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Latter Day Saints</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect of the Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olelbis" title="Olelbis">Olelbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_theism" title="Open theism">Open theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenological_definition_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenomenological definition of God">Phenomenological definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo%27s_view_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo's view of God">Philo's view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a> in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Names of God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_names_of_Krishna" title="List of titles and names of Krishna">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_faith115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By faith</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Christian188" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christian_theology" title="Outline of Christian theology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterology" title="Paterology">Paterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatology" title="Pneumatology">Pneumatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hamartiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_theology" title="Practical theology">Practical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_theology" title="Public theology">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophiology" title="Sophiology">Sophiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Soteriology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Hindu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi_theology" title="Ayyavazhi theology">Ayyavazhi theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Krishnology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy Scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Last Judgment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_theology" title="Category:Jewish theology">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Abrahamic prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggadah" title="Aggadah">Aggadah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Modern_pagan_theology" title="Category:Modern pagan theology">Pagan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith%27s_theology_and_cosmology" title="Slavic Native Faith's theology and cosmology">Slavic Native Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_views_of_divinity" title="Wiccan views of divinity">Wiccan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo_theology" title="Tenrikyo theology">Tenrikyo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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title="Pride">Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anger" title="Anger">Wrath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Describing the sins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evagrius_Ponticus" title="Evagrius Ponticus">Evagrius Ponticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">John Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Binsfeld" title="Peter Binsfeld">Peter Binsfeld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">In art and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Inferno_(Dante)" title="Inferno (Dante)">Inferno</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purgatorio" title="Purgatorio">Purgatorio</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Keys_to_the_Kingdom" title="The Keys to the Kingdom">The Keys to the Kingdom</a></i> (book series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Deadly_Sins_(play)" title="The Seven Deadly Sins (play)">The Seven Deadly Sins</a></i> (1585 play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Deadly_Sins_and_the_Four_Last_Things" title="The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things">The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things</a></i> (painting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Deadly_Sins_(ballet_chant%C3%A9)" title="The Seven Deadly Sins (ballet chanté)"><i>The Seven Deadly Sins</i></a> (1933 ballet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Deadly_Sins_(1952_film)" title="The Seven Deadly Sins (1952 film)"><i>The Seven Deadly Sins</i></a> (1952 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Deadly_Sins_(1962_film)" title="The Seven Deadly Sins (1962 film)"><i>The Seven Deadly Sins</i></a> (1962 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Muppet_Show:_Sex_and_Violence" title="The Muppet Show: Sex and Violence">The Muppet Show: Sex and Violence</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_(1995_film)" title="Seven (1995 film)"><i>Seven</i></a> (1995 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fullmetal_Alchemist" title="Fullmetal Alchemist">Fullmetal Alchemist</a></i> (manga series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fullmetal_Alchemist_(TV_series)" title="Fullmetal Alchemist (TV series)">Fullmetal Alchemist</a></i> (2003 anime)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fullmetal_Alchemist:_Brotherhood" title="Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood">Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood</a></i> (2009 anime)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Deadly_Sins_(manga)" title="The Seven Deadly Sins (manga)"><i>The Seven Deadly Sins</i></a> (manga series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Deadly_Sins_of_Modern_Times" title="The Seven Deadly Sins of Modern Times">The Seven Deadly Sins of Modern Times</a></i> (painting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re:Zero_%E2%88%92_Starting_Life_in_Another_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Re:Zero − Starting Life in Another World">Re:Zero − Starting Life in Another World</a> (light novel series)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re:Zero_%E2%88%92_Starting_Life_in_Another_World#Anime" class="mw-redirect" title="Re:Zero − Starting Life in Another World">Re:Zero − Starting Life in Another World</a> (2016 anime)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Four_Last_Things_(video_game)" title="Four Last Things (video game)">Four Last Things</a></i> (video game)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Graveyard_Keeper" title="Graveyard Keeper">Graveyard Keeper</a></i> (2018 video game)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Captain_Marvel_(DC_Comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain Marvel (DC Comics)">Shazam!</a></i> (comic book) <ul><li><a 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